Academic literature on the topic 'Large mammal'
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Journal articles on the topic "Large mammal"
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Mikula, Peter, Jiří Hadrava, Tomáš Albrecht, and Piotr Tryjanowski. "Large-scale assessment of commensalistic–mutualistic associations between African birds and herbivorous mammals using internet photos." PeerJ 6 (March 19, 2018): e4520. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4520.
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Birds sitting or feeding on live large African herbivorous mammals are a visible, yet quite neglected, type of commensalistic–mutualistic association. Here, we investigate general patterns in such relationships at large spatial and taxonomic scales. To obtain large-scale data, an extensive internet-based search for photos was carried out on Google Images. To characterize patterns of the structural organization of commensalistic–mutualistic associations between African birds and herbivorous mammals, we used a network analysis approach. We then employed phylogenetically-informed comparative analysis to explore whether features of bird visitation of mammals, i.e., their mean number, mass and species richness per mammal species, are shaped by a combination of host mammal (body mass and herd size) and environmental (habitat openness) characteristics. We found that the association web structure was only weakly nested for commensalistic as well as for mutualistic birds (oxpeckers Buphagus spp.) and African mammals. Moreover, except for oxpeckers, nestedness did not differ significantly from a null model indicating that birds do not prefer mammal species which are visited by a large number of bird species. In oxpeckers, however, a nested structure suggests a non-random assignment of birds to their mammal hosts. We also identified some new or rare associations between birds and mammals, but we failed to find several previously described associations. Furthermore, we found that mammal body mass positively influenced the number and mass of birds observed sitting on them in the full set of species (i.e., taking oxpeckers together with other bird species). We also found a positive correlation between mammal body mass and mass of non-oxpecker species as well as oxpeckers. Mammal herd size was associated with a higher mass of birds in the full set of species as well as in non-oxpecker species, and mammal species living in larger herds also attracted more bird species in the full set of species. Habitat openness influenced the mass of birds sitting on mammals as well as the number of species recorded sitting on mammals in the full set of species. In non-oxpecker species habitat openness was correlated with the bird number, mass and species richness. Our results provide evidence that patterns of bird–mammal associations can be linked to mammal and environmental characteristics and highlight the potential role of information technologies and new media in further studies of ecology and evolution. However, further study is needed to get a proper insight into the biological and methodological processes underlying the observed patterns.
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Forboseh, P. F., T. C. H. Sunderland, and M. Eno-Nku. "Priority setting for conservation in south-west Cameroon based on large mammal surveys." Oryx 41, no. 2 (2007): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307001743.
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AbstractThe forests of the Cameroon-Nigeria transboundary region have been highlighted as a high conservation priority, yet many of the extant forest remnants remain relatively unknown, particularly with regard to the occurrence of large mammals. Between 2002 and 2004 we surveyed the large mammal fauna of the Mone and Ejagham Forest Reserves and the Upper Banyang, Nkwende Hills and Etinde forests of south-west Cameroon. Our objective was to document the extant large mammal species as an important step in the review of government priorities to identify key sites within the region for conservation and management. We reviewed the available literature on mammal distribution and then surveyed the forests for mammal and human signs. Despite a growing illegal commercial trade in wildlife, particularly for bushmeat, many sites retain populations of one or more threatened and locally rare large mammal species of significant conservation importance. Moreover, the sites collectively complement each other in terms of their representation of the threatened large mammal fauna. An emphasis on the enforcement of wildlife legislation and minimizing logging impact are of primary importance for the conservation of large mammals in these and other forest remnants in south-west Cameroon. In addition, at some sites, there already exists community interest in active wildlife management.
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Lawes, Michael J., Brett P. Murphy, Alaric Fisher, John C. Z. Woinarski, Andrew C. Edwards, and Jeremy Russell-Smith. "Small mammals decline with increasing fire extent in northern Australia: evidence from long-term monitoring in Kakadu National Park." International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, no. 5 (2015): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14163.
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Small mammal (<2 kg) numbers have declined dramatically in northern Australia in recent decades. Fire regimes, characterised by frequent, extensive, late-season wildfires, are implicated in this decline. Here, we compare the effect of fire extent, in conjunction with fire frequency, season and spatial heterogeneity (patchiness) of the burnt area, on mammal declines in Kakadu National Park over a recent decadal period. Fire extent – an index incorporating fire size and fire frequency – was the best predictor of mammal declines, and was superior to the proportion of the surrounding area burnt and fire patchiness. Point-based fire frequency, a commonly used index for characterising fire effects, was a weak predictor of declines. Small-scale burns affected small mammals least of all. Crucially, the most important aspects of fire regimes that are associated with declines are spatial ones; extensive fires (at scales larger than the home ranges of small mammals) are the most detrimental, indicating that small mammals may not easily escape the effects of large and less patchy fires. Notwithstanding considerable management effort, the current fire regime in this large conservation reserve is detrimental to the native mammal fauna, and more targeted management is required to reduce fire size.
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Rocha, Ednaldo Cândido, Kálita Luis Soares, and Ismael Martins Pereira. "Medium- and large-sized mammals in Mata Atlântica State Park, southeastern Goiás, Brazil." Check List 11, no. 6 (2015): 1802. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.6.1802.
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The purpose of this study was to carry out an inventory of medium and large-sized mammal species occurring in the Mata Atlântica State Park (MASP). Located in Água Limpa municipality, state of Goiás, the MASP occupies an important area with a seasonal forest remnant, which is considered an enclave of the Atlantic Forest within the Cerrado biome. From October 2012 to December 2013, MASP’s area was randomly surveyed for evidence of mammal presence. Records of 23 species of wild mammals were obtained, seven of them listed as nationally endangered. Medium and large-sized mammal species composition is characteristic of the Cerrado biome, and no endemic species of the Atlantic Forest were recorded. Richness and diversity of the mammal species recorded in MASP show the importance of this protected area for in situ conservation.
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Rocha, Ednaldo, Kálita Soares, and Ismael Pereira. "Medium- and large-sized mammals in Mata Atlântica State Park, southeastern Goiás, Brazil." Check List 11, no. (6) (2015): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.6.1802.
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The purpose of this study was to carry out an inventory of medium and large-sized mammal species occurring in the Mata Atlântica State Park (MASP). Located in Água Limpa municipality, state of Goiás, the MASP occupies an important area with a seasonal forest remnant, which is considered an enclave of the Atlantic Forest within the Cerrado biome. From October 2012 to December 2013, MASP's area was randomly surveyed for evidence of mammal presence. Records of 23 species of wild mammals were obtained, seven of them listed as nationally endangered. Medium and large-sized mammal species composition is characteristic of the Cerrado biome, and no endemic species of the Atlantic Forest were recorded. Richness and diversity of the mammal species recorded in MASP show the importance of this protected area for <em>in situ</em> conservation.
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Machado, Felipe Santana, Álvaro Fernando de Almeida, Dalmo Arantes de Barros, José Aldo Alves Pereira, Rossi Allan Silva, and Alexandre Augusto Spadoni Pereira. "Diversity of medium-sized and large mammals from Atlantic Forest remnants in southern Minas Gerais state, Brazil." Check List 12, no. 5 (2016): 1962. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.5.1962.
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Studies on mammal diversity provide the essential groundwork for the development of conservation methods and practices. The region of the Poços de Caldas Plateau is lacks such studies, which may be a problem for future conservation actions. Here, we analyze the richness of medium-sized and large mammals from Atlantic Forest remnants on the Poços de Caldas Plateau, Minas Gerais state. Diurnal censuses of direct observations and mammal signs were conducted, and we documented 20 species of mammals belonging to eight orders. Three species of primates, one carnivore, one cingulate, one lagomorpha, three rodents, one artiodactyla, and two marsupials were found. The largest forest remnant that presented the greatest richness is currently a conservation unit. Forest remnants are important for the consolidation of management strategies and have fundamental role for the conservation of mammal diversity in the south of Minas Gerais state.
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Machado, Felipe, Álvaro Almeida, Dalmo Barros, José Pereira, Rossi Silva, and Alexandre Pereira. "Diversity of medium-sized and large mammals from Atlantic Forest remnants in southern Minas Gerais state, Brazil." Check List 12, no. (5) (2016): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.15560/12.5.1962.
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Studies on mammal diversity provide the essential groundwork for the development of conservation methods and practices. The region of the Poços de Caldas Plateau is lacks such studies, which may be a problem for future conservation actions. Here, we analyze the richness of medium-sized and large mammals from Atlantic Forest remnants on the Poços de Caldas Plateau, Minas Gerais state. Diurnal censuses of direct observations and mammal signs were conducted, and we documented 20 species of mammals belonging to eight orders. Three species of primates, one carnivore, one cingulate, one lagomorpha, three rodents, one artiodactyla, and two marsupials were found. The largest forest remnant that presented the greatest richness is currently a conservation unit. Forest remnants are important for the consolidation of management strategies and have fundamental role for the conservation of mammal diversity in the south of Minas Gerais state.
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Pratiwi, Zulia, Diva Novi Sandrian, Ayu Octavia, et al. "Inventory of Large Mammals in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten Province." Jurnal Natur Indonesia 21, no. 2 (2023): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jnat.21.2.134-143.
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The National Park has a diverse ecosystem for the preservation of flora and fauna, making Ujung Kulon National Park a habitat for endemic and protected fauna. Large mammals are one of the many animals found in TNUK, especially those with protected status. This study aims to determine the diversity of large mammal species in Ujung Kulon National Park. The research was conducted on September 27–29, 2022, in Ujung Kulon National Park, which is located at the western tip of Java Island, precisely in Sumur and Cimanggu Districts, Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province. The method used was the cruising method using exploratory descriptive data analysis. The results showed that there were two types of large mammals, namely ungulate mammals and primate mammals. The number obtained was 10 types of mammal species belonging to 7 different families. Large mammals found include Rhinoceros sondaicus, Muntiacus muntjak, Cervus timorensis, Hyolobates moloch, Presbytis comata, Trachypitecus auratus, Macaca fascicularis, Sus scrofa, Tragulus javanicus, and Bubalus bubalis. Most of the large mammals found are endemic mammals with protected status. Of the large mammals found, the most common were hoofed mammals. With this study, the public has an awareness of the importance of maintaining the diversity of fauna and flora in Ujung Kulon National Park
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Wilson B, A., and J. Wolrige. "Assessment of the Diet of the Fox, Vulpes vulpes, in Habitats of the Eastern Otway Ranges, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 21, no. 2 (1999): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am00201.
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The Eastern Otway Ranges, Victoria have highly diverse native mammal communities. Although the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) has been recorded in the area the extent of its distribution and effects on native mammals are unclear. The aims of this study were to analyse the diet of the Red Fox in the study area, to compare the diet between seasons and habitats (woodland, forest, heathland) and to assess the diet in the habitat of the New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) which is endangered in Victoria. Fox scats collected monthly in each habitat were analysed to determine the composition of the diet and small mammal trapping was carried out in each habitat to determine potential small mammal prey species. Overall, mammals (42%) constituted the highest proportion in the fox scats and sixteen species, including nine native species were recorded. Large-sized native mammals including Swamp Wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) and the Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) constituted 60% of the mammal diet category. The occurrence of plant material was significantly different between seasons, being more abundant in winter. There was a significant difference in the frequency of large introduced mammals in the diet between seasons, with consumption being higher in winter. The occurrence of large, native mammalian prey increased from 15% in winter to 47% in autumn. The frequency of occurrence of the major dietary categories (plant material, invertebrates, reptiles, birds, mammals) was similar across habitats. Large introduced mammals occurred in higher proportions in the diet from woodland habitat. Small mammals were more numerous in scats of heathland and scats from the forest contained the highest abundance of medium-sized mammals. There was no evidence of the endangered New Holland Mouse in scats collected from habitat where a population of the species was present.
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Romanowski, Jerzy, Dorota Dudek-Godeau, and Grzegorz Lesiński. "The Diversity of Small Mammals along a Large River Valley Revealed from Pellets of Tawny Owl Strix aluco." Biology 12, no. 8 (2023): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12081118.
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The Vistula River is one of the largest European semi-natural rivers of high ecological value that functions as an ecological corridor. To assess the structure of small mammal communities along the Vistula River, an analysis of the diet of an opportunistic predator, the tawny owl Strix aluco, was used. A total of 6355 individuals of 19 species were found, including 5 soricomorph species, 12 rodents, 1 carnivore, and 1 bat species. Tawny owls most frequently caught Apodemus agrarius, Clethrionomys glareolus, Apodemus flavicollis, and Microtus arvalis. Rodents dominated small mammal communities (90%), followed by soricomorphs (8%), and the share of Chiroptera was significant (2%). Using Ward’s method in cluster analysis, three clusters of sites with similar mammal communities were identified. The cluster that included 17 study sites with the dominance of agriculture habitats was inhabited by diverse mammal communities with a high number of species. In the cluster composed of three suburban forest sites, mammal communities had the lowest diversity, although the high species richness and the highest shares of the forest species (A. flavicollis, C. glareolus, and Nyctalus noctula). Mammal communities in the cluster were composed of three urban sites were dominated by A. agrarius and M. arvalis. The study indicates the high species richness of small mammals in floodplains of the Vistula River and the adjacent areas in central Poland. The floodplain offers suitable habitats for species associated with forests, water bodies, agricultural land, and developed areas. The data collected confirms earlier model predictions about the presence of well-connected local populations of forest mammals along the Vistula River.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Large mammal"
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Van, Pletzen Liezl. "The large mammal fauna from Klasies River." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51991.
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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The large mammal faunal sample, excavated since 1984 from the Late
Pleistocene Klasies River main site, was studied. There are 27 species in
eight genera represented. The bovids from the LBS member (110 000 years)
and the Upper member (70 000 years) shows an increase in grazers relative
to the fauna from the SAS member (100 000 years). This confirms previous
research. The study of body part frequencies does not confirm the selective
transport of the carcasses of larger bovids or that scavenging played an
important role in the accumulation of the fauna. It is concluded that availability
of marine mammals were the attraction of the locality and that all size classes
of bovids were actively hunted and their carcasses returned to the site.
KEYWORDS: Klasies River, Late Pleistocene, large mammal fauna, hunting.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die groot soogdier fauna van die Laat Pleistoseen vindplaas Klasies River
main site, opgegrawe vanaf 1984, is bestudeer. Sewe-en-twintig spesies in
agt genera is verteenwoordig. Die bokke van die LBS member (110 000 jare)
en die Upper member (70 000 jare) toon 'n styging in grasvreters relatief tot
dié van die SAS member (100 000 jare). Dit bevestig 'n vorige ondersoek. Die
bestudering van ligaamsdeel frekwensies van alle groottes bokke bevestig nie
dat selektiewe vervoer van groter bokkarkasse plaasgevind het nie, of dat aas
'n rol in die akkumulasie van die fauna gespeel het nie. Die gevolgtrekking is
gemaak dat die teenwoordigheid van marine soogdiere die rede was vir die
keuse van hierdie vindplaas was. Alle groottes bokke is doelbewus gejag en
hulle karkasse is teruggebring na die vindplaas.
SLEUTELWOORDE: Klasies River, Laat Pleistoseen, groot soogdiere, jag.
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Robinson, Matthew R. "Selection and genetic variation of weaponry in a large mammal." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3479.
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Understanding the maintenance of the variation that is typically observed in natural populations has been a central aim of evolutionary biology. In a feral population of Soay sheep on the island of Hirta, St. Kilda there is a phenotypic polymorphism for horns with males growing either normal or reduced (scurred) horns, and females growing either normal, scurred or no (polled) horns, with further variation in horn size within each of the horn types. This thesis examines the potential factors which maintain these polymorphisms. I first present an overview of the literature relating to the factors that potentially maintain variance in traits in natural populations. In chapter two I present an analysis that suggests that polymorphisms in both horn type and horn size may be maintained by trade-offs between allocation to reproductive success and survival in males, and by sexually antagonistic selection between males and females. In chapter three I test the hypothesis that female weaponry may convey an advantage in intrasexual conflicts over resources, rather than just being expressed as a consequence of genetic associations with the male phenotype. Chapter four examines the environmental factors which create variation between individuals in their horn length, revealing that individuals vary in response to the environment. In chapter five I investigate whether the temporally fluctuating environmental conditions of St. Kilda generate fluctuating selection on the horn length of normal-horned males, revealing that this mechanism constrains the evolution of horn length potentially maintaining variance. In chapter six I examine the genetic relationships between morphological traits, revealing that these relationships are dependent upon the environmental conditions experienced during the first year of life. Finally, I discuss the wider implications of these findings for our understanding of the maintenance of trait variation in the wild.
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Gude, Justin Albert. "Applying risk allocation theory in a large mammal predator-prey system." Thesis, Montana State University, 2004. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/gude/GudeJ04.pdf.
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Understanding the behaviorally-mediated indirect effects of predators in ecosystems requires knowledge of predator-prey behavioral interactions, and the risk allocation hypothesis can be used to make predictions about such interactions. In predator-ungulate-plant systems, empirical research quantifying how predators affect ungulate group sizes and distribution, in the context of other influential variables, is particularly needed. We determined non-predation variables that affect elk (Cervus elaphus) group sizes and distribution on a winter range in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), using regression analyses of 1219 elk groups counted and mapped over 12 years prior to wolf (Canis lupus) recolonization. We next examined the relevance of these non-wolf-predation variables in the presence of wolves using logistic and linear regression on surveys of 513 1-km² areas conducted over 2 years. Using model selection techniques, we evaluated risk allocation and other a priori hypotheses of elk group size and distributional responses to wolf predation risk while accounting for influential nonwolf- predation variables. We found little evidence that wolves affect elk group sizes, which were strongly influenced by habitat type. Following predictions from the risk allocation hypothesis, wolves likely created a more dynamic elk distribution in areas that they frequently hunted, as elk tended to move during the period of safety following wolf encounters in those areas. We predict that this distributional response to wolf predation risk should decrease the spatial heterogeneity of elk impacts on grasslands in areas that wolves frequently hunt. We also predict that this response should decrease browsing pressure on heavily-browsed woody plant stands in certain areas, which is supported by recent research in the GYE. This research highlights the importance of predator-prey behavioral interactions in large mammal systems.
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Gilmore, Zachary. "Large mammal utilization and subsistence stress in Late Prehistoric south Texas /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1402171681&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Akinsorotan, Oluseun Adesola. "Status and determinants of large mammal occupancy in a Nigerian protected area." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2017. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/32065/.
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Global declines in large mammals are well recognised and threaten the well-being of ecological and human communities. Most African large mammals are endemic to Africa with many listed as either endangered and/or vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) due to declines across their range owed in part to anthropogenic activities. In view of the effect of anthropogenic threats on large mammal populations, research was conducted in the Old Oyo National Park (OONP), the third largest national park in Nigeria, with the aim to investigate the status of large mammals and to examine the types and the extent of the threats associated with the large mammal populations in the park. In this thesis, the species composition and the first baseline estimates of large mammals within the OONP are provided to inform future management. A multidisciplinary approach that combines camera trapping, distance sampling line transects and questionnaire surveys of local villagers and Rangers (stakeholders) were applied to derive data on the status of large mammals in the park. The camera trap survey covers 199 stations deployed for 2,786 trap-nights. The distance sampling comprised 45 line transects totalling 306Km across the park. A total of 800 villagers neighbouring the park and 100 Rangers in the protection unit of the park was surveyed between January 2015 and August 2015. Important is the estimate of illegal activities provided for the first time in the park, emphasizing the need for effective conservation planning using the data from the camera trap and the villagers questionnaire (Randomized Response Techniques (RRT) and direct questioning) and identify the predictors of the highest occurring illegal activities in the park. Twenty four out of 28 historical occurring large mammal species were detected using field based surveys (cameras and transects). Apart from the top predators, elephant buffalo and oribi, the evidence of other wild species occurrence was provided across the field based surveys and the perception of the stakeholders (Villagers and Rangers). There are similarities in the perception of Villagers and Rangers to mammal declines and the low occupancy estimates of large mammals derived from the camera trapping survey. Over 70% of the stakeholders (Villagers and Rangers) perceived that most species have declined in the park. Similarly, a single species occupancy model applied to camera trap data indicated a low probability of occurrence for most species. An estimate of site occupancy as low as ψ 0.18 for rodents such as grasscutter (Thryonomys gregorianus) while higher estimates (ψ ≥ 0.79) were derived only for bush buck (Tragelaphus scriptus), civet (Civettictis civetta), giant rat (Cricetomys) and kob (Kobus kob). However, the occupancy estimates for illegal activities are higher than any of the wild animal species. Results from the field based surveys and perception of the stakeholders supported the conclusion that many species have declined and six are extirpated from the park. The field studies recorded four new species never previously detected in the Park. All methods detected evidence of illegal anthropogenic activities in the park, principally in the form of poaching and illegal grazing. The highest occurring activity identified was the illegal hunting of wild animals with an estimate of site occupancy of ψ 0.97, followed by the illegal grazing (ψ = 0.68). The density of illegal grazing (85.3 cattle/Km2) was higher compared to any other wild species in the park. The drivers of illegal hunting activity (the highest occurring activity) of the villagers show that occupation was the key factor that could influence illegal hunting activities. The individuals who engaged in seasonal employment such as crop farming, mixed IV farming and other types of occupation tended to engage in illegal hunting activity. Although, bushmeat consumption did not significantly predict illegal hunting activities, it was significantly associated with illegal hunting. Moreover, the bushmeat consumption is influenced by education and occupation. These two factors influenced consumption of bushmeat among the villagers, leading to a high level of illegal hunting and placing the large mammals in the park under threat. This study provides the first empirical evidence of low occupancy of native large mammal species, high levels of illegal activity and low abilities to persecute and apprehend the offenders. The data serve as a baseline for the park authorities to monitor the species protected and the effectiveness of conservation efforts deployed. The findings imply that the threat of illegal hunting and domestic cattle grazing activities to large mammals should be highly considered when planning future conservation measures. This research has confirmed the ability of camera trapping methods to detect species of different traits and illegal activities, and the RRT to elucidate information on the rule breaking behaviour of local villagers which are important for the designing and implementation of management strategies.
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Schnetler, Andrea Kim. "Medium and large mammal community assemblages across city of Cape Town nature reserves." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2991.
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Thesis (Master of Conservation Science: Nature Conservation)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019<br>Urbanisation is associated with the loss and fragmentation of natural land, the disruption of ecosystem functioning and services, and the loss of biodiversity. Small remnants of natural land within cities not only serve as recreational green spaces that contribute to human wellbeing, but also as refugia for a variety of indigenous flora and fauna. While large mammal species, in particular those that pose a threat to humans and are rarely tolerated in urban reserves, small and medium mammals may persist and even thrive in human modified landscapes. Understanding which species survive best in urban protected areas and how reserve attributes such as size, shape and connectedness influence mammal assemblages and species richness is important for the conservation of urban ecosystems globally.
Cape Town is situated in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) - a renowned biodiversity hotspot, with high rates of endemism. Cape Town is however one of the fastest growing cities in South Africa and both agricultural and housing demands are increasing pressure on remaining patches of natural land. Currently most of this land is conserved within 17 nature reserves that together comprise roughly 9% of the total surface area of the City of Cape Town (CCT) municipal area. Existing mammal species lists suggest that 22 mammal species still survive in these reserves but no formal, standardised surveys of the existing reserves have been conducted with a method that allows for comparisons between reserves and within reserves over time. The primary aim of this study was therefore to develop a standardised monitoring protocol for medium and large mammal species within the CCT reserves (range 30 - 8 400 ha). The secondary goal was to understand how reserve size, area to perimeter ratio, connectivity, vegetation heterogeneity and presence of permanent freshwater aquatic habitat might influence mammal community composition.
A standardised camera trap protocol was developed for the 12 CCT reserves larger than 30 ha and conducted from June 2017 to Feb 2019 with cameras positioned within every square kilometre of a reserve, with a minimum of five cameras per reserve irrespective of reserve size. Additional cameras were placed in unique habitat types not included or underrepresented in the standardised grid and a minimum of 1000 camera days of data were collected for each reserve. A total of 13 360 independent trigger events by medium and large mammals revealed 19 native species (11 carnivores, 7 herbivores, 1 omnivore), which was 86% of the 22 species listed in the databases (based on records of 2012 to 2017), and 49% of the 39 species believed to have been present historically. Species richness varied from 1 – 12 species (mean ± SD = 7±3.6) and Cape porcupine (Hystrix africaeaustralis), Cape grysbok (Raphicerus melanotis) and small grey mongoose (Galerella pulverulenta) were present in most reserves. The minimum survey effort required to effectively sample the reserves varied from 210 to more than 1840 camera days and was affected by both reserve size and levels of connectivity. The use of camera traps with a placement protocol as used in this study together with the minimum camera day effort estimates presented for each reserve should allow for regular monitoring and provide comparable results.
Species richness was best explained by reserve area-perimeter ratio with richness lower in reserves with large perimeters relative to their total area. Large, better connected reserves also had higher species richness and included wide ranging large carnivores such as leopard (Panthera pardus), while species with specialist habitat requirements such as otter (Aonyx capensis) were notably absent from reserves without the appropriate habitats. This study suggests that reductions in the size of existing CCT reserves and/or an increase in hard edges that reduce the core area may lower species richness and potentially drive more medium and large mammals to local extinctions. Extending existing reserves through the addition of core natural habitat and improved connectivity to tracts of natural land are both management interventions likely to maintain and improve the ability of urban reserves to sustain diverse, ecologically functional mammal assemblages.
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Crees, Jennifer. "Dynamics of large mammal range shifts and extinction : evidence from the Holocene record of Europe." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/18053.
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The global extent of past and present biodiversity loss is increasingly well documented, but a focus on investigating timings and correlates of final species extinctions often means that patterns and processes associated with earlier population declines are poorly understood. I used a comprehensive database of zooarchaeological records and regional last occurrence data in order to investigate dynamics of range shift, contraction, expansion and fragmentation of Europe’s large mammals over the past 11,500 years, the Holocene Epoch. As a relatively climatically stable period that also witnessed the rapid growth of human populations, it was an ideal model system for studying human impacts on biodiversity over time. Whilst there were inherent biases associated with zooarchaeological data, I was nonetheless able to identify diverse mechanisms of large mammal decline across different species. Despite low numbers of faunal records I was able to attribute the Late Holocene extinction of the European wild ass (Equus hydruntinus) to habitat fragmentation associated with postglacial climate-driven vegetation change. Using bootstrapping to control for sampling bias, I then reconstructed temporal and spatial patterns of range contraction across Europe’s temperate large mammal fauna from the Mesolithic to the Late Medieval and found that overall, large herbivores experienced significant declines prior to large carnivores. Finally, by combining data from the zooarchaeological, historical and ecological record, I was able to reconstruct through-time patterns of regional extirpation to identify major correlates of species declines as well as calculate species-specific tolerances to human population density. Overall results demonstrate an extinction filter that removed large-bodied species with low tolerance to human impacts from the European landscape from at least the Mid-Holocene onwards. The results from the thesis have relevance across a range of disciplines from palaeontology and zooarchaeology, to ecology and the current day conservation management of large mammals.
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Tsujikawa, Hiroshi. "The Late Miocene Large Mammal Fauna and Palaeoenvironment in the Samburu Hills Area, Northern Kenya." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149118.
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Mengulluoglu, Deniz. "An Inventory Of Medium And Large Mammal Fauna In Pine Forests Of Beypazari Through Camera Trapping." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612559/index.pdf.
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Information about large mammals in Turkey usually does not go further than species lists or annual counts of particular species such as the wild goat. Camera trapping is a very useful technique to overcome this deficiency by gathering information about species presence, numbers, habitat use and behavior. Hence, a one year long camera trap study was conducted to demonstrate the diversity, activity, distribution patterns, habitat preferences and interspecific interactions of medium and large mammals in a 148 km2 large pine woodland near Ankara. Brown bear (Ursus arctos), wolf (Canis lupus), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), golden jackal (Canis aureus), jungle cat (Felis chaus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Eurasian badger (Meles meles), stone marten (Martes foina), red deer (Cervus elaphus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), brown hare (Lepus europaeus), Caucasian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) and southern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor) were the 13 mammal species captured during the study.
Spatial segregation was observed among canid species indicating intraguild competition and competitive exclusion. Prey-predator interactions were documented at both spatial and temporal scales between wolves, deer and wild boars. Red deer showed seasonal and sex differences in activity patterns that appeared to be influenced by wolf predation risk.
The presence of two felids unknown to the local people were revealed by camera trapping, showing the utility of this technique for such secretive and rare species. However, the low encounter rates for particular species such as lynx, brown bear and jungle cat indicated the importance of the length of study.
Based on various evidence, resident adult population sizes were estimated for wolf (2-5), Eurasian lynx (2-4), brown bear (0-2) and jungle cat (2-3). The study showed that lynx can exist in high densities in a relatively small area when prey species are abundant.
This study area hosted a rich mammal fauna in spite of human activities such as livestock grazing, logging and hunting. A relatively intact ecosystem, high altitudinal and habitat diversity, and a positive attitude of local people are believed to be the reasons of this observed high diversity.
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Bonaker, Paige. "FIELD METHOD EFFICACY TO DETECT MEDIUM AND LARGE MAMMAL PRESENCE NEAR ROADWAYS AT VAIL PASS, COLORADO." The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05292008-214453/.
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Highways and interstates cause habitat fragmentation and loss, with considerable impacts to wildlife. Interstate 70 is a major transportation route cutting through one of the only remaining forested connections for wildlife moving through the southern Rockies. To alleviate its potential barrier effect, the Colorado Department of Transportation is proposing to build a wildlife bridge on I-70 just west of Vail Pass. This study is aimed at testing which field techniques are most effective at documenting species presence in order to develop an appropriate long term monitoring strategy for this area. Four sampling methods are compared (track transect surveys, scat transect surveys, hair snares, and remotely-triggered camera surveys) during a baited and unbaited study session on Shrine Pass Road near I-70. Data from the baited sessions was used to determine how well each method documents species presence based on time, money and accuracy of identification. In addition, data from the baited session was compared to data from the unbaited session to see if there is any benefit to using a lure. I conclude that no method is free from bias and care should be taken to develop the most robust study design. Though cameras tend to detect the greatest degree of species richness, they frequently fail to detect several species. The effectiveness of cameras can largely be increased by supplementing them with other monitoring techniques. Considering budget and time restraints, I recommend using snow tracking in the winter months, and if at all feasible, scat surveys throughout the year.
Books on the topic "Large mammal"
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1941-, Fowler Charles W., and Smith Tim D, eds. Dynamics of large mammal populations. Blackburn Press, 2004.
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A, Jones M. Aerial census of elephant and other large mammals in north-west Matabeleland, September-October, 1991. Branch of Terrestrial Ecology, Dept. of National Parks and Wildlife Management, 1991.
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Mackie, C. Aerial survey of large herbivores in northern Mukwishe Communal Land and southern Chewore Safari Area. WWF Multispecies Project, 1993.
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Jachmann, Hugo. Surveys of large mammals in 9 conservation areas in the Central Luangwa Valley (1994). Luangwa Integrated Resource Development Project, 1994.
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Mackie, C. A survey & census of large herbivores in the Mavuradona [i.e. Mavuradonha] Wilderness Area & Great Dyke State Land & an assessment of management inputs. WWF Multispecies Project, 1993.
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1955-, Maehr David S., Noss Reed F, and Larkin Jeffery L, eds. Large mammal restoration: Ecological and sociological challenges in the 21st century. Island Press, 2001.
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D, Taylor R. Aerial census of elephant and other large herbivores in the Sebungwe 1991. WWF Multispecies Project, 1992.
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Norman, Owen-Smith, and National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, eds. Dynamics of large herbivore populations in changing environments: Towards appropriate models. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
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Ojwang', Gordon. Dry season census of large herbivores in the Mara ecosystem and adjoining areas (2002-2002). Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing, 2006.
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D, Taylor R. Aerial census of large herbivores in pilot project areas, October 1989. WWF Multispecies Project, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Large mammal"
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Masini, Federico, and Danilo Torre. "Large Mammal Dispersal Events at the Beginning of the Late Villafranchian." In European Neogene Mammal Chronology. Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2513-8_9.
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Krstić, Radivoj V. "White Adipose Tissue. Human Epiploic Appendices of the Large Intestine." In General Histology of the Mammal. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70420-8_56.
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Frison, George C. "Prehistoric, Plains-Mountain, Large-Mammal, Communal Hunting Strategies." In The Evolution of Human Hunting. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8833-3_6.
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Ochoa, Janine, and Philip J. Piper. "Holocene Large Mammal Extinctions in Palawan Island, Philippines." In Climate Change and Human Responses. Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1106-5_4.
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Michalski, Fernanda, and Darren Norris. "Large-Scale Land-Use Changes and the Amazonian Mammal Biota." In Amazonian Mammals. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43071-8_12.
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Inogwabini, Bila-Isia. "Developing a Threat Index for Documented Large Mammal Species." In Environmental History. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38728-0_15.
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Speth, John D. "Middle Paleolithic Large-Mammal Hunting in the Southern Levant." In Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6766-9_3.
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Huang, Shan, Alison Eyres, Susanne A. Fritz, Jussi T. Eronen, and Juha Saarinen. "Environmental Change and Body Size Evolution in Neogene Large Mammals." In Evolution of Cenozoic Land Mammal Faunas and Ecosystems. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17491-9_6.
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Žliobaitė, Indrė, Mikael Fortelius, Raymond L. Bernor, et al. "The NOW Database of Fossil Mammals." In Evolution of Cenozoic Land Mammal Faunas and Ecosystems. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17491-9_3.
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AbstractNOW (New and Old Worlds) is a global database of fossil mammal occurrences, currently containing around 68,000 locality-species entries. The database spans the last 66 million years, with its primary focus on the last 23 million years. Whereas the database contains records from all continents, the main focus and coverage of the database historically has been on Eurasia. The database includes primarily, but not exclusively, terrestrial mammals. It covers a large part of the currently known mammalian fossil record, focusing on classical and actively researched fossil localities. The database is managed in collaboration with an international advisory board of experts. Rather than a static archive, it emphasizes the continuous integration of new knowledge of the community, data curation, and consistency of scientific interpretations. The database records species occurrences at localities worldwide, as well as ecological characteristics of fossil species, geological contexts of localities and more. The NOW database is primarily used for two purposes: (1) queries about occurrences of particular taxa, their characteristics and properties of localities in the spirit of an encyclopedia; and (2) large scale research and quantitative analyses of evolutionary processes, patterns, reconstructing past environments, as well as interpreting evolutionary contexts. The data are fully open, no logging in or community membership is necessary for using the data for any purpose.
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Meyer, Ninon F. V., Ricardo Moreno, Miguel Angel Martínez-Morales, and Rafael Reyna-Hurtado. "Spatial Ecology of a Large and Endangered Tropical Mammal: The White-Lipped Peccary in Darién, Panama." In Movement Ecology of Neotropical Forest Mammals. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03463-4_6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Large mammal"
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Qi, Yijiashun, Shuzhang Cai, Zunduo Zhao, Jiaming Li, Yanbin Lin, and Zhiqiang Wang. "Benchmarking Large Language Models for Image Classification of Marine Mammals." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Knowledge Graph (ICKG). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ickg63256.2024.00040.
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Guzas, Emily L., Stephen E. Turner, Matthew Babina, Brandon Casper, Thomas N. Fetherston, and Joseph M. Ambrico. "Validation of a Surrogate Model for Marine Mammal Lung Dynamics Under Underwater Explosive Impulse." In ASME 2019 Verification and Validation Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/vvs2019-5143.
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Abstract Primary blast injury (PBI), which relates gross blast-related trauma or traces of injury in air-filled tissues or those tissues adjacent to air-filled regions (rupture/lesions, contusions, hemorrhaging), has been documented in a number of marine mammal species after blast exposure [1, 2, 3]. However, very little is known about marine mammal susceptibility to PBI except in rare cases of opportunistic studies. As a result, traditional techniques rely on analyses using small-scale terrestrial mammals as surrogates for large-scale marine mammals. For an In-house Laboratory Independent Research (ILIR) project sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR), researchers at the Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Newport (NUWCDIVNPT), have undertaken a broad 3-year effort to integrate computational fluid-structure interaction techniques with marine mammal anatomical structure. The intent is to numerically simulate the dynamic response of a marine mammal thoracic cavity and air-filled lungs to shock loading, to enhance understanding of marine mammal lungs to shock loading in the underwater environment. In the absence of appropriate test data from live marine mammals, a crucial part of this work involves code validation to test data for a suitable surrogate test problem. This research employs a surrogate of an air-filled spherical membrane structure subjected to shock loading as a first order approximation to understanding marine mammal lung response to underwater explosions (UNDEX). This approach incrementally improves upon the currently used one-dimensional spherical air bubble approximation to marine mammal lung response by providing an encapsulating boundary for the air. The encapsulating structure is membranous, with minimal simplified representation not accounting for marine mammal species-specific and individual animal differences in tissue composition, rib mechanics, and mechanical properties of interior lung tissue. NUWCDIVNPT partnered with the Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory (NSMRL) to design and execute a set of experiments to investigate the shock response of an air-filled rubber dodgeball in a shallow underwater environment. These tests took place in the 2.13 m (7-ft) diameter pressure tank at the University of Rhode Island, with test measurements including pressure data and digital image correlation (DIC) data captured with high-speed cameras in a stereo setup. The authors developed 3-dimensional computational models of the dodgeball experiments using Dynamic System Mechanics Advanced Simulation (DYSMAS), a Navy fluid-structure interaction code. DYSMAS models of a variety of different problems involving submerged pressure vessel structures responding to hydrostatic and/or UNDEX loading have been validated against test data [4]. Proper validation of fluid structure interaction simulations is quite challenging, requiring measurements in both the fluid and structure domains. This paper details the development of metrics for comparison between test measurements and simulation results, with a discussion of potential sources of uncertainty.
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Bowers, Grant Walter, Simone Hoffmann, and Michael D. D'Emic. "LONG BONE HISTOLOGY OF THE LARGE PALEOGENE MAMMAL CORYPHODON." In 72nd Annual GSA Rocky Mountain Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020rm-346735.
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Bowers, Grant. "Long bone histology of the large Paleogene mammal Coryphodon." In Proceedings of the Keck Geology Consortium. Keck Geology Consortium, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18277/akrsg.2020.33.04.
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Lyons, S. Kathleen, Catalina Tomé, Nicholas Freymueller, et al. "CHANGES IN SMALL MAMMAL ABUNDANCE DISTRIBUTIONS FOLLOWING THE LOSS OF LARGE MAMMAL ECOSYSTEM ENGINEERS AT THE TERMINAL PLEISTOCENE." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-381985.
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Gonzalez, Richard. "Estimating the body mass of the large Paleogene mammal Coryphodon." In Proceedings of the Keck Geology Consortium. Keck Geology Consortium, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18277/akrsg.2020.33.05.
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Kuemmerle, Tobias, Benjamin Blehyl, Hendrik Bluhm, et al. "Identifying priority areas for restoring large mammal populations in the Caucasus Ecoregion." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107944.
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Miller, Joshua H., and Anna K. Behrensmeyer. "TAPHONOMIC SIGNATURES OF MASS MORTALITY IN A KENYAN LARGE MAMMAL DEATH ASSEMBLAGE." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-283511.
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Chen, Jun, Ming Hu, Darren J. Coker, et al. "MammalNet: A Large-Scale Video Benchmark for Mammal Recognition and Behavior Understanding." In 2023 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.01254.
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Nistreanu, Victoria, Alina Larion, Viorica Paladi, Vladislav Caldari, and Vladimir Turcan. "Diversity of terrestrial vertebrate fauna in the sector Vulcănești - Colibași, Republic of Moldova." In Conferința științifică națională cu participare internațională "Integrare prin cercetare și inovare", dedicată Zilei Internaționale a Științei pentru Pace și Dezvoltare. Moldova State University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.59295/spd2024n.42.
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The research was carried out in the period 2021-2024 in natural and anthropogenic ecosystems of the sector. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the diversity of terrestrial vertebrate fauna and to highlight the importance of the sector for biodiversity conservation in the southern part of the republic. Species diversity of terrestrial vertebrates was assessed according to standard methods. The terrestrial vertebrate fauna was represented by 36 species of mammals, 64 species of birds, 6 amphibian species and 4 reptile species. 7 mammal species, 6 bird species one amphibian and 2 reptile species are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Moldova. The most common and widespread species are the eurytopic ones with large limits of ecological valence.
Reports on the topic "Large mammal"
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Huijser, M. P., Robert J. Ament, M. Bell, et al. Animal Vehicle Collision Reduction and Habitat Connectivity Pooled Fund Study – Literature Review. Nevada Department of Transportation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2021.12.
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This report contains a summary of past research and new knowledge about the effectiveness of mitigation measures aimed at reducing animal-vehicle collisions and at providing safe crossing opportunities for wildlife. The measures are aimed at terrestrial large bodied wild mammal species, free roaming large livestock species (e.g. cattle, horses), free roaming large feral species (e.g. “wild” horses and burros), and small animal species (amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals). While mitigation is common, it is best to follow a three-step approach: avoidance, mitigation, and compensation or “off-site” mitigation. If reducing collisions with large wild mammals is the only objective, the most effective measures include roadside animal detection systems, wildlife culling, wildlife relocation, anti-fertility treatments, wildlife barriers (fences),and wildlife fences in combination with wildlife crossing structures. If the objectives also include maintaining or improving connectivity for large wild mammals, then wildlife barriers (fences) in combination with wildlife crossing structures are most effective. Measures for large domestic mammal species are largely similar, though for free roaming livestock there are legal, moral and ethical issues. For small animal species, temporary or permanent road closure and road removal are sometimes implemented, but barriers in combination with crossing structures are the most common.
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Huijser, Marcel, E. R. Fairbank, and K. S. Paul. Best Practices Manual to Reduce Animal-Vehicle Collisions and Provide Habitat Connectivity for Wildlife. Nevada Department of Transportation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.2.
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The goal for this manual is to provide practical information for the implementation of mitigation measures that aim to: 1. Improve human safety through reducing collisions with large animals, including large wild mammal species, select free roaming large feral species, and select free roaming large livestock species, and 2. Improve or maintain habitat connectivity for terrestrial wildlife species and selected feral species through safe crossing opportunities. This manual does not include all possible measures that can or may reduce animal-vehicle collisions and maintain or improve habitat connectivity for wildlife. The measures included in this manual are: Barriers (fences) in combination with crossing structures (for large wild mammals and for small wild animal species), roadside animal detection system, Barriers (fences), Barriers (fences) in combination with crossing structures (for free roaming livestock), and culling, relocation, anti-fertility treatment, roadside animal detection systems, barriers (fences), and barriers (fences) in combination with crossing structures (for large feral mammal species such as feral horses and burros).
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Huijser, Marcel P., and James S. Begley. Exploration of opportunities to address the impacts of roads and traffic on wildlife around Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge. Western Transportation Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/1706129872.
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Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge (“the Refuge”) in Colorado near Denver, Colorado, has a history (1952-1 989) of producing components for nuclear weapons. The current goal for the area is “to restore and preserve the native prairie ecosystems, provide habitat for migratory and resident wildlife, conserve and protect habitat for Preble’s meadow jumping mouse, and provide research and education opportunities”. The grasslands of the Refuge are surrounded by busy roads to the west (Hwy 93, 18,000 AADT), north (Hwy 128, 4,200 AADT) and east (Indiana St. 7,000 AADT), and there are houses and associated roads on its southern boundary. Other open space with non-motorized trails and protected areas with predominantly grassland are to the west, north and east. Large ungulates, including mule deer, elk, and moose cross the roads. This results in large ungulate -vehicle collisions and the roads also represent a barrier to the movements of animals. Creek crossings under the roads are a concern as they are likely a barrier for species dependent on riparian habitat, including the Preble’s meadow jumping mouse. The objectives of the current project were to 1. Formulate measures that reduce collisions with large wild mammals, and 2. Formulate measures that improve connectivity across roads for large wild mammal species and one small mammal species in specific, the Preble’s meadow jumping mouse. We suggest large open span bridges at creek crossings (for deer, moose, black bear, mountain lion, and Preble’s meadow jumping mouse) and designated wildlife overpasses for elk and also f or mule deer. The crossing structures may be combined with human co-use to connect the trails on the refuge with the trail system in the surrounding areas.
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Huijser, Marcel P., and Matthew A. Bell. Identification and prioritization of road sections with a relatively high concentration of large wild mammal-vehicle collisions in Gallatin County, Montana, USA. Western Transportation Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/1727734814.
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The primary objective of this project is to identify and prioritize the road sections in Gallatin County that have a relatively high concentration of collisions involving large wild mammals. These road sections may then later be evaluated for potential future mitigation measures aimed at 1. Reducing collisions with large wild mammals, and 2. Providing safe passage across roads for large wild mammals, as well as other wildlife species in the area. We acquired the 3 datasets related to large wild mammal-vehicle collisions in Gallatin County: 1. Wildlife-vehicle crash data collected by law enforcement personnel, 2. Carcass removal data collected by road maintenance personnel; and 3. Grizzly bear road mortality data by the U.S. Geological Survey. The carcass removal data and grizzly bear road mortality data were merged into one carcass database. We conducted separate analyses for the crash data and the carcass data. We conducted two different types of analyses to identify and prioritize road sections with the highest number of wildlife-vehicle crashes and carcasses: 1. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) analysis that identifies road sections with the highest concentration of collisions, and 2. Getis-Ord Gi* analysis identifies road sections that have statistically significant spatial clusters of collisions. There was great similarity between the hotspots identified through the Kernel Density Estimation analyses for 2008-2022 and 2018-2022 for both the crash and carcass removal data. The same was true for the Getis-Ord Gi* analyses. Especially sections of I-90 and US Hwy 191 between I-90 through Four Corners to the mouth of Gallatin Canyon had the highest concentration of wild animal crashes and large wild animal carcasses. Based on the Getis-Ord Gi* analyses, these road sections generally had concentrations of crashes and carcasses that were significantly higher than expected should the crashes and carcasses have been randomly distributed. In other words, these road sections do not only have the highest concentration of crashes and carcasses, but the identification of these road sections is not based on coincidence. These road sections have a concentration of crashes and carcasses that is beyond random.
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Huijser, Marcel P. The effectiveness of electrified barriers to keep large mammals out of a fenced road corridor and a campground. Montana State University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/1720809659.
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For this project the researchers investigated the effectiveness of electrified barriers designed to keep large mammals out of a fenced road corridor (Trans-Canada Highway through Banff and Yoho National Park) and a campground (Lake Louise Campground, Banff National Park). The barriers were designed for large ungulates (e.g. white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, moose) and large mammal species with paws (e.g. black bear, grizzly bear). The barriers consisted of steel pipes that were partially electrified. None of the white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, moose, black bears, grizzly bears, red foxes, and coyotes that were observed on the habitat side of the barriers crossed the electrified barriers into the fenced road corridor or the campground. A black bear attempting to exit the fenced road corridor failed to cross to the habitat side of the electrified barrier. Two red foxes and one wolverine did appear to exit the fenced road corridor to the habitat side of the electrified barrier, but these three crossings were all in winter when the voltage was likely compromised because of snow and road salt. In addition, crossings to the habitat side can be considered acceptable as they improve human safety on the main highway and keep the animals from being hit by vehicles. We conclude that, although sample sizes were limited, the electrified barriers (when voltage was adequate and when not filled with snow) were 100% effective in keeping both large ungulates and large species with paws out of a fenced road corridor and a campground.
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Montagna, Tea', Luis De Leo'n, Nina McDonnell, et al. Natural resource assessment of the Barrett?s Farm Unit: Minute Man National Historical Park. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2305887.
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This study used a combination of field surveys, historical data, literature review, and formal methods to assess the biodiversity and habitat integrity of vertebrates, excluding mammals at Barrett?s Farm unit (BFU). A one season full inventory of the herpetofauna was completed in 2023. The herpetological survey documented ten species commonly found in Massachusetts (4 frogs, 1 toad, 2 salamanders, 1 snake and 2 turtles), with only one species (Lithobates pipiens, Leopard Frog) being seen in large numbers. Several species (Ambystoma maculatum, Spotted Salamander; Dryophytes versicolor, Gray Treefrog; Chelydra serpentina, Snapping Turtle) were only recorded once during the survey. While no additional inventories were performed, data on several additional vertebrate groups (birds, fish) were examined using historical and participatory science data. Additional assessments included wetland health using amphibians as a metric, examining vegetative communities, and observations of other organisms (mammals, arthropods). The vertebrate faunal communities of the BFU are of mixed condition. The AmphIBI index of wetland health was conducted on the wetland areas within the unit and found that all but one were in poor health. The remaining wetland that was rated ?superior health? can be attributed to low sample size of organisms and is not reflective of the site. The avian community at the unit is interesting as it includes 163 species and is one of the more heavily birded sites in Middlesex County. Formal assessment for breeding forest birds yields a ?cautious? rating while a similar process for grassland birds yielded a poor rating. The fish community assessment lacked historical data and participatory science data, so the condition could not be assessed. The habitat at the farm is extremely disturbed from the active farming that occurs, and the edges of the property are heavily colonized by invasive plants, so perhaps the poor quality of the faunal communities is unsurprising. Several data gaps exist including the lack of assessment of arthropod communities, fish communities, and mammal communities. Additionally, more directed studies of the wetland areas within the unit would be beneficial.
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Huijser, Marcel, and Matthew Bell. Exploration of opportunities to address the impacts of roads and traffic on wildlife in and around Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, and New River Gorge National Park and Preserve, West Virginia. Western Transportation Institute, 2024. https://doi.org/10.15788/1734553882.
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This report explores the opportunities for wildlife mitigation in and around two national park units in West Virginia; Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, and New River Gorge National Park and Preserve. The wildlife mitigation measures that will be explored are aimed at: 1. Reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions with large mammals (i.e. coyote and larger), and thereby also improving human safety; 2. Reducing direct road mortality for Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN); and 3. Reducing the barrier effect of roads and traffic and increasing habitat connectivity across major highways for large mammals (i.e. coyote and larger) and for SGCN species. In addition, this report specifically explores - based on a literature review - the potential to combine wildlife crossing structures with non-motorized human co-use (i.e. multi-functional crossing structures). This effort focuses on select trails for non-motorized use (hiking, bicycling, and equestrian trails).
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Mark Chynoweth, Mark Chynoweth. Using camera traps to estimate abundance of large mammals. Experiment, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/1610.
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Salcido, Charles, Patrick Wilson, Justin Tweet, Blake McCan, Clint Boyd, and Vincent Santucci. Theodore Roosevelt National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293509.
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Theodore Roosevelt National Park (THRO) in western North Dakota was established for its historical connections with President Theodore Roosevelt. It contains not only historical and cultural resources, but abundant natural resources as well. Among these is one of the best geological and paleontological records of the Paleocene Epoch (66 to 56 million years ago) of any park in the National Park System. The Paleocene Epoch is of great scientific interest due to the great mass extinction that occurred at its opening (the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event), and the unusual climatic event that began at the end of the epoch (the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, an anomalous global temperature spike). It is during the Paleocene that mammals began to diversify and move into the large-bodied niches vacated by dinosaurs. The rocks exposed at THRO preserve the latter part of the Paleocene, when mammals were proliferating and crocodiles were the largest predators. Western North Dakota was warmer and wetter with swampy forests; today these are preserved as the “petrified forests” that are one of THRO’s notable features. Despite abundant fossil resources, THRO has not historically been a scene of significant paleontological exploration. For example, the fossil forests have only had one published scientific description, and that report focused on the associated paleosols (“fossil soils”). The widespread petrified wood of the area has been known since at least the 19th century and was considered significant enough to be a tourist draw in the decades leading up to the establishment of THRO in 1947. Paleontologists occasionally collected and described fossil specimens from the park over the next few decades, but the true extent of paleontological resources was not realized until a joint North Dakota Geological Survey–NPS investigation under John Hoganson and Johnathan Campbell between 1994–1996. This survey uncovered 400 paleontological localities within the park representing a variety of plant, invertebrate, vertebrate, and trace fossils. Limited investigation and occasional collection of noteworthy specimens took place over the next two decades. In 2020, a new two-year initiative to further document the park’s paleontological resources began. This inventory, which was the basis for this report, identified another 158 fossil localities, some yielding taxa not recorded by the previous survey. Additional specimens were collected from the surface, among them a partial skeleton of a choristodere (an extinct aquatic reptile), dental material of two mammal taxa not previously recorded at THRO, and the first bird track found at the park. The inventory also provided an assessment of an area scheduled for ground-disturbing maintenance. This inventory is intended to inform future paleontological resource research, management, protection, and interpretation at THRO. THRO’s bedrock geology is dominated by two Paleocene rock formations: the Bullion Creek Formation and the overlying Sentinel Butte Formation of the Fort Union Group. Weathering of these formations has produced the distinctive banded badlands seen in THRO today. These two formations were deposited under very different conditions than the current conditions of western North Dakota. In the Paleocene, the region was warm and wet, with a landscape dominated by swamps, lakes, and rivers. Great forests now represented by petrified wood grew throughout the area. Freshwater mollusks, fish, amphibians (including giant salamanders), turtles, choristoderes, and crocodilians abounded in the ancient wetlands, while a variety of mammals representing either extinct lineages or the early forebearers of modern groups inhabited the land. There is little representation of the next 56 million years at THRO. The only evidence we have of events in the park for most of these millions of years is isolated Neogene lag deposits and terrace gravel. Quaternary surficial deposits have yielded a few fossils...
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Huijser, MP, J. W. Duffield, C. Neher, A. P. Clevenger, and T. Mcguire. Final Report 2022: Update and expansion of the WVC mitigation measures and their cost-benefit model. Nevada Department of Transportation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.10.
Full textAbstract:
This report contains an update and an expansion of a cost-benefit model for wildlife-vehicle collisions and associated mitigation measures along highways, that was originally calculated in 2007 US$ and published in 2009. The direct cost values (vehicle repair, human injuries, human fatalities) were updated for deer, elk, and moose, and expanded by including additional species: gray wolf (Canis lupus), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), and free ranging or feral domesticated species including cattle, horse, and burro. The costs associated with collisions were also expanded by including passive use, or nonuse values associated with the conservation value of selected wild animal species. The total costs (in 2020 US$) associated with a collision with deer, elk and moose were about 2-3 times (direct costs only) or about 3-4 times higher (direct costs and passive use values combined) compared to the values in 2007 US$. The passive use costs associated with threatened species (wolf, grizzly bear) were higher or much higher than the direct costs. The costs associated with mitigation measures (especially fences and wildlife crossing structures) were also updated and supplemented with new data. New cost-benefit analyses generated updated or entirely new threshold values for deer, elk, moose, and grizzly bear. If collisions with these large wild mammal species reach or surpass the threshold values, it is economically defensible to install the associated type and combination of mitigation measures, both based on direct use and passive use parameters and their associated values. The trend in increasing costs associated with vehicle repair costs, costs associated with human injuries and fatalities, and through including passive use values for wildlife is that we learn that the implementation of effective mitigation measures can be considered earlier and more readily than based on the cost-benefit model published in 2009.