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1
Saunders, Laura Margaret. "Infection strategies of gamebird macroparasites." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341230.
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Delves, C. J. "Developmental processes in filarial worms." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377098.
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Ménard, Louise. "Aspects of the ecology of the larval stages of Cyathocotyle bushiensis Khan 1962 (Digenea)." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66176.
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Medrano, Jennifer Centurion. "Chemotactic Response of Lumbricus terrestris Coelomocytes to Larval and Adult Stages of Rhabditis pellio." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5507/.
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Experiments were performed to assess the suitability of Rhabditis pellio, a nematode found in earthworms, as a challenge organism for use in development of a biomarker assay to determine the potential of chemicals to suppress the immunocompetence of the non-specific immune system. To accomplish this goal, information on the life cycle of R. pellio was determined; including effects of incubation time and temperature on growth rates; along with information on the immune response elicited in the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. Immune parameters measured were coelomocyte migration toward and attachment to R. pellio larvae and adults. Preliminary background information showed that R. pellio has potential as a challenge organism for development of a biomarker assay.
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Hopkins, Susan Marian. "Studies on survival and development of the larval stages of the trichostrongyle nematode "Nematospiroides dubius." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.549680.
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Albright, Rebecca. "Effects of Ocean Acidification on Early Life History Stages of Caribbean Scleractinian Corals." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/574.
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Ocean acidification (OA) refers to the increase in acidity (decrease in pH) of the ocean’s surface waters resulting from oceanic uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Mounting experimental evidence suggests that OA threatens numerous marine organisms, including reef-building corals; however, few studies have focused on the effects on early life history stages. Coral recruitment is critical to the persistence and resilience of coral reefs and is regulated by several early life processes, including: larval availability (gamete production, fertilization, etc.), larval settlement, post-settlement growth, and survival. Environmental factors that disrupt these early life processes can result in compromised or failed recruitment and profoundly affect future population dynamics. To evaluate the effects of OA on the sexual recruitment of corals, sexual reproduction (including fertilization and sperm swimming speeds) and several critical early life history stages (including larval metabolism, larval settlement, and post-settlement growth) were tested in common Caribbean coral species. Three pCO2 levels were used: ambient seawater (380 µatm) and two pCO2 scenarios that are projected to occur by the middle (560 µatm) and end (800 µatm) of the century as determined by the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change. Results show that fertilization success, larval metabolic rates, larval settlement rates, and post-settlement growth rates are all compromised with increasing pCO2. This dissertation demonstrates that OA has the potential to negatively impact sexual reproduction and multiple early life history processes of several common Caribbean coral species and may contribute to substantial declines in sexual recruitment that are felt at the community and/or ecosystem scale.
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Chiu, Man Ying. "Biological and ecological processes that intervene the larval and juvenile stages of the gastropod crepidula onyx /." View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?AMCE%202007%20CHIU.
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Bruno, Trezia Ieda Ballerini. "Infecção de Biomphalaria glabrata com Angiostrongylus costaricensis : desenvolvimento larval e resposta hemocitaria." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314681.
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Orientador: Eliana Maria Zanotti-MagalhãesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Experimentalmente, Biomphalaria glabrata pode ser utilizada como hospedeiro intermediário do nematódeo Angiostrongylus costaricensis, responsável pela angiostrongilíase abdominal. Esta zoonose, descrita no Brasil principalmente nos estados sulinos, pode acometer acidentalmente o homem, sendo que a infecção ocorre através da ingestão de moluscos parasitados ou água e alimentos contaminados com larvas de 3° estágio, eliminadas no muco dos moluscos hospedeiros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o desenvolvimento dos estágios larvais e o comportamento dos hemócitos na hemolinfa de B. glabrata infectada.Um total de 168 moluscos foi infectado com 120 larvas LI de A. costaricensis extraídas das fezes de camundongos Swiss albinos previamente infectados via oral sob tubagem esofágica com 6 larvas L3. Larvas de A. costaricensis foram recuperadas de 45 moluscos B. glabrata após 15, 22 e 29 dias de exposição ao parasita, através do método de Baermann, utilizando tecidos digeridos dos moluscos com solução de pepsina e ácido clorídrico. Constatou-se maior recuperação de larvas de A. costaricensis dos moluscos aos 29 dias de infecção. Para o estudo do desenvolvimento de Ao costaricensis, 60 moluscos infectados foram destinados a recuperação larval durante 30 dias consecutivos. Foi observada a mudança larval de LI para L2 aos 13 dias de infecção e L2 para L3 aos 18 dias de infecção. Hemolinfa de 45 moluscos infectados e não infectados com A. costaricensis foi coletada para verificação da resposta hemocitária durante 4 semanas. Os hemócitos foram distinguidos em hialinócitos e granulócitos. Enquanto nos moluscos não infectados predominaram os hialinócitos, naqueles infectados os granulócitos foram mais evidentes, principalmente entre o 18° ao 25° dia de infecção. Foi confirmada a ocorrência tanto da infecção percutânea como por via oral. Os locais mais parasitados foram: região cefalopodal, a preferida pelo nematódeo, seguida do intestino, rim e pulmão. Todas as larvas encontradas estavam viáveis e rodeadas por reação do tipo granulomatosa, independentes de sua localização
Abstract: Biomphalaria glabrata can be experimentally used as an intermediate host of the nematode Angiostrongylus costaricensis, responsible for abdominal angiostrongyliasis. This zoonosis, found in Brazil mainly in the southem states, can accidentally infect man through the ingestion of parasitized mollusks or contaminated water and food containing third-stage larvae, eliminated in the mucous secretion of the mollusks. The objective of this work was to study the development of larval stages and the behavior of hemocytes in the hemolymph of infected B. glabrata. A total of 168 mollusks were infected with 120 LI larvae of A. costaricensis, extracted ftom excrement of albino Swiss mice previously infected via the oral route by esophageal tube with 6 L3 larvae. The A. costaricensis larvae had been recovered from 45 B. glabrata mollusks at 15, 22 and 29 days after exposure to the parasite, by means of the method of Baermann, using molluscan tissues digested with pepsin and hydrochloric acid solution. A larger recovery of A. costaricensis larvae from the mollusk was found at 29 days after infection. For the study of the development of A. costaricensis, 60 infected mollusks were allocated for larval recovery during a period of 30 consecutive days. It was observed that there was a larval stage change, from L1 to L2, at the 13th day after infection and from L2 to L3 on the 18th day after infection.The hemolymph of 45 mollusks, both infected and not infected with A. costaricensis, was collected for verification of the hemocyte response during 4 weeks. The hemocytes were differentiated into hyalinocytes and granulocytes. While in the non infected mollusks the hyalinocytes had predominated, in those infected granulocytes were more evident, mainly between the 18th and the 25th day after infection. The occurence of infection, both via percutaneous and via oral routes, was confirmed. The most parasitized sites were the cephalopodan mass, preferred by the nematodes, folIowed by the intestines, kidneys and lungs. AlI the larvae found were viable and surrounded by reaction of the granulomatous type, independent of their situation
Doutorado
Mestre em Parasitologia
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Smith, Kent James. "Enhanced Cold Tolerance of Diapause-Destined vs Non-Diapause-Destined Larval Stages of the Flesh Fly, Sarcophaga Crassipalpis(Diptera: Sarcophagidae)." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1172780125.
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Balfour, David Leigh. "Ontogenetic Changes and Environmental Hypoxia: Responses of Two Fish Species to Low Oxygen Concentrations at Early Life Stages." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26467.
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Hypoxia refers to any condition in which the water is less than fully saturated with oxygen. Although it is generally accepted that adults are more tolerant of hypoxic conditions than larval stages, there is little information to support this assumption. To determine whether reduced concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) affect fishes differently during various early life stages, I examined the responses of two species of fish (fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)) exposed to low dissolved oxygen concentrations at different ages during the first 100 days post-hatch.
The changes in oxygen requirements and respiratory patterns that occur during ontogeny and exposure to hypoxia were observed. The results of this study suggest that the early larval stages appear to be at least as tolerant of short-term exposure to low dissolved oxygen concentrations as the older, more developed stages. Fathead minnows underwent a gradual transition from being metabolic conformers to regulators during development. Hemoglobin appeared to be playing a larger role in oxygen supply in the early post-hatch trout than in the minnows. Fathead minnow larvae produced relatively low concentrations of lactate upon exposure to hypoxia. Conversely, rainbow trout larvae exhibited significant increases in lactate concentration under similar conditions. This implies that there is a threshold oxygen concentration below which trout larvae utilize anaerobic metabolism to provide additional energy. Lactate dehydrogenase activity increased as the rainbow trout larvae aged, suggesting that they develop an anaerobic capacity which could be used to provide additional energy during hypoxia. The minnows did not exhibit this increase in activity.
The ability of larval fishes to detect and avoid hypoxic conditions was also examined. The overall trends suggest that throughout this period of development, both fish species gradually leave an area as the dissolved oxygen concentration decline. Both species appeared to leave the hypoxic areas with deliberate motions, indicating that a directed sensor system allowed them to detect oxygen gradients. The results suggest that a combination of physiological, biochemical, and behavioral mechanisms may allow fishes to cope with hypoxia.Ph. D.
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Paula, Salete de. "Caracterização do desenvolvimento larval do pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887): morfometria e crescimento isométrico." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2012. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/733.
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This study describes the development and allometric growth patterns of larval Piaractus mesopotamicus from induced reproduction. From hatching until the 19th day, twenty individuals were selected for eight stage of development (yolk sac larval, preflexion, initial of flexion, flexion, end of flexion and post flexion). Later, morphometric measurements were taken of each individual: total length, head length, trunk length, tail (post anal) length, head height, body height, muscle height at anus leveleye diameter, mouth length, caudal peduncle height and caudal peduncle length. Allometric growth coefficients were calculated by linear regression; the changes in the coefficients of growth relate to ontogenetic changes in the priorities of the larvae. During the developmental stages of larval yolk and pre-flexion (mean CT = 3.363 and 5.89 mm), the larvae showed an evident priority for feeding and swimming capabilities. From the flexion stage (mean CT = 9.33 mm) was observed a change in growth priorities, especially those relating to body height, important characteristic for this species. From the post-flexing stage (mean CT = 16.25 mm) a greater propensity to isometry was evident for all coefficients growths. These results confirm the informations that there are different growth patterns for priority functions during ontogeny initial larvae. This study of morphometric and allometric growth of larvae Piaractus mesopotamicus, may assist the fisheries biology, supporting management strategies and conservation of natural populations
Este estudo descreveu o desenvolvimento e os padrões de crescimento alométrico de larvas de Piaractus mesopotamicus provenientes de reprodução induzida. Desde a eclosão até o 19° dia, vinte indivíduos foram selecionados para oito estágios de desenvolvimento (larval vitelino, pré-flexão, início de flexão, flexão, final de flexão, início de pós-flexão, pós flexão e final de pós-flexão). Posteriormente, foram tomadas medidas morfométricas: comprimento da cabeça, comprimento do tronco, comprimento da cauda anal posterior, altura da cabeça, altura do corpo, altura do músculo em nível do ânus, diâmetro do olho, comprimento da boca, altura do pedúnculo caudal e comprimento do pedúnculo caudal. Os coeficientes de crescimento alométrico foram calculados por meio de regressões lineares; as alterações ocorridas nos coeficientes de crescimento referem-se as mudanças nas prioridades ontogenéticas das larvas. Durante os estágios de desenvolvimento de larval vitelino e pré-flexão (média CT= 3,36 e 5,89 mm) as larvas apresentaram uma evidente prioridade para as capacidades de alimentação e natação. A partir do estágio de flexão (média CT= 9,33 mm) foi observada uma mudança nas prioridades de crescimento, principalmente as relacionadas com a altura do corpo, característica importante para essa espécie. No estágio de pós-flexão (média CT=16,25 mm) uma propensão maior a isometria ficou evidente, para todos os coeficientes de crescimentos. Esses resultados confirmam as informações de que existem padrões diferenciados de crescimento para funções prioritárias durante a ontogenia inicial de larvas. Este estudo sobre morfometria e crescimento alométrico das larvas de Piaractus mesopotamicus, poderá auxiliar a biologia pesqueira, subsidiando as estratégias de manejo e conservação das populações naturais
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Thoday, A. "Studies on the ultrastructure of the pituitary of a non parasitic lamprey Lampetra planeri throughout the larval, metamorphosing and adult stages." Thesis, Open University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380056.
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Daniels, Carly. "Optimisation of the rearing diets for early life stages of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus, to enhance growth, survival and health using biotic dietary supplements." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/551.
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The series of experiments that comprises this thesis consider the use of prebiotics and probiotics to improve success in European lobster Homarus gammarus culture. Research was conducted at the National Lobster Hatchery and The University of Plymouth, UK between April 2007 and March 2010. Great potential was revealed for the application of biotics as dietary supplements in the culture of larval and juvenile H. gammarus. Specific biotics, namely; prebiotic mannon oligosaccharide (MOS) and probiotic Sanolife® (Bacillus spp.) were revealed to increase growth and survival during the culture of early lobster life stages. Lobsters that showed enhanced development and/or survival were found to possess improved feed conversion, immune status and/or stress tolerance. Furthermore it was found that biotic fed lobsters displayed shifts in gastrointestinal (GI) microbiology and enhanced physical GI structures, which may account for improved feed conversion and consequently growth. The work presented thus demonstrates that by making positive changes in GI structure and bacterial community composition combined with influencing immune status culture success can be positively enhanced through the biotic supplementation of diets. However, it must be considered that the outcome of dietary biotic supplementation is heavily influenced by the situation in question.
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Richardson, Shanthini Devi. "Studies on the life-cycle of the digenetic trematode Rhipidocotyle campanula (Dujardin, 1845) (Gasterostomata: bucephalidae) with particular reference to the larval stages." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/723/.
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The life-cycle of Rhipidocotyle campanula (Dujardin, 1845) has been experimentally demonstrated and the species identity confirmed. Sporocysts were recovered from digestive glands of the freshwater-mussel Anodonta anatina, and in heavily infected 'hosts from the reproductive, system. Both cercariae and glochidia are released simultaneously in mussels where the reproductive system is partly invaded by sporocyst tubules. The development of the cercariae in the sporocyst tubules has been studied briefly fusing histological and histochemical methods. The liberation of cercariae varied- between >1000/mussel/day to none, and is intermittent. Behaviour of the cercariae including swimming, response to light and gravity, survival and entry, into the secondary host, is described. The morphology of the cercaria has been studied in detail using electron microscopy, histochemistry and histological methods and its significance analysed in relation to free-living existence. This is the first attempt to study the cercaria of R. campanula in any detail. Cercariae enter the secondary host passively and encyst in the subcutaneous fatty tissue beneath the lining of the pharynx, and in some cases in the gill arches. This is the only species of bucephalids where cercariae enter the secondary host passively. Encysted metacercariae attain maximum development after 5-6 weeks and survive nearly 200 days, but spontaneous excystation takes place only in cysts 80-90 days old. Adult flukes were recovered from the posterior intestine and rectum of the perch (Perca fluviatilis) six weeks after feeding fully developed metacercariae. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis were studied in the adults until egg formation. Miracidial development could not be observed. External morphology using SEM of cercaria, metacercaria and adult has been studied and compared. This is the first report of SEM study of these stages of R. campanula. A brief review of the literature is given and the problems of systematics and taxonomy of the family Bucephalidae the taxonomic position of R. campanula are discussed.Tabular summaries are given for the previous life-cycle studies of bucephalids, synopses of bucephalid trematodes and all previous reports of bucephalid cercariae.
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Lopes, Bruno de Sousa. "História natural e performance larval de Oospila pallidaria (Schaus, 1897) (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Geometrinae): uma mariposa esmeralda do Cerrado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-20072016-181713/.
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São estimadas 90 mil espécies de insetos para o Cerrado, o segundo maior bioma brasileiro, com enorme heterogeneidade de habitats e rica fauna. Dentre esses insetos, os Lepidoptera representam cerca de 10% do total de espécies. Entretanto, estudos sobre seus imaturos (ovo, larva e pupa) ainda são incipientes para o bioma, principalmente sobre as mariposas, cujas histórias naturais de muitas espécies ainda são desconhecidas. A falta desses estudos faz com que sejam ignoradas as interações multitróficas em que esses organismos estão envolvidos e, portanto, inviabiliza futuros estudos relacionados ao seu papel em comunidades e redes ecológicas. Esse é o caso de muitas espécies da família Geometridae, incluindo Oospila pallidaria, que é uma mariposa esmeralda (devido à coloração verde esmeralda das suas asas). Oospila pallidaria é uma espécie herbívora que não possuía até o momento nenhuma informação publicada sobre a sua biologia e fatores que condicionam sua ocorrência, tais como: a fenologia da planta hospedeira, que pode determinar o período de melhores condições para crescimento e reprodução; a qualidade nutricional dos recursos alimentares (e. g. quantidade de água e nitrogênio), que pode determinar quais recursos conferem melhor desenvolvimento/performance a um herbívoro; os inimigos naturais, que podem restringir a ocorrência dos herbívoros e a temperatura e pluviosidade, que podem alterar a qualidade e a distribuição geográfica dos recursos alimentares utilizados pelos herbívoros. Nesse sentido, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi descrever, pela primeira vez, aspectos da biologia e história natural de O. pallidaria (Capítulo 1) e avaliar a sua performance larval, a partir de diferentes dietas (Capítulo 2). Os resultados apresentados no Capítulo 1 mostraram que os ovos de O. pallidaria, verdes e com duração média de sete dias, foram solitários e ovipostos principalmente nos tricomas das folhas maduras. As larvas se alimentaram de folhas maduras predominantemente, mas utilizaram folhas jovens e botões florais oportunisticamente. As larvas tiveram coloração críptica, se camuflaram em meio às folhas de Mimosa setosa (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), sua única hospedeira, e desenvolveram o comportamento de auto-limpeza. Há cinco ínstares larvais, com coloração que variou de amarelo a verde. As larvas apresentaram também um par de projeções no protórax e linha mediana marrom na região dorsal. O comprimento máximo do corpo das larvas foi de 28 mm. As pupas foram predominantemente verdes, com no máximo 10 mm de comprimento. O desenvolvimento do ovo ao adulto durou cerca de 50 dias ( = 42; S = 6; n = 11). Seu único inimigo natural registrado foi o microhimenóptero Cotesia sp. (Braconidae, Microgastrinae). Fêmeas de O. pallidaria produziram 65 ovos em média (S = 7,07; n = 2). A ocorrência de O. pallidaria foi sazonal e sobreposta ao pico de presença de folhas maduras. Larvas foram negativamente relacionadas à temperatura e pluviosidade, com significância estatística somente para a primeira (r = - 0.5889, P < 0.05). No Capítulo 2, foi mostrado que as folhas maduras de M. setosa foram o único recurso alimentar disponível durante todo o ano. Os botões florais foram o recurso com maior qualidade nutricional (conteúdo relativo de água e nitrogênio total), seguidos por folhas jovens e maduras respectivamente. Entretanto, a sobrevivência de O. pallidaria foi maior com folhas maduras. Os resultados indicam que para o herbívoro especialista O. pallidaria, a fenologia da planta hospedeira é crucial para sua sobrevivência, em especial a presença de folhas maduras de M. setosa. Por outro lado, os botões florais são recursos efêmeros, porém importantes para a sobrevivência das larvas de últimos ínstares no final da estação seca, quando as folhas maduras estão ressecadas e/ou senescentes.It is estimated 90.000 species of insects for the Cerrado, the second largest Brazilian biome, with great diversity of habitats and rich fauna. Among these insects, Lepidoptera represents about 10% of all species. However, studies on their immature stages (egg, larvae and pupae) are incipient for the biome, mostly on moths, whose natural histories of many species are unknown. The lack of these studies makes the multitrophic interactions in that these organisms are involved ignored and, therefore, prevent future studies related to their role in communities and ecological networks. This is the case of many species of Geometridae, including Oospila pallidaria, which is an emerald moth (due to emerald green color of their wings). Oospila pallidaria is a herbivorous species that had not published any information on their biology and factors that influence their occurrence, such as: the phenology of the host plant, which can determine the time of better conditions for growth and reproduction; the nutritional quality of food resources (e. g. amount of water and nitrogen), which can determine what resources provide better development/performance to a herbivore; natural enemies, that could restrict the occurrence of herbivores and the temperature and rainfall, which can change the quality and geographical distribution of food resources used by herbivores. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to describe, for the first time, aspects of the biology and natural history of O. pallidaria (Chapter 1) and to assess their larval performance from different diets (Chapter 2). The results presented in Chapter 1 showed that eggs of O. pallidaria, green and lasting an average of seven days, were lonely and laid especially in trichomes of mature leaves. The larvae fed on mature leaves predominantly, but used young leaves and flower buds opportunistically. Larvae had cryptic coloration, they camouflaged among the leaves of Mimosa setosa (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), a single host, and developed the self-cleaning behavior. There are five larval instars, with color ranging from yellow to green. The larvae also had a pair of projections on prothorax and brown midline in the dorsal region. The maximum length of the larvaes body was 28 mm. The pupae were predominantly green, with a maximum of 10 mm in length. The development from egg to adult lasted about 50 days ( = 42, S = 6, n = 11). Their only natural enemy recorded was the microhymenopteran Cotesia sp. (Braconidae, Microgastrinae). Oospila pallidaria females produced 65 eggs on average (S = 7.07; n = 2). The occurrence of O. pallidaria was seasonal and overlapped on the peak presence of mature leaves. Larvae were negatively related to temperature and rainfall, with statistical significance only for the first (r = - 0.5889, P < 0.05). In Chapter 2, it was shown that mature leaves of M. setosa were the only food source available throughout the year. The flower buds were the resource with higher nutritional quality (relative water content and total nitrogen), followed by young and mature leaves respectively. However, the survival of O. pallidaria was greater with mature leaves. The results indicate that for the specialist herbivore O. pallidaria, the host plant phenology is critical for its survival, especially the presence of mature leaves of M. setosa. On the other hand, the flower buds are ephemeral resources, but important for the survival of the last instar larvae in the dry season, when mature leaves are withered and/or senescent.
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Garcia, Sara Marie. "Sublethal Effects of Crude Oil and Chemical Dispersant on the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) at Multiple Life History Stages." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7624.
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Oil spills in the marine environment can threaten vulnerable ecosystems that support ecologically and economically significant organisms, such as the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), in coastal habitats. The use of chemical dispersant (Corexit 9500) was applied as a cleanup effort in response to the Deepwater Horizon blowout to minimize crude oil slicks, but also resulted in increased concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water column. The effects of increased soluble fractions of crude oil and dispersant components may be harmful to marine organisms. This study aimed to investigate possible sublethal impacts to the eastern oyster at multiple life history stages in order to understand potential implications on performance at an organismal, population, and ecosystem levels. Specifically, this study addressed 1) veliger swimming, 2) pediveliger settlement rates, 3) pollutant induced larval inactivity and 4) adult clearance rates after acute exposures to relevant concentrations (10 – 100 µL L-1) of water accommodated fractions of crude oil (WAF) and with a combination of chemical dispersant (CEWAF). No significant differences were observed in any tested swimming kinematics between controls and WAF or CEWAF treatments after 24 hour exposures for early staged veligers at concentrations up to 100 µL L-1 WAF and CEWAF. However, settlements rates of competent pediveligers were significant decreased compared to control (52.1 % s.d. 1.66) rates at concentrations of 50 µL L-1 WAF (30.9% s.d. 6.16) and 10 (41.2 % s.d. 0.857) and 50 (22.0% s.d. 1.23) µL L-1 CEWAF. Later staged larvae also showed increased vulnerability to oil pollution given that a higher percentage of organisms were inactive (48.3% s.d. 4.80) compared to early staged larvae (12.7% s.d. 7.68 ) after initial exposure at 50 µL L-1 CEWAF. Based on this result, we assumed effects of oil pollution were not manifested until the later larval life history stage evident by metamorphosis failure during the complex settlement transformation that results in reduced spat and eventually reduced adult oysters.
Adult oysters were also exposed to increasing concentrations of WAF and CEWAF for 24 hours and feeding experiments were conducted in both clean seawater and the same oiled seawater conditions as their initial exposure. Oysters fed in oiled seawater had decreased clearance rates, but oysters fed in clean water had increased clearance rates, suggesting feeding efficiency can be returned to control rates when moved to the presence of clean water. However, our long term study conducted in clean seawater suggested of the oysters exposed to crude oil only (9.31 L h-1 g-1 s.d. 2.04) are able to return to clearance rates comparable to controls (7.69 L h-1 g-1 s.d. 1.89) after the 33 day time period but oysters exposed to crude oil with a combination of chemical dispersant (2.12 L h-1 g-1 s.d. 1.08) were not. Decreased feeding efficiency can have negative impacts on water quality in estuarine ecosystems that support productive habitats. Understanding the impacts of crude oil, and crude oil with a combination of chemical dispersant on ecologically significant organisms can aid in future oil spill response decisions in order to minimize environmental impacts.
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Gravil, Helen Ruth. "Studies on the biology and ecology of the free swimming larval stages of Lepeophtheirus Salmonis (Kroyer, 1838) and Caligus Elongatus Nordmann, 1832 (Copepoda: Caligidae)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2380.
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The study investigated biological and ecological parameters controlling and influencing the production and distribution of the free-swimming larval stages of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer, 1838), and to a lesser extent Caligus elongatus Nordmann 1832, in the natural environment The reproductive output of L. salmonis was influenced by seasonal effects. The number of eggs produced per brood showed an inverse relationship with increasing temperature. The number of eggs per brood was also influenced by adult female body size (cephalothorax length), which in itself exhibited an inverse relationship with increasing temperature. Photoperiod had no significant effect upon the number of eggs produced or on adult female size. Mean egg size of L. salmonis varied significantly over the year; larger eggs were produced during the summer months and smaller eggs over the winter. However, factors controlling the size of the eggs were not elucidated. The proportion of viable eggs per L. salmonis ovisac remained constant throughout the year. Large variations in egg number per egg string were found in both L. salmonis and C elongatus populations sampled at one point in time. These were attributed in part to phenotypic variation in adult female size and also the number of broods individual females had produced. Egg viability was not correlated with brood size, but mean egg size was related to the number of eggs per brood. Experimental studies indicated that hatching and development of L. salmonis was highly variable. The percentage of eggs hatched and the time period over which hatching occurred varied markedly, even when held under constant and optimal environmental conditions. Temperature did not affect hatching success or viability of the nauplius I stage, although at higher temperatures the period over which hatching occurred was reduced. Low and medium salinities caused a significant decrease in both hatching success and nauplius viability. Photoperiod had no effect on initiation of hatching. Hatching occurred in a manner similar to that observed in free-living copepods. The nauplii were enclosed by two egg membranes, the outer one bursting within the ovisac, the inner one after the ovisac membrane has split. Swelling of the egg and its subsequent hatching was attributed to osmotic effects, with water being taken up from the external environment. Development was also highly dependent upon both temperature and salinity. At 5'C, nauplius 11 stages failed to enter the moult to the copepodid stage. At 7.5'C, although moulting was initiated, in a large proportion of cases it was not successfully completed. At I O'C, development to the copepodid stage was successful. Nauplii only developed successfully to the copepodid stage at salinities of 25%o or greater. Copepodids raised under optimal conditions then exposed to a range of salinities had a greater salinity tolerance than nauplii. Biochemical analysis of the eggs of L. salmonis revealed that lipids constituted a large proportion of their dry weight. Naupliar stages contained a discrete area containing lipid which decreased in size over time, suggesting that the free-swimming larval stages utilised this as an energy reserve. Rate of depletion was faster in nauplii held at higher temperatures. Longevity, activity and infectivity of the infective stage decreased with age. However, both spontaneous and stimulus dependent activity ceased many hours before death and both activity and longevity were affected by temperature. Infectivity of I day old L. salmonis copepodids was higher than 7 day old larvae, and was considered to be related to the size of the energy reserves. The settlement and distribution pattern of copepodids did not change with age of copepodid, the majority being recorded from the fins. All three L. salmonis free-swimming larval stages demonstrated a "hop and sink" swimming pattern. The velocity and duration of both passive sinking and active swimming was recorded for both nauplii and copepodids. Although greater periods of time were spent passively sinking, the speeds obtained during both upward spontaneous and stimulated swimming meant that a net upward movement of larvae in the water column occurred. At higher temperatures spontaneous swimming activity increased, whilst low salinities caused a cessation of such ability. L. salmonis larvae were positively phototactic and negatively geotactic. As well as their positive responses to light intensity, the nauplius 11 and copepodid stages reacted positively to blue-green spectral wavelengths. Moulting times were relatively short, although the larvae were not able to swim during such periods. No relationship was found between the level of lipid reserves and the overall buoyancy of the larvae. Naupliar stages of both L. salmonis and C. elongalus were obtained from the water column as a result of a plankton sampling programme at a commercial Atlantic salmon farm. No copepodid stages of either species were found. There was no difference in the vertical distribution of the two L. salmonis naupliar stages. Live larvae tended to aggregate between 0 and 5m in depth, with no diurnal vertical migration. Dead nauplii, and those with low lipid reserves, were found deeper in the water column. Naupliar stages, and in particular the first larval stage, were concentrated in number within cages indicating that the cages have a retentive characteristic. A novel control method in the form of a commercially available light lure was tested. Though increasing the numbers of free-living copepods captured, it had no effect on the numbers of L. salmonis naupliar or copepodid stages obtained in plankton samples. The present study has therefore provided valuable data concerning the biology and ecology of the free-swimming larval stages of sea lice, in what was a comparatively poorly understood area.
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Duro, Lia Susana Lourenço Simões. "Parasitismo gastrintestinal em animais da Quinta Pedagógica dos Olivais. Especial referência aos mamíferos ungulados." Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2624.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaO presente estudo resultou do trabalho realizado durante e após o estágio curricular do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária, na Quinta Pedagógica dos Olivais, no concelho de Lisboa. Numa primeira parte desta dissertação, efectuou-se uma monografia, relativa às parasitoses gastrintestinais mais relevantes dos mamíferos ungulados (suínos, bovinos, pequenos ruminantes e equídeos). Quanto à segunda parte desta dissertação, consistiu num estudo de campo e de laboratório sobre as parasitoses gastrintestinais do efectivo de mamíferos ungulados na Quinta Pedagógica dos Olivais. No referido estudo, foram assinalados estrongilídeos gastrintestinais em ovinos, caprinos, suínos e equídeos. Os picos mais elevados de Ovos por Grama de fezes (OPG) de estrongilídeos gastrintestinais nos ruminantes e nos equídeos verificaram-se no final de Janeiro e início de Fevereiro de 2009. No que respeita aos equídeos, foram identificados, através de coproculturas, larvas infectantes de Cyathostomum spp. (53%), Strongylus vulgaris (34%), Trichostrongylus axei (9%), Triodontophorus spp. (2%), S. edentatus (1%) e Gyalocephalus capitatus(1%). Relativamente aos pequenos ruminantes, foram encontradas, nas coproculturas, larvas de Ostertagia sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Haemonchus sp. Cooperia sp., Nematodirus sp., Chabertia/Oesophagotomum sp. e Bunostomum sp. Nos ovinos, os parasitas que apresentaram uma maior frequência relativa média foram Cooperia sp. (30%), Ostertagia sp.(21,3%) e Haemonchus sp.(22,5%) e nos caprinos foram Cooperia sp.(51%), Ostertagia sp.(22,4%) e Haemonchus sp.(10,5%). Nas coproculturas dos pequenos ruminantes apenas foi observada uma larva de Bunostomum sp. nos ovinos. Foram identificados ovos do tipo estrongilídeo nos exames qualitativos das amostras fecais dos suínos e dos bovinos, ainda que não tenham sido observadas quaisquer larvas infectantes nas coproculturas. A Taxa de Redução de Ovos dos ovinos e dos caprinos, 20 dias após a desparasitação com Febendazol (Panacur®), foi de 100%. A Taxa de Redução de Ovos do muar, após desparasitação com 0,2 mg de Ivermectina/Kg PV PO SID (Eqvalan®), foi de 100%. Foi ainda estudada a população de larvas infectantes das pastagens da referida Quinta Pedagógica dos Olivais, ocorrendo o pico mais representativo de L3/kg erva seca no mês de Dezembro de 2008.
ABSTRACT - Gastrointestinal parasitism in animals of the Olivais’ Pedagogical Farm. Special reference to Ungulate Mammals. - This study was the result of the research developed during and after the training course of the Integrated Master in Veterinary Medicine at the Olivais’ Pedagogical Farm in the municipality of Lisbon. In the first part of this work, a bibliographic review was carried out on the most important gastrointestinal parasites of ungulate mammals (pigs, cattle, small ruminants and horses). The second part of this work consisted of a field and laboratory study of gastrointestinal parasites of the livestock, namely ungulate mammals at the Olivais’ Pedagogical Farm. In this study, gastrointestinal strongyles were reported in sheep, goats, pigs and horses. The highest peaks of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) of gastrointestinal strongyles in ruminants and horses were found in the end of January and early February 2009. In the case of horses, infective larvae of Cyathostomum spp. (53%), Strongylus vulgaris (34%), Trichostrongylus axei (9%), Triodontophorus spp. (2%), S. edentatus (1%) and Gyalocephalus capitatus (1%) were identified through faecal cultures. For small ruminants, larvae of Ostertagia sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Haemonchus sp. Cooperia sp., Nematodirus sp., Chabertia / Oesophagotomum sp. and Bunostomum sp. were found in the faecal cultures. In sheep, the parasites showing higher frequency were Cooperia sp. (30%), Ostertagia sp. (21.3%) and Haemonchus sp. (22.5%) and in goats those parasites were Cooperia sp. (51%), Ostertagia sp. (22.4%) and Haemonchus sp. (10.5%). In the faecal cultures of small ruminants only one larval stage of Bunostomum sp. was observed in sheep. Although strongyle type eggs were identified in the qualitative tests, infective larvae were not observed in faecal cultures of the fecal samples of pigs and cattle. The Faecal Egg Count Reduccion Test in sheep and goats, 20 days after deworming with Fenbendazole (Panacur ®), was 100%. The Faecal Egg Count Reduccion Test in mule, after deworming with Ivermectin 0.2 mg / kg PO SID BW (Eqvalan ®), was 100%. The population of infective larvae from pasture of Olivais’ Pedagogical Farm was also studied in this work and a marked peak of L3/kg dry herbage was observed in December 2008.
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Malarky, Lacey. "Faunal Composition and Distribution of Pelagic Larval and Juvenile Flatfishes (Teleostei: Pleuronectiformes) in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Connectivity Between Coastal and Oceanic Epipelagic Ecosystems." NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/397.
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Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes) occur throughout the global oceans, and have high ecological and commercial importance in some areas. Though much is known regarding life history, abundance, and distribution for the benthic adult stage of flatfish species, much less is known about the pelagic larval phases of flatfishes in the open ocean. Taxonomic uncertainty and limited sampling in the oceanic Gulf of Mexico contribute to data gaps with respect to the distribution of early life history stage of flatfishes in this region. Knowledge of the faunal composition, abundance and distribution of larval flatfishes, such as members of Bothus, which have extended pelagic phases, is important for modeling their population dynamics as well as for understanding the importance of connectivity between neritic and oceanic ecosystems in their life histories. Pleuronectiform specimens utilized in this study were collected in the northern offshore Gulf of Mexico during several cruises conducted throughout 2010-2011 as part of the NOAA Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) after the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (DWHOS). The Offshore Nekton Sampling and Analysis program (ONSAP) was established to determine composition, abundance and distribution of deep-water invertebrates and fishes in Gulf of Mexico waters that were potentially affected by the DWHOS. Results of the first large-scale discrete-depth distributional analysis of fishes in this region revealed that flatfishes were an intrinsic component of the oceanic ichthyofauna of these waters. A total of 2365 flatfish specimens were collected in offshore waters, representing four families and 11 of the 18 genera that occur in the Gulf of Mexico. Species composition was dominated by members of the genus Bothus, which had a high frequency of occurrence in the epipelagic zone throughout the year. Citharichthys spilopterus and Trichopsetta ventralis were the second- and third-most abundant and frequently occurring taxa, respectively. Detailed spatial analyses of taxa in the epipelagic zone revealed that larvae of Citharichthys spilopterus were only collected in winter and occurred most frequently near the continental shelf break, while early life stages of Bothus spp. were more abundant at the northern convergence flow of a large anticyclonic Loop Current eddy during spring and summer.
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Cole, Alison G. "Cell-lineage of the larval CNS in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, neurula stage through to hatched larva." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0021/MQ57277.pdf.
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Jones, A. E. "Stage-structured insect population models of larval competition." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381490.
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Boukadida, Ammar Khouloud. "Etude des réponses de la moule Mytilus spp exposée à des stress métallique et thermique durant les stades embryo-larvaires." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0571/document.
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Les écosystèmes marins côtiers sont soumis à des pressions anthropiques et naturelles qui placent les organismes aquatiques dans des situations de multi-stress.Ce travail doctoral avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’impact et de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d’adaptation des premiers stades de vie de moule exposés à deux facteurs environnementaux majeurs : la pollution métallique et l’accroissement des températures des eaux marines côtières. Les effets induits par l’exposition à deux polluants métalliques modèles (Cu et Ag) et à un stress thermique modéré seuls ou en combinaison ont été évalués sur les stades précoces de développement de deux espèces de moule : Mytilus galloprovincialis et Mytilus edulis ainsi que leurs hybrides. Nos résultats montrent une augmentation significative du pourcentage de larves D ma lformées avec l’augmentation de la température. Par ailleurs, l’Ag apparaît significativement plus toxique que le Cu pour les larves. De plus,la toxicité des métaux s’accroit avec l’augmentation de la température. La coexposition aux métaux et à une température modérée augmente les activités enzymatiques antioxydantes de la catalase (CAT), de la superoxyde dismutase (SOD)et de la glutathion-S-transférase (GST) et accroît le contenu cellulaire en métallothionéines et la peroxydation lipidique. A une température plus élevée de 22 °C,une diminution significative des activités des enzymes antioxydantes est observée.Les dommages à l’ADN chez les larves-D de moule M. gallo provincialis ont été évalués à l’aide du test des comètes avec et sans traitement par la Formamidopyrimidine ADN glycosylase. L’exposition aux métaux et/ou à la température aaugmenté de manière significative les lésions de l’ADN sur les larves de moule,avec un effet plus accentué sur les dommages oxydatifs. Il a été montré également que le Cu et l’Ag sont accumulés différentiellement dans les larves en fonction de la température d’exposition. L’étude de l’expression par RT-qPCR de 18 gènes impliqués dans les défenses antioxydantes, la réparation de l’ADN, l’apoptose,la protéolyse, la transcription, les réponses au stress thermique et la détoxification métallique a été conduite chez les larves-D de moule M. galloprovincialis.En cas d’un stress thermique modéré, une tendance à la surexpression des gènes impliqués dans les défenses cellulaires est observée. Toutefois, en cas d’une coexposition métallique et thermique, les voies d’apoptose et d’altération cellulaires sont activées.Un plugin et une macro ont été développés pour le logiciel ImageJ afin d’évaluer et de caractériser le comportement de nage des larves D de M. galloprovincialis.Une augmentation significative de la vitesse maximale des larves-Davec l’augmentation de la température est observée sans que la vitesse moyenne soit affectée. En revanche, l’exposition au Cu et à l’Ag à 22 °C augmente significativement les vitesses moyenne et maximale des larves. En condition contrôle à18 °C, les larves suivent principalement des trajectoires rectilignes (88 %). Avec l’augmentation de la température et/ou l’exposition aux métaux, les trajectoires circulaires augmentent considérablement au détriment des trajectoires rectilignes.Ces modifications de comportement pourraient être liées d’une part à l’induction de malformations mais aussi à la modulation de l’activité neuronale. Ainsi, une augmentation significative de l’activité acétylcholine estérase (AChE) des larves a été observée suite à l’exposition à un gradient de températures et/ou aux métaux.Des larves D viables et normalement développées ont été obtenues par hybridation de M. galloprovincialis et M. edulis. Les larves de M. edulis apparaissent plus sensibles à la température que les larves de M. galloprovincialis. Aucune différence significative de sensibilité n’a été observée entre les moules hybrides et pures quelque soit le métal testé. (...)Coastal marine ecosystems are subject to anthropogenic and natural pressures that place aquatic organisms in multi-stress situations. The aim of this doctoral work was to assess the impact and better understand the adaptation mechanisms of mussel early life stages exposed to two major environmental factors : metallic pollution and increasing temperatures in coastal marine waters. The effects induced by exposure to two model metal pollutants (Cu and Ag) and moderatethermal stress alone or in combination were evaluated on the early life stages of development of two mussel species : Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus edulisas well as their hybrids. Our results show a significant increase in the percentageof malformed D-larvae with increasing temperature. Moreover, Ag is significantly more toxic than Cu for larvae. In addition, the toxicity of metals increases with increasing temperature. Co-exposure to metals and a moderate temperature increases the antioxidant activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD)and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and increases cellular content of metallothioneinsand lipid peroxidation. At a higher temperature of 22 °C, a significant decrease in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes is observed. DNA damage in M. galloprovincialis larvae was evaluated using the comet assay with and without Formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase treatment. Co-exposure to metals and/ortemperature increase significantly increased DNA lesions on mussel larvae, witha more pronounced effect on oxidative damage. It has also been shown that Cuand Ag are accumulated differently in the larvae as a function of the exposure temperature. The study of the gene expression by RT-qPCR of 18 genes involvedin antioxidant defenses, DNA repair, apoptosis, proteolysis, transcription, thermal stress and metal detoxification was conducted in D-larvae of M. galloprovincialis.Under moderate thermal stress, a tendency of over expression of the cell defense pathways is observed. However, in the case of metallic and thermal co-expositions, the pathways of apoptosis and cellular alteration are rather induced. A pluginand macro were developed for the evaluation and characterization of behavior oflarvae of M. galloprovincialis. A significant increase in the maximum speed of D larvaewith increasing temperature is observed without affecting the mean velocity. In contrast, exposure to Cu and Ag at 22 °C significantly increases average and maximum larval speed. Under controlled conditions at 18 °C, larvae mainly follow rectilinear trajectories (88 %). With increasing temperature and/or exposure to metals, circular trajectories increase considerably at the expense of rectilinear trajectories. These changes in behavior may be related to the induction of malformations but also to the modulation of neuronal activity. Thus, a significant increase in the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of the larvae is observed following exposure to a temperature gradient and/or metals. Viable and normally developed D-larvae were obtained by hybridization of M. galloprovincialis and M.edulis. Larvae of M. edulis are more sensitive to temperature than larvae of M. galloprovincialis.No significant sensitivity differences between species are observed whatever the metal used. Moreover, the hybrid larvae from female M. galloprovincialis are more tolerant to the increase of temperature compared to the hybrid larvae issues from rom female of M. edulis
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Rozmankova, Eliška. "Currently used pesticides and their mixtures : what are the risks to non-target aquatic organisms? Laboratory and in situ approaches." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0301.
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Les pesticides ont pour rôle de protéger les cultures des espèces nuisibles permettant ainsi d’intensifier le rendement agricole pour nourrir une population toujours en augmentation. Néanmoins, les pesticides se retrouvent souvent dans le réseau aquatique, par exemple via le ruissellement, où ils peuvent nuire aux organismes non-cibles. Les concentrations environnementales des pesticides sont souvent considérées sans risque pour les écosystèmes aquatiques, mais elles peuvent cependant induire des effets sublétaux dans les organismes exposés. De plus, les organismes ne font généralement pas face à un seul pesticide provenant d’un champ voisin, mais à un mélange complexe de différents composés chimiques qui interagissent entre eux pour former un cocktail potentiellement toxique avec des impacts inconnus et difficilement prévisibles. Ces composés, peuvent se dégrader au fil du temps et forment des métabolites plus au moins toxiques et persistants qui aggravent encore la complexité des mélanges.Cette thèse s’intéresse à la toxicité de pesticides seuls, en mélange ou en nanoformulation sur des organismes aquatiques non-cibles. Les stades de vie précoces vulnérables de deux organismes modèles : le poisson zèbre (Danio rerio) d’eau douce et un bivalve euryhalin l’huître creuse (Magallana gigas) ont été utilisés afin d’évaluer les effets sublétauxe de concentrations environnementales (détectées dans les cours d’eau européens) de différents pesticides couramment utilisés dont l’herbicide S-métolachlore avec ses deux métabolites acides oxanilique et sulfonique du métolachlore, l’insecticide imidaclopride et le fongicide propiconazole. En complément, une approche in situ a été développée pour évaluer les effets toxiques sur les stades embryo-larvaires de l’huître creuse associés à la qualité de l’eau du Bassin d’Arcachon, réceptacle final de différentes substances provenant des bassins versants.Les résultats indiquent une grande sensibilité des embryons et larves de poisson zèbre aux concentrations environnementales de propiconazole et à un degré moindre de l’imidaclopride. Au contraire, le S-métolachlore et ses métabolites ne présentent que peu d’effet sur le développement, les fonctions neurocomportementales et l’expression des gènes à l’exception des gènes impliqués dans le système thyroïdien. Ces pesticides en mélange semblent se comporter selon un modèle d’addition des concentrations si l’on considère le développement du poisson zèbre. Ces observations sont en lien avec un risque des pratiques agricoles actuelles.Les résultats obtenus lors de ce travail montrent une faible toxicité du propiconazole et de l’imidaclopride sur le développement et le comportement des embryons et larves de l’huître creuse. Quelques effets causés par ces composés seuls ou en mélange sont observés au niveau moléculaire. La concentration environnementale du mélange a induit les malformations larvaires, néanmoins, les embryons d’huître encagés dans le Bassin d’Arcachon ne présentent pas de malformations quel que soit le site d’exposition, ce qui suggère une qualité suffisante de l’eau du Bassin pour le développement de l’huître creuse. Cependant, des différences au niveau de l’expression des gènes sont observées pour les embryons exposés dans la partie interne du bassin d’Arcachon suggérant des conséquences potentielles sur le long terme.Ces résultats indiquent que les stades embryo-larvaires du poisson zèbre et de l’huître creuse sont des outils pertinents pour l’évaluation des faibles concentrations de pesticides seuls ou en mélange. De plus, la mise en œuvre d’expérimentations in situ en complément des approches de laboratoire s’avère utile dans une démarche d’évaluation des risques environnementauxPesticides have enabled humankind to protect its crops from pests, intensifying thus the crop yields to sustain the growing population. However, pesticides often end up in aquatic water bodies, e.g. via field runoff, where they may harm non-target organisms. The environmental concentrations of pesticides are often considered safe for aquatic ecosystems although they might induce sublethal changes in exposed organisms. Moreover, the organisms are generally not dealing with only one pesticide issued from a nearby field but with a complex mixture of various chemical compounds, interacting amongst themselves, and creating a toxic cocktail with unknown and hardly predictable impacts. These compounds, each with different environmental fate, eventually degrade and form more or less toxic and persistent metabolites aggravating the complexity of the mixtures.This dissertation thesis summarizes the state-of-the-art in pesticide mixture toxicity research and is composed of five research articles dealing with sublethal effects of selected pesticides on non-target aquatic species. Vulnerable embryo-larval stages of two model organisms: freshwater zebrafish (Danio rerio) and euryhaline bivalve Pacific oyster (Magallana gigas) were used to assess the sublethal toxicity of especially environmental concentrations (detected in selected European water bodies) of commonly used herbicide S metolachlor with its two metabolites metolachlor oxanilic acid and metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid, insecticide imidacloprid, and fungicide propiconazole, alone and in a mixture. A complementary in situ approach was carried out to evaluate a real impact on early-life stages of the Pacific oyster in Arcachon Bay in France, a final recipient of various substances including pesticides from respective watersheds.First, zebrafish embryo-larval stages were observed to be highly sensitive to environmentally relevant concentrations of propiconazole and to a lesser extent also to imidacloprid. In contrast, S-metolachlor and its metabolites had almost no effect on their development, neurobehavioral functions, or gene expression except for altered genes implicated in the thyroid system. A mixture of these compounds exhibited a concentration addition effect on zebrafish development. These observations imply that the development of freshwater fish may be at risk with current agricultural practice.Second, a study with Pacific oyster embryos and larvae revealed very low toxicity of propiconazole and imidacloprid on their development and locomotion patterns. Few effects caused by these compounds were observed at the molecular level, as well as the effects caused by the mixture. The environmental concentration of the mixture induced developmental malformations in oyster larvae, however, those exposed in situ in Arcachon Bay did not show higher proportions of abnormal larvae suggesting that the water quality of Arcachon Bay is sufficient for oyster development. Nevertheless, oyster larvae exposed in the inner part of Arcachon Bay showed different gene expression levels than larvae from the reference site located near the ocean entrance, which may indicate consequences of a potential long term impact.These results documented that embryo-larval stages of zebrafish and Pacific oysters are relevant tools for the assessment of low concentrations of pesticides and pesticides in a mixture, and that laboratory studies complemented with field research are useful for (eco)toxicity assessment and of high ecological relevance
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Yanes-Roca, Carlos. "Husbandry and larval rearing of common snook (Centropomus undecimalis)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/191.
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Common snook (Centropomus undecimalis) is a relatively new species for aquaculture; considered as a recreational species and not commercial. The aim of this study was to develop common snook larval rearing techniques for stock enhancement. Common snook culture has two main bottlenecks, broodstock management and larval culture. High mortality during the first 6 days is the main limitation for successful larval survival. Broodstock management of common snook is still developing and the only source of common snook eggs is from wild broodstock. Securing a regular supply during the natural spawning was essential to reach the main objective. Finding the optimal spawning sites, as well as optimal spawning time was achieved. Results showed Terra Ceia, Longboat and Cayo Costa to be the best sites for wild broodstock collection. The onset of spawning was triggered by a rise in water temperature. During the 4 years of this study spawning started at the end of May and finished in September. Total capture results and egg quality results, such as fertilization, hatching rate and lipid analysis, indicated June and July as the peak months during the spawning season. Common snook follow a lunar spawning cycle. Results showed that one to three days after the new and full moon were the peak spawning periods and therefore the best days to capture wild stock. Common snook egg lipid composition fits the general marine fish fatty acid composition with saturated fatty acids predominating. On the other hand, the omega 3, omega 6 (n-3/n-6) ratio was lower than the typical marine fish and arachidonic acid values were significantly higher than other marine species. This egg fatty acid profile will be helpful in the future to compare it with captive spawned eggs for egg quality purposes. Description of the common snook embryonic and larval development for the first 14 days was carried out. This has strengthened knowledge for this species’ development, and should provide a helpful tool to identify common snook embryos and larvae in the wild. Novel improvements to existing common snook larval culture protocols were implemented. Larval lipid analysis throughout development, and high mortality around day 6 post hatching, suggested that common snook larvae were dying of starvation. Gross morphological development and ultra-structure findings in the digestive and eye system development during the first three days indicated that day 2 post hatching larvae were capable of capturing and digesting food. Additionally, larval nutritional improvements were made, increasing the larval survival. The most significant ones were: finding a smaller and more nutritional prey (SS type rotifers and copepods), finding an optimal stocking and feeding density and the importance that green water technique has on larval survival. Overall, larval success was improved from a zero percent survival during the first 14 days to a 2% survival rate.
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Matzilevich, David Avicenna. "Molecular analysis of superoxide dismutase and other antioxidant enzymes of Toxocara canis." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266226.
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Lange, Léa. "Influences environnementales précoces et plasticité phénotypique : étude d’un modèle amphibien avec soins parentaux prénataux, l’Alyte accoucheur." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS016.
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L’Alyte accoucheur (Alytes obstetricans) est une espèce d’amphibien où les soins parentaux sont réalisés par le mâle exclusivement. En effet, après l’accouplement, durant lequel le mâle participe activement à l’émission des oeufs, il attache sa ponte autour des articulations de ses membres postérieurs et la porte ainsi pendant tout le développement embryonnaire. Les amphibiens sont très sensibles à l’environnement abiotique, notamment aux conditions hydriques et thermiques. Pour éviter les températures extrêmes, ils peuvent thermoréguler comportementalement, par exemple en sélectionnant des refuges aux conditions microclimatiques favorables. Les Alytes accoucheurs ont montré une sélection de leurs refuges sur la base de leurs propriétés hydriques et thermiques. Les stades de développement précoces sont particulièrement sensibles à la température. Les parents peuvent alors réaliser des comportements parentaux pour en limiter les effets. Un effet phénologique paternel a été observé chez les Alytes accoucheurs, dont les mâles favorisent des températures plus élevées lorsqu’ils portent des oeufs. Les comportements parentaux sont cependant coûteux pour les adultes. Les Alytes accoucheurs ont présenté des performances de locomotion diminuées pendant le port des oeufs, ce qui pourrait induire une diminution de l’aptitude. De plus, les comportements parentaux influencent fortement le développement des jeunes. L’environnement thermique rencontré pendant le stade embryonnaire, et donc pendant la période de soins parentaux chez l’Alyte accoucheur, a eu des effets à court terme et des effets persistants sur la phénologie. L’environnement thermique rencontré pendant le stade larvaire peut également être déterminant. Chez l’Alyte accoucheur, l’environnement thermique postnatal a induit un basculement vers un développement pluriannuel lors d’un développement à 16°C, avec un hivernage au stade têtard, alors qu’il a été annuel lors d’un développement à 20°C et 24°C. L’environnement thermique postnatal a également impliqué des modifications morphologiques, physiologiques et comportementales. Enfin, une implication de la physiologie, et notamment de la fréquence cardiaque, a été observée tout au long du développement embryonnaire et larvaire des jeunesThe common Midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) is a species of amphibian in which parental care is performed exclusively by the male. Indeed, after mating, during which the male actively helps the female for the emission of the eggs, he attaches the clutch around the joints of his hind limbs and thus carries it throughout embryonic development. Amphibians are very sensitive to the abiotic environment, especially to hydric and thermal conditions. To avoid extreme temperatures, they can behaviourally thermoregulate, for example by selecting refuges with favourable microclimatic conditions. The common Midwife toad has shown a selection of their refuges based on their hydric and thermal properties. The early stages of development are particularly sensitive to temperature. Parents can then carry out parental care to limit the effects. A paternal phenological effect has been observed in common Midwife toad, whose males favour higher temperatures when they carry eggs. Parental care is costly for adults, however. The common Midwife toad exhibited decreased locomotion performances during egg carrying, which could lead to decreased fitness. In addition, parental care strongly influences the development of young. The thermal environment encountered during the embryonic stage, and therefore during the period of parental care in the common Midwife toad, had both short-term and persistent effects on the phenology. The thermal environment encountered during the larval stage can also be decisive. In the common Midwife toad, the postnatal thermal environment induced a switch to multi-year development during development at 16 ° C, with overwintering at the tadpole stage, whereas it was annual during development at 20 ° C and 24 ° C. The postnatal thermal environment has also involved morphological, physiological, and behavioural changes. Finally, an involvement of physiology, and in particular heart rate, has been observed throughout the embryonic and larval development of the young
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Reed, James Edward. "Characterisation of secretion in the infective stage larvae of filarial nematodes." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343693.
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Lewis, Solange Smita. "Identification of stress-responsive genes in the early larval stage of the fathead minnow pimephales promelas." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1134665105.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2005.Advisor: Stephen Jay Keller. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Apr. 22, 2009). Keywords: fathead minnow; differential display; larvae; real-time PCR; copper; zinc; thermal stress; stress; gene expression. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Stanley, Jenni Anne. "Ambient underwater sound: measuring the importance of spatial viariability and its effect on late stage larval crabs." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/6975.
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Recent studies have shown that underwater sound emanating from coastal reefs may be used for guiding the movements of a wide range of reef organisms to suitable settlement habitats. However, it is not known whether this underwater sound is also capable of mediating the settlement and metamorphosis processes in these organisms. The present study used laboratory- and field-based methods to determine whether ambient underwater sound is used as a settlement and metamorphosis cue in 10 species of larval crabs. The settlement stage larvae of five common crab species showed marked changes in swimming behaviour consistent with settlement and showed a significant decrease in time to metamorphosis (TTM) when exposed to replayed ambient reef sound compared with a silent control. Ambient underwater sound has the potential to convey valuable information about the type and suitability of the habitat at its source to settlement stage pelagic larvae provided different habitats produce distinctive underwater sound. Analyses of recordings from several different habitat types along the coast of north-eastern New Zealand showed that the sound emanating from different habitat types had marked differences in terms of gross character, i.e., spectral composition and sound level. When habitat specific sounds were used in laboratory- and field-based experiments a significant decrease in TTM was observed for settlement stage crab larvae exposed to favourable settlement habitat sound when compared to unfavourable habitats. Behavioural thresholds for habitat sound were determined experimentally by exposing settlement stage larvae to a range of sound levels from both favourable and unfavourable habitat types for settlement. Larvae did not respond to sound from unfavourable habitat types. However, for sound from favourable habitat types for settlement most crab species showed increasing reductions in TTM as sound levels were increased, suggesting that proximity to the sound source or settlement habitat is important in inducing faster settlement. The results presented in this thesis demonstrate that ambient underwater sound originating from coastal habitats mediates the settlement processes of the megalopae of many common coastal crab species in both temperate and tropical waters. It provides evidence that differences in the spatial and biological characteristics of underwater sound play a significant role in this process. Overall, the results of this research greatly extend our knowledge of the importance of underwater sound to recruitment processes of coastal larvae.Whole document restricted until August 2012, but available by request, use the feedback form to request access.
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Lewis, Solange Smita. "Identification of Stress-Responsive Genes in the Early Larval Stage of the Fathead Minnow Pimephales Promelas." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1134665105.
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Almeida, Mara Cristina [UNESP]. "Desenvolvimento ontogenético larval e variabilidade populacional de Pimelodus britskii em um reservatório neotropical." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143104.
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Pimelodus britskii, uma espécie endêmica da bacia do rio Iguaçu, apresenta poucos estudos que envolvam desenvolvimento ontogenético e parâmetros populacionais, deste modo, trabalhos que envolvam esses caracteres são de suma importância, para tomada de medidas de uso e conservação da espécie. Neste trabalho abordamos, no primeiro artigo, o desenvolvimento larval, proporções corporais e subsídios para diferenciar a larva nas fases iniciais de desenvolvimento das suas congenéricas. No segundo artigo avaliamos as modificações, ao longo do espaço e do tempo, com relação à abundância, proporção sexual, tamanho de primeira maturação, comprimento médio, relação peso/comprimento, e atividade reprodutiva. Em relação às larvas, inicialmente a pigmentação era escassa e intensificou-se com o desenvolvimento. O comprimento padrão variou de 2,6 a 13,11mm e os miômeros de 34-50. A espécie apresentou alometria negativa do comprimento da cabeça, altura do corpo, distância pré-dorsal e distância pré-anal em relação ao comprimento padrão e altura da cabeça, comprimento do focinho e diâmetro do olho em relação a comprimento da cabeça, e as estruturas corporais em todas as fases larvais de desenvolvimento são cartilaginosas. Foram capturados na totalidade 9.204 indivíduos, em quatros locais diferentes de coletas em 9 (nove) etapas. Evidenciou que a população de P.britskii, por diferentes etapas e locais, apresentou diferença significativa em seus parâmetros populacionais. A maior abundância (CPUE) ocorreu na etapa I e na estação de coleta Cavernoso (Cav). O comprimento médio da população variaram 15,5±6,2 cm, sendo os indivíduos maiores capturados na Etapa III e na estação de coleta Iate Clube Candói (Iat). O crescimento foi alométrico negativo, como o melhor fator de condição (K), encontrado na etapa III e na estação Iat, como ocorreu também para o comprimento médio. O índice de atividade reprodutiva (IAR), na escala temporal foram mais intenso na etapa I e no espaço na estação Cav. E em relação a diferentes estações de coleta, foram mais intenso nas estações quente (verão) e praticamente nulo na estações mais frias (outono). Considerando estes resultados podemos inferir que a população apresenta tendência à estabilização.
Pimelodus britskii, an endemic species of Iguaçu River basin, has scarce studies involving ontogenetic development and population parameters. So studies involving these characters are of great importance to take protection e conservation measures. This study presents, in the first paper, body proportions and subsidies to differ larval initial developing phases larval of its congenerics. The second paper evaluated changes, over space and time, related to abundancy , sexual proportion, first maturation size, medium lengh , weight /size relation and productive activity. The larvae initially pigmentation was scarce and intensified with the development, the standard length ranged from 2.6 to 13.11mm and myomeres from 34-50. The findings showed negative head length allometry, body height, predorsal length and pre-anal distance from the standard length and head height, snout length and diameter of the eye in relation to head length and structures in all larval stages of development are cartilaginous. 9.204 individuals were captured in nine years in four different collection places. It showed that the population of P.britskii, through different stages and places significant difference in their population parameters. The highest abundance (CPUE), occurred in stage I and Cavernous collection station (Cav). The average length of the population ranged 15.5 ± 6.2 cm, with the largest individuals caught in Stage III and gathering station Candói Yacht Club (Iat). The allometric growth was negative as the best condition factor (K) found in step III and Iat station as also observed for the mean length. The reproductive activity index (IAR), the temporal scale were more intense in stage I and space in Cav station. And in relation to different collection stations were more intense in the warm seasons (summer) and virtually nil in colder seasons (autumn). Considering these results we can conclude that the population has a tendency to stabilize.
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Ambu, Zaira. "Impact of Ocean Acidification on respiration and regenerative capabilities of Amphiura filiformis and on Ostrea edulis larvae stages." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/2113/.
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Vavrinec, John. "Resilience of Green Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) Populations Following Fishing Mortality: Marine Protected Areas, Alternate Stable States, and Larval Ecology." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/VavrinecJ2003.pdf.
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Calvez, Ivan. "Approche de la variabilité d'une population de palourdes Ruditapes Philippinarum (Adams et Reeve), aux stades larvaires et post-larvaires." Brest, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BRES2039.
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La variabilité saisonnière et spatiale des stades larvaires planctoniques et de la phase de sédentarisation post-larvaire de la palourde Ruditapes philippinarum est étudiée, au sein de la population du bassin orientale du golfe du Morbihan. Au-delà de fortes fluctuations interannuelles d'abondance, la distribution spatiale des stades adultes est relativement stable d'année en année au sein du bassin oriental, phénomène sous-tendant l'implication de facteurs environnementaux dans l'implantation et le maintien de cette espèce introduite sur le site morbihanais. Le travail entrepris comprend deux approches : (1) une étude in situ au cours d'une saison de reproduction, visant à identifier, au niveau de trois sites présentant des densités d'adultes différents (maximales, moyennes, faibles), les facteurs environnementaux potentiellement impliqués dans la variation de la survie et de la distribution des premiers stades vitaux. Celle-ci comprend la collecte de données relatives au cycle reproducteur des géniteurs, à la dynamique saisonnière des stades larvaires et à la phase de sédentérisation des post-larves sur le fond, ainsi qu'aux caractéristiques hydroclimatiques des sites étudiés ; (2) une approche expérimentale en laboratoire, à micro-échelle, visant à identifier la part des processus biologiques et physiques mis en jeu dans la structuration spatiale de l'installation larvaire. Les trois sites sont similaires du point de vue des facteurs environnementaux suivis. La dynamique saisonnière des concentrations larvaires s'avère comparable sur l'ensemble du bassin oriental. Une absence de relation systémique entre les évènements de ponte et la production larvaire est par ailleurs mise en évidence. L'hudrodynamisme local participerait à l'homogénéisation des stades planctoniques, dont l courte durée (8-10 jours) en limiterait la dissémination hors des sites de recrutement. L'installation initiale des post-larves sur le sédiment est simultanée sur les trois sites étudiés, avec un rapport comparable entre les concentrations maximales de larves planctoniques et les densités initiales de post-larves à la fixation. Au cours des premières semaines après la sedentérisation, l'évolution des densités de post-larvaires est en revanche variable entre les sites. Il est suggéré que les conditions hydrodynamiques à l'interface eau-sédiment pourrait expliquer une telle variabilité du maintien des jeunes stades benthiques, qui apparaît moindre dans les zones d'érosion de la couche superficielle du sédiment. L'approche expérimentale à micro-échelle a permis d'examiner la potentialité des larves de R. Philipinarum à selectionner des substrats différents, en absence et en présence de conditions hydrodynamiques. En eau calme, la distribution des post-larves métamorphosées est agrégative, sans relation avec la nature fdes substrats disponibles. En revanche, en conditions hydrodynamiques simulant des courants de marée, les individus exercent une nette réponse selective vis-à-vis du sédiment de sédentarisation. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus suggère que les premières semaines de la vie post-larvaire constituent une étape critique du point de vue de la variabilité spatiale de la population étudiée. Les processus physiques (hydrodynamisme) et biologiques (selection active du substrat) jouent potentiellement un rôle déterminant dans la structuration spatiale du recrutement, les premiers intervenant de manière prépondérante à grande échelle (de l'ordre du km), les seconds s'exprimant à des échelles spatiales plus réduites (de la dizaine de cm à la centaine de m).
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Gregory, William Francis. "Cloning and characterisation of genes expressed by the third stage larvae of the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14953.
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Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of RNA from the infective larval stages of Brugia malayi with the nematode-specific 5' spliced leader sequence and oligo d(T) has been used to identify genes expressed during early larval stages. Products resolved on agarose gels show a number of prominent bands and cloning of these bands has revealed a total of 14 genes. Of these, four genes have been analysed in detail. One highly stage-specific transcript Bm-cpi-1, a cystatin-type cysteine proteinase has been characterised in parallel to a second, constitutively expressed, cystatin, Bm-cpi-2, identified by EST sequencing. The two inhibitors have been functionally expressed in E. coli and have distinct inhibitory specificities. In addition, both CPIs have been localised to the parasite surface and found in parasite secretions. An abundant transcript, Bm-alt-1, is a member of a large family of genes found in nematodes but lacks clear homologues outside the nematode phylum. Analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) deposited in dbEST has identified a total 10 family members in B. malayi. Genomic structures of the two most abundant family members have revealed conservation in the position of introns. However there is considerable sequence divergence within introns, with one gene containing distinct repeat units within its introns. In addition, heterogeneity is seen within this due to variation in the number of repeat units. Two further genes have been characterised. One is a homologue of the human histamine-releasing factor, a constitutively expressed, cytokine-like molecule of interest as a potential modulator of antiparasite responses. A second is a member of a family of proteins of unknown function, rich in glycine and tyrosine residues, which may form part of the nematode cuticle. The discovery of these abundant genes provides candidates for future analysis of immune evasion by filariae and identifies potential targets for vaccination or chemotherapy.
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Chotipuntu, Piyapong, and n/a. "Salinity sensitivity in early life stages of an Australian freshwater fish, Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii Mitchell 1838)." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 2003. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060331.115030.
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The Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii Mitchell 1838) is Australia�s largest freshwater fish. Once highly abundant in the Murray-Darling river system, populations have drastically declined in recent decades. Many causes for this decline have been proposed, including over-fishing, habitat loss and altered river flow regimes. This study hypothesised that elevated salinities have led to selective mortality in some developmental stages, which have in turn depleted stock recruitment and adult populations. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimal, threshold, upper sublethal and lethal salinities for development of eggs, yolk-sac larvae, fry and fingerlings of M. peelii peelii. Investigation the impact of salinity on fertilisation utilised gametes of trout cod (M. macquariensis, Cuvier 1829) instead of M. peelii peelii. Studies were carried out in a controlled laboratory environment using test media prepared from commercial sea salt. The results showed that the eggs of the trout cod hatched only when fertilised and incubated in freshwater, and only larvae hatched in freshwater survived through the yolk absorption period of 12 days. Yolk utilisation efficiencies were not significantly different among the salinities of 0-0.30 g/L. There was no effect of pre- or post- fertilising processes on the salinity tolerances of yolk-sac larvae. No larvae survived at salinities higher than 0.30 g/L during the yolk utilisation period. Lethal salinity concentration in Trout cod and Murray cod larvae was exposure time dependent. The 1 day LC50 of the larvae was 1.97 and 2.33 g/L respectively, compared with the 12 day LC50 values of 0.50 and 0.35 g/L respectively. The threshold (no effect level) salinities of larvae of Trout cod and Murray cod were 0.46 and 0.34 g/L respectively at 12 days exposure. The salinity sensitivities of fry of Murray cod were moderated by increasing pH between pH 6.2 and 8.8, and stimulated by increasing temperatures from 15 to 30°C. The optimal salinity was only slightly affected by temperature. The threshold and upper sublethal salinities varied slightly depending on feeding regime. The salinity sensitivities of fingerlings of Murray cod
were: LC50 = 13.7 g/L; optimal salinity from 4.6 to 5.0 g/L ; threshold salinity from 5.9 to 7.4 g/L, and upper sub-lethal salinity from 9.2 to 9.9 g/L � with the range in all cases affected by acclimation period salinity. The blood osmolality at LC50 of the fingerlings was 444 mOsmol/kgH2O or equivalent to 14.2 g/L, and the dehydration rate was 4.8%. The osmolality increased significantly in salinities higher than 9.0 and 6.0 g/L when fish were exposed for a period of 1 day and 41 days respectively. The oxygen consumption increased significantly in salinities higher than 8.0 g/L. Distortion of the notochord and corrosive skin syndrome were major symptoms describing sub-lethal effects found in the embryos, and fry and fingerlings of Murray cod respectively. Noting the risks of extrapolating directly from laboratory to field conditions, it is predicted that when salinity in natural habitats increases above 0.34 g/L a significant impact on Murray cod recruitment will result.
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Churchill, Christopher J. "Population Dynamics of Zebra Mussels (Dreissena Polymorpha) in a North Texas Reservoir: Implications for Invasions in the Southern United States." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc407755/.
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This dissertation has two main objectives: first, quantify the effects of environmental conditions on spatio-temporal spawning and larval dynamics of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha [Pallas 1771]) in Lake Texoma, and second, quantify the effects of environmental conditions on survival, growth, and reproduction of young of the year (YOY) juvenile zebra mussels. These biological responses directly influence population establishment success and invasive spread dynamics. Reproductive output of the zebra mussel population in Lake Texoma was significantly related to water temperature and lake elevation. Annual maximum larval (veliger) density decreased significantly indicating a population crash, which was likely caused by thermal stress and variability of lake elevation. In 2011, temperatures peaked at 34.3°C and lake elevation decreased to the lowest level recorded during the previous 18 years, which desiccated a substantial number of settled mussels in littoral zones. Estimated mean date of first spawn in Lake Texoma was observed approximately 1.5 months earlier than in Lake Erie, and peak veliger densities were observed two months earlier. Veligers were observed in the deepest oxygenated water after lake stratification. During a 69-day in situ experiment during summer in Lake Texoma, age-specific mortality of zebra mussels was generally high until temperatures decreased to approximately 28°C, which was observed after lake turnover in late summer. No study organism died after temperatures decreased to less than 26°C, which indicates individuals that survive high summer temperatures are likely to persist into autumn/winter. Shell length growth and soft tissue growth rates were related to temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration, respectively. Growth rates of study organisms were among the highest ever reported for D. polymorpha. Water temperature and body size influenced reproduction of YOY zebra mussels in Lake Texoma. Fecundity of females were positively related to temperature; however, sperm production was negatively related to temperature, which indicates males could be more sensitive to physiologically-stressful conditions than females and could perform better in cooler waters. YOY mussels spawned up to approximately 40,000 eggs and 3.47E+08 sperm after a single-summer growing season. Reproductive effort and reproductive mass were independent of sex. YOY individuals from each study site (n = 5) were able to spawn viable gametes capable of sperm binding and egg cleavage, which provides the first evidence that YOY zebra mussels can successfully reproduce. Individual mortality of zebra mussels will likely be high in warm waters and intermittent, extreme droughts, which are observed more frequently at lower latitudes, can significantly reduce population sizes. However, rapid growth and single-season maturation can decrease generation times and could facilitate establishment and spread of zebra mussels in warm-water environments in the southern United States.
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Wisch, Lucas Nataniel. "FLUTUAÇÃO POPULACIONAL DOS PRINCIPAIS NOCTUÍDEOS E DISTRIBUIÇÃO VERTICAL DE OVOS E LARVAS NA CULTURA DA SOJA." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2011. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2215.
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Soybean is one of the main oleaginous crop produced in Brazil. Studies on populational dynamic and immature stage vertical distribution in soybean canopy are very important to improve technology application and control timing. We studied population dynamics and vertical distribution of eggs and larvae of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis and two Plusiinae species, during the cycle of two soybean cultivars of different growth habits in three sowing dates. Experiments were conducted on Coodetec 206 and BMX Potência RR cultivars during the 2010/2011 growing season in Ponta Grossa, Paraná state. Samples were collected through the crop cycle. Eggs and caterpillars from each third of the plant (bottom, middle and upper) and on different plant structures (main stem, branches, pods and adaxial or abaxial surfaces of leaves) were quantified. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis. Plusiinae species occurred simultaneously with A. gemmatalis, which was the predominant species. Highest densities of eggs and larvae of A. gemmatalis were recorded during the second half of January and February. In February we observed the highest densities of Plusiinae. Through the late sowing season we recorded the highest densities of immature stages of Noctuidae. The highest eggs densities for A. gemmatalis and Plusiinae occurred in the middle third (44.03% and 45.99%, respectively) of the canopy followed by the lower (31.96% and 34.18%) and upper portion (24.01% e 19.83%). Small larvae of A. gemmatalis were found mainly in middle (44.08%) and lower third of the plant (36.97%), while medium larvae occurred in higher density in the middle (42.86%) and upper (41.90%) stratum. Meanwhile, most of the large larvae are found in the upper portion of the canopy (63.41%). Highest densities of small, medium and large Plusiinae larvae, we found in middle (43.37%, 44.63% e 44.83%, respectively) and lower (49.46%, 31.40% e 31.03%) third of the canopy. Eggs and caterpillars were found mainly on the abaxial surface of leaflets.
A soja é uma das principais oleaginosas cultivadas no Brasil. Os estudos sobre a ocorrência dos estádios imaturos de Noctuídeos e sua distribuição espacial no perfil da planta são de grande importância para definir o momento de controle e aprimorar a tecnologia de aplicação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a flutuação populacional e a distribuição vertical de ovos e larvas dos principais Noctuídeos, Anticarsia gemmatalis e Plusiinae, durante o ciclo de duas cultivares de soja de diferentes hábitos de crescimento em três épocas de semeadura. Os experimentos foram conduzidos durante a safra 2010/2011 no município de Ponta Grossa – PR, em três épocas diferentes de semeadura das cultivares Coodetec 206 e BMX Potência RR. As amostragens foram realizadas durante todo o ciclo da cultura em diferentes alturas da planta (terço superior, médio e inferior) e em diferentes estruturas da planta (haste principal, ramos, vagens e face adaxial ou abaxial das folhas). Os dados foram analisados através da estatística descritiva e do teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. As espécies de Plusiinae ocorreram simultaneamente a A. gemmatalis, a qual foi a espécie predominante. As maiores densidades de ovos e lagartas de A. gemmatalis foram registradas na segunda quinzena de janeiro e durante o mês de fevereiro, mês em que se observou maior densidade de Plusiinae. As semeaduras mais tardias apresentaram as maiores densidades de estádios imaturos de Noctuídeos. A maior oviposição, tanto para A. gemmatalis quanto a Plusiinae ocorreu no terço médio (44,03% e 45,99%, respectivamente) seguido pelo inferior (31,96% e 34,18%) e superior (24,01% e 19,83%). As lagartas pequenas de A. gemmatalis foram encontradas principalmente nos terços médio (44,08%) e inferior (36,97%), enquanto as lagartas médias ocorreram em maior densidade nos estratos médio (42,86%) e superior (41,90%) e os indivíduos grandes, na região apical (63,41%) do dossel. A maior densidade de lagartas de Plusiinae pequenas, médias e grandes foi observada no terço médio (43,37%, 44,63% e 44,83%, respectivamente) e inferior (49,46%, 31,40% e 31,03%). Os ovos e as lagartas dos Noctuídeos foram encontrados, principalmente, na face abaxial dos folíolos.
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Bachelet, Guy. "Processus de recrutement et rôle des stades juvéniles d'invertébrés dans le fonctionnement des systèmes benthiques de substrat meuble en milieu intertidal estuarien." Bordeaux 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR10568.
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Jacob, Hugo. "Effet des microplastiques sur les jeunes stades de vie des poissons marins." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEP075.
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La pollution plastique est aujourd'hui une préoccupation environnementale et sociétale majeure. Au cours des 10 dernières années, de nombreuses études expérimentales ont complété les observations de terrain dans l’espoir de mieux comprendre le devenir et l’impact des micro et / ou nano-plastiques (MP / NP) sur divers organismes (par exemple: oiseaux, poissons et mammifères). Chez les poissons, les effets les plus significatifs reportés après une exposition aux MP/NP ont été observés sur les fonctions comportementales et neurologiques, la perméabilité intestinale, le métabolisme et la diversité du microbiome intestinal. Cependant, la pollution plastique reste difficile à quantifier dans l'environnement et à contrôler en laboratoire, et les particules de plastique sont souvent co-contaminées de manière naturelle ou expérimentale avec divers polluants chimiques. Par conséquent, les études sur les effets comportementaux et physiologiques associés à l’ingestion des MP/NP vierges chez les jeunes stades de vie poissons marins restent peu nombreuses à l’heure actuelle. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les effets de deux types de plastique fréquemment rencontrés en milieu marin, à savoir le polyéthylène (PE) et le polystyrène (PS), sous la forme de microplastiques (de 10 à 100 µm), sur les jeunes stades de vie des poissons marins, connus pour être particulièrement sensibles aux stress environnementaux. Ainsi, des larves et juvéniles de différentes espèces de poissons modèles (Tropicale : Acanthurus triostegus et Tempérée : Sparus Aurata) ont été sélectionnés. Plusieurs paramètres physiologiques et comportementaux ont été étudiés après une exposition à des microplastiques via différentes voies (eau et nourriture) dans le cadre de diverses expériences sur ces espèces modèles. Les résultats actuels ne montrent pas d’effets marqués de ce stress à des doses environnementales, cependant certains résultats, comme une augmentation de la mortalité et des perturbations métaboliques, à des doses plus élevées, semblent montrer une toxicité suite à l’ingestion de ces particules. Ainsi, cette thèse révèle que la toxicité des MP / NP vierges sur les poissons devrait être évaluée plus systématiquement en utilisant des méthodes rigoureuses en laboratoire, dans le but d’acquérir une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents de cette toxicité chez les poissonsEnvironmental plastic pollution is a major ecological and societal concern today. Over the last 10 years, a broad range of laboratory and experimental studies have complemented field observations in the hope of achieving a better understanding of the fate and impact of micro- and/or nano-plastics (MP/NP) on diverse organisms (e.g. birds, fish and mammals). However, plastic pollution remains challenging to monitor in the environment and to control under laboratory conditions, and plastic particles are often naturally or experimentally co-contaminated with diverse chemical pollutants. In fish, the most significant effects reported after exposure to MP / NP were observed on behavioral and neurological functions, intestinal permeability, metabolism and intestinal microbiome diversity. However, plastic pollution remains difficult to quantify in the environment and to control in the laboratory, and plastic particles are often co-contaminated naturally or experimentally with various chemical pollutants. Therefore, studies on the behavioral and physiological effects associated with ingestion of virgin MP / NP in early life stages of marine fish are still few at present. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to study the effects of two types of plastic frequently encountered in the marine environment, namely polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS), in the form of microplastics (from 10 to 100 μm), on the early life stages of marine fish, known to be particularly sensitive to environmental stresses. Thus, larvae and juveniles of different model fish species (Tropical: Acanthurus triostegus and Temperate: Sparus Aurata) were selected. Several physiological and behavioral parameters were studied after exposure to MP via different pathways (water and food) in various experiments on these model species. Current results do not show any marked effects of this stressor at environmental concentrations, however some results, such as increased mortality and metabolic disturbances, at higher doses, show toxicity following ingestion of these particles. Thus, this thesis reveals that the toxicity of virgin PM / NP on fish should be evaluated more systematically using rigorous laboratory methods, in order to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of this toxicity to fish
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Lara, Monica R. "Sensory development in settlement-stage larvae of Caribbean labrids and scarids: A comparative study with implications for ecomorphology and life history strategies." W&M ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616729.
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The sensory capabilities of settlement-stage fishes are unknown but this information is necessary to studies of larval settlement and recruitment. The morphology of the cephalic lateral line, eye and external olfactory organ of thirteen species of settlement-stage Caribbean labroids was described. Scanning electron images of the cephalic lateral line neuromasts, lateral line canals and olfactory epithelia and histological studies of the retinae and morphological measurements of visual acuity were used to assess the level of sensory development attained at settlement. The sensory capabilities of settlement-stage fishes are discussed in relation to the possible cues settlement-stage fishes may be using to locate a reef and microhabitat within the reef system. In addition sensory development is discussed in relation to interspecific variation in settlement behavior, settlement-site selection, possible evolutionary life history strategies and morphological constraints on sensory development and settlement. development and settlement.
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Vignier, Julien. "Evaluation of the toxicity of the Deepwater Horizon oil and associated dispersant on early life stages of the ecologically and economically important Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0004/document.
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L’explosion du forage et de la plate-forme pétrolière Deepwater Horizon (DWH) le 20 Avril 2010 a entrainé la plus importante catastrophe pétrolière de l’histoire des Etats-Unis, avec des quantités sans précédent de pétrole (779,000 T) et de gaz relâchées continuellement dans le Golfe du Mexique durant près de 3 mois. En retour et comme moyen de réponse, 8 million L de dispersant chimique (principalement Corexit 9500A®) furent utilisés pour disperser les nappes, dont 2.9 million L furent injectés directement à la tête du puits à 1500 m de profondeur. La marée noire coïncida avec la saison de ponte et de recrutement de l’huitre américaine Crassostrea virginica, une espèce à haute valeur écologique et commerciale dans le Golfe. En raison de ces caractéristiques biologiques (sédentaire, espèce filtreuse, répartition géographique, ponte et fécondation externe), les huitres ont été utilisées comme organisme modèle en écotoxicologie. Néanmoins, il existe très peu de données disponibles sur la toxicité du pétrole brute (HEWAF), du pétrole dispersé (CEWAF) ou du dispersant sur les jeunes stades de vie de C. virginica. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse fut 1) de déterminer les effets létaux et sublétaux d’expositions aigües et chroniques à du pétrole DWH et/ou du Corexit 9500A® sur différents stades de développement des jeunes huitres, 2) d’examiner les mécanismes de toxicité des HAP (dissouts ou particulaires) issus du pétrole et du dispersant sur des processus physiologiques sensibles, et 3) d’établir si les résultats obtenus en laboratoire correspondent aux valeurs recueillies sur le terrain lors du programme NRDA. Nos résultats ont démontré que le pétrole et/ou le dispersant pouvaient affecter la reproduction et le développement embryonnaire et larvaire de C. virginica, et que le pétrole dispersé et le dispersant induisaient en général le plus d’impact. En outre, des effets sublétaux tels que des inhibitions de croissance larvaire, de fixation ou de filtration furent observés à des niveaux d’HAP et de DOSS mesurés dans l’environnement. Ces résultats suggèrent que le pétrole et l’utilisation de dispersant, en particulier lors de la saison de ponte de l’huître, pourraient affecter son recrutement et impacter la ressource de façon délétère dans des régions touchées par une marée noire. Par ailleurs, des critères biologiques plus sensibles que la mortalité devraient être choisis et inclus dans une approche intégrative, afin d’estimer plus précisément l’impact environnemental des hydrocarbures et le devenir de ses constituantsThe explosion of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil drilling rig on 20th April 2010 resulted in the largest oil-related environmental disaster in U.S history with an unprecedented amount of oil (779,000 t) and gas discharged continuously in the Gulf of Mexico, over a period of 3 months. As a response, 8 million L of chemical dispersants (mainly Corexit 9500A®) were applied on surface to dissipate the slicks, and injected directly at the well head (3 million L) at 1500 m depths. The oil spill coincided with the spawning and recruitment season of the ecologically and commercially important Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Due to its biological characteristics (sessile, filter-feeding, ubiquity, “free” spawner), oysters have been employed as a model species in ecotoxicology and for monitoring the environment. However, information on the toxicity of crude oil (HEWAF), dispersed oil (CEWAF) and dispersant alone (Corexit 9500A®) on early developmental stages of C. virginica are limited. The aim of this study was to i) determine the lethal and sublethal effects of acute and chronic exposure to surface-collected DWH oil and/or Corexit 9500A® on various life stages of oysters, ii) examine the mode of toxicity of oil-associated PAHs (dissolved or particulate) and dispersant on sensitive physiological processes, and iii) establish whether there is a relationship between results collected in the laboratory and field data collected during the NRDA sampling program. Our results indicated that oil and/or dispersant adversely affected reproduction and early development of C. virginica, with dispersed oil and dispersant having generally the highest impacts. Furthermore, sublethal effects such as inhibition of larval growth, settlement success or filtration rates were observed at environmentally realistic concentrations of tPAHs or DOSS. These results suggest that oil spills and the use of dispersant as a spill response, especially at the time of oyster spawning season, could affect oyster recruitment and ultimately oyster populations in affected regions. Besides, in order to assess more precisely the environmental impact of an oil spill and the fate of its constituents, meaningful endpoints other than lethality should be selected
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Rebours, Céline. "Développement de l'échiniculture en circuit fermé : amélioration de la survie des stades larvaires et juvéniles de Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) par une alimentation à base d'algues." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2060.
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Un des problèmes majeurs pour l´élevage de l´oursin européen comestible, Paracentrotus lividus, est la mortalité lors du passage à l'exotrophie des larves pélagiques. La qualité des aliments ingérés par les larves ou les juvéniles est probablement le facteur limitant de la survie. Les routines de production des algues-aliment ont été optimisées et standardisées. Les meilleurs taux de survie et de métamorphose larvaires ont été obtenu avec un mélange de deux diatomées, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, et Chaetoceros calcitrans. Pour les stades juvéniles d´oursins, après des tests d´alimentation avec différentes macroalgues (Enteromorpha spp, stade Conchocelis de Porphyra sp. Et gamétophytes de Laminaria digitata et d'Undaria pinnatifida) et des aliments texturés incorporant des microalgues ou des autolysats de poissons, L. Digitata a montré les meilleurs résultats au niveau de la survie et de la croissance. Des analyses biochimiques des algues-aliment ont mis en évidence qu´un fort rapport lipides / protéines favorise la précocité de la larve à la compétence et qu'un rapport glucides / protéines élevé optimise la survie et la croissance des juvéniles. En offrant la possibilité d´augmenter le taux de survie de moins de 20 % à plus de 70 %, cette étude à l´échelle pilote présente un intérêt pour l´aquaculture intégrée en circuit semi-fermé de P. Lividus et pour une production en masse d'algues-fourrage de qualité constante.
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Lyncker, Lissa. "Abundance and Distribution of Early Life Stage Blue Crabs (Callinectes sapidus) in Lake Pontchartrain." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2008. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/848.
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I conducted a 12-month study of near-shore habitats in Lake Pontchartrain to assess spatiotemporal variation in the abundance of early life stage blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Collections were made using a 1 m2 throw trap and data showed that C. sapidus numbers varied over time and among sites. Two recruitment events occurred during the study. During the first recruitment in May-June, C. sapidus entered Lake Pontchartrain via the Inner Harbor Navigational Canal. In September-October, C. sapidus entered the Lake Pontchartrain via the Rigolets and Chef passes. My data suggest that C. sapidus utilize water circulation within the Lake Pontchartrain as a means of transportation throughout the estuary. MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250 m data were analyzed to gain a large-scale view of suspended sediments patterns within Lake Pontchartrain and quantify water movement. Field sampling along with remote sensing proved to be beneficial when assessing estuarine-wide C. sapidus post-larval dispersal processes.
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Barjhoux, Iris. "Étude de la biodisponibilité et de la toxicité de polluants chimiques à risque dans les sédiments aquatiques vis-à-vis des premiers stades de développement d’un poisson modèle, Oryzias latipes." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14442/document.
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Les sédiments agissent comme de véritable puits pour certains polluants organiques persistants et métaux représentant ainsi une source de contamination secondaire pour les milieux aquatiques. Dans ce contexte, un test embryo-larvaire utilisant le Medaka japonais (Oryzias latipes) a été développé afin d’évaluer la toxicité des polluants fixés aux particules sédimentaires. Le bioessai consiste à maintenir les embryons de Medaka en contact direct avec le sédiment durant tout leur développement embryonnaire puis à évaluer les effets létaux et sublétaux induits au niveau phénotypique et moléculaire chez les embryons et larves exposés. Tout d’abord, le bioessai a été appliqué à la caractérisation de la toxicité et des modes d’action de substances organiques et métalliques pures. Le pyrène et son dérivé, le méthylpyrène, se sont avérés fortement tératogènes avec un spectre de malformations rappelant le syndrome de la maladie du sac bleu. L’étude du profil d’expression génique a révélé la perturbation de certains processus cellulaires notamment la voie AhR, le métabolisme mitochondrial et la voie de signalétique et de métabolisation des rétinoïdes. Le cuivre et le cadmium ont induit de nombreuses malformations squelettiques et cardio-vasculaires, des dommages à l’ADN ainsi que l’altération de l’expression de gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme mitochondrial, la régulation du cycle cellulaire et la réparation de l’ADN. Enfin, le bioessai a été appliqué à l’évaluation du potentiel toxique de sédiments naturels du système Lot-Garonne et du Bassin d’Arcachon. L’ensemble des sédiments testés a montré un large spectre d’effets tératogènes et seuls quelques-uns ont conduit à des effets létaux. Par ailleurs, l’expression plusieurs gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme mitochondrial, la voie AhR, le contrôle du cycle cellulaire, la réparation de l’ADN et la détoxication des métaux a été modifiée lors de l’exposition à certains sédiments contaminés de la zone d’étudeAquatic sediments act as real sink for numerous anthropogenic chemicals such as persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals as well as a secondary contamination source. In this context, a fish embryo-larval assay was developed using the Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) as a test organism to evaluate de toxicity of particle-bound contaminants. In this aim, fish embryos are kept in direct contact to sediment during their whole embryonic development and induced lethal and sub-lethal effects are measured at the phenotypical and molecular levels. This test was first applied to the toxicity evaluation and modes of action characterization of organic and metallic single compounds. Pyrene and its alkylated derivative, methylpyrene, revealed a high teratogenic potency inducing developmental deformities similar to the blue sac disease syndrome. Gene expressions response pattern using RT-PCR method highlighted the alteration of several cellular process including AhR pathway, mitochondrial metabolism and retinoids signaling and metabolism pathways. Copper and cadmium mainly induced numerous skeletal and cardiovascular injuries, DNA damage as well as modifications of gene expression involved in mitochondrial metabolism, DNA damage repair and cell cycle regulation. Finally, the Medaka embryo-larval assay was applied to analyze the toxic potential of natural sediments form the Lot-Garonne system and the Arcachon bay. All tested sediments showed a wide range of teratogenic effects but only few of them revealed to be acutely toxic. Moreover, the expression of several genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism, AhR pathway, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and heavy metals detoxication proved to be modified in the presence of some contaminated sediments from the studied area
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Silva, Bianca Carvalho da. "Avaliação da toxicidade de quatro solventes e um surfactante, e dos fenilpropanoides eugenol e (E)-cinamaldeído sobre larvas e pupas de Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae)." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2016. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/4062.
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Musca domestica é um importante vetor mecânico de diversos patógenos para humanos e animais de criação, sendo essencial o estudo de novas alternativas de controle mais eficientes e seguras para este díptero. A busca por novas alternativas de inseticidas envolve experimentos que geralmente necessitam do uso de solventes que não interfiram nos resultados da substância testada. Assim, o presente estudo compreendeu duas etapas: investigar a sensibilidade de larvas e pupas de M. domestica aos solventes acetona, etanol, metanol e dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) e ao surfactante Tween 80 em diferentes tempos de volatilização; e avaliar a toxicidade dos fenilpropanoides eugenol e (E)-cinamaldeído sobre os mesmo estágios deste díptero. Para ambos os experimentos utilizou-se o teste de contato, com 10 repetições (n=10) para cada solvente/surfactante e concentração das substâncias sobre cada estágio. No primeiro experimento foram testados acetona, etanol e metanol em pureza analítica e DMSO e Tween 80 na concentração de 5%. Os tempos avaliados foram zero, cinco, 10 e 15 minutos (23±2°C e 60±10% UR). Os resultados mostraram que o tempo de volatilização produz diferença significativa na mortalidade larval (ML) para os três primeiros solventes testados, e acetona mostrou-se semelhante ao controle após cinco minutos de volatilização (p>0,05). Metanol e etanol mostraram-se semelhantes ao controle após 15 minutos de volatilização (p>0,05). DMSO não apresentou ML significativa (p>0,05), no entanto apresentou percenbtual de mortalidade acumulada (PMA) superiores a 14% (p<0,05). Tween 80 não apresentou diferença na toxicidade sobre as larvas relacionada ao tempo. Para o teste com pupas somente etanol produziu diferença significativa entre os tempos de volatilização, enquanto acetona e metanol diferiram do controle em todos os tratamentos (p<0,05). DMSO e Tween 80 não diferiram significativamente do controle em nenhum tempo (p˃0,05). O surfactante Tween 80 foi o único que não apresentou toxicidade para ambos os estágios na concentração testada, porém acetona foi o solvente que volatilizou mais rapidamente, mostrando menor toxicidade entre aqueles testados em pureza analítica. Para o segundo experimento, foram utilizadas oito concentrações de cada substância para a determinação das concentrações letais (CL50 e CL90). Eugenol apresentou os menores valores de CL50 e CL90, para a eficácia do tratamento larval (ETL) (1,5 e 3,75 mg/mL, respectivamente) enquanto (E)-cinamaldeido apresentou os menores valores de CL50 e CL90 para a eficácia do tratamento pupal (ETP) (18,08 e 78,83 mg/mL, respectivamente). Ambas as substâncias apresentaram atividade larvicida a partir de 2,5 mg/mL e ETL de 100% a partir de 5 mg/mL. Para o tratamento pupal (E)-cinamaldeído diferiu do controle a partir da 13 concentração de 10mg/mL (p<0,05) e ambos os fenilpropanoides causaram má formação em adultos a partir de 10 mg/mL, e maior ETP na concentração de 30 mg/mL, sendo 67,2% para (E)-cinamaldeído e 32% para eugenol. Os produtos testados nesse estudo apresentaram elevado potencial larvicida, além de ambos apresentarem efeitos pupicida e causarem má formação nos adultros provenientes de pupas tratadas. Ainda, é possível sugerir a utilização conjunta de ambas substância para um controle mais eficiente, visto que (E)-cinamaldeído apresentou melhor atividade larvicida, enquanto eugenol teve melhor atividade pupicida. Desta forma, esses fenilpropanoides mostrando-se promissores para o uso no desenvolvimento de formulações mais seguras para a saúde e meio ambiente, sendo possível sua utilização em estratégias de Manejo Integrado de Pragas.
Musca domestica is an important mechanical vector of several pathogens to humans and domestic animals, being essential to study new alternatives to eficiente and safe control against this Diptera. The search for new insecticides alternative involves experiments that generally require the use of solvents that should not interfere in the results of the test substance. Thus, this study involved two stages: to investigate the sensitivity of M. domestica larvae and pupae to the solvents acetone, ethanol, methanol and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and the surfactant Tween 80 at different times of volatilization; and evaluating toxicity of phenylpropanoid eugenol and (E)-cinnamaldehyde against the same stages of this Diptera. For both experiments were used the patch test with 10 repetitions (n=10) for each solvent/surfactant and concentration of substances against each stage. In the first experiment acetone, ethanol and methanol were tested in analytical purity while DMSO and Tween 80 at the concentration of 5%. The times evaluated were zero, five, 10 and 15 minutes (23±2°C and 60±10% RH). The results showed that the volatilization time produces significant difference in larval mortality (LM) for the first three solvents tested, and acetone was similar to the control after five minutes volatilization (p>0.05). Methanol and ethanol were similar to the control after 15 minutes of evaporation (p>0.05). DMSO showed no significant LM (p> 0.05), but its accumulated mortality percenbtual (AMP) was over 14% (p<0.05). Tween 80 showed no difference in toxicity againts larvae related to time. For the pupae test only ethanol produced significant difference between the evaporation time, while acetone and methanol differed from the control in all treatments (p<0.05). DMSO and Tween 80 did not differ significantly from control at any time (p>0.05). The surfactant Tween 80 was the only one that showed no toxicity for both stages at the concentration tested, however the solvent acetone was volatilized more quickly, showing lower toxicity among those tested in analytical purity. For the second experiment, we used eight concentrations of each substance for the determination of lethal doses (LC50 and LC90). Eugenol showed the lowest values of LC50 and LC90 for the effectiveness of larval treatment (ELT) (1.5 and 3.75 mg/mL, respectively) while (E)-cinnamaldehyde had the lowest values of LC50 and LC90 for effectiveness of pupal treatment (EPT) (18.08 and 78.83 mg/mL, respectively). Both substances exhibited larvicidal activity from 2.5 mg/mL and ELT of 100% from 5 mg/mL. For pupal treatment (E)cinnamaldehyde differed from the control from the concentration of 10mg/mL (p <0.05) and both phenylpropanoid caused malformation in adults from 10 mg/mL. The greater EPT was from concentration of 30 mg/mL, being 67.2% for (E)-cinnamaldehyde and 32% for eugenol. 15 The products tested in this study had high potential larvicide, and both present pupicida effects and cause malformation in adultros from treated pupae. Still, it is possible to suggest the combined use of both substance for more efficient control, as (E)-cinamaldeído showed better larvicidal activity, while eugenol had better pupicida activity. Thus, using these phenylpropanoids show promise in the development of safer formulations for health and the environment, and these could be used in Integrated Pest Management strategies.
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Laabs, Eva-Maria Wiebke [Verfasser]. "Transcriptome analysis of preadult hypobiotic and non-hypobiotic L5 stages as well as in vitro studies on the sexual maturation of preadult larvae of the bovine lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus / Eva-Maria Wiebke Laabs." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1018968520/34.
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Réalis-Doyelle, Emilie. "Influence de la température sur les premiers stades de vie de trois espèces de poissons dulcicoles : étude de la survie et de la plasticité phénotypique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0272/document.
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D’après le dernier rapport du groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC), le réchauffement climatique devrait se poursuivre au cours du siècle prochain. La température atmosphérique moyenne pourrait augmenter de 0,3°C à 4,8°C avec des valeurs extrêmes allant de 1°C à 6°C en 2100. Ces changements de température auront des conséquences directes et indirectes sur l’ensemble de la biodiversité et plus particulièrement sur les poissons qui sont des animaux poïkilothermes. Dans cette étude, trois espèces ont été choisies en prenant en compte leur stratégie de reproduction et leur différence de tolérance thermique : la truite commune (Salmo trutta), le brochet (Esox lucius) et la carpe commune (Cyprinus carpio). Nous avons, pour chacune des trois espèces, appliqué les mêmes différences de température par rapport à leur température de référence (-4, -2, Tref, +2, +4°C) et étudié les effets sur la survie et le développement des embryons et des larves au cours de l’ensemble de la période d’alimentation endogène. Ce travail a confirmé la loi générale de l’impact de la température sur la période d’incubation (Q10 ~3). La truite commune montre une forte diminution de sa survie lors d’une augmentation de quatre degrés, néanmoins les larves survivantes sont plus grandes et ont un contenu énergétique plus important. La survie des larves de brochet augmente avec la température, ces larves sont les plus grandes et leur contenu énergétique est plus important à la température la plus élevée. La survie de la carpe n’est pas affectée par la température ; néanmoins les larves élevées à basse température sont les plus petites et présentent un faible contenu énergétique. Les résultats de survie pour les premiers stades de vie sont en concordance avec les modélisations des aires de répartition actuelle. Dans le futur, la prise en compte de la niche thermique théorique des premiers stades de vie pourrait permettre d’affiner les prévisions des aires de répartitionAccording to the latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global warming is expected to continue over the next century, the average temperature could increase by 0.3 ° C to 4.8 ° C with extreme values ranging from 1 ° C to 6 ° C by 2100. These temperature changes will have direct and indirect consequences on the overall biodiversity and specifically fish which are poikilotherms. In this study three species were selected taking into account their reproductive strategy and their thermal tolerance: brown trout (Salmo trutta), pike (Esox lucius) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). We have applied for all three species the same temperature range of from their referential temperature (-4, -2, Tref °C, +2, + 4 ° C). To carry out this study, we investigated biological traits related to survival and development during the endogenous feeding period. This work confirmed the general law of the impact of temperature during incubation phase (Q10 ~ 3). For brown trout, the results show a collapse of its population with an increase of four degrees; nevertheless surviving larvae were the longest and had a more energetic content. The survival rate of pike larvae increased when temperature increased, these larvae were the longest and the had more energetic content. The survival of the carp was not affected by temperature; nevertheless, at the lowest temperature (16°C), the larvae were smaller and had a lower energetic content. The survival results for the early stages of life are an agreement with the current distribution models. In view of this study the theoretical thermal niche species of early live stage should be undertaken to continue to refine prediction models from range
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Tallec, Kevin. "Impacts des nanoplastiques et microplastiques sur les premiers stades de vie (gamètes, embryons, larves) de l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas Surface functionalization determines behavior of nanoplastic solutions in model aquatic environments, in Chemosphere 225, June 2019 Nanoplastics impaired oyster free living stages, gametes and embryos, in Environmental Pollution 242 (Part B), November 2018 Constraints and priorities for conducting experimental exposures of marine organisms to microplastics, in Frontiers in Marine Science 5(252), July 2018 Cellular responses of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) gametes exposed in vitro to polystyrene nanoparticles, in Chemosphere 208, October 2018." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0103.
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Depuis 70 ans, les débris plastiques dont la fin de vie a été négligée par les sociétés humaines s’accumulent dans les océans. L’évaluation des effets engendrés par cette contamination ubiquitaire est une préoccupation majeure, notamment au regard des micro- et potentiels nanoplastiques (MNP ; < 5 mm) du fait de leur biodisponibilité pour la plupart des organismes marins. L’objectif de cette thèse était de déterminer les effets des MNP sur les jeunes stades de vie d’une espèce ingénieure des habitats côtiers, l’huître creuse Crassostrea gigas. Les impacts des MNP sur ces jeunes stades sont apparus dépendants de la taille des particules. Le rapport surface/volume important des nanosphères de polystyrène (nano-PS ; 50 nm) a favorisé les interactions avec les gamètes et embryons, induisant une inhibition de la fécondation et de l’embryogénèse tandis que les microsphères (0,5 et 2 μm) n’ont causé aucun effet phénotypique visible. La toxicité des nano-PS est apparue dépendante de leurs propriétés de surface (e.g groupements chimiques, charge) qui dirigent leur agrégation dans l’eau de mer et les interactions avec les membranes biologiques. Les nano-PS cationiques, qui restent à l’échelle nanométrique dans l’eau de mer, sont à l’origine des effets toxiques les plus marqués. L’exposition embryonnaire à une dose non létale a notamment diminué les performances larvaires et modulé la réponse de la génération suivante à une réexposition embryonnaire. Toutefois, ces effets néfastes sont observés à des concentrations numéraires supposément non-représentatives de l’environnement actuel (la quantité de NP n’étant pas caractérisée en mer à ce jour), suggérant un risque limité des micro- et nanosphères de polystyrène sur les jeunes stades de C.gigas. Les prochaines études devront tenir compte de la complexité et de la réalité des MNP environnementaux (e.g. polymères, formes, contaminants adsorbés, concentrations) sur plusieurs générations de bivalves dans le but d’appréhender plus précisément le risque pour les écosystèmes côtiersFor 70 years, mismanaged plastic waste accumulates in the oceans. Risk assessment of this contamination is a major concern, especially regarding micro- and presumably nanoplastics (MNP; <5 mm) which are bioavailable for most marine species. The objective of this thesis was to assess adverse effects of MNP to early life stages of the oyster Crassostrea gigas, a key engineer species in coastal ecosystems. MNP toxicity on oyster young stages depended on the particle size. The high surface area- to - volume ratio of polystyrene nanobeads (nano- PS; 50 nm) promoted their reactivity and interactions with biological membranes of gametes and embryos, leading to an inhibition of the fertilization and embryogenesis success while 0.5 and 2 μm polystyrene beads had any detectable effects. The nano-PS toxicity depended on the particle surface properties (e.g. surface functionalization and charge) which govern their aggregation in seawater and affinity with biological membranes. Furthermore, cationic nano- PS which remained at nanometric scale in seawater, had the highest toxic potential to oyster gametes and embryos. Embryonic exposure to these particles at a non-lethal dose reduced first generation larval performances and modulated larval growth at the second generation in response to the same embryonic exposure. All adverse effects were observed at supposedly unrealistic environmental concentrations (no in situ data exists on NP), suggesting low risk of polystyrene beads to oyster early life stages. Future studies will have to take into account the complexity and reality of MNP in oceans (e.g. polymer and shape diversity, concentrations, contaminants adsorption) to assess effects on bivalve species across generations in order to establish more accurately the risks for coastal environments
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Salmi, Anna, and Emma Toft. "Några elevers känslor och tankar i ett möte med en skalbagges livscykelstadier / A couple of pupils’ emotions and thoughts when meeting a beetle’s life cycle stages." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-30503.
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Avsikten med detta arbete är att undersöka vilka känslor och tankar elever kan ha till djur, samt om de kan ändras när eleverna blir bekanta med djuren. Vi har valt att utföra en kvalitativ undersökning där vi kombinerar metoderna intervju och observation. Undersökningen genomfördes på tio elever i årskurs ett, där alla enskilt fick bekanta sig med en skalbagges alla livcykelstadier under ca 10 minuter. I början och slutet av varje intervju bad vi eleverna att berätta vad de kände och tänkte när de såg djuren, därefter grundade vi vår analys och tolkning av vårt material med hjälp av konstruktivismen. I vår undersökning såg vi att alla elever hade någon sorts känsla för och tanke om djuren, dock kunde det vara svårt att tyda känslorna eftersom vissa elever verbalt kunde uttrycka en känsla medan kroppsspråket visade en annan. Generellt ändrade eleverna sina känslor och tankar till djuren under intervjuns gång, men vi kunde inte uppfatta något mönster i hur känslorna och tankarna ändrades.