Journal articles: 'Laser beam joining'

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Choi, Hae Woon, and Jin Young Yoon. "Composite Polymer Joining by Laser Combined Hybrid Laser Process." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1362.

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A novel hybrid process (2D scanner + LASER + CNC machining) was used to join transparent and opaque polymers. A 30W diode laser and a 3-axis CNC machining center were combined to accommodate a 2D scanning system for high flexibility and productivity. The scanning speed, the number of repetitions and the laser power were selected as parameters for the weld test. By combining CNC and laser, the productivity and accuracy were improved and manufacturing cost decreased accordingly. The maximum speed of 1130 mm/min was achieved with minimum power of 2Watt. The developed system demonstrated the joining of transparent PC and opaque ABS polymers by using 2 dimensional laser beam motion. The air gap could be minimized by using constant force on the upper holding plate, and preheating by the first run of the laser system. The weld bead decreased at the lower laser power and the higher laser scanning speed.

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Kessler, Benjamin, Dirk Dittrich, Berndt Brenner, Jens Standfuss, and Christoph Leyens. "Extension of the process limits in laser beam welding of thick-walled components using the Laser Multi-Pass Narrow-Gap welding (Laser-MPNG) on the example of the nickel-based material Alloy 617 occ." Welding in the World 65, no. 7 (April 15, 2021): 1359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01112-4.

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AbstractThe joining of thick-walled components using beam-based joining techniques is content of worldwide research and development activities, but has not yet been established in industry. State of the art to weld nickel super alloys is currently a TIG narrow-gap welding. The present paper is focusing on a new specific laser beam welding process, the so-called Laser Multi-Pass Narrow-Gap welding (Laser-MPNG). It first explains the process principle based on 2D beam oscillation, the use of fiber lasers and the multi-pass principle. The potential of the Laser-MPNG welding process is demonstrated using the technically significant nickel-based material Alloy 617 occ. As a result, it was possible for the first time to realize a weld with a wall thickness of 140 mm free of cracks or bonding defects. Promising results of creep and low-cycle fatigue tests are used to show the potential that Laser-MPNG welded joints would have for future industrial applications.

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Köhler, Markus, Tamás Tóth, Andreas Kreybohm, Jonas Hensel, and Klaus Dilger. "Effects of Reduced Ambient Pressure and Beam Oscillation on Gap Bridging Ability during Solid-State Laser Beam Welding." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4020040.

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In recent decades, beam welding processes have been set up as a key technology for joining applications in automotive engineering and particularly in gearbox manufacturing. Due to their high beam quality, energy efficiency, reliability as well as flexible beam guidance, modern solid-state lasers offer numerous advantages, but also pose increased requirements on the production and positional accuracy of the components for the joining process. In particular, small-focus diameters present a challenge for components with process-induced tolerances, i.e., disc carriers in automatic transitions. Furthermore, welding processes utilizing solid-state lasers show an increased spatter formation during welding at high welding speeds. Accordingly, the primary objective of the presented work consists in extending the current areas of application for solid-state laser beam welding in gearbox manufacturing through an improved process reliability regarding tolerance compensation and spatter formation. Therefore, this experimental study aimed to describe the effects of a dynamic beam oscillation in combination with a reduced ambient pressure in the process environment on both gap bridging ability and spatter formation during the laser beam welding of case hardening steel. For basic process evaluations, laser beam welding at reduced ambient pressure and laser beam welding with dynamic beam oscillation were initially studied separately. Following a basic process evaluation, samples for 2 mm full-penetration-welds with varying gap sizes were analyzed in terms of weld seam geometry and weld spatter formation.

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Vollertsen, Frank, and Michael Grupp. "Laser Beam Joining of Dissimilar Thin Sheet Materials." steel research international 76, no. 2-3 (February 2005): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.200506003.

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Wottschel, Vitalij, and Frank Vollertsen. "CFRP-Aluminium Structures Realized by Laser Beam Joining Process." Advanced Materials Research 907 (April 2014): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.907.89.

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Modern lightweight structures containing hybrid materials allow an improvement of the weight-specific properties. However, to exploit the potential as far as possible novel joint concepts are necessary, enabling an economic structure manufacturing. The DFG-researcher group Schwarz-Silber (FOR 1224) at the University of Bremen aims to explore and develop interface structures for advanced FRP-Al compounds. Considering textile, welding and casting techniques novel joint concepts are under development, in five interdisciplinary projects. Within their work the researcher group focuses on three concepts realizing the transition structures: the usage of wires (titanium), foils (titanium) and fibres (glass fibre) as transition elements between CFRP and aluminium. Typical examples for such hybrid structures can be found in products from the aerospace industry (e.g. hull segments), the car industry (e.g. CFRP roof structures), but also in general mechanical engineering (e.g. rotor blade elements). In this paper, the joint configuration based on titanium wires and a laser beam conduction welding process will be presented. As beam source a lamp pumped Nd:YAG laser (HL4006D) was used. First specimens obtained will be discussed with respect to their properties. It will be shown that the novel approach is in principle suitable to produce load-bearing CFRP-aluminium structures. The wire concept represents a parallel arrangement of miniaturized loop connections. It is characterized by joining a CF-Ti-textile to an aluminium sheet. A carbon fibre loop is threaded through a titanium wire loop by textile technologies on one side. On the side opposite to the CF, the titanium wire loops of the CF-Ti-textile are joined to an aluminium component by welding or casting. A double-sided laser beam heat conduction welding process was applied, for both concepts. During processing, the laser beam was travels along the aluminium edge. The titanium-aluminium structure is welded in two steps. During the first step (i.e. the first weld pass) the aluminium and titanium are heated by the defocused laser beam simultaneously on both sides. An aluminium melt pool is formed, supported by the action of gravity and a certain amount of pre-heating of the titanium-wire or the titanium-foils by the laser beam and by heat conduction through the aluminium melt pool. In the second, immediately subsequent step (i.e. the second weld pass), due to a pre-heating of the materials by the first pass and an increased heat transfer between both materials, a complete wetting of the titanium structures in the joining zone is achieved.

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Yuce, Celalettin. "The Effect of Laser Beam Wobbling Mode on Weld Bead Geometry of Tailor Welded Blanks." Academic Perspective Procedia 3, no. 1 (October 25, 2020): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.03.01.58.

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As a higher weight leads to increased fuel consumption for the automobile industry, the body in white must be lighter to compensate for the weight of additional components. Therefore, tailored blanks are used, which reinforce the body in white only in areas where a higher strength or stiffness is necessary. The applicability of laser welding processes with its numerous advantages, such as low heat input and production efficiency, is often limited when joining imperfect edges steel sheets due to small gap bridging ability. To overcome this limit, recent developments in the laser industry have introduced a novel method to wider the applications of lasers through the utilization of fast beam oscillation techniques, also known as laser beam wobbling. In this study, the effects of the four different amplitudes (0.5 mm, 1 mm, 1.5 mm and 2 mm) of circular laser beam oscillation patterns on the weld bead geometry and microhardness distribution were investigated. The results revealed that the weld bead width increased with the increase of wobble amplitude. Moreover, the tensile strengths of the welded blanks were higher than the AHSS base metal for all amplitude levels.

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Mirski, Zbigniew, Kazimierz Granat, and Sebastian Stano. "Possibilities of laser-beam joining cemented carbides to steel." Welding International 30, no. 3 (April 24, 2015): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2014.937620.

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OBUNAI, Kiyotaka, Takuya MATSUMOTO, Tadao FUKUTA, and Koichi OZAKI. "Study of Numerical Calculation for Laser Beam Joining Process." Journal of The Adhesion Society of Japan 53, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11618/adhesion.53.217.

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Bauernhuber, Andor, and Tamás Markovits. "HYBRID JOINING OF STEEL AND PLASTIC MATERIALS BY LASER BEAM." TRANSPORT 29, no. 2 (May 22, 2013): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2013.785445.

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Hybrid joining of metals and plastics in order to produce lightweight parts is of growing interest in the manufacturing processes of vehicles, electrical devices and biomedical applications. In this study, the joining of PMMA plastic (poly methyl metacrylate) and unalloyed steel were investigated by the authors. The authors successfully joined PMMA and steel by means of Nd:YAG laser and carried out tensile tests to measure the joining strength. Experimental results showed that the joint strength is influenced by the heating time, the penetration depth of the steel workpieces in the plastic, by the surface roughness of steel and by the time elapsed between bonding and tearing of the samples.

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Ma, Binghui, Xiaonan Wang, Chunhuan Chen, Dongran Zhou, Peiquan Xu, and Xiujuan Zhao. "Dissimilar Welding and Joining of Cemented Carbides." Metals 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9111161.

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Cemented carbides have been widely used in aerospace, biomedical/wearable sensor, automobile, microelectronic, and other manufacturing industries owing to their superior physical and chemical properties at elevated temperatures. These superior properties, however, make it difficult to process these materials using conventional manufacturing methods. In this article, an overview of the welding and joining processes of cemented carbide and steel is given, followed by a few examples of welding processes. Cemented carbides can be successfully joined by sinter-bonding, brazing and soldering, laser beam welding, tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, diffusion welding, friction welding, electron-beam welding, and chemical vapor deposition. An overview of the benefits and drawbacks of brazing and soldering of cemented carbide and steel is presented, including reports on joint design, processes, and selection of brazing filler metals. The laser welding of cemented carbide and steel is addressed and reviewed, including reports on gap bridging ability, the inclusion/absence of filler metals, interlayers, and laser/TIG hybrid welding. Finally, a section is devoted to explaining the main issues remaining in the welding and joining of cemented carbide, corresponding solutions, and future work required.

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Kaspar, Joerg, M. Zimmermann, A. Ostwaldt, G. Goebel, J. Standfuß, and B. Brenner. "Challenges in Joining Aluminium with Copper for Applications in Electro Mobility." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 1747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.1747.

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The effective joining of aluminium with copper is one of the central technical goals involved in electro mobility. However, the joining of both metals by conventional fusion welding is challenging because of poor weldability arising from different chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of the materials and especially from the massive formation of hard and brittle intermetallic compounds (IMC) weld interface. In order to accomplish the difficult task of joining aluminium and copper several new joining technologies and strategies such as Laser Beam Welding (LBW) using highly dynamic beam deflection, Friction Stir Welding (FSW), Laser Induction Roll Plating (LIRP) and Electromagnetic Pulse Welding (EMPW) are under development at the Fraunhofer IWS. The current work describes the different technological approaches to the dissimilar joining of aluminium and copper. Thereby, the different joining technologies are compared with respect to weld quality. Special consideration is given to the study of interface morphology and microstructure of the welding zone. It will be shown that, depending on the joining method chosen the kind and extension of intermetallic phase formation differs considerably. Conclusions are drawn with respect to the applicability of the different joining methods.

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Woizeschke, P., and V. Wottschel. "Recent Developments for Laser Beam Joining of CFRP-aluminum Structures." Procedia Materials Science 2 (2013): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2013.02.031.

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Barbatti, C., J. Garcia, G. Liedl, and A. Pyzalla. "Joining of cemented carbides to steel by laser beam welding." Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 38, no. 11 (November 2007): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.200700196.

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Laukant, H., C. Wallmann, M. Müller, M. Korte, B. Stirn, H. G. Haldenwanger, and U. Glatzel. "Fluxless laser beam joining of aluminium with zinc coated steel." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 10, no. 2 (April 2005): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329305x37051.

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Balasubramanian, K. R., T. Suthakar, K. Sankaranarayanasamy, and G. Buvanashekaran. "Laser Welding Simulations of Stainless Steel Joints Using Finite Element Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 6225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.6225.

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Laser beam welding (LBW) is a fusion joining process that uses the energy from a laser beam to melt and subsequently crystallize a metal, resulting in a bond between parts. In this study, finite element method (FEM) is used for predicting the weld bead profile of laser welding butt, lap and T-joints. A three-dimensional finite element model is used to analyze the temperature distribution weld bead shape for different weld configurations produced by the laser welding process. In the model temperature-dependent thermo physical properties of AISI304 stainless steel, effect of latent heat of fusion and convective and radiative boundary conditions are incorporated. The heat input to the FEM model is assumed to be a 3D conical Gaussian heat source. The finite element software SYSWELD is employed to obtain the numerical results. The computed weld bead profiles for butt, lap and T-joints are compared with the experimental profiles and are found to be in agreement.

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Kramár, Tomáš, Petr Vondrouš, Miroslav Jáňa, and Tomáš Kupec. "JOINIG OF MG ALLOY AZ31B BY SELECTED TECHNOLOGIES." Acta Polytechnica 59, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2019.59.0292.

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This contribution presents metallurgical joining of Mg alloy AZ 31B by several technologies - Friction Stir Welding - FSW, Laser Beam Welding - LBW, soldering and their mutual comparison. The difficulty of joining Mg alloys is connected with the strong MgO layer, low ductility of the weld metal (WM), a presence of intermetallic phases connected with the hardness increase. To successfully join Mg alloys, a precise setting of welding parameters is needed. The welds are susceptible to low mechanical properties as all samples fractured at WM. From the tested methods, laser beam welding proved the best results, because laser welding is the fastest and weld strength reached the highest values, i.e. 87% of BM (base metal) strength.

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Zhang, Linjie, Guangfeng Lu, Jie Ning, Liangliang Zhang, Jian Long, and Guifeng Zhang. "Influence of Beam Offset on Dissimilar Laser Welding of Molybdenum to Titanium." Materials 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2018): 1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101852.

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Dissimilar joining of molybdenum (Mo) to titanium (Ti) is of great significance to the design and fabrication of high-temperature facilities. However, few reports were found about fusion joining of these two metals. The objective of this paper is to assess the feasibility of laser beam welding (LBW) of 2 mm-thick molybdenum and titanium. The effects of laser beam offset on the laser dissimilar joint of pure molybdenum to pure titanium were analyzed in terms of microstructure, chemical composition, microhardness, and tensile behavior. The results showed that the weld appearance improved with the increase of the offset. The fusion zone was strengthened because of the solid solution of these two elements. The mechanical properties of samples increased firstly and then decreased with the increasing of offset. When the laser beam irradiated on the titanium plate and the center of the laser spot was 0.5 mm away from the Mo/Ti interface, the joint performed the highest tensile strength, which was about 70% that of titanium base metal. LBW was demonstrated to be a promising method to join dissimilar Mo/Ti joint.

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Fieger, Thiemo Valentin, Maximilian Ferdinand Sattler, and Gerd Witt. "Developing laser beam welding parameters for the assembly of steel SLM parts for the automotive industry." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 8 (November 12, 2018): 1288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-12-2016-0204.

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Purpose This paper aims to identify issues with joining selective laser melting (SLM) steels with conventional cold rolled steels through remote laser beam welding. Design/methodology/approach A novel approach for substituting conventional cold rolled metal sheets with SLM metal sheets, made of 316L and 18-Ni 300, is presented. The characteristics of the interaction of wrought and SLM materials are described, and joining benchmark parameters are presented and compared to known existing joining results. Finally, the joints are assessed in line with automotive specifications. This research also addresses the importance of joining technologies for the implementation of SLM as a full-fledged manufacturing technology for the automotive industry. Findings New parameter ranges for laser beam welding of SLM steels are defined. Research limitations/implications This research is limited to the examined steels and the used machines, parameters and equipment. Practical implications The presented benchmark parameters are expected to be useful for designers, product developers and machine operators. Originality/value Little knowledge is available about the behavior of SLM materials and their suitability for assembly processes. Novel information about SLM steels and their interaction with conventionally produced steel sheets is presented.

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Caiazzo, Fabrizia, and Vittorio Alfieri. "Optimization of laser beam welding of steel parts made by additive manufacturing." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 114, no. 9-10 (April 21, 2021): 3123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07039-w.

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AbstractTo pursue all the benefits of additive manufacturing of metals, recent studies have been aimed at assessing a proper welding technology to obtain large products by means of joining smaller parts. Indeed, at present, two or more parts must be manufactured individually and then assembled to produce the final component, when the size is incompatible with the building chamber or severe deformations arise during building. In this paper, laser beam welding is explored to join stainless steel components made by the process of laser powder bed fusion, in order to benefit from all the known advantages of this joining technique, aiming at producing a welding bead with homogeneous mechanical features with respect to the unwelded counterpart: a factorial plan is built, and the response surfaces are presented; then, the consolidated method of the desirability function is used to find the optimum condition of welding with reference to the current international standards, taking into account the geometry, the welding imperfections, and the extent of the heat-affected zone. The suggested optimum is eventually assessed via tensile testing and compared to the unwelded sample.

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Schaumberger, Kerstin, Michael Mödl, Vincent Mann, Stephan Roth, and Michael Schmidt. "Qualification of Direct Diode Lasers for Laser Beam Welding in Order to Enhance Process Efficiency." Applied Mechanics and Materials 882 (July 2018): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.882.127.

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Laser beam welding has become an established joining technique in automotive manufacturing. Common solid-state lasers generate high-quality joints, but they provide low energy efficiency. By contrast, direct diode lasers (DDL) have superior energy efficiency, are cheaper to purchase and additionally require less utility space. To examine the overall performance of direct diode lasers in comparison to disk lasers, welding quality and energy consumption of the two lasers have to be evaluated. Additionally, for this contribution the stability of the DDL’s beam, like temporal variation of focus position and beam shape, is examined. It is found that a focus shift takes place for longer periods of emission, but the variation of the focus diameter in the initial focal plane is negligible. As expected, the direct diode laser consumes less energy than the disk laser for the same output power. Welding experiments are conducted using four different steel alloys that are exemplary for engineering materials used in automotive manufacturing. Metallographic analysis shows that weld seam depths and widths are on average larger using the disk laser. However even with the need for higher output powers to achieve equal seam geometries the DDL consumes less energy and thereby causes less costs.

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Ukar, Eneko, Jon Iñaki Arrizubieta, Mercedes Ferros, Maite Andres, and Fernando Liebana. "Laser Dissimilar Joining of Al7075T6 with Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide Composite." Coatings 10, no. 2 (January 22, 2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10020096.

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Dissimilar joining between metal and composite sheets is usually carried out by mechanical or adhesive joining. Laser dissimilar joining between metal and composite sheets could be an alternative to these methods, as it is a cost-effective and versatile joining technique. Previously, textured metallic and composite parts have been held together and heated with a laser beam while pressure is applied to allow the melted polymer to flow into the cavities of the metal part. The main issue of this process relates to reaching the same joint strength repetitively with appropriate process parameters. In this work, both initial texturing and laser joining parameters are studied for Al 7075-T6 and glass-fiber-reinforced PA6 composite. A groove-based geometry was studied in terms of depth-to-width aspect ratio to find an optimal surface using a nanosecond fiber laser for texturing. Laser joining parameters were also studied with different combinations of surface temperature, heating strategy, pressure, and laser feed rate. The results are relatively good for grooves with aspect ratios from 0.94 to 4.15, with the widths of the grooves being the most critical factor. In terms of joining parameters, surface reference temperature was found to be the most influential parameter. Underheating does not allow correct material flow in textured cavities, while overheating also causes high dispersion in the resulting shear strength. When optimal parameters are applied using correct textures, shear strength values over 26 kN are reached, with a contact area of 35 × 45 mm2.

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Zaeh, Michael F., Paul Gebhard, Sonja Huber, and Markus Ruhstorfer. "Bifocal Hybrid Laser Beam Welding and Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium Extrusion Components." Advanced Materials Research 43 (April 2008): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.43.69.

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On a global market, new products are subject to rising requirements regarding strength and quality. Simultaneously, the conservation of the environment and natural resources has become a key priority. One approach to these demands is the weight reduction of mechanical components by lightweight construction. The Transregional Collaborative Research Center (TR 10), funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), is therefore working on the “Integration of forming, cutting and joining for the flexible production of lightweight space structures”. The use of light metals, like aluminium and composite materials is a main part in the TR10 process chain. This paper deals with the challenges of welding of light weight components made out of EN AW-6060. It shows the use and potentials of two innovative joining processes, particularly suited for welding aluminium. Especially developed for the fusion welding of aluminium components, BHLW (Bifocal Hybrid Laser Beam Welding), combines a Nd:YAG and a high power diode laser. The paper will give insight into the findings of the achieved results so far and line out the further proceedings with regard to critical parameters and their effect on the overall laser welding process. For the welding of aluminium composite materials, which play a big role in the TR10 process chain, Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is evaluated. As a solid state joining process, it can be used for the welding of materials that are hardly weldable with fusion welding techniques. In this paper, results of basic experiment for the joining of reinforced aluminium and the resulting process forces are presented.

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Kalaiselvan, K., A. Elango, N. M. Nagarajan, and K. Sekar. "Experimental Investigation on Mechanical and Distortion Characteristics of Titanium/Aluminium Dissimilar Metal Joint Using Laser Beam Welding." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 17, no. 04 (October 10, 2018): 569–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686718500324.

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Laser beam welding (LBW) is based on interaction between the laser source and base metals. Different methods have been developed recently to produce weld joints of light metals. This produces good weld bead to simplify the structure and reduce the weight and cost to meet the important concerns of aerospace industry. To achieve these, Ti (Ti6Al4V) and Al (AA2024) dissimilar alloy sheets are welded with butt joint configuration using Nd: YAG pulsed laser welding unit. The weldment is subjected to tests to evaluate mechanical and distortion characteristics. From the test results, it is found that LBW is very much suitable for joining Titanium/Aluminium (Ti/Al) alloy sheets.

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Coroado, Julio, Supriyo Ganguly, Wojciech Suder, Stewart Williams, Sonia Meco, and Goncalo Pardal. "Selection of parameters in nanosecond pulsed wave laser micro-welding." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 115, no. 9-10 (May 31, 2021): 2929–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07251-8.

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AbstractThe digital control of the latest nanosecond pulsed wave (PW) fibre lasers allows very high flexibility in controlling the application of the total energy to a workpiece, which brings several advantages to the joining process. By choosing different pulse shapes in different spatial profiles, it is possible to apply low energy per pulse with high precision and accuracy resulting in lower heat input. Since the energy of each pulse is insufficient to generate melting, these lasers operate at very high pulse repetition frequencies near continuous wave (CW) regime. Nevertheless, the peak powers of PW lasers are much higher than CW. In this research, the effect of peak power, pulse energy, pulse width, pulse repetition frequency and duty cycle has been studied. The experimental work was conducted in bead on plate of austenitic stainless steel to investigate the effect of laser on the weld geometry, i.e. depth of penetration and width. An empirical model, previously established for CW mode, which enables the achievement of a particular penetration depth independent of the beam diameter, was redesigned and tested for PW mode. The “pulse power factor model” allows the laser user to select a weld profile that meets certain quality and productivity requirements independent of the laser system. It was shown that identical depth of penetration but different weld metal profile can be obtained for a specific beam diameter for a range of different system parameters by keeping a constant trade-off between pulse power factor and interaction time.

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Chiba, Akira, Souta Matsusaka, Hirofumi Hidai, and Noboru Morita. "Numerical Analysis of Temperature Change in Sandwich Structure During Laser Sealing." International Journal of Automation Technology 11, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2017.p0301.

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Numerical analysis revealed the thermal behavior during the laser joining of two glass plates using a low melting point glass frit as an adhesive. The proposed model is a structure consisting of a straight line glass frit sandwiched between glass plates. The numerical solutions of three associated heat equations were provided by the finite difference method. The constant heat flux model predicted the temperature at the contact interface between the glass frit pattern and the glass plate. The influence of heat source shape on temperature distribution was compared using circular and elliptical beams. Irradiation with the elliptical beam extended the softening domain of the glass frit pattern further than the circular beam. The increase in softening domain depended on the major diameter of the elliptical beam. Thermal diffusion had no influence on the glass plate domains at distances greater than 1 mm from the edge of the glass frit pattern. Laser frit sealing is an effective means of resolving the issue of heat influence on electronic devices.

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Kashaev, Nikolai, Sergey Chupakhin, Josephin Enz, Volker Ventzke, Anne Groth, Manfred Horstmann, and Stefan Riekehr. "Fatigue and Fatigue Crack Propagation of Laser Beam-Welded AA2198 Joints and Integral Structures." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 1457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.1457.

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To meet the future demands of the aerospace industry with respect to safety, productivity, weight, and cost, new materials and joining concepts have being developed. Recent developments in the metallurgical field now make it possible to use laser-weldable Al-alloys of the 2xxx series such as AA2198 with a high structural efficiency index due to their high strength and low density. AA2198 holds the promise of providing a breakthrough response to the challenges of lightweight design in aircraft applications. Laser beam welding as an efficient joining technology for fuselage structures is already established in the aircraft industry for lower fuselage panels because the welded panels provide a higher buckling strength and lower weight compared with the classical riveted designs. The key factor for the application of laser-welded AA2198 structures is the availability of reliable data for the assessment of their damage tolerance behavior. In the research presented, the mechanical properties with regard to fatigue and fatigue crack propagation of laser beamwelded AA2198 joints and four-stringer panels were investigated. It was found that the fatigue endurance limit of laser beamwelded AA2198T3 is approximately 25 % below the endurance limit of the base material. With regard to the fatigue crack propagation behavior, the laser beam welded four-stringer panels with T-joints show a fatigue life increased by a factor of 1.7 compared with the base material. This work shows that high-quality laser beam welds of AA2198 can be produced on a large scale using the laser beam welding facilities of the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht.

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Zherebtsov, Sergey, Nikita Stepanov, Dmitry Shaysultanov, Sergey Malopheyev, Igor Vysotskiy, Vladimir Sanin, Nikolai Kashaev, and Rustam Kaibyshev. "Use of Novel Welding Technologies for High-Entropy Alloys Joining." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.919.

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Laser beam welding and friction stir welding of high entropy alloys (HEA) of the CoCrFeNiMn system were studied. The HEAs were produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). Along with the principal elements, Al, C, S, and Si impurities were detected in the composition of the alloys. The as-cast alloys consisted of columnar fcc grains with coarse precipitates of MnS and fine Cr-rich M23C6carbides. Laser beam welding resulted in the formation of a defect-free weld joint. Precipitation of nanoscale B2 phase particles in the weld zone leaded to a pronounced increase in microhardness from ~150 HV of the base material to ~220 HV in the fusion zone. Friction stir welding (FSW) of a recrystallized state of the HEA with the average grain size of 3-5 μm resulted in the formation of a fine microstructure with a grain size of ~1.5 μm in the most strained area. Noticeable rise in strength and some decrease in ductility of the processed alloy in comparison with the initial condition can be associated with the formation of nanosized M23C6carbides.

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Kenéz, Attila Zsolt, and Gyula Bagyinszki. "Investigation of Laser Welding Technology of Diamond Drilling Segments." Acta Materialia Transilvanica 1, no. 2 (October 1, 2018): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amt-2018-0030.

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Abstract Segments containing diamond particles are fixed to replaceable inserts or to steel tool bodies for cost-effectiveness. The joining technology used should meet both environmental and technical requirements. The joining zone is subjected to high mechanical and significant thermal loads during use. In the event of an improper joint, the segments may detach from the base and fly away causing injury. Nowadays, many methods of welding or brazing are used to fix diamond segments. Among the possible segment fixing technologies, laser beam welding has been investigated. The microstructure of the joints has been examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy and chemical element maps have been recorded. Joints have been subjected to fracture and hardness testing. The mechanical properties and composition changes of the joints with different joining technologies have been evaluated and compared.

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Funck, Kerstin, Ralf Nett, and Andreas Ostendorf. "Tailored Beam Shaping for Laser Spot Joining of Highly Conductive Thin Foils." Physics Procedia 56 (2014): 750–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2014.08.082.

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Horn, Wolfgang. "Strategies for Polymer Welding with High-Power Diode Lasers." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.277.

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Diode lasers have become an important tool for polymer welding in automotive industries, in medical and electronics manufacturing. High efficiency and well fitting beam quality make them a perfect tool for industrial applications. With adapted optics it is possible to fit the laser spot shape to the geometry of the work piece. Galvo scanners are the most flexible tool to apply local and precise dose of heat to the work piece. If this flexibility is not needed, the laser spot can be customized by optics to line, circular or arbitrary shaped geometries. For joining transparent parts either an absorbing layer or diode lasers with a wavelength of 1940 nm can be used.

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Mayboudi, L. S., A. M. Birk, G. Zak, and P. J. Bates. "Laser Transmission Welding of a Lap-Joint: Thermal Imaging Observations and three–dimensional Finite Element Modeling." Journal of Heat Transfer 129, no. 9 (January 23, 2007): 1177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2740307.

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Laser transmission welding (LTW) is a relatively new technology for joining plastic parts. This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) transient thermal model of LTW solved with the finite element method. A lap-joint geometry was modeled for unreinforced polyamide (PA) 6 specimens. This thermal model addressed the heating and cooling stages in a laser welding process with a stationary laser beam. This paper compares the temperature distribution of a lap-joint geometry exposed to a stationary diode laser beam, obtained from 3D thermal modeling with thermal imaging observations. It is shown that the thermal model is capable of accurately predicting the temperature distribution when laser beam scattering during transmission through the polymer is included in the model. The weld dimensions obtained from the model have been compared with the experimental data and are in good agreement.

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Mercy, T. D., Rahul Sharma, V. F. Kaladharan, and K. P. Kamalakaran. "Laser Beam Welding of Aluminium: Process Optimisation to Achieve Hermetic Sealing for Electrochemical Energy System Containers." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 632–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.632.

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Hermetic sealing is essential for long cycle life and calendar life of Lithium ion cells. Ingress of moisture and leaking of electrolyte in Lithium ion cells deteriorates the electrochemical performance. Nickel coated mild steel, Stainless steel, Aluminium and its alloys are generally used as case material. Pure Aluminium and Aluminium alloys are used to improve energy density of Lithium ion cells. High heat input is required for aluminium to obtain a sound weld because of the high thermal conductivity of the Aluminium. High heat input results in increased heat affected zone (HAZ) and transfer of heat into internal components during welding. Laser Beam Welding (LBW) results in very narrow heat affected zone (HAZ) and it is possible to have dissimilar metal welding. In the present work, experimental studies conducted to optimise the laser beam welding parameters for welding of Li-ion AA3003 cell case to lid without defects viz porosity and required weld strength. Hermeticity and strength of the weld bead were analysed in detail to ensure the adequacy of the process. It has been demonstrated that laser beam welding is a viable process for joining of cell case to its cover.

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Almutairi, Zeyad, Kaleem Ahmad, Mosaad Alanazi, and Abdulaziz Alhazaa. "Processing of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Femtosecond Laser Pulses." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 4022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9194022.

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There are continued efforts to process and join single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in order to exploit their exceptional functional properties for real-world applications. In this work, we report experimental observations of femtosecond laser irradiation on SWCNTs, in order to process and join them through an efficient and cost-effective technique. The nanotubes were deagglomerated in ethanol by an ultrasonicator and thin slurries of SWCNTs were spread evenly on glass substrates. A laser micromachining workstation for laboratory FemtoLAB (workshop of photonics) has been employed to irradiate the different SWCNTs film samples. The effect of laser parameters, such as pulse wavelength, laser power, etc., were systematically tuned to see the possibility of joining the SWCNTs ropes. Several experiments have been performed to optimize the parameters on different samples of SWCNTs. In general, the nanotubes were mostly damaged by the infrared (1st harmonics femtosecond laser) irradiation on the focal plane. However, the less damaging effect was observed for second harmonics (green wavelength) irradiation. The results suggest some joining of nanotubes along the sides of the focus plane, as well as on the center at the brink of nanotubes. The joining is considered to be established within the region of the high field intensity of the exposed femtosecond laser beam.

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Lal, Sohan, C. P. Paul, C. H. Premsingh, P. Bhargava, S. K. Mishra, V. K. Raghuvanshi, L. M. Kukreja, and S. K. Deb. "Parametric Dependence and Characterization of Laser Brazed Copper-Stainless Steel Joints." Advanced Materials Research 585 (November 2012): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.450.

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Joining of dissimilar metals leading to better material utilization with improved functionality encouraged the research thrust on various dissimilar material joining processes including laser brazing. This papers reports the development of laser brazing joints and their characterization for 3 mm thick Cu sheet with 3 mm thick AISI 316L stainless steel (SS) sheet in butt joint configuration using 63Ag-35.25Cu-1.75Ti active brazing foil as filler metal. Comprehensive experiments were carried out to identify the optimum processing parameters for controlled simultaneous heating of the filler metal and sh-7eets by laser beam resulting in melting of the filler metal without melting Cu and SS sheets. Using this methodology, a number of brazed joints were successfully prepared at different set of processing parameters. The brazed joints were subjected to various non-destructive (visual and dye-penetrant test) and destructive (microscopic examination, energy dispersive spectroscopy, four point bend testing etc.) characterization techniques. The results demonstrated that laser energy per unit length of 100 J/m is threshold limit for feasibility of brazing process for selected metal and thickness combination. Microscopic studies of transverse section of laser brazed joint showed full penetration across the thickness without the melting of parent metals. EDS studies showed the diffusion of filler material (Ag) more towards the Cu sheet as compared to that of SS sheet. Four point bend test showed that the alignment of laser beam-metal joint was critical for the brazing joint strength and improved joint strength was achieved when the beam was at the centre of the brazing joint. A maximum joint strength of 343.7 MPa was achieved for laser power of 550 W at scan speed of 3 mm/min.

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Xue, Xin, António Pereira, Gabriela Vincze, Xinyong Wu, and Juan Liao. "Interfacial Characteristics of Dissimilar Ti6Al4V/AA6060 Lap Joint by Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Welding." Metals 9, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9010071.

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This paper focuses on the interfacial characteristics of dissimilar Ti6Al4V/AA6060 lap joint produced by pulsed Nd:YAG laser beam welding. The process-sensitivity analysis of welding-induced interface joining quality was performed by using the orthogonal design method. Microstructural tests such as scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to observe the interfacial characteristics. The mechanism of interfacial crack initiation, which is an important indicator of joint property and performance, was assessed and analyzed. The preferred propagation paths of welding cracks along the interfaces of different intermetallic layers with high dislocation density were analyzed and discussed in-depth. The results indicate that discontinuous potential phases in the micro-crack tip would mitigate the mechanical resistance or performance of the welded joint, while the continuous intermetallic layer can lead to a sound jointing performance under pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding process.

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Kelly, S. M., R. P. Martukanitz, P. Michaleris, M. Bugarewicz, T. D. Huang, and L. Kvidahl. "Low Heat Input Welding for Thin Steel Fabrication." Journal of Ship Production 22, no. 02 (May 1, 2006): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2006.22.2.105.

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As thinner members are used in marine construction, the use of conventional joining techniques results in significant angular and buckling distortion due to the inherent high heat input with these processes. Several low heat input alternatives, including laser beam, gas metal arc, and hybrid laser arc welding, are explored. The paper focuses on process development, real time distortion measurements, and implementation of these processes.

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Tu, Ye, Ling Fei Ji, Yong Bao, and Yi Jian Jiang. "Characterization and Joining Behavior of Glass-to-KOVAR Alloy Fiber Laser Joint." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.923.

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This study investigates on the characterization and joining behavior between glass and KOVAR alloy with fiber laser. Due to the different chemic bonds and thermal expansion coefficients, the oxide layer plays an essential role in this process. First, surface treatments under different conditions have been discussed. It’s indicated that when the two textures (the square block and the strip phase) appeared on the KOVAR surface, the joinability of KOVAR alloy enhanced. Then, considering about three laser process parameters (beam scan speed, laser power and focus position) by the orthogonal experimentation, the result indicated that the possibility of this joining technology. Finally, the fractures graphs were observed by LEXT OSL 3000. By analyzing the FeO-SiO2-Fe phase diagram and XRD on the fractures, it displayed that a new chemical substances (Fe2SiO4) had formed which was considered as the key-materials for a good glass-to-KOVAR alloy joint.

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Santo, Loredana, and Fabrizio Quadrini. "Mold Production by Selective Laser Sintering of Resin Coated Sands." International Journal of Surface Engineering and Interdisciplinary Materials Science 1, no. 2 (July 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijseims.2013070101.

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Small sand molds for aluminum casting were produced by selective laser sintering (SLS) of pre-coated sands. A diode laser source with a rectangular laser beam spot was used to perform single and multi-layer processing tests. Subsequently, small sand molds were produced and tested in casting operations. Single layer processing was performed by changing laser power, scan rate and distance of the processed surface from the beam focus. In multiple layer processing, some process changes were made to achieve a perfect joining of adjacent layers. More changes were necessary for the mold production so as to compensate the negative cooling effect of the metallic frame during the sand laser heating. At the end of the process optimization, final molds showed good soundness even if the morphology of internal mold surfaces was affected by the layering procedure.

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39

Han, Sang Bae, and Hae Woon Choi. "Dual Laser Beam Joining Process for Polymers in Automotive Applications to Reduce Weights." Journal of Welding and Joining 31, no. 4 (August 31, 2013): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/kwjs.2013.31.4.23.

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40

Temesi, T., and T. Czigany. "Joining aluminium and poly(lactic acid) specimens by laser beam – a feasibility study." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 903 (August 26, 2020): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/903/1/012046.

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41

Wang, Dong, Jiejie Xu, Ting Huang, Ruomu Jing, Jingquan Zhang, and Rongshi Xiao. "Effect of beam shaping on laser joining of CFRP and Al-Li alloy." Optics & Laser Technology 143 (November 2021): 107336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107336.

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42

Lee, Kwang Jin, Shinji Kumai, Nobuhiro Ishikawa, and Kazuo Furuya. "Interfacial Microstructure of A6111/Steel Lap Joint Fabricated by Defocused Laser Beam Welding." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 1119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.1119.

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Lap joining of A6111 alloy and steel (SPCC: Steel Plate Cold-rolled C) plates was performed using a defocused YAG laser beam. A detailed investigation was performed on the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer formed at the weld interface. Two representative joints fabricated under different welding conditions were selected and the effect of the welding conditions on the kind and morphology of the IMC was investigated using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). An electron diffraction pattern method was used to identify IMC. It was found that the morphology and kind of IMC formed at the weld interface were strongly affected by the welding conditions, in particular, by the amount of heat input during welding. The thickness of the IMC layer formed at the weld interface was about 1 μm and the average grain size of the IMC in the layer was less than 300 nm when the joining was carried out with a small amount of heat input. The IMC layer was composed of Fe3Al, FeAl, Al2Fe, Al5Fe2 and Al13Fe4 in this case. However, the thickness of the IMC layer was around 6 μm when the joining was carried out under high heat input conditions. In this case, the IMC layer was composed of coarse Al5Fe2 (5 μm) and Al13Fe4 (1 μm). Therefore, it is considered that the reduced bonding strength of the joint with a thick IMC layer is due not only to the overall morphology of the IMC layer but also to the formation of coarse Al-rich IMCs in the layer.

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43

Schmitz, Patrick. "Comparative Study on Pulsed Laser Welding Strategies for Contacting Lithium-Ion Batteries." Advanced Materials Research 1140 (August 2016): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1140.312.

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The transition towards renewable energy implicates more decentralized and time-dependent ways of energy generation. In order to deal with the resulting fluctuation in energy supply, local storage systems are necessary. Larger systems may consist of thousands of battery cells. Therefore, the reliable interconnection between the individual battery cells is the basic prerequisite for the production of these systems. It has been demonstrated that laser beam welding is a suitable process for the contacting of batteries. However, due to the high requirements regarding the heat input and the reproducibility of the joining process, further investigations are necessary. Within this work, experiments on pulsed laser beam welding of nickel-plated DC04 steel were conducted. Four different pulsed welding strategies were analyzed in a preliminary study in order to develop a method for obtaining suitable process parameters while reducing the amount of free parameters. Subsequently, a comparative study between the rectangular pulse, the shaped pulse, the spike pulse and the sloping pulse was carried out. The weld seam properties as well as the electrical and the mechanical properties of the connection joints were evaluated. The results presented in this paper indicate a high eligibility of pulsed laser beam welding as a joining process for the connection of battery cells. For all analyzed pulsed welding strategies a homogeneous weld seam without full penetration was observed. Similar electrical resistances for all strategies were measured despite the comparatively small total joint area for the discretely pulsed weld seams.

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Vazquez-Martinez, J. M., D. Piñero, J. Salguero, and M. Batista. "Evaluation of the Joining Response of Biodegradable Polylactic Acid (PLA) from Fused Deposition Modeling by Infrared Laser Irradiation." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 2479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112479.

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The development of high-complexity geometry parts is one of the main goals of additive manufacturing technology. However, the failure of printed structures and the joining of different parts to create complex assemblies represents a real challenge in the research of efficient and sustainability techniques for the permanent assembly of polymers. Laser welding processes have been used as a single-step method to join metals for years. Nowadays, the growing trend in the use of thermoplastics for additive manufacturing has led to the need to adapt this technique to materials with a very specific nature and which are more sensitive to thermal effects. In addition, the possibility of transmitting the laser beam through transparent polymer layers allows to us focus the energy supply on internal sections of the assembled components. In this research, an infrared laser marking system was used to join two different samples of polylactic acid manufactured by fused deposited modeling technology. In order to increase the effectiveness of the bonding process, a transparent and a dark sample have been used as assembly material, focusing the laser beam on the interface area of the two parts. By means of tensile tests, dimensional measurement and the use of optical microscopy techniques, a basis was established that links the supplied energy by laser to the joining performance.

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Sali, Akash Rajendra, Vivek Patel, James Hyder, David Hyder, Mike Corliss, and Wayne Hung. "Electron-Beam Welding of Laser Powder-Bed-Fused Inconel 718." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 6, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.06.03.2021.13.

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This study explores the application of Electron-Beam Welding (EBW) for joining Laser Powder-Bed-Fused Inconel 718 (L-PBF IN718) superalloy. Three different levels of electron beam speed and beam current were explored to give nine different electron beam heat inputs for experimentation. To define the weld characteristics microhardness, tensile, and fractography analysis using scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy were conducted. Typical nail-shaped weld geometry was observed with penetration depth proportional to heat input. Most welded samples exceeded the yield strength (600MPa) and tensile strength (920MPa) requirements from the ASTM F3055 specifications for additively manufactured IN718, however, the specimens did not meet the ductility requirements (27%). Brittleness of the weld was attributed to the presence of brittle secondary phases in the weld matrix, and unfused metal powder of adjacent L-PBF layers. Post-processing heat treatments were recommended to improve the weld quality while improving the ductility of EBW joints.

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Chludzinski, Mariane, Rafael Eugenio dos Santos, Cristina Churiaque, Marta Ortega-Iguña, and Jose Maria Sánchez-Amaya. "Pulsed Laser Welding Applied to Metallic Materials—A Material Approach." Metals 11, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040640.

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Joining metallic alloys can be an intricate task, being necessary to take into account the material characteristics and the application in order to select the appropriate welding process. Among the variety of welding methods, pulsed laser technology is being successfully used in the industrial sector due to its beneficial aspects, for which most of them are related to the energy involved. Since the laser beam is focused in a concentrated area, a narrow and precise weld bead is created, with a reduced heat affected zone. This characteristic stands out for thinner material applications. As a non-contact process, the technique delivers flexibility and precision with high joining quality. In this sense, the present review addresses the most representative investigations developed in this welding process. A summary of these technological achievements in metallic metals, including steel, titanium, aluminium, and superalloys, is reported. Special attention is paid to the microstructural formation in the weld zone. Particular emphasis is given to the mechanical behaviour of the joints reported in terms of microhardness and strength performance. The main purpose of this work was to provide an overview of the results obtained with pulsed laser welding technology in diverse materials, including similar and dissimilar joints. In addition, outlook and remarks are addressed regarding the process characteristics and the state of knowledge.

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Yang, Guang, Junjie Ma, Blair Carlson, Hui-Ping Wang, and Radovan Kovacevic. "Effect of laser beam configuration on microstructure evolution and joint performance in laser joining AA 6111 panels." Materials & Design 123 (June 2017): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.03.050.

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Xu, Zhen Kai, Hui Xia Liu, Pin Li, Xin Hua Song, Kai Wang, and Xiao Wang. "Numerical Simulation of Thermal/Mechanical Coupling in Laser Transmission Microjoining of PET and Titanium." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 1118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.1118.

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Laser transmission microjoining of two dissimilar materials has become a very significant technique. In this research, a numerical method is developed using finite element technique to determine the condition of joining two dissimilar materials namely Polyethylene terepthalate (PET) and titanium. First the model is used to optimize the laser parameters like laser traveling speed and power to obtain good bonding. A good combination is achieved at the power of 8W and laser traveling speed at 150mm/min.After the verifications, the profile of residual stress of the laser microjoint has been calculated using the developed model. The residual is low near the centerline along the traveling laser beam, and a higher values is away from the centerline at the x-direction shown by the contours on the PET surface. Higher residual von Mises stress near the centerline along the traveling laser beam and the stresses reduce as the distance away from the centerline.

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Balz, Isabel, Uwe Reisgen, Julia Schoft, and Christian Otten. "Effects of heat treatment and welding process on superelastic behaviour and microstructure of micro electron beam welded NiTi." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2016-0007.

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AbstractMedical devices with small dimensions made of superelastic NiTi become more popular, but joining these parts remains challenging. Since laser welding was found to be an option, electron beam welding seems to be an interesting alternative as it provides additional advantages due to the precise beam positioning and the high vacuum. Superelasticity is influenced by microstructure and surface layer composition that are mainly affected by welding process and by heat treatment and therefore will be investigated in the present paper.

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Wojciechowska, M., E. Wołowiec, and L. Klimek. "Welding of Prosthetic Alloys." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0030.

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Abstract This paper presents the techniques of joining metal denture elements, used in prosthetic dentistry: the traditional soldering technique with a gas burner and a new technique of welding with a laser beam; the aim of the study was to make a comparative assessment of the quality of the joints in view of the possibility of applying them in prosthetic structures. Fractographic examinations were conducted along with tensile strength and impact strength tests, and the quality of the joints was assessed compared to the solid metal. The experiments have shown that the metal elements used to make dentures, joined by the technique which employs a laser beam, have better strength properties than those achieved with a gas burner.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Laser beam joining'

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