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Journal articles on the topic 'Laser gyroscopes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Kudelin, Igor, Srikanth Sugavanam, and Maria Chernysheva. "Rotation Active Sensors Based on Ultrafast Fibre Lasers." Sensors 21, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 3530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103530.

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Gyroscopes merit an undeniable role in inertial navigation systems, geodesy and seismology. By employing the optical Sagnac effect, ring laser gyroscopes provide exceptionally accurate measurements of even ultraslow angular velocity with a resolution up to 10−11 rad/s. With the recent advancement of ultrafast fibre lasers and, particularly, enabling effective bidirectional generation, their applications have been expanded to the areas of dual-comb spectroscopy and gyroscopy. Exceptional compactness, maintenance-free operation and rather low cost make ultrafast fibre lasers attractive for sensing applications. Remarkably, laser gyroscope operation in the ultrashort pulse generation regime presents a promising approach for eliminating sensing limitations caused by the synchronisation of counter-propagating channels, the most critical of which is frequency lock-in. In this work, we overview the fundamentals of gyroscopic sensing and ultrafast fibre lasers to bridge the gap between tools development and their real-world applications. This article provides a historical outline, highlights the most recent advancements and discusses perspectives for the expanding field of ultrafast fibre laser gyroscopes. We acknowledge the bottlenecks and deficiencies of the presented ultrafast laser gyroscope concepts due to intrinsic physical effects or currently available measurement methodology. Finally, the current work outlines solutions for further ultrafast laser technology development to translate to future commercial gyroscopes.

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2

Alpert, Sofiia. "Main characteristics and perspectives of development of laser gyroscopes." Ukrainian journal of remote sensing 8, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36023/ujrs.2021.8.1.186.

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Nowadays unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) are applied for solution numerous remote sensing tasks. They give a new opportunites for conducting environmental monitoring and give images with a very high resolution. Unmanned aerial vehicles are applied for solution numerous agricultural problems. They give a detail picture of fields. Unmanned aerial vehicles are used to help increase crop production. With technology constantly improving, imaging of the crops will need to improve as well.Digital images obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) can be used in forestry, they are used for environmental monitoring, plant health assessment and analysis of natural disasters. Unmanned aerial vehicles are also used for mining, they are applied for mapping deposit sites, exploring for oil and gas, surveying mines.Laser gyroscope is an essential component of a drones flight control system. Laser gyroscopes provides orientation control of drone and essential navigation information to the central flight control systems. Laser gyroscopes provide navigation information to the flight controller, which make drones easier and safer to fly. Laser gyroscope is one of the most important components, allowing the drone to fly smooth even in strong winds. The smooth flight capabilities allows us to get images with high precision.Nowadays the main function of gyroscope technologies is to improve the unmanned aerial vehicles flight capabilities. It was described a structure and main characteristics of laser gyroscopes. It was noted, that laser gyroscope is operated on the principle of the Sagnac effect. Sagnac effect is a phenomenon encountered in interferometry that is elicited by rotation. It were described main advantages and disadvantages of laser gyroscopes. A comparative analysis of mechanical and laser gyroscopes was carried out too.It also was noted, that laser gyroscopes are applied in different areas, such as: inertial navigation systems, aircraft, ships, unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) and satellites. Nowadays laser technology is developed further. There are all prerequisites for improving the precision and other technical characteristics of laser gyroscopes.

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3

Azarova, V. V., Yu D. Golyaev, and I. I. Saveliev. "Zeeman laser gyroscopes." Quantum Electronics 45, no. 2 (February 27, 2015): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe2015v045n02abeh015539.

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4

Azarova, V. V., Yu D. Golyaev, and E. V. Kuznetsov. "Effect of Unequal Intensities of Counter-Propagating Waves on the Frequency Response of Laser Gyroscopes." Giroskopiya i Navigatsiya 28, no. 4 (2020): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17285/0869-7035.0050.

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Frequency response of a laser gyroscope was studies by numerical modelling of a complete system of equations describing it. The calculation results are compared to the results of experimental measurements taken on a precision dynamic test bench. The frequency response was measured for a gyroscope based on a four-mirror ring laser with a non-planar contour, operating on He-Ne active mix at the wavelength of 632.8 nm. In the gyroscope under study, the sign-variable dither was implemented on the basis of Zeeman magnetooptical effect. The relationship between the measured and designed values of the frequency response distortions has been found. The relationship between the frequency response distortions in a laser gyroscope and inequality of field intensities of the counterpropagating waves (CPW) has been numerically calculated and confirmed by experiments. Based on the research results, the parameters of a ring laser can be optimized to improve the accuracy of measurements by means of laser gyroscopes.

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5

Cui, Da Peng, Ying Xue Yao, and Dong Li Qin. "Study on the Method for Measuring the Deflection Angle of a New Type Gyroscope Rotor." Key Engineering Materials 392-394 (October 2008): 709–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.392-394.709.

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It is an important performance for gyroscopes to read out the angle information of the gyroscope rotor accurately. There are few methods for measuring the deflection angle of gyroscopes, and they are only fit for the special rotors. A new method based on laser triangulation with position sensitive device (PSD), and the calculation theory of measuring the deflection angle are presented in this paper, which is designed for measuring the deflection angle of a new type gyroscope rotor, and can improve the precision of measuring by several reflections. It indicates by calculation that the method presented in this paper is feasible, and the precision can be improved several times by many reflections, furthermore, the more the number of reflection is, the higher the precision of measurement is improved.

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6

Kolbas, Yu Yu, and M. A. Ivanov. "Improved Algorithm for Mathematical Correction of the Zero Drift of the Zeeman Laser Gyro with Switching Longitudinal Mode of Generation." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Instrument Engineering, no. 2 (125) (April 2019): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3933-2019-2-91-103.

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The paper addresses time and temperature zero drifts in Zeeman laser gyroscope (RLG) operating in the mode of periodic adjustment of RLG to the longitudinal mode of generation with the opposite circular polarization of the light wave. In such a gyroscope, the zero drift can be divided into magnetic and non-magnetic components having different nature and making a significantly different contribution to the final error. Algorithmic methods are proposed for mathematical compensation of RLG zero drift, both with and without using initial calibration. It is shown that the simultaneous use of reproducible dependencies of the magnetic and non-magnetic zero drifts due to RLG temperature changes allows solving the problem of RLG zero drift correction in the optimal way. The correction factors are calculated from the temperature of a Zeeman laser gyro at the moment of activation. At the same time, using the difference between the temperatures of the gyroscope and gyro case, where it is installed, it is possible to determine the temperature of the Zeeman laser gyroscope at the moment of switching on, thereby eliminating the problem of calculating the correction factors when the gyroscope is turned off and then on again. Experimental results for several Zeeman laser gyroscopes with typical values of zero drifts are presented

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7

Taguchi, Kozo, Kaname Fukushima, Atuyuki Ishitani, and Masahiro Ikeda. "Fundamental Characteristics of Semiconductor Ring Laser Gyroscopes." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 119, no. 4 (1999): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss1987.119.4_447.

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8

Bohn, Matthew J., and Jean-Claude Diels. "Optimizing the frequency in dithered laser gyroscopes." Optics Communications 213, no. 4-6 (December 2002): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(02)02044-8.

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9

Coelho, Cláudio, Paulo Serra, Rita A. Ribeiro, R. A. Marques Pereira, Angela Dietz, and Alessandro Donati. "Fuzzy Alarm System For Laser Gyroscopes Degradation." Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 14, no. 3 (January 2008): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10798587.2008.10643000.

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10

Taguchi, Kozo, Kaname Fukushima, Atsuyuki Ishitani, and Masahiro Ikeda. "Fundamental characteristics of semiconductor ring laser gyroscopes." Electrical Engineering in Japan 132, no. 4 (2000): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6416(200009)132:4<73::aid-eej9>3.0.co;2-e.

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11

Otterstrom, Nils T., Ryan O. Behunin, Eric A. Kittlaus, Zheng Wang, and Peter T. Rakich. "A silicon Brillouin laser." Science 360, no. 6393 (June 7, 2018): 1113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aar6113.

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Brillouin laser oscillators offer powerful and flexible dynamics as the basis for mode-locked lasers, microwave oscillators, and optical gyroscopes in a variety of optical systems. However, Brillouin interactions are markedly weak in conventional silicon photonic waveguides, stifling progress toward silicon-based Brillouin lasers. The recent advent of hybrid photonic-phononic waveguides has revealed Brillouin interactions to be one of the strongest and most tailorable nonlinearities in silicon. In this study, we have harnessed these engineered nonlinearities to demonstrate Brillouin lasing in silicon. Moreover, we show that this silicon-based Brillouin laser enters a regime of dynamics in which optical self-oscillation produces phonon linewidth narrowing. Our results provide a platform to develop a range of applications for monolithic integration within silicon photonic circuits.

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12

Schreiber, K. Ulrich, André Gebauer, Jan Kodet, Caroline L. Anyi, and Jon-Paul R. Wells. "Rotation Sensing Lasers in General Relativity: Some Technical Notes and Current Advances." Universe 5, no. 9 (August 21, 2019): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5090190.

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We review the current status of large ring laser gyroscopes having the potential to contributeto terrestrial measurements of general relativistic precessions. At this point in time, although thesedevices possess the raw sensitivity for such a measurement, they remain limited by long-term geometricinstability, detection noise and imperfections in the physical models required to isolate geophysicaleffects. Furthermore, minute non-reciprocal biases provide a null-shift error and therefore no currentlyconstructed laser system meets the requirement of absolute rotation rate sensing. Nevertheless, we are ofthe view that these are surmountable problems and the ability of ring laser gyroscopes to measure lowfrequency to DC signals has vastly increased in the last decade.

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13

Bakunowicz, Jerzy, and Paweł Rzucidło. "Measurement and analysis of certain flight parameters based on MEMS sensors." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 6, no. 1 (May 12, 2017): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-211-2017.

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Abstract. Gyroscopes established one of the fundamental references for attitude and heading in aerospace applications. The information about angular velocities gives input not only for autopilot, but also damping devices, such as yaw or pitch dampers for example. The MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical system) gyroscopes are much less reliable than their laser or fibre-optic cousins. Nevertheless, the availability and low price of MEMS components make this a growing area of application in avionics for general aviation aeroplanes. This paper presents certain results of flight data analysis registered during the flight testing campaign of the new experimental low-power single-engine turbo-propeller utility aeroplane I-31T. The research was focused on identification of oscillation modes, distinctive for the new aeroplane, such as engine precession or shimmy. The data came from a three-axis MEMS gyroscope and accelerometer recorder, placed near to the centre of gravity. Wavelet transform, which was used for analysis, gave better precision in time domain than Fourier transform, especially for signals of low frequency.

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14

Li, Ying. "Mechanical Design on Finite Element Method for Ring Laser Gyroscope." Applied Mechanics and Materials 421 (September 2013): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.421.116.

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The gyroscopes have been used as a suitable inertial instrument for the navigation guidance and attitude controls. The accuracy as very sensitive sensor is limited by the lock-in region (dead band) due to the frequency coupling between two counter-propagating waves at low rotation rates. This frequency coupling gives no phase difference, and an angular increment is not detected. This problem can be overcome by mechanically dithering the gyroscope. This paper presents the design method of mechanical dither by the theoretical considerations and the verification of the theoretical equations through FEM applications. As a result, comparing to the past result, the maximum prediction error of resonant frequency was within 3 percent and peak dither rate was within 5 percent. It was found that the theoretical equations can be feasible for the mechanical performance of dither.

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15

Fenercioğlu, Tevfik Ozan, and Tuncay Yalçinkaya. "Computational–Experimental Design Framework for Laser Path Length Controller." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 5209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155209.

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The application areas of piezoelectric materials are expanding rapidly in the form of piezo harvesters, sensors and actuators. A path length controller is a high-precision piezoelectric actuator used in laser oscillators, especially in ring laser gyroscopes. A path length controller alters the position of a mirror nanometrically by means of a control voltage to stabilize the route that a laser beam travels in an integral multiple of laser wavelength. The design and verification of a path length controller performance requires long (up to 3 months), expensive and precise production steps to be successfully terminated. In this study, a combined computational–experimental design framework was developed to control, optimize and verify the performance of the path length controller, without the need for ring laser gyroscope assembly. A novel framework was structured such that the piezoelectric performance characteristics were calculated using finite element analysis. Then, a stand-alone measurement system was developed to verify the finite element analysis results before system integration. The final performance of the novel framework was verified by a direct measurement method called mode-scanning, which is founded on laser interferometry. The study is concluded with the explanation of measurement errors and finite element correlations.

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16

Bosi, Filippo, Angela D. V. Di Virgilio, Umberto Giacomelli, Andrea Simonelli, Giuseppe Terreni, Andrea Basti, Nicolò Beverini, et al. "Small scale ring laser gyroscopes as environmental monitors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1468 (February 2020): 012220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1468/1/012220.

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17

Golyaev, Yu D., N. R. Zapotyl’ko, A. A. Nedzvetskaya, and A. O. Sinel’nikov. "Thermally stable optical cavities for Zeeman laser gyroscopes." Optics and Spectroscopy 113, no. 2 (August 2012): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0030400x12070090.

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18

Kuznetsov, V. S., D. V. Maiorov, and P. A. Andreev. "Fabrication of Tuning-Fork Gyroscope Resonator using Directed Chemical Etching of Fused Silica." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Instrument Engineering, no. 4 (127) (August 2019): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3933-2019-4-32-44.

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The article presents the results of the experimental and practical work devoted to the study of directed chemical etching of fused silica locally exposed to ultra-short pulsed laser radiation as a way to produce sensitive elements of precision instruments of orientation, stabilization and navigation as resonators of tuning fork gyroscopes. The essence of the directed chemical etching method is presented. The created experimental setup structure and components are purposed and the laser processing and chemical etching operational modes are described. The laser processing mode obtained as a result of the experiment was used to fabricate the tuning fork gyroscope resonator. The etching rate of exposed fused silica in 5 % hydrofluoric acid is 27.5 to 68.8 µm/hour. That is much faster than the etching rate of the non-affected material. Based on this results the application of the method in the precision instruments fabrication area can be considered promising and subjected to further study.

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19

Zhengjun, Wang, Yang Yiyong, and Yang Jianzhong. "Coupled Thermal Field of the Rotor of Liquid Floated Gyroscope." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/151707.

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Inertial navigation devices include star sensor, GPS, and gyroscope. Optical fiber and laser gyroscopes provide high accuracy, and their manufacturing costs are also high. Magnetic suspension rotor gyroscope improves the accuracy and reduces the production cost of the device because of the influence of thermodynamic coupling. Therefore, the precision of the gyroscope is reduced and drift rate is increased. In this study, the rotor of liquid floated gyroscope, particularly the dished rotor gyroscope, was placed under a thermal field, which improved the measurement accuracy of the gyroscope. A dynamic theory of the rotor of liquid floated gyroscope was proposed, and the thermal field of the rotor was simulated. The maximum stress was inx, 1.4;y, 8.43; min 97.23; and max 154.34. This stress occurred at the border of the dished rotor at a high-speed rotation. The secondary flow reached 5549 r/min, and the generated heat increased. Meanwhile, the high-speed rotation of the rotor was volatile, and the dished rotor movement was unstable. Thus, nanomaterials must be added to reduce the thermal coupling fluctuations in the dished rotor and improve the accuracy of the measurement error and drift rate.

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20

Widmer-Schnidrig, R., and W. Zurn. "Perspectives for Ring Laser Gyroscopes in Low-Frequency Seismology." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 99, no. 2B (May 1, 2009): 1199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120080267.

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21

Hokmabadi, Mohammad P., Alexander Schumer, Demetrios N. Christodoulides, and Mercedeh Khajavikhan. "Non-Hermitian ring laser gyroscopes with enhanced Sagnac sensitivity." Nature 576, no. 7785 (December 4, 2019): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1780-4.

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22

Beverini, N., A. Basti, F. Bosi, G. Carelli, D. Ciampini, A. Di Virgilio, I. Ferrante, et al. "Ring laser gyroscopes in the underground Gran Sasso Laboratories." Quantum Electronics 49, no. 2 (February 14, 2019): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qel16881.

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23

Fan, Zhenfang, Guangfeng Lu, Shomin Hu, Zhiguo Wang, and Hui Luo. "Scale factor characteristics of laser gyroscopes of different sizes." Review of Scientific Instruments 87, no. 4 (April 2016): 045002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4945348.

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24

Song, Sin-Woo, Jae-Cheul Lee, Suk-Kyo Hong, and Dongkyoung Chwa. "New random walk reduction algorithm in ring laser gyroscopes." Journal of Optics 12, no. 11 (September 21, 2010): 115501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/12/11/115501.

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25

Zhao, Xiaoguang, Bin Zhou, Rong Zhang, and Zhiyong Chen. "Research on Laser Trimming of Silicon MEMS Vibratory Gyroscopes." Integrated Ferroelectrics 129, no. 1 (January 2011): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584587.2011.576898.

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26

Liu, Kui, Fenglei Zhang, Zongyang Li, Xiaohua Feng, Ke Li, Yuanbo Du, Karl Ulrich Schreiber, Zehuang Lu, and Jie Zhang. "Noise Analysis of a Passive Resonant Laser Gyroscope." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 5369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185369.

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Large-scale laser gyroscopes have found important applications in Earth sciences due to their self-sufficient property of measurement of the Earth’s rotation without any external references. In order to extend the relative rotation measurement accuracy to a better level so that it can be used for the determination of the Earth orientation parameters (EOP), we investigate the limitations in a passive resonant laser gyroscope (PRG) developed at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) to pave the way for future development. We identify the noise sources from the derived noise transfer function of the PRG. In the frequency range below 10−2Hz, the contribution of free-spectral-range (FSR) variation is the dominant limitation, which comes from the drift of the ring cavity length. In the 10−2 to 103Hz frequency range, the limitation is due to the noises of the frequency discrimination system, which mainly comes from the residual amplitude modulation (RAM) in the frequency range below 2 Hz. In addition, the noise contributed by the Mach–Zehnder-type beam combiner is also noticeable in the 0.01 to 2 Hz frequency range. Finally, possible schemes for future improvement are also discussed.

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27

Gallacher, B. J., J. Hedley, J. S. Burdess, A. J. Harris, and M. E. McNie. "Multimodal tuning of a vibrating ring using laser ablation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 217, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 557–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440603765226858.

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This paper investigates laser ablation as a mechanism for fine tuning the flexural modes of vibration of a slightly imperfect suspended ring. A theoretical analysis of the effect of ablation on the natural frequencies of both in-plane and out-of-plane flexural modes is developed. Contributions made to the frequency shift from the reduced mechanical stiffness and reduced mass, as a result of ablation, are included. A specific cyclic symmetric relationship between the modes of vibration and the ablation configuration permitting multimodal tuning is developed. This relationship is expanded for the particular case of flexural modes of order 2 and 3, which are commonly used in vibrating ring gyroscope designs. For vibrating ring gyroscopes, tuning between certain flexural modes of vibration greatly increases the sensitivity of the device to applied rates of rotation. Therefore, a fine-tuning mechanism is highly desirable. An experimental examination of multimodal tuning using laser ablation is performed. In-plane modes of order 2 and out-of-plane modes of order 3 are investigated. Stiffness reduction as a possible method for modifying the natural frequencies of the out-of-plane modes of vibration is explored.

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28

Wang, Wuyue, Yu Yu, Yunfei Li, Zhenxu Bai, Gong Wang, Kai Li, Changyu Song, et al. "Tailorable Brillouin Light Scattering in a Lithium Niobate Waveguide." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 8390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188390.

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Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) lasers based on silicon waveguides with large SBS gain have been widely used in frequency tunable laser emissions, mode-locked pulse lasers, low-noise oscillators, optical gyroscopes and other fields. However, among SBS lasers, the realization of Brillouin laser output often requires a longer waveguide length, which not only increases waveguide loss but also increase the size of the device. As a new medium, lithium niobate has been fabricated into a new type of hybrid structure. Meanwhile, the width of a suspended waveguide is adjusted to tune the phonon frequency of an SBS laser based on lithium niobate substrate. Simulation results show that the tunable forward SBS effect is realized in a lithium niobate-suspended optical waveguide, showing a larger forward stimulated Brillouin scattering gain of 0.31 W−1m−1. The tunable phonon frequency ranges from 1 to 15 GHz. Therefore, utilizing the photon–phonon conversion effect, the waveguide system with LiNbO3 will pave a new way forward with better integration.

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29

Zhang, Fenglei, Kui Liu, Zongyang Li, Feihu Cheng, Xiaohua Feng, Ke Li, Zehuang Lu, and Jie Zhang. "Long-term digital frequency-stabilized laser source for large-scale passive laser gyroscopes." Review of Scientific Instruments 91, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 013001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5134928.

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Starovoytov, E. I. "Optimizing Strap-down Inertial Navigation Systems Characteristics and External Correction Sensors for Autonomous Navigation of Different UAV Classes." Radio Engineering, no. 3 (June 21, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36027/rdeng.0320.0000166.

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Currently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be used in topographic works, condition monitoring and diagnostics of extended engineering structures, delivering goods to hard-to-reach places, etc. To provide the widespread UAVs applications and raise the number of tasks to be solved through their using, it is necessary to increase their autonomy degree in terms of navigation support, in particular. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) control systems for autonomous navigation use the strap-down inertial navigation systems (SINS) based on various types of gyroscopes. SINS based on the laser gyroscopes, which have a large mass, have the best accuracy. UAVs with a payload mass that is commensurable with the mass of navigation equipment require optimization of SINS characteristics. An optimization method has been developed to enable obtaining a Pareto set for the mass and accuracy of SINS based on laser gyroscopes. A comprehensive assessment of the characteristics of SINS and UAV carrier with different payload mass has been performed. Various SINS correction methods are considered when satellite navigation is unavailable.For overland flights, the correlation-extreme navigation systems (CENS) and SLAM methods (for simultaneous localisation and mapping) can be used. CENS require a reference lay-of-the-land description and a sufficient density of landmarks. In navigation based on SLAM algorithms, there is no need in the reference lay-of-the-land description, and the initial data can be obtained through the optical sensors under appropriate condition of the atmospheric path.Regardless of the condition of the atmospheric path, type of the underlying surface and its information available in detail, the UAV coordinates can be determined by Doppler dead reckoning using a Doppler system (DISS). At low and medium altitudes SINS correction is possible, only heading sensor data are needed to calculate the path angle.In combining with DISS and 3D Flash Ladar sensors (for implementing SLAM algorithms), it is more optimal to use low-accuracy SINS based on fibre-optic gyroscopes rather than laser gyro-based systems.The results obtained can be used when developing navigation systems for medium, light and heavy-medium UAVs.

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31

Salit, M., K. Salit, and P. Bauhahn. "Prospects for enhancement of ring laser gyroscopes using gaseous media." Optics Express 19, no. 25 (November 23, 2011): 25311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.19.025311.

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32

Holdaway, J., R. B. Hurst, R. Graham, N. Rabeendran, K. U. Schreiber, and J.-P. R. Wells. "Self-locked operation of large He–Ne ring laser gyroscopes." Metrologia 49, no. 3 (February 27, 2012): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/49/3/209.

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33

Wen, Qiao, Liqun Sun, Qian Tian, and Enyao Zhang. "Theoretical study of the lock-in in pulsed laser gyroscopes." Journal of Optics 12, no. 1 (November 24, 2009): 015207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/12/1/015207.

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34

Huang, S., L. Thevenaz, K. Toyama, B. Y. Kim, and H. J. Shaw. "Optical Kerr-effect in fiber-optic Brillouin ring laser gyroscopes." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 5, no. 3 (March 1993): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/68.205640.

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35

Hurst, Robert B., Nishanthan Rabeendran, K. Ulrich Schreiber, and Jon-Paul R. Wells. "Correction of backscatter-induced systematic errors in ring laser gyroscopes." Applied Optics 53, no. 31 (October 31, 2014): 7610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.53.007610.

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36

Santagata, R., A. Beghi, J. Belfi, N. Beverini, D. Cuccato, A. Di Virgilio, A. Ortolan, A. Porzio, and S. Solimeno. "Optimization of the geometrical stability in square ring laser gyroscopes." Classical and Quantum Gravity 32, no. 5 (February 11, 2015): 055013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/32/5/055013.

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37

Andrews, D. A., S. Roden, and T. A. King. "A model for lock-in growth in ring laser gyroscopes." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 31, no. 9 (1995): 1709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3.406387.

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38

Beverini, N., A. Di Virgilio, J. Belfi, A. Ortolan, K. U. Schreiber, A. Gebauer, and T. Klügel. "High-Accuracy Ring Laser Gyroscopes: Earth Rotation Rate and Relativistic Effects." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 723 (June 2016): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/723/1/012061.

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39

Lloyd, Seth W., Vinayak Dangui, Michel J. F. Digonnet, Shanhui Fan, and G. S. Kino. "Measurement of reduced backscattering noise in laser-driven fiber optic gyroscopes." Optics Letters 35, no. 2 (January 11, 2010): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.35.000121.

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40

Hemalatha, N., R. S. ChandraSekhar, A. SwarnaBai, and G. SatheeshReddy. "A Linear Observer Design for Dither Removal in Ring Laser Gyroscopes." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 45, no. 1 (2012): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20120213-3-in-4034.00014.

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41

Tit, M. A., and S. N. Belyaev. "Stoichiometric composition of thin-film surface structures and its influence on the functional characteristics as regards gyroscopic devices." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 4(100) (March 20, 2020): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2019-100-4-78-90.

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This article considers the research results of the effect of stoichiometry on the properties of titanium nitride thin-film coatings of the float and electrostatic gyroscopes. It presents the results of tests of such mechanical and optical characteristics of titanium nitride thin-film structures as microhardness, resistance to wear and friction, and image contrast determined by the reflection coefficients of a titanium nitride base surface and a raster pattern formed by local laser oxidation. When making a rotor of a cryogenic gyroscope, the prospects of use and technological methods for the formation of functional surface structures of niobium carbide and nitride are considered. It is shown that during the formation of coatings of the required composition, the most important is the thermodynamic estimation of possible interactions. These interactions allow us to accomplish the structural-phase modification of the material, which is determined by the complex of possible topochemical reactions leading to the formation of compounds, including non-stoichiometric composition.

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42

Lan Peifeng, 兰佩锋, 刘元正 Liu Yuanzheng, 王继良 Wang Jiliang, and 徐宏财 Xu Hongcai. "Research on Thermal Performance for Resonator of Mechanically Dithered Ring Laser Gyroscopes." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 51, no. 5 (2014): 051405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop51.051405.

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43

Azarova, V. V., A. P. Makeev, E. V. Kuznetsov, and Yu D. Golyaev. "Frequency Response of Laser Gyroscopes in a Wide Range of Rotation Velocities." Giroskopiya i Navigatsiya 26, no. 2 (2018): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17285/0869-7035.2018.26.2.003-014.

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44

Cuccato, D., A. Beghi, J. Belfi, N. Beverini, A. Ortolan, and A. Di Virgilio. "Controlling the non-linear intracavity dynamics of large He–Ne laser gyroscopes." Metrologia 51, no. 1 (January 29, 2014): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/51/1/97.

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45

Azarova, V. V., A. P. Makeev, E. V. Kuznetsov, and Yu D. Golyaev. "Frequency Response of Laser Gyroscopes in a Wide Range of Rotation Velocities." Gyroscopy and Navigation 9, no. 3 (July 2018): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2075108718030021.

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46

King, B. Tom. "Application of superresolution techniques to ring laser gyroscopes: exploring the quantum limit." Applied Optics 39, no. 33 (November 20, 2000): 6151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.39.006151.

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47

Cui, Hong Juan, Kun He, Ding Bang Xiao, Zhan Qang Hou, Xue Liu, Xue Zhong Wu, and Jian Bin Su. "Research on the Method of Laser Trimming to Reduce the Mode Coupling Error of Micro-Machined Vibratory Gyroscopes." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.204.

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Large mode coupling error would seriously restrict the improvement of gyroscope performance. In order to decrease the adverse influence from mode coupling error, this paper studied the formation mechanism of mode coupling error for a micro-machined vibratory gyroscope and certified the result studied by ANSYS analysis. Based on our analysis, it is found that removing material from both sides of the center lines of oscillation could arouse errors of anti-phase each other, which demonstrates that trimming could reduce mode coupling error on the other hand. Finally, experimental study was implemented on the micro-machined vibratory gyroscope by UV laser micromachining technology. Results indicated that laser trimming method on the basis of the phase relationship between mode coupling error signal and driving signal could effectively degrade the error. For certain prototype, the peak-peak voltage of the mode coupling error could be reduced from 6.6V to 0.2V after trimming when there is no angular velocity input.

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48

Kim, B. Yoon, and Herbert John Shaw. "Fiber-optic gyroscopes: In harsh, confining environments this advanced gyroscope, a close cousin to the ring laser gyro, offers great advantages." IEEE Spectrum 23, no. 3 (March 1986): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.1986.6371029.

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Ma Li, 马立, 周辅君 Zhou Fujun, 谢炜 Xie Wei, and 刘波 Liu Bo. "Robust Gaussian Filtering of Signals for Beam-Coupling Assembly of Ring Laser Gyroscopes." Chinese Journal of Lasers 41, no. 10 (2014): 1002003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl201441.1002003.

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Beverini, N., M. Allegrini, A. Beghi, J. Belfi, B. Bouhadef, M. Calamai, G. Carelli, et al. "Measuring general relativity effects in a terrestrial lab by means of laser gyroscopes." Laser Physics 24, no. 7 (May 29, 2014): 074005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1054-660x/24/7/074005.

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