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1
Adewusi, S. R. A., and O. L. Oke. "On the metabolism of amygdalin. 2. The distribution of β-glucosidase activity and orally administered amygdalin in rats." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 63, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 1084–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y85-178.
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The organs of 15-day-old rats had the highest capability to hydrolyze amygdalin and prunasin, and most of this activity is concentrated in the tissues of the small and large intestines. The activity decreased with age. In adult rats, the ability of the organs to hydrolyze prunasin is higher than that of amygdalin and is concentrated in the spleen, large intestine, and kidney (35.0, 15.0, and 8.9 μg prunasin hydrolyzed∙h−1∙g tissue−1). Minced tissues of the liver, spleen, kidney, and stomach contain more hydrolytic capability than the homogenate of these organs, while the reverse is the case with the small and large intestines. When 30 mg amygdalin was orally administered to adult rats, its distribution after the 1st h was as follows: stomach (0.89 mg), small intestine (0.78 mg), spleen (0.36 mg), large intestine (0.30 mg), kidney (0.19 mg), liver (0.10 mg), and serum (5.6 μg/mL). At the end of the 2nd h, the highest amygdalin content was found in the large intestine (0.79 mg).
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Ferraris, R. P., P. P. Lee, and J. M. Diamond. "Origin of regional and species differences in intestinal glucose uptake." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 257, no. 5 (November 1, 1989): G689—G697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1989.257.5.g689.
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Differences in intestinal absorption among physiological states, intestinal regions, and animal species could arise from many anatomical factors (e.g., intestinal length and diameter, or area amplification by villi and microvilli) and biochemical factors (e.g., transporter density and turnover number). In no comparison had all these factors been measured. Hence we made the necessary new measurements to identify the origin of differences in glucose absorption among three species (mouse, desert wood rat, and desert iguana) and among three intestinal regions in two of these species. Turnover numbers range from 6,900 to 32,300 glucose molecules per minute per site. Microvilli amplify intestinal area by a larger factor (36-96 times) than do villi (2-14 times), so that the intestine's actual area is at least 110-1,280 times the nominal area of the equivalent smooth-bore cylinder. Species comparisons among mammals yield the striking result that the area of the whole length of the small intestine at the microvillus level varies nearly linearly as the mammal's metabolic live mass. For the species studied, all the anatomical and biochemical factors studied proved to make significant contributions to species and regional difference in glucose uptake.
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Joesten, William C., Audrey H. Short, and Michael A. Kennedy. "Spatial variations in gut permeability are linked to type 1 diabetes development in non-obese diabetic mice." BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 7, no. 1 (December 2019): e000793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000793.
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ObjectivesTo determine if spatial variations in gut permeability play a role in regulating type 1 diabetes (T1D) progression.Research design and methodsSpatially resolved duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and large intestine sections from end-stage T1D non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were probed by immunohistochemistry to quantify zonulin levels as a measure of gut permeability in early-progressor and late-progressor NOD mice in comparison with non-progressor NOD mice and healthy NOR/LtJ control mice.ResultsZonulin levels were elevated in the small and large intestines in early-progressor and late-progressor NOD mice in comparison with non-progressor NOD mice and healthy NOR control mice. In early-onset mice, elevated zonulin levels were maximum in the duodenum and jejunum and decreased in the ileum and large intestine. In late-progressor mice, zonulin levels were elevated almost evenly along the small and large intestines. In non-progressor NOD mice, zonulin levels were comparable with NOR control levels in both the small and large intestines.ConclusionsElevated zonulin expression levels indicated that gut permeability was increased both in the small and large intestines in NOD mice that progressed to end-stage T1D in comparison with non-progressor NOD mice and healthy NOR control mice. Highest elevations in zonulin levels were observed in the duodenum and jejunum followed by the ileum and large intestines. Spatial variations in gut permeability appeared to play a role in regulating the rate and severity of T1D progression in NOD mice indicating that spatial variations in gut permeability should be investigated as a potentially important factor in human T1D progression.
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Sanches, Lorena Mari, Cinthia Eyng, Rodrigo Garófallo Garcia, Jomara Broch, Felipe Potenza Campos, and Karine Isabela Tenório. "Performance and biometry of the gastrointestinal tract in growing Japanese quails fed bee pollen." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 1379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3p1379.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of bee pollen in the diet of growing Japanese quails on productive performance, relative weight of the gastrointestinal organs and length of small and large intestines. A total of 650 one-day-old female Japanese quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments according to the dietary levels of bee pollen (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6%), five replicates, and 26 birds per experimental unit. At the end of the experimental period (35 days of age), the performance and relative weight of the gastrointestinal organs and length of small and large intestines were evaluated. The dietary inclusion of bee pollen did not influence (P > 0.05) performance, relative weight of proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, liver, and large intestine, as well as the length of small and large intestines. However, a linear reduction (P < 0.05) was observed in the relative weight of small intestine as dietary bee pollen levels increased. The inclusion of bee pollen from 0.4 to 1.6% in the diet of growing Japanese quails did neither improve productive performance nor alter the biometry of digestive organs.
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Secor, Stephen M., Edward E. Whang, John S. Lane, Stanley W. Ashley, and Jared Diamond. "Luminal and systemic signals trigger intestinal adaptation in the juvenile python." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 279, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): G1177—G1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.6.g1177.
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Juvenile pythons undergo large rapid upregulation of intestinal mass and intestinal transporter activities upon feeding. Because it is also easy to do surgery on pythons and to maintain them in the laboratory, we used a python model to examine signals and agents for intestinal adaptation. We surgically isolated the middle third of the small intestine from enteric continuity, leaving its mesenteric nerve and vascular supply intact. Intestinal continuity was restored by an end-to-end anastomosis between the proximal and distal thirds. Within 24 h of the snake's feeding, the reanastomosed proximal and distal segments (receiving luminal nutrients) had upregulated amino acid and glucose uptakes by up to 15-fold, had doubled intestinal mass, and thereby soon achieved total nutrient uptake capacities equal to those of the normal fed full-length intestine. At this time, however, the isolated middle segment, receiving no luminal nutrients, experienced no changes from the fasted state in either nutrient uptakes or in morphology. By 3 days postfeeding, the isolated middle segment had upregulated nutrient uptakes to the same levels as the reanastomosed proximal and distal segments, but it still lacked any appreciable morphological response. These contrasting results for the reanastomosed intestine and for the isolated middle segment suggest that luminal nutrients and/or pancreatic biliary secretions are the agents triggering rapid upregulation of transporters and of intestinal mass and that systemic nerve or hormonal signals later trigger transporter regulation but no trophic response.
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Mykhailiutenko, S. M., O. V. Kruchynenko, O. S. Klymenko, J. K. Serdioucov, N. I. Dmytrenko, and V. V. Tkachenko. "Pathomorphological changes in the large intestine of rabbits parasitised by Passalurus ambiguus (Nematoda, Oxyuridae)." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 10, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021911.
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Passaluriasis is a common infestation of lagomorphs, which clinically manifests in intense itching around the anus, various disorders of digestion and loss of weight. We performed a study of infested rabbits of the seryi veleten breed, which were kept in individual farms in Poltava Oblast (Ukraine). During the autopsy, in the cavity of the large intestine, there were found small, spindle-like helminths of white colour. Out of 10 rabbits, 846 nematodes were extracted (369 males and 477 females, identified as Passalurus ambiguus (Rudolphi, 1819) Dujardin, 1845. It was determined that the extensity of infestation in female rabbits reached 56.4%, male rabbits – 43.6%. The results of metric parameters of the nematodes are as follows: mean body length of males equaled 4.6 ± 0.4, females – 9.7 ± 1.21 mm, and maximum width – 257.4 ± 17.8 and 546.2 ± 37.1 µm respectively. A common feature of mature nematodes of this species is the presence of a rounded extension (bulbus) at the end of the esophagus. During chronic course of passaluriasis in rabbits, pathomorphological changes developed in the large intestine. The upper epithelium of the large intestine was damaged in some places, certain epithelian cells were found in the lumen of the intestine. The intestinal glands are widened, filled with slimy content of mostly dark blue-violet colour, especially in the upper sections of the glands. In the deep sections of the glands, slime was almost transparent. In deep sections of the glands the slime was almost transparent. In the epithelium cells of the glands, slimy granules were also of basophilic colour. The muscularis mucosae of the mucous membrane, especially between the intestinal glands was swollen, had practically no colour, the collagen fibers were stretched, thinned-out. Edemas were also recorded in the tela submucosa. In some preparations, the muscularis mucosae was notably infiltrated by lymphoid cells and histiocytes. On large extensions, we found some signs of hypersecretion of slime in goblet cells of the intestinal glands as accumulations of granules of slime in the cytoplasm, which had poorly developed colouration. On the side of the muscular and serous membranes, no pathological changes were found. The information presented here indicates the relevance of passaluriasis infestation as an etiological factor of occurrence of chronic catarrhal colitis with lymphohistiocytosis.
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Chrostkowska, Iwona, Bartosz Wanot, Agnieszka Biskupek-Wanot, and Liudmila Matulnikova. "EXTERIORISATION OF INTESTINAL STOMA AS A RESULT OF INTESTINAL CANCER DISEASE." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 25, no. 6 (December 28, 2017): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/2514.
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Among diseases of the 21st century, intestinal tumours are frequently mentioned. Colon cancer is a serious and growing health problem not only in Poland, but also in the world. As the most common result of fighting for one's own health and often even life is the consent to the intestinal stoma. Intestinal stoma is made by exteriorisation of the preserved intestinal end by abdominal incision outside the abdominal cavity, the incision of the mucous membrane and suturing it to the skin. The three main groups of indications for exteriorisation of stoma are: (a) inflammatory disease of intestines, (b) colitis, rectal and colonic trauma, (c) colorectal cancer. Properly exteriorised stoma on the large intestine should be located on the smooth surface of the skin away from the navel, hip bone, skin folds, scars and also at least 4 cm away from the main surgical cut. Patients should see the fistula well because it is the basis of proper self-care. Dermatological complications are the most common complication of stoma and occur in nearly 80% of patients. It comes to them as a result of irritation of the skin by the intestinal contents that come out of it and causes inflammation. This is usually the result of incorrect stoma care or improper use of stoma equipment. Despite medical advances towards minimizing invasive procedures and limiting the severity of the disease, the problem of the great stress experienced by every person undergoing surgical treatment is still valid and relevant to the outcome of the whole therapy. Choosing intestinal stoma is one of the most stressful treatments, so in this case, not only medical care but also psychological over the patient seems to be a priority.
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Paar, M., E. M. Liebler, and J. F. Pohlenz. "Uptake of Ferritin by Follicle-associated Epithelium in the Colon of Calves." Veterinary Pathology 29, no. 2 (March 1992): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589202900204.
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Uptake of macromolecules (e.g., ferritin) by M cells in follicle-associated epithelium in small and large intestine was investigated in three healthy, conventionally raised, 2- to 3-week-old, female Holstein Frisian calves. A 2.5% solution of ferritin was injected into the ligated loops in mid-jejunum, in terminal ileum, in the ascending colon adjacent to the ileocecal junction, and in the proximal loop of the ascending colon containing gut-associated lymphoid tissue. After exposure times that ranged from 82 to 165 minutes, ferritin was detected in M cells of domes in the small intestine, as well as in cells in follicle-associated epithelium of proprial lymphoid nodules and lymphoglandular complexes of colon that morphologically resembled M cells of small intestine. Ferritin was found in apical invaginations, apical vesicles, multivesicular bodies, basal vesicles, and adjacent intercellular spaces. In addition to ferritin, apical vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and intercellular spaces contained 50-nm membrane-bound particles. More ferritin was endocytosed by M cells of the small intestine than by M cells of the large intestine. In the large intestine, higher amounts of ferritin were found in M cells of follicle-associated epithelium overlying proprial lymphoid nodules than in M cells of follicle-associated epithelium in the depth of lymphoglandular complexes. Based on these results, we concluded that M cells of follicle-associated epithelium in the colon of calves provide a route for antigen uptake into the intestinal lymphoid system.
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Lee, Juneyoung, Attayeb Mohsen, Anik Banerjee, Louise D. McCullough, Kenji Mizuguchi, Motomu Shimaoka, Hiroshi Kiyono, and Eun Jeong Park. "Distinct Age-Specific miRegulome Profiling of Isolated Small and Large Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 3544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073544.
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The intestinal epithelium serves as a dynamic barrier to protect the host tissue from exposure to a myriad of inflammatory stimuli in the luminal environment. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) encompass differentiated and specialized cell types that are equipped with regulatory genes, which allow for sensing of the luminal environment. Potential inflammatory cues can instruct IECs to undergo a diverse set of phenotypic alterations. Aging is a primary risk factor for a variety of diseases; it is now well-documented that aging itself reduces the barrier function and turnover of the intestinal epithelium, resulting in pathogen translocation and immune priming with increased systemic inflammation. In this study, we aimed to provide an effective epigenetic and regulatory outlook that examines age-associated alterations in the intestines through the profiling of microRNAs (miRNAs) on isolated mouse IECs. Our microarray analysis revealed that with aging, there is dysregulation of distinct clusters of miRNAs that was present to a greater degree in small IECs (22 miRNAs) compared to large IECs (three miRNAs). Further, miRNA–mRNA interaction network and pathway analyses indicated that aging differentially regulates key pathways between small IECs (e.g., toll-like receptor-related cascades) and large IECs (e.g., cell cycle, Notch signaling and small ubiquitin-related modifier pathway). Taken together, current findings suggest novel gene regulation pathways by epithelial miRNAs in aging within the gastrointestinal tissues.
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Tybinka, A. M. "ВПЛИВ ТИПОЛОГІЧНИХ ОСОБЛИВОСТЕЙ АВТОНОМНОГО ТОНУСУ НА КІЛЬКІСНІ ПОКАЗНИКИ СПОЛУЧНОЇ ТКАНИНИ КИШКОВОЇ СТІНКИ КУРЕЙ." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology 18, no. 2(66) (August 9, 2016): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet6636.
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Fibrous connective tissue of the intestinal wall supports its functional stability and morphological integrity. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between the fibrous components of connective tissue in the intestinal wall of chicken, which is characterized by different types of autonomous tone.The researches was carries out on laying chicken of Isa-Braun cross, in amount 33 animals, aged 1 year. According to the results of electrocardiographic and variation-pulse metric researches, poultry was divided into two groups: sympatotonics (CT) – 16 chickens and sympato-normotonics (CT-HT) – 17 chickens. After poultry slaughter, from each intestine was extracted wall samples, which were fixed in fluid Buena with the further making of paraffin sections. The coloring of histological sections was done, using the methods of Van Gieson's stain, Pachini and Weigert. The correlation between the size of all fibers of connecting tissue and the size of only elastic fibers in both groups of poultry was researched on ready histological preparations. These researches were carried out on the section of crypt of mucosa and muscle membrane by the way of using computer morphometry. The results of the research were worked out statistically.It was found, on the basis of the obtained results, that the researched correlation is characterized by the same dynamics in the both intestine membranes. Herewith along the whole intestine larger numbers of this correlation belong to chicken-CT. The part of elastic fibers in muscle membrane is higher than in mucosa. The maximum amount of elastic fibers in the content of all fibers of connecting tissue can be observed at the beginning of small intestine and along with it gradually reduces. At the beginning of the large intestine this part slightly increase, however in the end of the intestine has the smallest amount. The presented patterns is peculiar for the both types of poultry, so on the basis of this we can mention the relative stability of morphology of intestine connective tissue. And disclosed typological peculiarities of the autonomous tone allow to adapt the structure of fiber component of connective tissue to the functional characteristics of digestion during the respective type of autonomous balance.
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Amarante, Alessandro F. T., Raquel A. Rocha, and Patrizia A. Bricarello. "Relationship of intestinal histology with the resistance to Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in three breeds of sheep." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27, no. 1 (January 2007): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2007000100008.
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The study was carried out to evaluate the relationship of inflammatory intestinal cells with the resistance to Trichostrongylus colubriformis infections in three breeds of sheep (Santa Ines, Suffolk and Ile de France), naturally infected. Mast cells, eosinophils, and globule leucocytes were enumerated in intestinal mucosa. Histamine concentration was estimated in intestinal tissue samples and the length of male and female specimens were determined. The three breeds of sheep showed similar cellular response in the small intestine mucosa (P>0.05). There was extensive variation among sheep in the parasitological and inflammatory cell variables, even in lambs of the same breed. In general, animals presenting less inflammatory cells had a larger worm burden, higher fecal egg counts, and larger T. colubriformis worms. The inflammatory cells possibly impaired the parasite's establishment, development, and survival.
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Huda, Tanweerul, and Bharati Pandya. "Jejunal obstruction due to ischemic stricture: an unusual presentation." International Surgery Journal 6, no. 2 (January 28, 2019): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20190378.
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Background: The most common causes of mechanical small bowel obstruction are postoperative adhesions and hernias. Other etiologies of small bowel obstruction include, diseases intrinsic to the wall of the small intestine, like tumors, strictures, intramural hematoma and processes that cause intraluminal obstruction like intussusception, gallstones, foreign bodies etc. Ischaemic enteritis is a rare etiology, reported only in about 0.1% of cases. Ischaemic strictures of the small bowel are a result of decreased blood supply to the small intestine. They require surgical intervention for their management.Methods: Author presented a 40 year-old diabetic female who presented with upper GI obstruction of 2month duration. Her history of illnesses included stroke, myocardial infarction and a transient episode of intestinal obstruction occurring simultaneously 3years ago. On investigations, she was found to have an occlusive distal jejunal stricture. Author studied the literature for the various management options and selected the most appropriate one for her.Results: Exploratory laparotomy with resection and end to end anastomosis of the jejunal segment was done. The histopathology of the segment revealed ischaemic enteritis with large vessel blockade causing stricture. The patient had an uneventful post op recovery and is asymptomatic two months since.Conclusions: Ischaemic enteritis results in small intestinal obstruction due to intestinal stenosis in its chronic phase. Diagnostic delay is due to the differential diagnoses and missing out on the transient phase of early ischemia.
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KIMURA, E., Y. SHINTOKU, T. KADOSAKA, M. FUJIWARA, S. KONDO, and M. ITOH. "A second peak of egg excretion in Strongyloides ratti-infected rats: its origin and biological meaning." Parasitology 119, no. 2 (August 1999): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099004631.
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In Strongyloides ratti-infected rats, 2 peaks of egg excretion were observed; a large one with maximum egg production on days 7–8 of infection and a small more inconspicuous one around day 25. The second peak, which had been ignored in most studies, was produced by adults in the caecum and the colon. The adults were larger in length and had more embryonated eggs in the uterus compared with adults in the small intestine at day 25 post-infection. It is suggested that parasitic adults once expelled from the small intestine resettle and recover in the large intestine. Filter paper faecal culture carried out for 9 days at different days post-infection revealed that the total number of infective larvae that developed during the second peak was twice the number that developed during the first peak, despite the fact that total egg output during the second peak was less than one twentieth of the first peak. The results suggest that the small second peak was as important as the first one in the transmission of S. ratti.
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Akhmedov, V. A., A. K. Sargsyan, and O. V. Gaus. "Prospects for the use of biomarkers in the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, no. 3 (June 22, 2020): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-175-3-94-101.
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Irritable bowel syndrome is a chronic functional disorder of the intestine, manifested by altered intestinal habits and recurrent abdominal pain in combination with two or more criteria: association with defecation, association with a change in the frequency of defecation, association with a change in the appearance of the stool. To date, IBS remains a diagnosis of exclusion that needs to be differentiated from a wide range of organic diseases. In recent years, a large number of publications have appeared on the research of etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of IBS. This literary review highlights the problems of searching for biomarkers of IBS as a way to solve the problem of diagnosis of this pathology and understanding the causes of its occurrence.
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Chumpitazi, Bruno P., and Robert J. Shulman. "Dietary Carbohydrates and Childhood Functional Abdominal Pain." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 68, Suppl. 1 (2016): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000445390.
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Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) affect a large number of children throughout the world. Carbohydrates (which provide the majority of calories consumed in the Western diet) have been implicated both as culprits for the etiology of symptoms and as potential therapeutic agents (e.g., fiber) in childhood FGIDs. In this review, we detail how carbohydrate malabsorption may cause gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., bloating) via the physiologic effects of both increased osmotic activity and increased gas production from bacterial fermentation. Several factors may play a role, including: (1) the amount of carbohydrate ingested; (2) whether ingestion is accompanied by a meal or other food; (3) the rate of gastric emptying (how quickly the meal enters the small intestine); (4) small intestinal transit time (the time it takes for a meal to enter the large intestine after first entering the small intestine); (5) whether the meal contains bacteria with enzymes capable of breaking down the carbohydrate; (6) colonic bacterial adaptation to one's diet, and (7) host factors such as the presence or absence of visceral hypersensitivity. By detailing controlled and uncontrolled trials, we describe how there is a general lack of strong evidence supporting restriction of individual carbohydrates (e.g., lactose, fructose) for childhood FGIDs. We review emerging evidence suggesting that a more comprehensive restriction of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) may be effective. Finally, we review how soluble fiber (a complex carbohydrate) supplementation via randomized controlled intervention trials in childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders has demonstrated efficacy.
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Stelzner, Matthias, Michael Helmrath, James C. Y. Dunn, Susan J. Henning, Courtney W. Houchen, Calvin Kuo, John Lynch, et al. "A nomenclature for intestinal in vitro cultures." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 302, no. 12 (June 15, 2012): G1359—G1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00493.2011.
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Many advances have been reported in the long-term culture of intestinal mucosal cells in recent years. A significant number of publications have described new culture media, cell formations, and growth patterns. Furthermore, it is now possible to study, e.g., the capabilities of isolated stem cells or the interactions between stem cells and mesenchyme. However, at the moment there is significant variation in the way these structures are described and named. A standardized nomenclature would benefit the ability to communicate and compare findings from different laboratories using the different culture systems. To address this issue, members of the NIH Intestinal Stem Cell Consortium herein propose a systematic nomenclature for in vitro cultures of the small and large intestine. We begin by describing the structures that are generated by preparative steps. We then define and describe structures produced in vitro, specifically: enterosphere, enteroid, reconstituted intestinal organoid, induced intestinal organoid, colonosphere, colonoid, and colonic organoid.
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Saurette, Matthew, and R. Todd Alexander. "Intestinal phosphate absorption: The paracellular pathway predominates?" Experimental Biology and Medicine 244, no. 8 (February 14, 2019): 646–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370219831220.
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Hyperphosphatemia is nearly universal in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease. Given the considerable negative sequelae associated with hyperphosphatemia, i.e. increased cardiovascular disease, hastening of renal failure and death, reducing serum phosphate is a goal of therapy. In the absence of sufficient renal function, intestinal phosphate absorption is the remaining target to reduce plasma phosphate levels. Much work has been done with respect to understanding transcellular phosphate absorption. Both animal studies using inducible or intestinal NaPi-2b knockout mice and specific NaPi-2b inhibitors revealed this transporter as the primary mechanism mediating transcellular phosphate absorption in the intestine. However, this has not translated into effective phosphate lowering therapies in patients with kidney disease. More recently, it was observed that inhibition of the epithelial sodium hydrogen exchanger, sodium–hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), or its genetic deletion, decreases intestinal phosphate absorption. The mechanism mediating this effect is through increased transepithelial resistance and reduced paracellular phosphate permeability. Thus, NHE3 inhibition reduces paracellular phosphate permeability in the intestine. The transepithelial potential difference across intestinal epithelium is lumen negative and phosphate commonly exists as a divalent anion. Further, consumption of the typical Western diet provides a large lumen to blood phosphate concentration gradient. Based on these observations we argue herein that the paracellular phosphate absorption route is the predominant pathway mediating intestinal phosphate absorption in humans. Impact statement This review summarizes the work on transcellular intestinal phosphate absorption, arguing why this pathway is not the predominant pathway in humans consuming a “Western” diet. We then highlight the recent evidence which is strongly consistent with paracellular intestinal phosphate absorption mediating the bulk of intestinal phosphate absorption in humans.
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Nikitin, I. G., A. E. Nikitin, A. A. Karabinenko, V. A. Gorskiy, L. Yu Ilchenko, R. H. Asimov, P. S. Glushkov, K. A. Shemyatovskiy, and O. A. Roginko. "Short bowel syndrome against the background of adhesive disease of the abdominal cavity." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology 174, no. 5 (June 29, 2020): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-177-5-113-119.
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Short bowel syndrome is a pathological symptom complex that occurs after removal (resection) of the small intestine (more than 25% of its length), or when there is a signifi cant violation of its function. The most common cause of short bowel syndrome is adhesions of the small intestine that occur after surgical interventions on the abdominal organs. A description of the clinical observation of short bowel syndrome with severe manifestations of enteric insufficiency in a 41-year old patient is given. The patient was admitted to the surgical Department of FGBUZ Central clinical of the hospital Russian Academy of Sciences with com-plaints of General weakness, pain, spastic nature in the abdomen without clear localization, pain in the area of operational wound (for 4 months had 4 surgery for adhesive intestinal obstruction), abdominal distention, thirst, dry mouth, semiliquid chair 3–4 times a day, weight loss for the last 7 months before the hospitalization at 22 kg, the body mass index was 17.3 kg/m2. After the last surgical intervention, ileostomy of the ascending colon was applied using the Brooke method in connection with adhesive small bowel obstruction. The functioning segment of the jejunum was anastomosed with the ascending colon and was 22 cm long. At admission, the state of moderate severity, moderately emaciated, dehydrated. Liquid stool up to 6 times a day, without pathological impurities. MSCT of abdominal organs from 03.05.2018 with contrast: in meso — and hypogastria (mainly on the left), expanded loops of the small intestine (up to a maximum of 37–38 mm) fi lled with liquid content were visualized, the contrast preparation in the above described loops of the small intestine was not visualized. Additionally, non-expanded loops of the small intestine were visualized in the hypogastria and did not contain contrast. Non-functional loops of the small intestine in the meso — and hypogastrium. Liver, biliary system, pancreas, spleen — without features. On the background of complex therapy, the stabilization of clinical and laboratory indicators was achieved, which allowed to plan surgical treatment-laparotomy, closure of ileostomy, imposition of small intestine anastomosis in the large intestine. A laparotomy was performed with the right pararectal access. Continuous viscero-visceral and of viscero-peritoneal splices were found in the abdominal cavity. With technical difficulties caused by fi brous-calcifi ed splices, it was possible to separate the ascending colon and the part of the jejunum that goes to the anterior abdominal wall to the site of the bred jejunostomy. The intersection of the jejunum stoma was performed in close contact with the anterior abdominal wall. A double-row “end-to-side” anastomosis was formed with the middle third of the ascending colon. When performing laparotomy with left pararectal access under conditions of a pronounced adhesive process, it was possible to isolate a section of the sigmoid colon and a loop of the small intestine that was previously disabled (during the previous operation). Ileosigmoidostomy formed a double row “side to side”. The preserved portion of the small intestine was 85 cm. In the postoperative period, there were signs of endogenous intoxication. Against the background of intestinal paresis and severe intoxication, there was an increase in the markers of infl amemation and pancytopenia. Complex therapy with parenteral mixtures, prebiotics and antimicrobial drugs stopped the symptoms of intoxication, the activity of infl ammation, and improved laboratory parameters, which allowed us to gradually switch to oral food intake. Semi-formed stool 1–2 times a day. She was discharged on the 10th day after the operation for outpatient treatment under the supervision of a surgeon and gastroenterologist. One-year rehabilitation period with a positive effect, which indicates the uniqueness of this clinical observation.
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Petkevicius, S., H. Bjørn, A. Roepstorff, P. Nansen, K. E. Bach Knudsen, E. H. Barnes, and K. Jensen. "The effect of two types of diet on populations of Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum dentatum in experimentally infected pigs." Parasitology 111, no. 3 (September 1995): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000081956.
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SUMMARYThis investigation compared the effect of two common types of diet on worm burdens and faecal egg counts of pigs inoculated with Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum dentatum. The diets were both considered nutritionally sufficient for pigs of this age, and gave high and comparable growth rates. Pigs were inoculated with both worm species at 14 weeks of age and slaughtered 3 or 12 weeks later. At 3 weeks, A. suum larvae were numerous in the small intestine of pigs fed ground barley plus protein supplement, but were not detected from pigs fed a commercial full-constituent pelleted feed. At 12 weeks, however, average adult worm burdens were low and similar in both groups. At both slaughter times, O. dentatum worm burdens were significantly higher in pigs fed barley plus protein than in pigs given commercial feed, particularly for female worms, and the commercial diet led to worms being located further along the large intestine, and to reduced worm fecundity. The chemical composition of large intestinal contents differed significantly between pigs fed the two diets.
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C.K., Faslu Rahman, Gokul Raj S., and Sharun Khan. "Surgical management of ileocolic intussusception in a German shepherd dog." Issue 1 (September - October) 1, no. 1 (October 17, 2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51128/jfas.2020.a011.
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Intussusception occurs when excessive peristaltic motility forces one segment of the intestine into another slightly larger part of the intestine. The incidence of intussusception is more in German shepherd dogs. A six-month old German shepherd dog weighing 17 kg was presented with a history of anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea, and lethargy for the past 7 days. Clinical examination revealed a congested conjunctival mucous membrane, bounding pulse and tachycardia. Abdominal palpation evinced pain and a bunch of coiled sausage shaped mass was identified during deep palpation. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed bulls eye appearance in the intestine confirming the occurrence of intussusception. Pre-operatively, the animal was hydrated and stabilized with intravenous fluids. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy using ceftriaxone was given at a dose rate of 25 mg per kg bodyweight and pre-emptive analgesia with meloxicam at a dose rate of 0.2 mg per kg bodyweight was also given. Emergency laparotomy was performed under general anaesthesia maintained with isoflurane. A 20 cm long necrosed irreducible intestinal segment was identified. The necrosed loop was resected after ligating the mesenteric vessels. The cut ends of the intestine being uneven, was cut at right angles and the smaller segment was further cut at an oblique angle to correct the disparity in the lumen size. End to end anastomosis was performed using polydioxanone suture in a simple continues pattern. The abdominal cavity was lavaged with normal saline. Laparotomy wound was closed in a routine pattern. Post operatively, the dog was treated using fluids, antibiotics, and analgesics for seven days. The owner was advised to give easily digestible liquid diet in small quantities from fourth day onwards and gradually shift to normal food. The skin sutures were removed on 10th post-operative day and the animal made an uneventful recovery. Keywords: Ultrasonography, Intestinal telescoping, Resection, Anastomosis, Surgical management, Deworming
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Kumar, Raj, Pavan Kumar Shamanur Kenchappa, Kusum Meena, and Brijesh Kumar Singh. "Ileosigmoid knotting: an unusual cause of acute intestinal obstruction with bowel gangrene." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 5 (May 2019): e226663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-226663.
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Ileosigmoid knotting (ISK) is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction rapidly progressing to bowel gangrene. It is characterised by the wrapping of loops of ileum and sigmoid colon around each other. The condition often remains undiagnosed preoperatively; however, it can be suspected by the triad of small bowel obstruction, radiographic features suggestive of predominately large bowel obstruction and inability to deflate the intestine by a sigmoidoscope. We are reporting a case of 56-year-old man who presented with features of acute intestinal obstruction and compensated shock within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. Exploratory laparotomy revealed ISK resulting in gangrene of ileum and sigmoid colon. In view of haemodynamic instability, end ileostomy was done after excising gangrenous segments. The patient improved and stoma closure and ileocolic anastomosis were done after 3 months in follow-up.
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Quddus, AHMR, MMA Zaman, AS Mollah, and MM Zaman. "Assessment of Internal Radiation Dose in Gastro Intestinal Tract for Acute Ingestion of Ra-226 of the People of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Nuclear Medicine 19, no. 1 (March 4, 2018): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjnm.v19i1.35579.
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To design appropriate method for treatment planning it is necessary to know the precise radiation dose absorbed by any internal organ in human body. This paper will provide a method for calculating retention, absorbed dose, committed equivalent dose and committed effective doses due to acute ingestion of 1 Bq of Ra-226 in the gastro intestinal (GI) tract of Bangladeshi people for different age groups. Calculations are done by using “Internal Radiation Dose Assessment (IRDA)” software which has been developed in Visual Basic language. GI tract consists of four tissue compartments, e.g. stomach (ST), small intestine (SI), upper large intestine (ULI) and lower large intestine (LLI). One hour after the ingestion, the retention and absorbed dose show the trend ST > SI > ULI > LLI. For tissue compartments the variation of the committed equivalent dose pattern is LLI > ULI > ST > SI for the radionuclide. The variation of absorbed dose, committed equivalent dose and committed effective dose with respect to age follow the pattern: 1 year> 10years > adult female > adult male. The highest committed effective dose is found in the GI tract of 1 year old child. For other age groups these values are slightly less than those for 1 year old child.Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 19(1): 38-42, January 2016
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Medici, Marta, Celso G. Vinderola, Ricardo Weill, and Gabriela Perdigón. "Effect of fermented milk containing probiotic bacteria in the prevention of an enteroinvasive Escherichia coli infection in mice." Journal of Dairy Research 72, no. 2 (March 23, 2005): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029905000750.
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This study investigated the protective capacity of the oral administration of fermented milk containing the probiotic strains; Lactobacillus casei, Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, against enteroinvasive Escherichia coli infection in a murine (BALB/c mice) model. Mice were fed for 2, 5 or 7 consecutive days with fermented milk diluted to a concentration of viable Lb. casei, Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Strep. thermophilus of 107 cfu/ml. Phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages and the number of IgA+ cells in small and large intestine were determined at the end of the feeding periods. For the preventive effect against Esch. coli, animals were fed for 5 days (selected dose). Mice were challenged with an infective dose of enteroinvasive Esch. coli of 108 cfu/mouse. The colonization of liver and spleen and the secretory IgA specific for the pathogen in the intestinal fluid were determined (ELISA test). Results showed that the unspecific immune response enhanced itself after 5 consecutive days of the administration of this fermented milk (increase in the percentage of phagocytosis and number of IgA+ cells in the small intestine). Treated animals showed less Esch. coli colonization of liver than control mice and a higher secretory anti-Esch. coli IgA in the intestinal fluids. These results suggest that the protection against enteroinvasive Esch. coli infection observed for the fermented milk containing probiotic bacteria may be associated with an enhance of the intestinal mucosa immunity.
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Achkasov, S. I., M. A. Sukhina, O. I. Sushkov, S. A. Frolov, V. N. Kashnikov, A. L. Safin, A. V. Veselov, and Yu A. Shelygin. "Etiological structure of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in patients with large intestine diseases." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology 160, no. 12 (December 2018): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-160-12-33-39.
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Ito, Ayumi, Bunei Iizuka, Teppei Omori, Shinichi Nakamura, and Katsutoshi Tokushige. "Development and Improvement of Simple Colonic Mucosal Ulcer during Treatment of Severe Ulcerative Colitis with Tacrolimus." Case Reports in Gastroenterology 11, no. 1 (March 21, 2017): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000456605.
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Diarrhea, melena, and lower abdominal pain developed in a male in his 20s and colonoscopy showed pancolitis-type severe ulcerative colitis (UC). Treatment was initiated with 4,000 mg of 5-aminosalicylic acid and 60 mg/day of prednisolone, but the symptoms and inflammatory reaction worsened with prednisolone dose reduction. Tacrolimus was added to the treatment, which subsequently induced remission. Serial colonoscopies during the treatment showed improvement in ulcer and mucosal edema throughout the entire large intestine, but a new solitary round ulcer appeared at the end of the ileum. Since no signs of Behçet’s disease were noted, it was considered as a simple ulcer, a complication of UC. Tacrolimus treatment was continued based on continued improvement in clinical features and colonic mucosa, excluding the end of the ileum. Colonoscopy at 6 months after initiation of tacrolimus showed healing of the large intestinal mucosa, although mild congestion was still noted. The solitary round ulcer at the end of the ileum improved to a small erosion. We report the improvement of a simple ulcer that developed during tacrolimus treatment.
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Cherbut, C. "Inulin and oligofructose in the dietary fibre concept." British Journal of Nutrition 87, S2 (May 2002): S159—S162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2002532.
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Dietary fibre consists of remnants of edible plant cell polysaccharides and associated substances resistant to hydrolysis by human alimentary enzymes, which may benefit health through a wide range of physiological effects. Inulin and oligofructose are storage carbohydrates found in a number of vegetables, fruits and whole grains. They resist digestion and absorption in the stomach and small intestine of humans, as shown by their almost full recovery at the end of the ileum of healthy or ileostomised volunteers. Inulin and oligofructose thus enter into the large intestine where they are available to fermentation, as demonstrated by increased breath hydrogen. Fermentation of both substrates is complete and no residue is found in human stools. Inulin and oligofructose improve laxation. Their bulking capacity comprised between 1·2 and 2·1 g of stool per g of ingested substrate, results mainly from increases in microbial biomass in the colon. As water content of bacterial cells is high, stools are softer and easier to expulse. Stool frequency is thus increased, particularly in slightly constipated individuals. In addition, likely due to their fermentation properties, inulin and oligofructose also affect the intestinal epithelium (trophicity, mucin expression, etc.), that may strengthen mucosal protection and reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases. In summary, inulin and oligofructose are plant carbohydrates, resistant to digestion in the human small intestine and fermented by colonic bacteria. They exert several intestinal physiological effects contributing to maintenance of health. Therefore, inulin and oligofructose fit well within the current concept of dietary fibre.
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Kortman, Guus A. M., Rian W. H. M. Roelofs, Dorine W. Swinkels, Marien I. de Jonge, Sara A. Burt, and Harold Tjalsma. "Iron-Induced Virulence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium at the Intestinal Epithelial Interface Can Be Suppressed by Carvacrol." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 3 (December 30, 2013): 1664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02060-13.
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ABSTRACTOral iron therapy can increase the abundance of bacterial pathogens, e.g.,Salmonellaspp., in the large intestine of African children. Carvacrol is a natural compound with antimicrobial activity against various intestinal bacterial pathogens, among which is the highly prevalentSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium. This study aimed to explore a presumed interaction between carvacrol and bacterial iron handling and to assess the potential of carvacrol in preventing the increase of bacterial pathogenicity during high iron availability.S. Typhimurium was cultured with increasing concentrations of iron and carvacrol to study the effects of these combined interventions on growth, adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells, and iron uptake/influx in both bacterial and epithelial cells. In addition, the ability of carvacrol to remove iron from the high-affinity ligand transferrin and an Fe-dye complex was examined. Carvacrol retarded growth ofS. Typhimurium at all iron conditions. Furthermore, iron-induced epithelial adhesion was effectively reduced by carvacrol at high iron concentrations. The reduction of growth and virulence by carvacrol was not paralleled by a change in iron uptake or influx intoS. Typhimurium. In contrast, bioavailability of iron for epithelial cells was moderately decreased under these conditions. Further, carvacrol was shown to lack the properties of an iron binding molecule; however, it was able to weaken iron-ligand interactions by which it may possibly interfere with bacterial virulence. In conclusion, ourin vitrodata suggest that carvacrol has the potential to serve as a novel dietary supplement to prevent pathogenic overgrowth and colonization in the large intestine during oral iron therapy.
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López-Yerena, Anallely, Maria Pérez, Anna Vallverdú-Queralt, Eleftherios Miliarakis, Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventós, and Elvira Escribano-Ferrer. "Oleacein Intestinal Permeation and Metabolism in Rats Using an In Situ Perfusion Technique." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050719.
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Oleacein (OLEA) is one of the most important phenolic compounds in extra virgin olive oil in terms of concentration and health-promoting properties, yet there are insufficient data on its absorption and metabolism. Several non-human models have been developed to assess the intestinal permeability of drugs, among them, single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP), which is commonly used to investigate the trans-membrane transport of drugs in situ. In this study, the SPIP model and simultaneous luminal blood sampling were used to study the absorption and metabolism of OLEA in rats. Samples of intestinal fluid and mesenteric blood were taken at different times and the ileum segment was excised at the end of the experiment for analysis by LC–ESI–LTQ–Orbitrap–MS. OLEA was mostly metabolized by phase I reactions, undergoing hydrolysis and oxidation, and metabolite levels were much higher in the plasma than in the lumen. The large number of metabolites identified and their relatively high abundance indicates an important intestinal first-pass effect during absorption. According to the results, OLEA is well absorbed in the intestine, with an intestinal permeability similar to that of the highly permeable model compound naproxen. No significant differences were found in the percentage of absorbed OLEA and naproxen (48.98 ± 12.27% and 43.96 ± 7.58%, respectively).
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Shakhmardanov, Murad Z., and V. V. Nikiforov. "ETIOTROPIC THERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, no. 6 (December 15, 2018): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2018-23-6-301-307.
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The issues of etiotropic therapy of infectious diarrhea require a differentiated approach not only depending on the etiological factor, but also on the type of diarrhea caused by the location of the pathological process. Infectious diarrhea occur in the form of three main types: secretory, osmotic, inflammatory (invasive). Secretory and osmotic type of diarrhea are found in infectious gastroenteritis. In the mechanisms of elimination of infectious gastroenteritis pathogens, the following factors play a leading role: the destructive effect on pathogens in the lumen of the small intestine of trypsin, chemotrypsin and acid duodenal content entering the small intestine; the «killer» action of interepithelial large granular lymphocytes (M-cells) on pathogens; the increase in resistance of the small intestine epithelium under the influence of M-cell cytokines; the difficulty of intercellular distribution of pathogens due to faster than in the gut, small intestine epithelial cell renewal; microbial antagonism of representatives of normal intestinal microflora. The appointment of etiotropic agents in cases of infectious gastroenteritis, at least, suppresses the manifestations of microbial antagonism on the part of representatives of the normal intestinal microflora, creating prerequisites for the delay of the pathogen in the body. The inflammatory type of diarrhoea occurs when invasion of pathogens to the mucosal lining of the colon, with subsequent development of the destructive changes and the possibility of further translocation. Obstacles to adhesion, penetration and intercellular spread of invasive pathogens in the colon mucosa is much less than in the small intestine. Pathogens of the same genera, species and serological variants (e.g. Salmonella, Campylobacter) can cause both secretory and invasive types of diarrhea. However, the appointment of antibacterial therapy will depend on the location of the pathological process. When gastroenteritis etiotropic therapy in most cases is impractical. In the presence of clinical manifestations of colitis, involving the implementation of invasive properties of the causative agent, the appointment of etiotropic treatment is justified.
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Shakhmardanov, Murad Z., and V. V. Nikiforov. "ETIOTROPIC THERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, no. 6 (December 15, 2018): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2019-23-6-301-307.
Full textAbstract:
The issues of etiotropic therapy of infectious diarrhea require a differentiated approach not only depending on the etiological factor, but also on the type of diarrhea caused by the location of the pathological process. Infectious diarrhea occur in the form of three main types: secretory, osmotic, inflammatory (invasive). Secretory and osmotic type of diarrhea are found in infectious gastroenteritis. In the mechanisms of elimination of infectious gastroenteritis pathogens, the following factors play a leading role: the destructive effect on pathogens in the lumen of the small intestine of trypsin, chemotrypsin and acid duodenal content entering the small intestine; the «killer» action of interepithelial large granular lymphocytes (M-cells) on pathogens; the increase in resistance of the small intestine epithelium under the influence of M-cell cytokines; the difficulty of intercellular distribution of pathogens due to faster than in the gut, small intestine epithelial cell renewal; microbial antagonism of representatives of normal intestinal microflora. The appointment of etiotropic agents in cases of infectious gastroenteritis, at least, suppresses the manifestations of microbial antagonism on the part of representatives of the normal intestinal microflora, creating prerequisites for the delay of the pathogen in the body. The inflammatory type of diarrhoea occurs when invasion of pathogens to the mucosal lining of the colon, with subsequent development of the destructive changes and the possibility of further translocation. Obstacles to adhesion, penetration and intercellular spread of invasive pathogens in the colon mucosa is much less than in the small intestine. Pathogens of the same genera, species and serological variants (e.g. Salmonella, Campylobacter) can cause both secretory and invasive types of diarrhea. However, the appointment of antibacterial therapy will depend on the location of the pathological process. When gastroenteritis etiotropic therapy in most cases is impractical. In the presence of clinical manifestations of colitis, involving the implementation of invasive properties of the causative agent, the appointment of etiotropic treatment is justified.
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Mathialahan, T., KA Maclennan, LN Sandle, C. Verbeke, and GI Sandle. "Enhanced large intestinal potassium permeability in end-stage renal disease." Journal of Pathology 206, no. 1 (2005): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.1750.
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Osikov, M. V., E. V. Simonyan, and A. E. Bakeeva. "Impact of extracum of curcuma longa in a composition of rectal suppositoria on of lipid peroxidal oxidation indications in the thick intestiness in experimental Crohn’s disease." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, no. 3 (June 22, 2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-175-3-80-86.
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The aim. To conduct a comparative analysis of the effect of turmeric extract and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) in the composition of rectal suppositories in clinical symptoms and the content of lipid peroxidation products in the mucous membrane of the large intestine in experimental Crohn’s disease (CD).Materials and methods. The experiment was performed on 70 non-linear white Wistar rats. CD was modeled by rectal administration of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, rectal suppositories were used each 12 hours: with 5-ASA in a dose of 50 mg, with 10% turmeric extract of original composition, weighing 0.3 g each. On the 3rd, 5th and 7th day of CD, the clinical status was determined by the modified Disease activity index scale and the content of lipid peroxidation products in the large intestine mucosa.Results. In the dynamics of CD in the colon, the content of primary, secondary and final lipid peroxidative products in the heptane and isopropanol phases increases; the severity of clinical signs (weight loss, diarrhea, blood in the fecal masses) increases with increasing content of POL. The use of rectal suppositories with turmeric extract in case of CD reduces the severity of clinical symptoms, reduces the content of lipid peroxidation products mainly in the isopropanol phase of the colon lipid extract; an association was established between the index of clinical activity of CD and the content of lipid peroxidation products in the large intestine. The effectiveness of local application of turmeric extract in the composition of rectal suppositories is comparison with the effectiveness of the use of rectal suppositories with 5-ASA in terms of the clinical activity index and the content of lipid peroxidation products in the large intestine.
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Zheng, Leon, Caleb J. Kelly, and Sean P. Colgan. "Physiologic hypoxia and oxygen homeostasis in the healthy intestine. A Review in the Theme: Cellular Responses to Hypoxia." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 309, no. 6 (September 15, 2015): C350—C360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00191.2015.
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In recent years, the intestinal mucosa has proven to be an intriguing organ to study tissue oxygenation. The highly vascularized lamina propria juxtaposed to an anaerobic lumen containing trillions of metabolically active microbes results in one of the most austere tissue microenvironments in the body. Studies to date have determined that a healthy mucosa contains a steep oxygen gradient along the length of the intestine and from the lumen to the serosa. Advances in technology have allowed multiple independent measures and indicate that, in the healthy mucosa of the small and large intestine, the lumen-apposed epithelia experience Po2 conditions of <10 mmHg, so-called physiologic hypoxia. This unique physiology results from a combination of factors, including countercurrent exchange blood flow, fluctuating oxygen demands, epithelial metabolism, and oxygen diffusion into the lumen. Such conditions result in the activation of a number of hypoxia-related signaling processes, including stabilization of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor. Here, we review the principles of mucosal oxygen delivery, metabolism, and end-point functional responses that result from this unique oxygenation profile.
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Quddus, AHMR, M. Moksed Ali, MMA Zaman, and AS Mollah. "Internal Radiation Dose Assessment using IRDA Software for Bangladeshi Subjects due to Ingestion of CO-60." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics 4, no. 1 (April 22, 2013): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v4i1.14703.
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Retention, absorbed dose, committed equivalent dose and committed effective doses have been assessed due to acute ingestion of 1 Bq of 60Co in human body. Calculations are done using Internal Radiation Dose Assessment (IRDA) software which has been developed based on the biokinetic model. Due to ingestion maximum radiation dose is deposited in the gastro intestinal (GI) tract, assumed to consist of four tissue compartments, e.g. stomach (ST), small intestine (SI), upper large intestine (ULI) and lower large intestine (LLI). In this work actual tissue masses of GI Tract of Bangladeshi people have been considered to calculate the above mentioned quantities for different age groups, such as 1 yr, 10 yrs and adult (female and male). One hour after the ingestion, the retention and absorbed dose show the trend ST > SI > ULI > LLI. Regarding tissue compartments the variation of the committed equivalent dose pattern is LLI > ULI > ST > SI for the radionuclide. The variation of absorbed dose, committed equivalent dose and committed effective dose with respect to age follow the pattern: 1 yr > 10yrs > adult female > adult male. The highest committed effective dose for ingestion of 1 Bq of the radionuclide under the study is found in the GI tract of 1 yr old child. This value is 6.56 x 10-6 mSv. For other age groups these values are slightly less. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v4i1.14703 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics Vol.4 No.1 2011 135-143
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Longland, A. C., W. H. Close, and A. G. Low. "The role of the large intestine in the utilization of feeds containing non-starch polysaccharides." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600020845.
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The utilization of diets high in fibre (defined here as non-starch polysaccharide - NSP) is dependent on the extent to which the NSP is fermented by the gut microflora, and the subsequent utilization by the animal of the end-products of fermentation - the VFAs. It has frequently been assumed that fermentation of NSP in the pig occurs almost exclusively in the hind-gut. However, a number of studies using pigs fitted with ileal-cannulas have suggested that some fermentation of NSP may occur prior to the hind-gut (e.g. Graham et al., 1985). The aim of this study was to determine the relative roles of the small and large intestine in a) the digestion of feeds containing non-starch polysaccharides, and b) the subsequent utilization of energy by growing pigs. This was achieved by comparing the abilities of intact or ileo-rectomised pigs to digest and grow on cereal-based diets containing 0 or 300 g/kg sugar beet pulp.
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Kelly, J. M., T. Mutsvangwa, L. P. Milligan, D. R. Waldo, and B. W. McBride. "Quantification of energy expenditures of the gastrointestinal tract of steers fed three diets at two levels of intake." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a00-070.
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Forty eight yearling Holstein steers [257 ± 7.7 kg body weight (BW)] were fed switchgrass hay plus 10% soybean meal (diet S), orchard grass silage (diet O) and alfalfa silage (diet A) at 65 or 90 g DM kg–0.75 BW for 155 to 164 d in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment designed to evaluate the effects of dietary composition and level of feed intake on patterns of O2 consumption in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tissues. At the end of the growth period, steers were stunned, exsanguinated and eviscerated. The various GIT components were then emptied of their contents and weighed. Ventral sac rumen, jejunal and large intestinal tissue samples were quickly acquired and placed in oxygenated M199 media. Mucosa and muscularis weights of these tissues were determined along with their total O2(TO2), ouabain-sensitive O2 (OSO2) and ouabain-insensitive O2 (OIO2) consumption. Oxygen consumption parameters were determined polarographically using a YSI Clark-style electrode. Total weights of rumen (P < 0.001), small intestine (P < 0.001) and large intestine (P < 0.05) were higher in steers fed the high level of intake compared to those fed the low level of feed intake. In all GIT tissues studied, increasing the level of feed intake (P <0.05) elevated mucosa and muscularis dry weights. Steers fed diet S had lower (P < 0.05) GIT tissue weights compared to those fed diets O and A. Weight-specific (i.e., expressed per unit tissue weight) TO2, OSO2 and OIO2 consumption for rumen, small intestine and large intestine were not affected by dietary composition and level of feed intake (P > 0.05), except for OSO2 consumption, which was higher (P < 0.05) in ruminal mucosa of steers fed diets S and A compared to those fed diet O. It is concluded that level of feed intake and dietary composition altered GIT O2 consumption via changes in visceral organ mass, rather than changes in weight-specific O2 consumption. Key words: Na+, K+-ATPase, gastrointestinal tract, Holstein steers
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Assis Rodrigues, Maria Luiza, Sirlene Souza Rodrigues Sartori, Priscila Izabel Santos Totaro, and Sérgio Luis Pinto da Matta. "Hystometric evaluation of nickel chronic exposure effects on large instestine of adult Wistar male rats." Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas 36, E (October 16, 2019): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22267/rcia.1936e.103.
Full textAbstract:
The ingestion of considerable amounts of water or food contaminated with nickel can be very toxic. The present work was conducted aiming to evaluate the effects of nickel exposures on ascending colon of adult Wistar male rats at hystometric level. We used 12 animals that were divided in a control (ingested uncontaminated water) and a nickel-contaminated (i.e., 25 mg de nickel/L of water) groups. Nickel chloride was offered in declorinated water and the experiment had a 56 days exposure period. A portion of the ascending colon was removed of the animals and subjected to hystological labelling processes using blue toluidin (for general hystometric description), Alcian Blue (AB, for acid mucins) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) technique (for neutral mucins). The potential differences between groups were desgined by applying the Whitney test and t test (p < 0.05). The crypts were smaller for the nickel-contaminated group, even though these organism exhibited broader and higher crypts. Nickel-contaminated animals exhibited a smaller amount of calyceform cells with AB and PAS positive reactions as well as a less mucus quantities when compared with nickel-uncontaminated animals. Such reductions on the amount of calyceform cells with AB and PAS positive reactions may be related wiht the shallower crypts, which possibly reduced the synthesis and secretion of mucins, compromissing the functional aspects (e.g., lubrification and intestinal mucosa protection) of the nickel-contaminated large intestines. Interestingly, the wider and higher crypts and higher epithelium collumn on the nickel-contaminated animals may represent a relevant trade-off for the intestinal mucosa protection.
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Sánchez-CordóN, P. J., S. Romanini, F. J. Salguero, E. Ruiz-Villamor, L. Carrasco, and J. C. Gómez-Villamandos. "A Histopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Study of the Intestine in Pigs Inoculated with Classical Swine Fever Virus." Veterinary Pathology 40, no. 3 (May 2003): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.40-3-254.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to report on the lesions occurring in the intestine during experimental classical swine fever (CSF) and to clarify the nature of infected cells and the distribution of viral antigen. Thirty-two pigs were inoculated with the virulent CSF virus (CSFV) isolate Alfort 187 and slaughtered from 2 to 15 postinoculation days; four animals of similar background served as a control group. Immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and the transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling method were used to detect viral antigens and apoptosis. The results showed progressive lymphoid depletion and mucosal necrosis. The lymphoid depletion could have been caused by apoptosis of lymphocytes but could not be directly attributed to the effect of CSFV on these cells. Vascular changes, pathogenic bacteria, and viral infection of epithelial cells were ruled out as causes of necrotic lesions. However, large virally infected monocytes-macrophages with ultrastructural changes indicative of activation were observed in the intestine. This suggests that monocytes-macrophages play an important role in the pathogenesis of intestinal lesions. An understanding of the function of these cells will require additional study.
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Wanmi, N., M. H. Sulaiman, I. Gosomji, S. M. Maidawa, and N. Plang. "Study on the macrometry of gastrointestinal tract of wild west African Senegal parrot (Poicephalus senegalus versteri)." Anatomy Journal of Africa 6, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 1065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aja.v6i3.163513.
Full textAbstract:
Parrots are ornamental birds that are found in the wild and those in domestication end up in animal units of schools and houses of the wealthy individuals. The wild African Senegal parrot population is at risk of extinction due to its high popularity with urban dweller. Despite their high popularity, there is scanty documentation of the anatomical features of its gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The Wild West African Senegal Parrots were caught around forested area of a farm settlement in Shika, Zaria, Kaduna state, in the Northern part of Nigeria. The mean body weight of the wild Senegal parrot was observed to be 120.50 ± 5.42 g. The mean weights of the GIT with content and without content were 18.01 ±4.80 g and 13.54 ± 5.51 g respectively which accounted for 12.95 % and 10.24 % of the total body mass. The mean weights (small and large intestines) were 2.10 ± 1.09 g and 0.70 ± 0.27 g. The caecum was not noticed and gall bladder had the least mean weight 0.17 ± 0.007 g. while the gizzard the highest of all mean weight 4.28 ± 2.25 g. The mean lengths (GIT, small and large intestines) were; 82. 61 ± 2.36 cm, 41.75 ± 2.97 cm and 18.06 ± 2.01 cm. The glandular area of the proventriculus was longer than the non glandular portion and the left liver was longer compared to the right 3.03 ± 1.53 cm. The ileum is the longest segment of the small intestine which constituted 22.90 ± 2.92 cm.Keywords: Macrometry, Gastrointestinal Tract, Senegal Parrots
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Smishchuk, V. V. "Features of surgical treatment of strangulated postoperative abdominal large and giant hernias." Infusion & Chemotherapy, no. 3.2 (December 15, 2020): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2020-3.2-264-266.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Strangulation of postoperative abdominal hernias (PAH) of large and giant size occurs in 6.2-25.1 % of cases. Elderly and senile patients predominate among patients with strangulation. The clinical course of strangulated PAH depends on the size of the hernial protrusion and its location, the nature and duration of strangulation, and the severity of comorbidities. In PAH of large and giant sizes with a multi-chamber bag, strangulation can occur in one of the chambers, which makes it difficult to diagnose. Mortality from PAH strangulation in the elderly and senile patients is 25-30 %.
Objective. To describe the features of surgical treatment of PAH strangulation.
Materials and methods. Analysis of literature sources on this issue.
Results and discussion. Strangulations can be elastic, parietal, fecal and retrograde. Elastic strangulation occurs when there is an acute increase in intra-abdominal pressure, during which the hernia gate is excessively stretched, and when the intra-abdominal pressure is reduced, the organs in the hernia sac are compressed. In retrograde compression, the intestinal loop in the abdominal cavity is strangulated and necrotized. Under conditions of parietal compression, the intestinal wall opposite the mesentery is strangulated. Fecal strangulation occurs as a result of compression of the efferent loop by the overfilled afferent loop. Acute pain that occurs in the area of the postoperative scar during exercise allows to suspect PAH strangulation. For the purpose of differential diagnosis, radiography and ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity are performed. The main principle of treatment of strangulated PAH is to carry out an urgent surgery. Short-term preoperative preparation for 2 hours is mandatory. Preoperative preparation includes detoxification (saline solutions, Reosorbilact, “Yuria-Pharm”), correction of fluid and electrolyte metabolism and disorders of the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems, prevention of thromboembolic complications. The viability of the strangulated loop is determined by its color, the condition of the mesentery, and the reaction to irritation with warm saline. If the small intestine is not viable, it is resected with removal of the afferent loop at the distance of 30-40 cm from the necrosis zone and the efferent loop at the distance of 20 cm from the necrosis zone, followed by creation of a side-to-side or end-to-end anastomosis. If the large intestine is not viable, it is resected within the above limits with the formation of colostoma. At the stages of herniotomy, hernioplasty and before drainage and suturing antiseptic washing is performed with a help of Dekasan (“Yuria-Pharm”); 800-1200 ml are used depending on the area of the wound surface. When there is a phlegmon of the hernia sac, one should perform laparotomy outside the inflammatory process, resect the necrotized organ, and then remove the hernia sac with its contents. After washing with antiseptics solutions (Dekasan) and drainage of the abdominal cavity, it is covered with the own tissues. Alloplasty is contraindicated in such cases.
Conclusions. 1. Strangulations of PAH of big and giant sizes require urgent surgery after short preoperative preparation. 2. Surgical treatment of such strangulations should be performed with separation of the anatomical components of the abdominal wall in combination with alloplasty. 3. In case of strangulation of PAH and extremely severe condition of the patient, operation is aimed at the elimination of strangulation without defect closure.
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Vashchenko, A. V., N. N. Matvienko, and M. S. Koziy. "INFLUENCE OF BIO-MOS PROBIOTIC PREPARATION IN THE COMPOSITION OF COMBIQUES ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE KOROSAN AND CHANNEL SOMA KISCHER." Animal Breeding and Genetics 54 (November 29, 2017): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.54.04.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of our research was to study the effects of probiotic feed supplement “Bio-Mos” on the structure changes of digestive apparatus of two-year-old channel catfish and carp.
Materials and methods of research. Studies on the influence of a probiotic supplement on the organism of two-year-old channel catfish were conducted on the basis of the Prydniprovsky industrial warm-water fish farm under the conditions of the State Enterprise "Nyvka" of the Institute of Fisheries of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. Carp and channel catfish intestines were investigated during the growing season (May-September). Fish received a probiotic additive “Bio-mos” with feed. The preparation was fed for carp in a concentration of 2%, and for channel catfish – 5% of the feed weight.
For histological studies, the samples of biological material were carried out using an express method of modification of the pouring of fish tissues into paraffin mixtures.
Histometry of objects (determination of linear dimensions of histological objects) was carried out according to Avtandilov G. G.
For microscopic histocyte studies, a manual "Atlas of histology and embryology of industrial fish of Ukraine", "Atlas of microscopic structure of fish liver", "Atlas of histology and histochemistry of freshwater fish" and "Fish Histology and Histopathology" were used.
Results of the research. As histologic studies revealed the complex use of the preparation "Bio-mos" in the composition of feedstuffs had a positive effect on the development of certain sections of the fish intestinal tube. Probably this may be explained by the synergy of the individual components of the diet.
Concerning the two-year-old species of the channel catfish, we can say that the histostructure of the wall of the esophagus and the thick intestine in the control and experimental individuals were almost identical and did not reveal any changes in the entire length of the sites. Separate modifications at the microlevel were recorded in the stomach wall.
Our studies showed that usage of the drug "Bio-mos" in the composition of feed in the area of large curvature of stomach of investigated individuals increased secretory activity of the glandular structures.
It was also found in fish that received feed supplement, enlightenment of most gastric glands, somewhat expanded. It should be noted that exorcinocytes, due to the influence of individual components of the drug "Bio-mos", gain increased secretory activity. It was noted that the increase of secretory activity of the gastric wall of experimental fish had a focal character, which shows an increase in the intensity of the body as a whole.
Investigation of the structure of the thin intestine of carp and channel catfish at the microlevel revealed a number of common features that were observed within the studied species:
The cell walls of a single-layered high prismatic epithelium of the mucous membrane were almost obscured indifferently, in connection with which the entire cellular layer was observed in the form of a homogeneous, optically homogeneous mass. Cytoplasm of epithelial cells was characterized by increased oxyfilm. At the apical end of the cells there was a low rim, formed by a huge amount of cytoplasmic processes that had its own type of dark strip. The nuclei of the epitheliocytes were oval or highly elongated, oriented closer to the basal end; in them there were clearly visible lumps of chromatin and sharply oxyphilic nucleols. Occasionally there were mitotic cells. Among the prismatic cells were often glandulotsity.
Under the epithelium was a plate of mucous membrane, represented by a layer of loose connective tissue or the same, it consisted of collagen membranes that form a three-dimensional barely noticeable network.
The muscle layer of the mucous membrane was represented only by separate elongated very thin smooth muscle cells with rod-shaped cores lying under the epithelium.
The muscle of the intestinal tube was two-layer. The inner layer of the circular muscle on the histopreparation was cut along. The nucleus of the muscle cells was round, lying in the center and surrounded by a light rim of the cytoplasm (where the incision did not take the nucleus, nuclear-free sites were visible). Between the circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle lied the intermucosal layer of fine puffy connective tissue, in it – the capillaries, which were determined by the nuclei of the endothelium.
On the histological preparations of the small intestine of the carp, it was noted that the circular muscle layers, the own plate of the mucosa with accompanying intramural ganglia, vascular elements and connective tissue, as well as the components of the intestinal folds within the studied groups, were morphologically identical. In fish of the control group, the vast majority of intestinal folds were in a free state, at the same time, in the majority of experimental individuals, peculiar anastomoses of the folds were observed in the mucous membrane of the small intestine. This phenomenon had a local character, but it clearly illustrated the increase in surface area of absorption.
The experimental group was found to change the intestinal fold and had a relatively developed capillary network, indicating optimization of metabolic processes in the intestinal tube. The own plate of the fold of the mucous membrane had a pronounced hyperchromatosis. Probably, their concentration within this histological structure was stable in nature – this fact clearly reflected an increase in the immune status of fish, and, consequently, an improvement in the health indicators of individuals.
It should be noted that in the investigated fish, modification changes in the form of individual centers are considered also in the caudal direction of the intestinal tube, but were not expressed in such contrast.
Conclusions. Investigation the influence of the probiotic drug "Bio-mos" on the intestines of the channel catfish were established changes in its structure, and in particular noted that exorcinocytes, as a result of the influence of individual components of the drug become elevated secretory activity. This phenomenon is focal in nature, and shows an increase in the intensity of the body as a whole.
In carps, that received the drug Bio-mos in the composition of feed, the length of the intestinal folds exceeds the length of the individuals in the control group (an average of 1.6 times). Accordingly, the change in length increases the surface area of absorption.
Complex use of the preparation "Bio-mos" in the composition of feed for fish, has a modifying effect on the mucous membrane of the intestinal tube in the form of stimulation of secretory activity of the glands of the stomach, increasing the area of the absorbent surface of the small intestine, accelerating blood flow and modulating the immune status of fish organism in whole.
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Said, Hamid M. "Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins in health and disease." Biochemical Journal 437, no. 3 (July 13, 2011): 357–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20110326.
Full textAbstract:
Our knowledge of the mechanisms and regulation of intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins under normal physiological conditions, and of the factors/conditions that affect and interfere with theses processes has been significantly expanded in recent years as a result of the availability of a host of valuable molecular/cellular tools. Although structurally and functionally unrelated, the water-soluble vitamins share the feature of being essential for normal cellular functions, growth and development, and that their deficiency leads to a variety of clinical abnormalities that range from anaemia to growth retardation and neurological disorders. Humans cannot synthesize water-soluble vitamins (with the exception of some endogenous synthesis of niacin) and must obtain these micronutrients from exogenous sources. Thus body homoeostasis of these micronutrients depends on their normal absorption in the intestine. Interference with absorption, which occurs in a variety of conditions (e.g. congenital defects in the digestive or absorptive system, intestinal disease/resection, drug interaction and chronic alcohol use), leads to the development of deficiency (and sub-optimal status) and results in clinical abnormalities. It is well established now that intestinal absorption of the water-soluble vitamins ascorbate, biotin, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin and thiamin is via specific carrier-mediated processes. These processes are regulated by a variety of factors and conditions, and the regulation involves transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional mechanisms. Also well recognized now is the fact that the large intestine possesses specific and efficient uptake systems to absorb a number of water-soluble vitamins that are synthesized by the normal microflora. This source may contribute to total body vitamin nutrition, and especially towards the cellular nutrition and health of the local colonocytes. The present review aims to outline our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins, their regulation, the cell biology of the carriers involved and the factors that negatively affect these absorptive events.
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Rochus, Kristel, Geert P. J. Janssens, Hannelore Van de Velde, Adronie Verbrugghe, Birgitte Wuyts, Lynn Vanhaecke, and Myriam Hesta. "Highly viscous guar gum shifts dietary amino acids from metabolic use to fermentation substrate in domestic cats." British Journal of Nutrition 109, no. 6 (August 9, 2012): 1022–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512003029.
Full textAbstract:
The present study evaluated the potential of affecting amino acid metabolism through intestinal fermentation in domestic cats, using dietary guar gum as a model. Apparent protein digestibility, plasma fermentation metabolites, faecal fermentation end products and fermentation kinetics (exhaled breath hydrogen concentrations) were evaluated. Ten cats were randomly assigned to either guar gum- or cellulose-supplemented diets, that were fed in two periods of 5 weeks in a crossover design. No treatment effect was seen on fermentation kinetics. The apparent protein digestibility (P= 0·07) tended to be lower in guar gum-supplemented cats. As a consequence of impaired small-intestinal protein digestion and amino acid absorption, fermentation of these molecules in the large intestine was stimulated. Amino acid fermentation has been shown to produce high concentrations of acetic and butyric acids. Therefore, no treatment effect on faecal propionic acid or plasma propionylcarnitine was observed in the present study. The ratio of faecal butyric acid:total SCFA tended to be higher in guar gum-supplemented cats (P= 0·05). The majority of large-intestinal butyric acid is absorbed by colonocytes and metabolised to 3-hydroxy-butyrylcoenzyme A, which is then absorbed into the bloodstream. This metabolite was analysed in plasma as 3-hydroxy-butyrylcarnitine, which was higher (P= 0·02) in guar gum-supplemented cats. In all probability, the high viscosity of the guar gum supplement was responsible for the impaired protein digestion and amino acid absorption. Further research is warranted to investigate whether partially hydrolysed guar gum is useful to potentiate the desirablein vivoeffects of this fibre supplement.
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Kutia, S. A., N. G. Nikolaeva, D. S. Avabde, G. S. Farkhutdinova, and A. V. Yeryomin. "Etymology of terms in anatomy of digestive system." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology 183, no. 11 (November 14, 2020): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-183-11-151-155.
Full textAbstract:
The article describes the historical and linguistic origins of the main anatomical terms associated with the digestive system: mouth, lip, tongue, parotid gland, tooth, palate, fauces, uvula, pharynx, esophagus, intestine and parts of small and large intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, duct. Not only their morphemic structure and derivational (including from the point of view of etymology) characteristics, but also the historical context of the appearance of certain terms are considered. The names of the anatomical formations are given in sequential order, that is, from the initial sections of the digestive system to the final. Preference is given to anatomical terms in Latin, but the most important Greekisms are also considered.
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Rakhshandeh, Anoosh, Cornelis F. M. de Lange, John K. Htoo, Abbasali Gheisari, and Amanda R. Rakhshandeh. "Immune system stimulation increases the plasma cysteine flux and whole-body glutathione synthesis rate in starter pigs1." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 9 (June 28, 2019): 3871–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz211.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Glutathione (GSH) is the major intracellular thiol that plays a role in numerous detoxification, bio-reduction, and conjugation reactions. The availability of Cys is thought to be the rate-limiting factor for the synthesis of GSH. The effects of immune system stimulation (ISS) on GSH levels and the GSH synthesis rate in various tissues, as well as the plasma flux of Cys, were measured in starter pigs fed a sulfur AA (SAA; Met + Cys) limiting diet. Ten feed-restricted gilts with initial body weight (BW) of 7.0 ± 0.12 kg were injected i.m. twice at 48-h intervals with either sterile saline (n = 4; ISS−) or increasing amounts of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (n = 6; ISS+). The day after the second injection, pigs received a primed constant infusion of 35S-Cys (9,300 kBq/pig/h) for 5 h via a jugular catheter. Blood and tissue free Cys and reduced GSH were isolated and quantified as the monobromobimane derivatives by HPLC. The rate of GSH synthesis was determined by measurement of the specific radioactivity of GSH and tissue free Cys at the end of the infusion period. Plasma Cys and total SAA levels were reduced (16% and 21%, respectively), but plasma Cys flux was increased (26%) by ISS (P < 0.05). Immune system stimulation increased GSH levels in the plasma (48%; P < 0.05), but had no effect on GSH levels in the liver, small and large intestines, heart, muscle, spleen, kidney, lung, and erythrocytes. The fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of GSH was higher (P < 0.05) in the liver (34%), small intestine (78%), large intestine (72%), heart (129%), muscle (37%), and erythrocytes (47%) of ISS+ pigs compared to ISS− pigs. The FSR of GSH tended (P = 0.08) to be higher in the lungs (45%) of ISS+ pigs than in ISS− pigs. The absolute rate of GSH synthesis was increased by ISS (mmol/kg wet tissue/d ± SE, ISS− vs. ISS+; P < 0.05) in the liver (5.22 ± 0.22 vs. 7.20 ± 0.59), small intestine (2.54 ± 0.25 vs. 4.52 ± 0.56), large intestine (0.61 ± 0.06 vs. 1.06 ± 0.16), heart (0.21 ± 0.03 vs. 0.48 ± 0.08), lungs (1.50 ± 0.10 vs. 2.90 ± 0.21), and muscle (0.21 ± 0.03 vs. 0.34 ± 0.04), but it remained unchanged in erythrocytes, the kidney, and the spleen (P > 0.80). The current findings suggest that GSH synthesis is increased during ISS, contributing to enhanced maintenance sulfur amino acid requirements in starter pigs during ISS.
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Gibert, B. K., D. T. Hasia, I. A. Matveev, A. I. Matveev, and A. P. Kalinichenko. "EXPERIENCE OBTAINED IMPROVES RESULTS OF LAPAROSCOPIC END STOMA CLOSURE." Koloproktologia, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33878/2073-7556-2017-0-4-24-29.
Full textAbstract:
Comparative analysis of laparoscopic reversal procedure after Hartamn's operations on the left half of the colon from 46 patients completed by the single surgeon for 3 year period. The study confirmed that growing number of procedures allowed to expand indications for laparoscopic approach for restoring the continuity of the large intestine. It also decrease the time of intervention, reduces dimensions of operating wounds, blood loss and rate of intra-abdominal complications.
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Simonsen, Lotte, Sofie Pilgaard, Cathrine Orskov, Mette M. Rosenkilde, Bolette Hartmann, Jens J. Holst, and Carolyn F. Deacon. "Exendin-4, but not dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition, increases small intestinal mass in GK rats." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 293, no. 1 (July 2007): G288—G295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00453.2006.
Full textAbstract:
Long-term treatment with dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors (DPPIV-I) or glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 analogs may potentially affect intestinal growth by down- or upregulating the intestinotrophic hormone GLP-2. This study compared the intestinotrophic effects of 12-wk administration of vehicle, exendin-4 (Ex-4; 5 nmol/kg bid sc), or DPPIV-I (NN-7201, 10 mg/kg qd orally) in GK rats. Some animals were observed additionally for 9 wk after the end of treatment. Both treatments lowered glycated hemoglobin A1c at wk 12 vs. control (Ex-4, −0.8%; DPPIV-I, −0.4%). Body weight was reduced by Ex-4 compared with control (361 ± 4 vs. 399 ± 5 g; P < 0.001) because of reduced food intake, whereas neither parameter was affected by DPPIV-I. Linear bone growth was unaffected by either treatment. After treatment end, food intake in Ex-4 animals increased, and, by wk 21, body weight was identical in all groups. The small intestine of Ex-4-treated animals was larger at wk 12 compared with control (length, 135.6 ± 1.6 vs. 124.5 ± 2.3 cm, P < 0.001; absolute weight, 8.4 ± 0.2 vs. 6.4 ± 0.4 g, P < 0.001), being most pronounced proximally, where the absolute cross-sectional area related to body weight increased by 24% because of increased mucosal thickness. These effects were reversible, and 9 wk after the end of treatment, no differences between Ex-4 and control were apparent. Plasma GLP-2 concentrations were unaltered by either treatment, and Ex-4 had no agonistic or antagonistic effects on the transfected GLP-2 receptor. DPPIV-I had no intestinal effects. In conclusion, the continued presence of Ex-4 is necessary to maintain weight loss in GK rats. Effective antihyperglycemic treatment with Ex-4 increases intestinal mass reversibly, whereas DPPIV-I lacks intestinal effects.
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Acquarone, Mario, Alejandro Salgado-Flores, and Monica Alterskjær Sundset. "The Bacterial Microbiome in the Small Intestine of Hooded Seals (Cystophora cristata)." Microorganisms 8, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111664.
Full textAbstract:
Arctic hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) are monogastric carnivores that go through extreme fasting and re-feeding in early life. They are born isolated on sea ice; suckle high-fat milk for four days and may then fast for up to one month before they start hunting and feeding on small prey (fish and crustaceans). Previous studies of the gut microbiota in pinnipeds have focused on the large intestine, while little data exist on the small intestinal microbiota. In this study, the bacterial microbiome in the proximal and distal small intestine of four captive two-year old seals (two males and two females) fed herring (Clupea harengus) was sampled post-mortem and characterized using 16S rRNA metabarcoding from the V1–V3 hypervariable region of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The seals were originally born in the wild and taken into human care at the end of the suckling period. Molecular-based analysis using Illumina Hiseq resulted in 569,910 16S rRNA sequences from the four seals (both sampling sites together). Taxonomical classification applying a naive Bayesian algorithm gave 412 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). Firmicutes was the major phylum across samples (Proximal (P): 90.5% of total sequences, on average; Distal (D): 94.5%), followed by Actinobacteria (P: 7%; D: 0.3%) and Proteobacteria (P: 1.7%; D: 1.9%). Bacterial spp. belonging to the Clostridium (P: 54.1%; D: 41.6%) and SMB53 (P: 15.3%; D: 21.5%) constituted the major genera in both the proximal and distal small intestine. Furthermore, comparison with hindgut and fecal samples from geographically diverse marine mammals highlighted similarities in the microbiome between our seals and those sharing similar aquatic environments. This study has provided a first reliable glimpse of the bacterial microbiota in the small intestine microbiome of hooded seals.
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Nyholm, Dag. "Update on Levodopa/Carbidopa Intestinal Gel Infusion." European Neurological Review 7, (Suppl.1) (2012): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2012.07.s1.13.
Full textAbstract:
Recent data on levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) infusion are discussed in this article. LCIG infusion provides improvements in ‘off’ time and dyskinesia via continuous dopaminergic stimulation (CDS). In the long-term, LCIG infusion appears to maintain efficacy without the need to increase dosages. The growing number of publications on LCIG infusion shows the increasing experience and interest in this therapy. The new data demonstrate the effects of using LCIG infusion in combination with catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors, and technical improvements to the pump system (e.g., to the tubing). Despite the invasive nature of LCIG infusion, nearly all patients would recommend this treatment. Furthermore, a number of larger-scale studies on this particular CDS therapy are in progress.
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Stéfani, Marta Verardino De, Marcelo Maia Pereira, Marcio Roberto Reche, and Cleber Fernando Menegasso Mansano. "Fecal collection methods for the determination of protein digestibility in bullfrogs." Ciência Rural 45, no. 8 (August 2015): 1492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20141369.
Full textAbstract:
Adequate methods for the determination of protein digestibility in bullfrogs are important for the understanding of nutrient utilization. Therefore, this study evaluated two methods of feces collection: intestinal dissection and fecal decantation, using cylindric-conical tanks. Frogs were fed with a commercial diet (45% crude protein) which was ground and supplemented with 0.5% chromium oxide III. The frogs were fasted 48h before force-feeding (5% of the animal's live weight). For the decantation method, the animals were sacrificed 36 h after force-feeding and feces were collected directly from the large intestine. For the sedimentation method, feces were collected when they appeared in the tubes attached to the front end of the cylindric tanks. No significant difference (P>0.05) in the apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein for dietary was observed between the methods tested (74.0% and 76.4% for the dissection and decantation methods, respectively). In conclusion, both methods can be used for the determination of protein digestibility of bullfrog feeds