Journal articles: 'Laser Alloying'

1

Lyakhovich, L. S., S. A. Isakov, V. M. Kartoshkin, and V. P. Pakhadnya. "Laser alloying." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 29, no. 3 (March 1987): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00772862.

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2

Draper, C. W., and J. M. Poate. "Laser surface alloying." International Materials Reviews 30, no. 1 (January 1985): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/imr.1985.30.1.85.

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Draper, C. W., and J. M. Poate. "Laser surface alloying." International Metals Reviews 30, no. 1 (January 1985): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/imtr.1985.30.1.85.

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4

Vilar, Rui. "Laser Alloying and Laser Cladding." Materials Science Forum 301 (January 1999): 229–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.301.229.

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Istomin, A. B., and V. B. Kozlov. "The effectiveness of laser treatment." Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic), no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2010-06.

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Laser heat treatment and laser alloying are new surface hardening processes. The efficiency of laser surface treatment is due to the high energy flux density, locality of impact, and the possibility of contactless energy transfer to the processing area. As a result of Laser heat treatment and laser alloying, metals and alloys acquire high physical and mechanical properties in local volumes that are unattainable with traditional methods of hardening. Laser heat treatment and laser alloying are most widely used for parts that work under conditions of sliding friction, abrasive and erosive wear. At present, the principal possibility is shown and the technological basis for laser heat treatment and surface alloying of most steels is formulated.

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Shelyagin, V. D., L. I. Markashova, V. Yu Khaskin, A. V. Bernatsky, and O. S. Kushnaryova. "Laser and laser-microplasma alloying of surface of 38KhN3MFA steel specimens." Paton Welding Journal 2014, no. 2 (February 28, 2014): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2014.02.03.

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HAGINO, Hideki, and Takuto YAMAGUCHI. "Laser Transformation Hardening and Laser Alloying." Journal of Smart Processing 1, no. 6 (2012): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7791/jspmee.1.262.

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Makuch, N., P. Dziarski, and M. Kulka. "The effect of laser treatment parameters on temperature distribution and thickness of laser-alloyed layers produced on Nimonic 80A-alloy." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 83 (August 1, 2017): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7034.

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Purpose: The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of laser treatment parameters on temperature distribution and thickness of laser-alloyed layers produced on Nimonic 80A-alloy. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper laser alloying was used in order to produce layers on Nimonic 80A-alloy surface. The three types of the alloying materials were applied: B, B+Nb and B+Mo. Microstructure observations were carried out using an optical microscope. The hardness measurements were performed using a Vickers method under a load of 0.981 N. For evaluation of temperature distribution the equations developed by Ashby and Esterling were used. Findings: The produced layers consisted of re-melted zone only and were characterized by high hardness (up to 1431 HV0.1). The increase in laser beam power caused an increase in thickness and decrease in hardness of re-melted zones. The temperature distribution was strongly dependent on laser treatment parameters and physical properties of alloying material. The higher laser beam power, used during laser alloying with boron, caused an increase in layer thickness and temperature on the treated surface. The addition of Mo or Nb for alloying paste caused changes in melting conditions. Research limitations/implications: The obtained results confirmed that laser beam power used for laser alloying influenced the thickness and hardness of the produced layers. Moreover, the role of type of alloying material and its thermal properties on melting condition was confirmed. Practical implications: Laser alloying is the promising method which can be used in order to form very thick and hard layers on the surface of Ni-base alloys. The obtained microstructure, thickness and properties strongly dependent on laser processing parameters such as laser beam diameter, laser beam power, scanning rate as well as on the type of alloying material and its thickness, or type of substrate material. Originality/value: In this paper the influence of alloying material on temperature distribution, thickness and hardness of the laser-alloyed layers was in details analyzed.

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Turcan, Olga, Daniel Constantin Comeagă, Octavian Donţu, and Ionelia Voiculescu. "Improvement of Low Carbon Steel ST37-2 by Laser Surface Alloying with Metallic Powders." Advanced Materials Research 816-817 (September 2013): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.816-817.250.

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Local surface alloying of metallic materials by laser is an issue of interest in the scientific world and materials engineering. Laser surface alloying technology allows diffusion of alloying elements which add special features into the surface of a base material with modest properties but a low price. This paper presents the results of experimental research regarding the process of alloying on steel ST37-2 and the effects obtained after laser surface alloying.

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Almeida, A., and R. Vilar. "Laser surface alloying of aluminium-transition metal alloys." Revista de Metalurgia 34, no. 2 (April 30, 1998): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.1998.v34.i2.672.

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LI, WEI, HUIJUN YU, CHUANZHONG CHEN, DIANGANG WANG, and FEI WENG. "MICRO-STRUCTURES OF HARD COATINGS DEPOSITED ON TITANIUM ALLOYS BY LASER ALLOYING TECHNIQUE." Surface Review and Letters 20, no. 01 (February 2013): 1350007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x13500078.

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This work is based on micro-structural performance of the Ti–B4C–C laser alloying coatings on Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy. The test results indicated that laser alloying of the Ti–B4C–C pre-placed powders on the Ti–6Al–4V alloy substrate can form the ceramics reinforced hard alloying coatings, which increased the micro-hardness and wear resistance of substrate. The test result also indicated that the TiB phase was produced in alloying coating, which corresponded to its (101) crystal plane. In addition, yttria has a refining effect on micro-structures of the laser alloying coating, and its refinement mechanism was analyzed. This research provided essential experimental and theoretical basis to promote the applications of the laser alloying technique in manufacturing and repairing of the aerospace parts.

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12

Radziejewska, J. "Surface Layer Morphology Due to Laser Alloying Process." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 220, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440505x32931.

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The results of experimental research on the influence of laser alloying parameters on the structure and chemical composition are presented. The alloying process was performed with a continuous CO2 laser, of a 2.5 kW power, at different densities of energy and different interaction times of beam on material. The experiments were done on carbon steel, which was alloyed with powders of tungsten carbide and cobalt stellite. The microstructure, the distribution of alloyed elements, and the microhardness of the surface layer were studied after a laser alloying process. It was shown that alloying layer morphology depends on the laser alloying parameters, especially on interaction time. The research has verified that the motion process of liquid material determines the alloyed layer morphology and indicates a necessity to take into account the convection process.

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Zhang, Wei, Li Zheng Jiang, Rui Quan Wang, and Bo Lin. "Research of Microstructure and Property of Laser Alloying on the Surface of P20 Steel Compared with Nitriding." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 1629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.1629.

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The experiment of laser alloying on the surface of P20 steel was made. Tungsten carbide (WC) powder was used as alloying material. The microstructure and property of laser alloying layer and nitriding layer are studied. The research showed that laser alloying layer had better properties such as minute crystals, deeper layer, higher hardness and good metallurgical bonding with base metal. The average hardness of alloying zone was 600HV0.2. The average hardness of phase-change hard zone was 450HV0.2. P20 steel was widely used in the field of plastic mold manufacture, especially mold core and cavity. Abrasion, corrosion and pressure resulted in change of mold size and shape which could greatly affect molding precision. Using laser alloying, the good wear layer would be made on the surface of p20 steel and would greatly increase the mold useful life.

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PACZKOWSKA, Marta, and Jarosław SELECH. "AN INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF LASER ALLOYING OF THE SURFACE LAYER ON ABRASIVE WEAR RESISTANCE OF CAST IRON ELEMENTS." Tribologia 282, no. 6 (December 31, 2018): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8428.

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The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of the laser alloying of the coulter flaps working in a sand medium on the intensity of their abrasive wear. The treatment was performed with a dual diode TRUDISK 1000 laser device. Two types of alloying were performed (with boron and the mixture of boron and chromium). The wear experiment was carried out with a “rotating bowl” device to testing wear in a sandy medium. In comparison to the surface layer of the base coulter flaps (only chilled – with white cast iron microstructure) after laser alloying finer, more homogenous and additionally hardened microstructure of the surface layer was achieved. Such microstructure improved the hardness by approx. 2 times for laser alloying with boron and 3 times for the alloying with boron and chromium. Wear tests proved that this translated into over 2-fold improvement in durability of treated coulter flaps. Mass loss was similar in the case of both types of alloying despite of achieving the higher value of hardness by laser alloying with boron and chromium than by alloying only with boron. It may result from some discontinuities observed in the microstructure of the layer containing chromium that was created due to the technology. It was also observed that alloying with boron improved the surface roughness parameters.

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15

Bonek, Mirołsaw, and Leszek Adam Dobrzański. "Characterization Performance of Laser Melted Commercial Tool Steels." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 1848–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.1848.

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The purpose of this research paper is focused on the X40CrMoV5-1 hot work tool steel surface layers improvement properties using high power diode laser. In the effect of laser alloying with powders of carbides occurs size reduction of microstructure, as well as dispersion hardening through fused in but partially dissolved carbides and consolidation through enrichment of surface layer in alloying additions coming from dissolving carbides. Introduced particles of carbides and in part remain undissolved, creating conglomerates being a result of fusion of undissolved powder grains into molten metal base. In effect of convection movements of material in the liquid state, conglomerates of carbides arrange themselves in the characteristic of swirl. Laser alloying of surface layer of investigated steel without introducing alloying additions into liquid molten metal pool, in the whole range of used laser power, causes size reduction of dendritic microstructure with the direction of crystallization consistent with the direction of heat carrying away from the zone of impact of laser beam. Remelting of the steel without introducing into liquid molten pool the alloying additions in the form of carbide powders, causes slight increase of properties of surface layer of investigated steel in comparison to its analogical properties obtained through conventional heat treatment, depending on the laser beam power implemented for remelting. The outcome of the research is an investigation showing the structural mechanisms accompanying laser alloying.

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16

Lont, Aleksandra, Jacek Górka, Damian Janicki, and Krzysztof Matus. "The Laser Alloying Process of Ductile Cast Iron Surface with Titanium Powder in Nitrogen Atmosphere." Coatings 12, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020227.

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The article presents the results of the laser alloying process of a ductile cast iron EN-GJS 350-22 surface with titanium powder in nitrogen atmosphere. The aim of this research was to test the influence of nitrogen atmosphere on the structure and properties of the ductile cast iron surface layer produced by a laser alloying process with titanium. The laser alloying process was conducted using a Rofin Sinar DL020 2 kW high-power diode laser (HPDDL) with rectangular focus and uniform power density distribution in the focus axis. The tests of the produced surface layers included macrostructure and microstructure observations, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) on scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), Vickers hardness and solid particle erosion according to ASTM G76-04 standard. As a result of the laser alloying process in nitrogen atmosphere with titanium powder, the in situ metal matrix composite structure reinforced by TiCN particles was formed. The laser alloying process of ductile cast iron caused the increased hardness and erosion resistance of the surface.

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17

Piasecki, A., M. Kotkowiak, and M. Kulka. "The effect of CaF2 and BaF2 solid lubricants on wear resistance of laserborided 100CrMnSi6-4 bearing steel." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 1, no. 86 (July 1, 2017): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.4869.

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Purpose: In this paper, laser alloying with boron and solid lubricants was used in order to produce the self-lubricating layer on 100CrMnSi6-4 bearing steel. The influence of CaF2 and BaF2 on microstructure, hardness, chemical and phase composition as well as wear resistance of the layers was studied. Design/methodology/approach: The two-step process was used during laser alloying. First, the surface of the specimen was coated by a paste with alloying material. The alloying material consisted of the mixture of amorphous boron and self-lubricating additions (CaF2 and BaF2). Next, the surface was re-melted by a laser beam using TRUMPF TLF 2600 Turbo CO2 laser. The laser beam power 1.43 kW was used for laser alloying. The layer was characterized using X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, microhardness tester. The dry sliding wear behaviour of the layer was investigated using the Amsler type wear test. Findings: The tribofilm, consisting of solid lubricants, was observed on the worn surfaces of laser-alloyed layers. It caused an increase in the wear resistance at room temperature. The presence of calcium fluoride and barium fluoride was confirmed in laser-alloyed layers using XRD and X-ray microanalysis by EDS method. Practical implications: Laser surface modification with solid lubricants had the important cognitive significance and gives grounds to the practical employment of this technology for reducing the abrasive wear. Originality/value: The wear mechanism of surface layer with solid lubricants was determined. The produced layer with laser alloying layers of boron and solid lubricant (CaF2 or BaF2) was compared.

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Rawers, J., W. Reitz, S. Bullard, and E. K. Roub. "Surface and Corrosion Study of Laser-Processed Zirconium Alloys." Corrosion 47, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3585187.

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Abstract Reactor Grade Zirconium (Zircaloy-2) was laser-glazed and laser-alloyed with nickel (Ni) or chromium (Cr) powders. Laser alloying produced a surface that was macroscopically, chemically homogeneous. However, at the microscopic level the melt zone was a mixture of microcrystalline pure zirconium (Zr) and extremely fine grain, or possibly amorphous, solid solution regions of Zr and alloying elements. Corrosion tests (potentiodynamic and long-term immersion) were conducted in 10% FeCl3 solution. The potentiodynamic tests showed icorr and Ecorr were a strong function of surface conditioning, altered by grit-blasting, laser processing, acid cleaning, and heat treating. Significant improvement was achieved in corrosion resistance by laser-glazing and laser-alloying.

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19

Li, Yu Zhong, and Jing Ping Liu. "Experimental Study of Laser Surface Treatment of Low-Carbon Ductile Iron." Applied Mechanics and Materials 155-156 (February 2012): 965–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.155-156.965.

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In the essay, the Low carbon ductile iron by laser surface alloying processing has been experimentally studied. Results indicate that on low carbon ductile iron matrix coated with different alloy powder, structure of laser surface alloying processing is very small, the combination quality between alloying layer and matrix is good. Low carbon ductile iron after laser surface treatment, maternal surface hardness are greatly enhanced, maternal surface hardness increasing from HV250~330 to the highest about HV1400, surface laser hardening effect of Low carbon ductile iron is very obvious.

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20

Kotarska, Aleksandra. "The Laser Alloying Process of Ductile Cast Iron Surface with Titanium." Metals 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020282.

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The article presents the results of the laser alloying process of ductile cast iron EN-GJS 350-22 surface with titanium. The laser alloying process was conducted on 2 kW high power diode laser (HPDDL) Rofin Sinar DL02 with rectangular focus and uniform power density distribution in the focus axis. The laser alloying was conducted with constant laser beam power and processing speed with titanium powder feed rate variation. The tests of the produced surface layers included macrostructure and microstructure observations, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, Vickers hardness, and solid particle erosion according to ASTM G76-04 standard. To assess the erosion mechanism, SEM observations of worn surfaces after erosive test were carried out. As a result of laser alloying of a ductile cast iron surface, the in situ metal-matrix composite structure was formed with TiC reinforcing particles. The microstructure change resulted in the increase of surface layers hardness and erosion resistance in comparison to the base material.

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McCay, M. H., C. M. Sharp, J. A. Hopkins, B. Szapiro, and T. D. McCay. "Plasma assisted laser surface alloying." Journal of Laser Applications 15, no. 2 (May 2003): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.1536644.

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22

Prokhorova, A. I., and T. I. Bal’kova. "Laser Alloying of Tool Steel." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2021, no. 12 (December 2021): 1580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s003602952112020x.

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23

Kisina, Yu B., A. D. Barsukov, and I. R. Shlyapina. "Laser surface alloying of silumin." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 37, no. 2 (February 1995): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01157045.

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Draper, C. W. "Laser surface alloying of gold." Gold Bulletin 19, no. 1 (March 1986): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03214638.

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Eremin, E. N., S. A. Guchenko, V. Ch Laurynas, V. M. Yurov, and S. S. Kasymov. "Laser alloying of nanocrystalline coatings." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1210 (March 2019): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1210/1/012038.

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26

Westendorp, J. F. M., W. Koelewijn, W. G. J. H. M. van Sark, F. W. Saris, N. M. van der Pers, and Th H. de Keijser. "Laser alloying of Cu and Cr." Journal of Materials Research 1, no. 5 (October 1986): 652–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1986.0652.

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CuCr multilayers, 0.5−1 /um total thickness, on Cu substrates have been laser irradiated. Threshold energy densities for complete alloying with different laser wavelengths and different multilayer structures were determined using Rutherford backscattering. Results are discussed in terms of absorbance of Cu and Cr as a function of laser wavelength, overall chemical composition, and thicknesses of the individual Cu and Cr layers. Also, x-ray diffraction was used to study the microstructure of the CuCr before and after laser irradiation. A method is outlined for unraveling the contributions to peak shift of stacking faults, stresses, and change in'chemical composition. The CuCr alloy produced by the laser irradiation consisted of small, very defective Cu-rich and Cr-rich crystallites. The CuCr layer was subjected to a high tensile stress. The distinct change in preferred orientation of crystallites on laser irradiation indicated a complete melting of the CuCr multilayer. A high tensile strength (> 935 MPa) of the CuCr before and after laser alloying is suggested by the microstructure as observed by x-ray diffraction and sustained by hardness measurements. In the Cu-rich crystals 4.0 at. % Cr was in solid solution, i.e., five times the maximum equilibrium solid solubility.

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27

Wiśniowski, Maciej, Tomasz Tański, and Przemysław Snopiński. "Structure of Titanium GRADE 1 after Laser Alloying with FeCr Powder." Solid State Phenomena 308 (July 2020): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.308.157.

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Titanium alloys due to their low density and high mechanical properties are a group of materials that are being used willingly nowadays. A promising method of titanium heat treatment is laser surface alloying. Process parameters like laser beam power, its transverse speed, amount of alloying elements and shield gas, have influence on the material. Different chemical composition and morphology can be achieved resulting in a change of properties on the surface of the material. The paper presents the investigation of titanium GRADE 1 processed with iron‐nickel powder using laser alloying. The treatment was performed using a high power diode laser. Different laser beam power values were used.

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Krupiński, Mariusz, Paulina Ewelina Smolarczyk, and Mirosław Bonek. "Microstructure and Properties of the Copper Alloyed with Ag and Ti Powders Using Fiber Laser." Materials 13, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 2430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112430.

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The scope of the work covers the development of the relationship between the chemical composition of surface-modified copper and the diffusion of alloy elements as well as the microstructure and mechanical properties. This article presents the impact of laser alloying with titanium and silver powders on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper. In order to investigate the phenomena occurring during the laser alloying process, microstructural studies were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopic (EDS) analysis of the chemical composition in micro-areas. In addition, to test the properties of the resulting alloy, abrasion resistance, hardness measurement at low loading force, and conductivity measurements were performed. As a result of alloying with Ag and Ti powders, three distinct zones were indeed recognized: re-melting zone (RZ), diffusion zone (DZ), and heat affected zone (HAZ). The surface modification that results from laser alloying increases the hardness as well as the abrasion resistance of the material. Overall, it was found that laser alloying with Ti powder increased the strength of the copper surface layer due to the formation of intermetallic phases (Cu3Ti2). It was also found that laser alloying with Ag powder changed the mechanical properties of the surface layer due to the solid solution strengthening.

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Proskuryakov, V. I., and I. V. Rodionov. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE ALLOYING COVERING ON THE CHANGE IN THE STRUCTURE AND MICROHARDNESS OF STAINLESS STEEL 12KH18N10T." IZVESTIA VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 2(249) (February 25, 2021): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/1990-5297-2021-2-249-88-92.

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The article is devoted to the experimental analysis of the influence of the process of laser pulsed alloying in a layer of alloying mixture on the qualitative and physical and mechanical characteristics of the modified surface of stainless chromium-nickel steel of the austenitic class 12Cr18Ni10T. It was found that the use of graphite paste as an alloying compound leads to a significant increase in microhardness, a change in micromorphology, and the formation of a heat hardening zone in the near-surface layer of steel. The smoothing of the boundaries of structural changes is revealed and the effect of surface hardening is determined when a finely dispersed powder of titanium dioxide (anatase) is added to the alloying coating. According to the data obtained, a comparative analysis of the dependence of the microhardness of the modified surface on the voltage of the pump lamp and the diameter of the laser pulse spot is carried out. The maximum microhardness value, equal to 9,56 GPa, was achieved as a result of laser processing of a series of samples, where graphite paste was applied as a preliminary surface preparation. Rational technological modes of laser modification of the surface of 12Cr18Ni10T steel that have previously undergone abrasive blasting, modes of laser pulsed alloying in a layer of graphite coating and laser pulsed alloying of steel in a layer of coating consisting of graphite paste and anatase powder in a ratio of 4:1, respectively, are recommended.

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Brytan, Zbigniew, and Wojciech Pakieła. "Laser Surface Treatment of Sintered Stainless Steels for Wear Resistance Enhancement." Key Engineering Materials 813 (July 2019): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.813.221.

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In the present study, sintered austenitic stainless steel type 316L was laser surface alloyed with Inconel 625 powder by the fibre optic laser. The Inconel 625 spheroidal powder of grain size 60-150 μm was introduced by the coaxial feeding head directly to the liquid metal, during laser surface alloying. The process parameters were selected to melt and fully dissolve alloying powder into the alloyed surface. As a result of laser alloying, the porosity of sintered stainless steel was eliminated, a uniform distribution of nickel and molybdenum in the entire alloyed zone was obtained. The alloyed surface shows fully austenitic microstructure of 17%Cr, 18%Ni, 3%Mo. The superficial hardness, microhardness and surface wear resistance were significantly improved in respect to an untreated substrate material. The presented technique of laser surface alloying can be easily applied for sintered austenitic stainless steel components where selected component surfaces require an improved surface performance.

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Bonek, Mirosław, Grzegorz Matula, and Leszek Adam Dobrzański. "Effect of Laser Surface Melting on Structure and Properties of a High Speed Tool Steel." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 1365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1365.

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The purpose of this research paper is focused on the high speed steel surface layers improvement properties using HPDL laser. The paper present laser surface technologies, investigation of structure and properties of the high speed steel alloying with carbides using high power diode laser HPDL. Investigation indicate the influence of the alloying carbides on the structure and properties of the surface layer of investigated steel depending on the kind of alloying carbides and power implemented laser (HPDL). In the effect of laser alloying with powder of carbides occurs size reduction of microstructure as well as dispersion hardening through fused in but partially dissolved carbides and consolidation through enrichment of surface layer in alloying additions coming from dissolving carbides. Introduced particles of carbides and in part remain undissolved, creating conglomerates being a result of fusion of undissolved powder grains into molten metal base. The structural mechanism was determined of surface layers development, effect was studied of alloying parameters, gas protection method, and thickness of paste layer applied onto the steel surface on structure refinement and influence of these factors on the mechanical properties of surface layer, and especially on its hardness, abrasive wear resistance, and roughness. It has the important cognitive significance and gives grounds to the practical employment of these technologies for forming the surfaces of new tools and regeneration of the used ones.

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Jonda, E., Z. Brytan, K. Labisz, and A. Drygała. "The Influence of Laser Surface Alloying on the Thermal Fatigue Resistance of Hot Work Tool Steels." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0216.

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Abstract The paper presents results of the effect of laser surface remelting and alloying by carbides powders of NbC, TaC, TiC, VC and WC on the structure and thermal fatigue resistance of the surface layer of hot work tool steels X40CrMoV5-1 and 32CrMoV12-28. The laser surface alloying and remelting treatments was performed using a high power diode laser (HPDL ROFIN SINAR DL 020). In order to investigate the effect of applied laser treatments and used alloying powders on the microstructure and thermal fatigue resistance of processed surface layer of hot work tool steels, the microstructure evaluation by light microscopy, hardness test, and dedicated thermal fatigue resistance test were performed. The best results regarding fatigue cracks inhibition was obtained when the surface of hot work tool steels was alloyed with TiC and VC carbides at the laser beam power of 2.0 and 2.3 kW. The grain refinement effect of laser remelting has a lower impact on the thermal crack inhibition, than a strong strengthening effect of matrix saturation in alloying elements and precipitation of fine carbides in the steel matrix.

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Baranov, D. A., A. A. Parkin, and S. S. Zhatkin. "HN45VMTYUBR Alloy: Impact of Laser Beam Welding Modes on Microstructure and Distribution of Alloying Elements in the Seam." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.530.

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The article reviews the results of experimental studies of microstructure and redistribution of alloying elements in heat-resistant alloy HN45VMTYUBR during laser beam welding (alloy produced according to GOST 5632-14). Impression of laser emission on redistribution of alloying elements throughout the depth of a welding seam is demonstrated. Analysis covers the microstructure of several welding and heat-affected zones and redistribution of the alloying elements in these zones. Increase in tungsten content in weld root is detected. Redistribution of alloying elements in welding zones is proven to impact strength characteristics of the seam.

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Smolarczyk, Paulina, Mariusz Krupiński, and Wojciech Pakieła. "Microstructure and Properties of the Aluminum Alloyed with ZrO Powder Using Fiber Laser." Solid State Phenomena 326 (November 2, 2021): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.326.157.

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The scope of the work covers the development of the relationship between the chemical composition of surface-modified aluminium and its mechanical properties. This article presents the impact of laser alloying with ZrO powder on the microstructure and mechanical properties of pure aluminium. In order to study the phenomena occurring during the laser alloying process, microstructural studies were carried out using optical microscopy. Additionally, the properties of the obtained alloy were tested - abrasion resistance and hardness measured at low load force. As a result of the alloying process, three distinct zones were identified: the remelting zone (RZ), the diffusion zone (DZ) and the heat affected zone (HAZ). The surface modification resulting from laser alloying increases the hardness and abrasion resistance of the material.

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Paczkowska, Marta. "The Comparison of the Effects of Nodular Cast Iron Laser Alloying with Selected Substances." Materials 15, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 7561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217561.

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The aim of this research was to compare the effects of laser treatment, with the same heating conditions, using four selected alloying substances (silicon, cobalt, silicon nitride and titanium), in the surface layer of nodular cast iron. The treatment was performed with a molecular laser. As the microstructure observation revealed, the greatest amount of implemented elements was diluted during the treatment in a solid solution. In all cases (except during the alloying process with cobalt), in the alloying zone, a fine and homogeneous microstructure was found. In the alloying zone, cobalt counteracted the formation of the martensitic microstructure so effectively that austenite turned into exclusively fine perlite (or bainite at most). The size of the obtained alloyed zone was different, despite the same laser heat treatment parameters. A 30% smaller depth of zone after laser alloying with silicon nitride, as compared with alloying with cobalt or silicon, was observed. The highest strengthening of the alloyed zone could be expected when silicon (hardness was approx. 980HV0.1 and the modulus of elasticity was 208 GPa) and titanium (hardness was approx. 880HV0.1 and the modulus of elasticity was 194 GPa) were used. The lowest hardness (700HV0.1) was observed for the zone alloyed with cobalt due to pearlite (or bainite) existence.

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Piec, Marek, Leszek Adam Dobrzański, Krzysztof Labisz, Ewa Jonda, and Andrzej Klimpel. "Laser Alloying with WC Ceramic Powder in Hot Work Tool Steel Using a High Power Diode Laser (HPDL)." Advanced Materials Research 15-17 (February 2006): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.15-17.193.

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Investigations include alloying the X38CrMoV5-3 hot-work tool steel surface layer with the tungsten carbide, using the high power diode laser (HPDL). The tungsten carbide ceramic particles of the medium grain size according to FSSS = 50 /m were introduced using the rotor conveyer to improve the properties of the surface layer. The powder feed rate was set at the steady level of 8.64g/min. Remelting and alloying were carried out several times in the laser power range of 1.2 – 2.3 kW in the remelting/alloying, alloying/remelting sequences. The structural mechanism was determined of gradient layer development, effect was studied of alloying parameters, gas protection method, and powder feed rate on its mechanical properties, and especially on its hardness, abrasive wear resistance, and roughness. Structure changes were revealed consisting, in particular, in its refining, and also hardness and microhardness changes in comparizon to the nonremelted steel. Examination results obtained with the EDX microanalysis, surface and linear analysis of the chemical composition, as well as the X-ray qualitative phase analysis are presented.

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Hou, Yaqing, Hang Su, Hao Zhang, Xuandong Wang, and Changchang Wang. "Fabricating Homogeneous FeCoCrNi High-Entropy Alloys via SLM In Situ Alloying." Metals 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060942.

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Selective laser melting (SLM) in situ alloying is an effective way to design and fabricate novel materials in which the elemental powder is adopted as the raw material and micro-areas of elemental powder blend are alloyed synchronously in the forming process of selective laser melting (SLM). The pre-alloying process of preparation of raw material powder can be left out, and a batch of bulk samples can be prepared via the technology combined with quantitative powder mixing and feeding. The technique can be applied to high-throughput sample preparation to efficiently obtain a microstructure and performance data for material design. In the present work, bulk equiatomic FeCoCrNi high-entropy alloys with different processing parameters were fabricated via laser in situ alloying. Finite element simulation and CALPHAD calculation were used to determine the appropriate SLM and post-heating parameters. SEM (scanning electron microscope), EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and mechanical testing were used to characterize the composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of as-printed and post-heat-treated samples. The experimental results show that the composition deviation of laser in situ alloying samples could be controlled within 20 wt %. The crystal structure of as-printed samples is a single-phase face-centered cubic (FCC), which is the same as those prepared by the traditional method. The mechanical properties of the samples prepared by laser in situ alloying with elemental powder blend are comparable to those prepared by pre-alloying powder and much higher than those prepared by the traditional method (arc melting). As-printed samples can get a homogeneous microstructure under the optimal laser in situ alloying process combined with post-heat treatment at 1200 °C for 20 h.

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Kotkowiak, Mateusz, Adam Piasecki, and Michał Kulka. "Laser alloying of bearing steel with boron and self-lubricating addition." Archives of Mechanical Technology and Materials 36, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amtm-2016-0002.

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Abstract 100CrMnSi6-4 bearing steel has been widely used for many applications, e.g. rolling bearings which work in difficult operating conditions. Therefore, this steel has to be characterized by special properties such as high wear resistance and high hardness. In this study laser-boriding was applied to improve these properties. Laser alloying was conducted as the two step process with two different types of alloying material: amorphous boron only and amorphous boron with addition of calcium fluoride CaF2. At first, the surface was coated with paste including alloying material. Second step of the process consisted in laser re-melting. The surface of sample, coated with the paste, was irradiated by the laser beam. In this study, TRUMPF TLF 2600 Turbo CO2 laser was used. The microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance of both laser-borided layer and laser-borided layer with the addition of calcium fluoride were investigated. The layer, alloyed with boron and CaF2, was characterized by higher wear resistance than the layer after laser boriding only.

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Han, Tengfei, Kexin Zhou, Zhongyu Chen, and Yuesheng Gao. "Research Progress on Laser Cladding Alloying and Composite Processing of Steel Materials." Metals 12, no. 12 (November 29, 2022): 2055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12122055.

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Laser cladding technology is a reliable and efficient surface modification technology, which has been widely used in surface alloying and composite processing of steel materials. Firstly, the characteristics of laser cladding technology were introduced, and the effects of process control and the material system on the geometric shape, size, microstructure, and properties of cladding coating were analyzed by summarizing the research results of laser cladding on steel surfaces. The results show that with the increase of laser power, the dilution rate and width of the cladding coating increase, and the grain becomes coarse. Thus, the wear resistance deteriorates. Compared with alloy cladding coating, composite cladding coating exhibits better wear and corrosion resistance, but the plastic toughness is worse than alloy cladding coating. The research progress of surface alloying and composite processing of steel worldwide was analyzed from various aspects. Current results suggest that laser cladding alloying and compounding can enhance the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of steel materials. Based on the summary of the current research results, the development prospect and planning of laser cladding technology in the field of surface alloying and composite processing of steel are further pointed out.

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Girzhon, V. V., V. V. Yemelianchenko, and O. V. Smolyakov. "Structure of High-Entropy CoCrFeNi Alloy Obtained by Laser Alloying." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 44, no. 6 (September 6, 2022): 725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.44.06.0725.

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Girzhon, V. V., V. V. Yemelianchenko, and O. V. Smolyakov. "Structure of High-Entropy AlCoCrFeNi Alloy Obtained by Laser Alloying." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 43, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.43.03.0399.

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Janicki, Damian. "Improvement of Wear Resistance of Stainless Steel AISI 304L by Diode Laser Surface Alloying with Chromium Carbide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.363.

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Metal matrix composite layers were fabricated on AISI 304L substrate by diode laser surface alloying with direct injection of chromium carbide Cr3C2 powder into the molten-pool. The influence of laser alloying parameters on the quality of the alloyed layers were investigated. The alloyed layers were examined by optical metallography and scanning electron microscopy. Comparative erosion tests between the AISI 304L substrate and the alloyed layers have been performed following the ASTM G 76 standard test method. The uniform laser beam intensity profile of the laser used ensures to produce fully dense alloying layers with homogenous distribution of Cr3C2 particle throughout the matrix alloy. Distribution and dissolution of Cr3C2 particles are strongly dependent on the laser power level. The alloyed layers exhited noticeable increased erosion resistance in comparison to AISI 304L substrate for both 30° and 90° impact angles.

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Wei, Li. "Microstructural characteristics of SiC-B4C reinforced laser alloying composite coatings." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 20, no. 4 (November 1, 2013): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2012-0164.

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AbstractA hard SiC-B4C reinforced composite coating was fabricated by laser alloying of SiC-B4C+Al-Sn-Mo-Y2O3 mixed powders on a Ti-3Al-2V alloy. Al-Sn-Mo mixed powders were first used in the laser alloying technique to improve the wear resistance of titanium alloys. Proper selection of the laser alloying process parameters allows us to obtain a composite coating with a metallurgical combination with substrate. Under the action of Mo, fine particles with high microhardness were produced in the coating matrix and also hindered the formation of adhesion patches and deep plowing grooves during the sliding wear process, leading to the improvement of wear resistance of a titanium alloy substrate surface.

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Ye, Hong, Xiao Bin Zhang, Xia Chang, and Rui Chen. "Microstructures and Properties of Laser Al Alloying on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 867–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.867.

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In order to improve corrosion and wear resistance of magnesium alloy, Al coating was prepared on the AZ31 magnesium alloy by the thermal spraying, then the Al-rich layer was obtained by using a CO2 laser re-melting. The microstructures and phases of the alloying layer were analyzed by canning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction apparatus (XRD). The mechanical properties were investigated by using hardness measurement and ring-on-flat apparatus. The corrosion behaviour was investigated in 3.5% (mass fraction) NaCl solution by electrochemical measurements. The results show that there are several different microstructures in the alloying layer, such as columnar, snowflake and network structure; the alloying layer consist of Mg2Al3, Mg17Al12 and α-Mg phases. The microhardness of alloy layer is about 170HV, higher than that of the AZ31 matrix (about 50HV). The wear tests show that the wear resistance of alloying layer is considerably improved comparing with the matrix. The potentiodynamic polarization results indicate that the corrosion resistance by laser alloying is enhanced.

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Feng, Liang, and Qi Bin Liu. "Microstructure and Properties of Roller Surface Alloyed by Laser." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 1808–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.1808.

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To improve the service performance of roller. The surface of roller was alloyed by a 5kW CO2 laser. The microstructure, hardness and wear resistance were investigated by means of OM, XRD, Micro-hardness Testing Machine and MMS-2A screen display friction tester. The experimental results indicate that excellent metallurgical bonding is obtained between alloying layer and substrate, the main microstructure of laser alloying coating is composed of phases such as γ-Fe, Fe(Ni,Cr), (Fe,Cr)7C3, MoC, Fe2MoC, WC and SiC etc. The strengthening mode is particle-reinforced mechanism. The corrosion resistance of connection zone is better than that of alloying zone. The average of microhardness value is as high as 718 HV, which is more two times than that of substrate, and the average of wear resistance value of alloying layer is approximately three times larger than that of substrate

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Govorov, Igor. "Technological support of wear-resistance and contact strength of production tools alignment elements by method of laser alloying." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2021, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2223-4608-2020-2021-1-34-43.

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The technological potentialities of laser alloying are considered for operation properties increase of supporting prisms in machine equipment. The information on techniques used is shown: methods for alloying component introduction, a lute structure, modes of laser working are presented. Test results of coatings obtained and recommendations for their use are presented.

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Yu, Huijun, Xiaoxi Meng, Zifan Wang, and Chuanzhong Chen. "Influence of Scanning Speed on the Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Laser Alloying Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Substrate." Materials 15, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 5819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15175819.

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Laser alloying has attracted significant attentions due to the advantages of high processing precision, good controllability and low heat effects on the substrate. However, the complexity of laser alloying requires further attentions on its processing parameters. This study aims at improving the wear resistance of the Ti-6Al-4V substrate by means of laser surface alloying with Ni-coated graphite (G@Ni). The effect of laser scanning speed is explored. The result suggests that the coating has a high surface quality and excellent metallurgical bonding with the substrate. NiTi and NiTi2 have a eutectic microstructure as well as in the TiC ceramic-reinforced phase as dendrites distribute in the γ-Ni matrix of the coatings. At higher scanning speeds, the lower energy density and shorter existence time of the molten pool refines the microstructure of the coating, improving its microhardness. At the scanning speed of 15 mm/s, the coating has the lowest wear weight loss due to its high microhardness and dense structure. This paper explores the influence of scanning speed on the microstructure and properties of the coatings, expanding the application of laser alloying on the surface modification of Ti-6Al-4V alloys.

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Domagała-Dubiel, Justyna, Katarzyna Bilewska, Mirosława Pawlyta, Joanna Kulasa, and Damian Janicki. "Investigation of the Implementation of Laser Surface Alloying of Cu with Cr–WC." Materials 15, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 5396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155396.

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This paper presents research on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an alloyed composite copper (Cu) surface layer, reinforced with a mixture of chromium–tungsten carbide (Cr–WC) powders. Copper alloying was performed using a high-power diode laser (HPDL). In the tests, three mixtures of powders with different percentage contents (75%Cr 25%WC, 50%Cr 50%WC, 25%Cr 75%WC) were injected into the melting pool during the laser surface alloying process. Microstructural evolution and the properties of the surface layer of copper after laser alloying were investigated. Structural investigations were performed using light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Microhardness and wear resistance of the modified surface layer were examined as well. After laser treatment the applied powders appear as uniformly distributed particles in the alloyed zone as well as nanoscale precipitates in the Cu matrix. Several types of precipitate characteristics, in terms of morphology, structure and chemical composition, were observed. Laser alloying of the surface layer modified the microstructure, which resulted in an increase in the hardness of the surface layers compared to the base material.

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Bučelis, Kęstutis, Jelena Škamat, and Olegas Černašejus. "Surface laser processing of maraging steel parts manufactured by selective laser melting: effect on pass geometry and hardness." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1239, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1239/1/012009.

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Abstract Due to the possibility to produce the parts with complex internal and external geometries, selective laser melting (SLM) process attracts growing interest in various fields of engineering segments such as aircraft, aerospace, biomedical, automotive, marine industries and tooling. Maraging steels, having excellent weldability and high resistance to thermal fatigue due to the lack of carbon, has showed good suitability for SLM [1]. However, owing to the limited hardness and wear resistance, maraging steels has limited application at the harsh wear conditions [4]. In this study, the possibility to improve the surface characteristics of DIN 1.2709 steel SLM parts by application of laser alloying technology is evaluated. The surface of SLM part was laser processed at various laser spot diameters and varying laser scanning speeds from 500 to 1500 mm⋅min-1, with and without preposition of alloying element. The power density was provided in the range from ~0.8⋅103 W⋅cm-2 to ~51⋅103 W⋅cm-2 and heat input – from 4 to 12 J⋅mm-1. The effect of laser processing parameters and presence of alloying element on the geometry of obtained processed passes and hardness of surface was evaluated. It was determined, that the application of CO2 continuous laser at the parameters of 1 kW laser power, 0.5 mm laser beam spot diameter and laser scanning speed in the range between 500 mm⋅min-1 and 1250 mm⋅min-1 allows obtaining laser pool of acceptable geometry and sizes directly on as-manufactured SLM part surface without any pre-processing. The increasing scanning speed to 1500 mm⋅min-1 or spot size to 2.0 and 3.0 mm results in too small pool depth and unstable pool geometry. The laser processing with preposition of alloying element layer provided surface alloying effect of the maraging steel SLM part. The hardness of processed surface areas ranged between ~600 HV0.2 at the lowest scanning speed and ~1770 HV0.2 at the highest speed, what is from 18% to ~3.5 times higher, as compared with maximum hardness of 1.2709 maraging steel after aging (~58 HRC or ~510 HV).

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McCay, M. H., J. A. Hopkins, and T. D. McCay. "Melt instabilities during laser surface alloying." Journal of Laser Applications 14, no. 1 (February 2002): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.1449886.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Laser Alloying'

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