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Journal articles on the topic 'Laser illumination'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Horiuchi, Noriaki. "Damaging laser illumination." Nature Photonics 8, no. 5 (2014): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2014.100.

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Ito, Yuhei, Kyouichi Suzuki, Tsuyoshi Ichikawa, et al. "Intraoperative Fluorescence Cerebral Angiography by Laser Surgical Microscopy: Comparison With Xenon Microscopy and Simultaneous Observation of Cerebral Blood Flow and Surrounding Structures." Operative Neurosurgery 16, no. 6 (2018): 700–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ons/opy159.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Laser surgical microscopes should enable uniform illumination of the operative field, and require less luminous energy compared with existing xenon surgical microscopes. OBJECTIVE To examine the utility of laser illumination in fluorescence cerebral angiography. METHODS Fluorescein sodium (fluorescein) was used as a fluorescent dye. We first compared the clarity of cerebral blood flow images collected by fluorescence angiography between the laser illumination and xenon illumination methods. We then assessed use of the laser illuminator for simultaneous observation of blood flow and surrounding structures during fluorescence angiography. Furthermore, the study was designed to evaluate usefulness of the thus determined excitation light in clinical cases. RESULTS Fluorescence angiography using blue light laser for excitation provided higher clarity and contrast blood flow images compared with using blue light generated from a xenon lamp. Further, illumination with excitation light consisting of a combination of 3 types of laser (higher level of blue light, no green light, and lower level of red light) enabled both blood flow and surrounding structures to be observed through the microscope directly by the surgeon. CONCLUSION Laser-illuminated fluorescence angiography provides high clarity and contrast images of cerebral blood flow. Further, a laser providing strong blue light and weak red light for excitation light enables simultaneous visual observation of fluorescent blood flow and surrounding structures by the surgeon using a surgical microscope. Overall, these data suggest that laser surgical microscopes are useful for both ordinary operative manipulations and fluorescence angiography.

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Pallister, David M., and Michael D. Morris. "Laser Koehler Epi-Illumination for Raman and Fluorescence Microscopic Imaging." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 10 (1994): 1277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702944027480.

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A comparison of microscopic Raman images acquired with an optical-fiber critical (Nelson) illumination system, an optical-fiber Koehler laser illumination system, and Koehler laser illumination without an optical fiber demonstrates performance differences between the three illumination methods. Best images are obtained with optical-fiber Koehler illumination.

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Song, Lihui, Alison Wenham, Sisi Wang, et al. "Laser Enhanced Hydrogen Passivation of Silicon Wafers." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/193892.

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The application of lasers to enable advanced hydrogenation processes with charge state control is explored. Localised hydrogenation is realised through the use of lasers to achieve localised illumination and heating of the silicon material and hence spatially control the hydrogenation process. Improvements in minority carrier lifetime are confirmed in the laser hydrogenated regions using photoluminescence (PL) imaging. However with inappropriate laser settings a localised reduction in minority carrier lifetime can result. It is observed that high illumination intensities and rapid cooling are beneficial for achieving improvements in minority carrier lifetimes through laser hydrogenation. The laser hydrogenation process is then applied to finished screen-printed solar cells fabricated on seeded-cast quasi monocrystalline silicon wafers. The passivation of dislocation clusters is observed with clear improvements in quantum efficiency, open circuit voltage, and short circuit current density, leading to an improvement in efficiency of 0.6% absolute.

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McGlashen, Michael L., Urmi Guhathakurta, Kevin L. Davis, and Michael D. Morris. "SERS Microscopy: Laser Illumination Effects." Applied Spectroscopy 45, no. 4 (1991): 543–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702914336976.

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6

Schneckenburger, Herbert, Verena Richter, Mathis Piper, and Michael Wagner. "Laser Illumination in Live Cell Microscopy: Scattering and Structured Illumination." Journal of Biomedical Photonics & Engineering 3, no. 1 (2017): 010304. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/jbpe17.03.010304.

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7

Redding, Brandon, Michael A. Choma, and Hui Cao. "Speckle-free laser imaging using random laser illumination." Nature Photonics 6, no. 6 (2012): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.90.

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Redding, Brandon, Hui Cao, and Michael A. Choma. "Speckle-Free Laser Imaging with Random Laser Illumination." Optics and Photonics News 23, no. 12 (2012): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.23.12.000030.

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9

Xiao, Si, Yi Tan Gao, Xiu Qin Tian, and Jun He. "Characteristics Research of Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells under Femtosecond Laser Illumination." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.575.

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Femtosecond laser with ultrashort pulse (≤35fs) is used to investigate the damage threshold and light-to-electric conversion efficiency of gallium arsenide solar cells. Different from nanosecond or picosecond lasers, the damage threshold of the solar cell illuminated by femtosecond laser is slightly higher than that under the illumination of continuous-waves laser with the same wavelength. Because the thermal non-equilibrium effect becomes obvious, heat conduction phenomenon no longer obeys the law of Fourier, when the heating pulse time of femtosecond laser is equal to or shorter than the electron-phonon coupling time. The photovoltaic properties of gallium arsenide solar cells under femtosecond pulse laser illumination are measured. The device shows better short circuit current and the light-to-electric conversion efficiency under femtosecond pulse laser than that under continuous-waves laser of the same wavelength.

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10

Beres-Pawlik, E., and A. Derkacz. "Intravascular low-power laser illumination through special fiber diffusers." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 59, no. 4 (2011): 441–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10175-011-0055-5.

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Intravascular low-power laser illumination through special fiber diffusersThis paper presents the method of intravascular endothelial cell illumination with low-power laser radiation. Some special instruments were prepared, including designed fiber diffusers. The technical parameters of the set-up and the results of arterial system treatment with illumination instruments are presented.

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11

Evans, R. G. "Non-uniform illumination of laser targets." Laser and Particle Beams 3, no. 3 (1985): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600001488.

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Attempts to accelerate and implode laser targets are hindered by the non-uniformities present in real laser beams. The effects of non-uniform illumination are ‘smoothed’ by thermal transport in the low density ablation plasma but amplified by the fluid instabilities (Rayleigh–Taylor) present in the high density accelerated material. In this paper the effects of different assumptions concerning the plasma thermal conductivity are analysed and the inclusion of the full fluid equations is shown to introduce oscillatory (acoustic) and growing (Rayleigh–Taylor) phenomena into the fluid response.

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12

Landis, Geoffrey A. "Moonbase night power by laser illumination." Journal of Propulsion and Power 8, no. 1 (1992): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.23469.

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13

Sanz, J., L. F. Ibañez, and J. A. Nicolas. "Nonuniform illumination of laser spherical targets." Laser and Particle Beams 9, no. 2 (1991): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600003323.

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We studied the smoothing of nonuniformities in the quasisteady expansion of a plasm ablated from a spherical target under a weakly nonuniform laser irradiation with overall heat conduction and magnetic generation effects. We also considered light refraction effects.

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14

Dingel, Benjamin, and Satoshi Kawata. "Laser-diode microscope with fiber illumination." Optics Communications 93, no. 1-2 (1992): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(92)90123-9.

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15

Landis, Geoffrey A. "Satellite eclipse power by laser illumination." Acta Astronautica 25, no. 4 (1991): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-5765(91)90075-g.

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16

Redding, Brandon, Michael A. Choma, and Hui Cao. "Erratum: Speckle-free laser imaging using random laser illumination." Nature Photonics 6, no. 7 (2012): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.162.

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17

Hsiao, Jen-Hung, Yulu He, Jian-He Yu, et al. "Enhancements of Cancer Cell Damage Efficiencies in Photothermal and Photodynamic Processes through Cell Perforation and Preheating with Surface Plasmon Resonance of Gold Nanoring." Molecules 23, no. 12 (2018): 3157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123157.

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The methods of cell perforation and preheating are used for increasing cell uptake efficiencies of gold nanorings (NRIs), which have the localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength around 1064 nm, and photosensitizer, AlPcS, and hence enhancing the cell damage efficiency through the photothermal (PT) and photodynamic (PD) effects. The perforation and preheating effects are generated by illuminating a defocused 1064-nm femtosecond (fs) laser and a defocused 1064-nm continuous (cw) laser, respectively. Cell damage is produced by illuminating cell samples with a focused 1064-nm cw laser through the PT effect, a focused 1064-nm fs laser through both PT and PD effects, and a focused 660-nm cw laser through the PD effect. Under various conditions with and without cell wash before laser illumination, through either perforation or preheating process, cell uptake and hence cell damage efficiencies can be enhanced. Under our experimental conditions, perforation can be more effective at enhancing cell uptake and damage when compared with preheating.

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18

Alfano, S., R. Burns, D. Pohlen, and G. Wirsig. "Predictive Avoidance for Ground-Based Laser Illumination." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 37, no. 1 (2000): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.3535.

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19

Li Chao, 李抄, 姜宝光 Jiang Baoguang, 夏明亮 Xia Mingliang, 程少园 Cheng Shaoyuan, and 宣丽 Xuan Li. "Laser Speckle Reduction in Retina Imaging Illumination." Acta Optica Sinica 28, no. 12 (2008): 2245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos20082812.2245.

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20

Rivera, Fernando Pujaico, and Roberto Alves Braga Jr. "Illumination dependency in dynamic laser speckle analysis." Optics & Laser Technology 128 (August 2020): 106221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106221.

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21

LIU Tao, 刘韬, 胡玥 HU Yue, 董健 DONG Jian, and 申军立 SHEN Jun-li. "Design of laser active illumination optical system." Chinese Optics 9, no. 3 (2016): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/co.20160903.0342.

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22

KUTSCH, V. KIM. "Dental Caries Illumination with the Argon Laser." Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine & Surgery 11, no. 6 (1993): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/clm.1993.11.323.

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23

Kwon, Min Seung, Donghoon Kang, Soocheol Kim, Seungri Song, and Chulmin Joo. "Laser-speckle Strain Sensor using Structured Illumination." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING 38, no. 5 (2018): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7779/jksnt.2018.38.5.291.

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24

Mallick, Subha Prakash, and Zson Sung. "Holographic Image Denoising using Random Laser Illumination." Annalen der Physik 532, no. 12 (2020): 2000323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.202000323.

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25

Argyle, Bernell E., and Jeffery G. McCord. "New laser illumination method for Kerr microscopy." Journal of Applied Physics 87, no. 9 (2000): 6487–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372746.

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26

Landis, G. A. "Space power by ground-based laser illumination." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 6, no. 11 (1991): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/62.103777.

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27

Heinze, Katrin G., Santiago Costantino, Paul De Koninck, and Paul W. Wiseman. "Beyond Photobleaching, Laser Illumination Unbinds Fluorescent Proteins." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 113, no. 15 (2009): 5225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp8060152.

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28

Siket, Máté, Imre Jánoki, Kssornél Demeter, Miklós Szabó, and Péter Földesy. "Time varied illumination laser speckle contrast imaging." Optics Letters 46, no. 4 (2021): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.413767.

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29

Zucker, Robert M. "Confocal Microscopy System Performance: Field Illumination." Microscopy Today 10, no. 5 (2002): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500058284.

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The confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM) has enormous potential in many biological fields. The reliability of the CLSM to obtain specific measurements and quantify fluorescence data is dependent on using a correctly aligned machine that contains a stable laser power. For many applications it is useful to know the CLSM system's performance prior to acquiring data images so the necessary resolution, sensitivity and precision can be obtained. Applications involving deconvolution, FRET and quantification necessitate that the confocal microscope is correctly configured and operating at the highest performance levels.

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30

Agrawal, Sumit, Mithun Kuniyil Ajith Singh, Kerrick Johnstonbaugh, David C. Han, Colette R. Pameijer, and Sri-Rajasekhar Kothapalli. "Photoacoustic Imaging of Human Vasculature Using LED versus Laser Illumination: A Comparison Study on Tissue Phantoms and In Vivo Humans." Sensors 21, no. 2 (2021): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020424.

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Vascular diseases are becoming an epidemic with an increasing aging population and increases in obesity and type II diabetes. Point-of-care (POC) diagnosis and monitoring of vascular diseases is an unmet medical need. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) provides label-free multiparametric information of deep vasculature based on strong absorption of light photons by hemoglobin molecules. However, conventional PAI systems use bulky nanosecond lasers which hinders POC applications. Recently, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have emerged as cost-effective and portable optical sources for the PAI of living subjects. However, state-of-art LED arrays carry significantly lower optical energy (<0.5 mJ/pulse) and high pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) (4 KHz) compared to the high-power laser sources (100 mJ/pulse) with low PRFs of 10 Hz. Given these tradeoffs between portability, cost, optical energy and frame rate, this work systematically studies the deep tissue PAI performance of LED and laser illuminations to help select a suitable source for a given biomedical application. To draw a fair comparison, we developed a fiberoptic array that delivers laser illumination similar to the LED array and uses the same ultrasound transducer and data acquisition platform for PAI with these two illuminations. Several controlled studies on tissue phantoms demonstrated that portable LED arrays with high frame averaging show higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of up to 30 mm depth, and the high-energy laser source was found to be more effective for imaging depths greater than 30 mm at similar frame rates. Label-free in vivo imaging of human hand vasculature studies further confirmed that the vascular contrast from LED-PAI is similar to laser-PAI for up to 2 cm depths. Therefore, LED-PAI systems have strong potential to be a mobile health care technology for diagnosing vascular diseases such as peripheral arterial disease and stroke in POC and resource poor settings.

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31

Agrawal, Sumit, Mithun Kuniyil Ajith Singh, Kerrick Johnstonbaugh, David C. Han, Colette R. Pameijer, and Sri-Rajasekhar Kothapalli. "Photoacoustic Imaging of Human Vasculature Using LED versus Laser Illumination: A Comparison Study on Tissue Phantoms and In Vivo Humans." Sensors 21, no. 2 (2021): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020424.

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Vascular diseases are becoming an epidemic with an increasing aging population and increases in obesity and type II diabetes. Point-of-care (POC) diagnosis and monitoring of vascular diseases is an unmet medical need. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) provides label-free multiparametric information of deep vasculature based on strong absorption of light photons by hemoglobin molecules. However, conventional PAI systems use bulky nanosecond lasers which hinders POC applications. Recently, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have emerged as cost-effective and portable optical sources for the PAI of living subjects. However, state-of-art LED arrays carry significantly lower optical energy (<0.5 mJ/pulse) and high pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) (4 KHz) compared to the high-power laser sources (100 mJ/pulse) with low PRFs of 10 Hz. Given these tradeoffs between portability, cost, optical energy and frame rate, this work systematically studies the deep tissue PAI performance of LED and laser illuminations to help select a suitable source for a given biomedical application. To draw a fair comparison, we developed a fiberoptic array that delivers laser illumination similar to the LED array and uses the same ultrasound transducer and data acquisition platform for PAI with these two illuminations. Several controlled studies on tissue phantoms demonstrated that portable LED arrays with high frame averaging show higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of up to 30 mm depth, and the high-energy laser source was found to be more effective for imaging depths greater than 30 mm at similar frame rates. Label-free in vivo imaging of human hand vasculature studies further confirmed that the vascular contrast from LED-PAI is similar to laser-PAI for up to 2 cm depths. Therefore, LED-PAI systems have strong potential to be a mobile health care technology for diagnosing vascular diseases such as peripheral arterial disease and stroke in POC and resource poor settings.

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32

Freas, W., J. L. Hart, D. Golightly, H. McClure, and S. M. Muldoon. "Contractile properties of isolated vascular smooth muscle after photoradiation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 256, no. 3 (1989): H655—H664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1989.256.3.h655.

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The purpose of this study was to characterize the responses of various types of vascular smooth muscle to conditions that would be encountered during photodynamic therapy, namely laser illumination of photosensitizer-pretreated tissue. Vascular smooth muscle obtained from representative canine, rodent, and rabbit vascular beds was cut into rings and placed in organ baths (37 degrees C, aerated with 95% O2-5% CO2). These vessels were pretreated for 30 min with the photosensitizer hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD, 3-30 micrograms/ml) washed, and then exposed to red laser light (633 nm, 1-3.5 mW) for up to 20 min. Under basal tension conditions laser illumination of HpD-pretreated vessels resulted in an increase in tension, whereas laser illumination of vessels not exposed to HpD did not contract. This sustained contraction was not reversed by washing the tissue with fresh Krebs-Ringer solution. Responses to norepinephrine, transmural electrical stimulation, and elevated concentrations of KCl were reduced in blood vessels tested after HpD laser illumination. Laser-induced contractions of canine carotid arteries did not require the presence of an intact vascular endothelium. Vascular effect of these photosensitizers appears to involve the formation of oxygen-derived radicals. This preparation could provide a good model for examining the effects of free radicals on vascular physiology.

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33

Bu, Ling Bing, Li Tian, Ya Zong Zhu, and Xing You Huang. "Development of a Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe." Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (January 2011): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.135.

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Forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) is one of the most important instruments in the weather modification activities. A prototype of a FSSP for routine observation of cloud droplet was presented in this paper. In this system, a single-mode 685 nm diode laser with single-mode fiber output coupling was used as a transmitter, a square pinhole combining with a 4f optical system were used to obtain homogeneous illumination, the illuminating laser was abandoned by the hole on the 45°reflective mirror, and the depth of field of this system was controlled by a 200 µm pinhole placed on the focal plane of the collecting system. Both the scheme of optical design and the experiments were presented in this paper. The experiments showed, the laser beam was close to flat-top, the illuminating laser can be abandoned efficiently, the scheme of controlling the depth of field was reasonable. Simulation experiments using pinholes of different sizes indicated that the prototype had the ability to detect cloud droplets.

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34

Qu, Jian Qi, Li Min Zou, Yan Jun Chen, and Xue Mei Ding. "Realization of Non-Mechanical Lateral and Axial Confocal Microscopic Laser Scanning with a Phase only Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator." Key Engineering Materials 613 (May 2014): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.613.167.

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It is proposed in this paper to use phase only liquid crystal spatial light modulators to realize non-mechanical lateral and axial confocal microscopic laser scanning. With a phase only liquid crystal spatial light modulator used as a scanner to realize laser beam deflection, a confocal microscopic lateral beam scanning system is designed. A zoom illuminating lens is formed by incorporating a liquid crystal spatial light modulator along the confocal illumination light path, and thus the focus of the objective lens is axially shifted to realize the axial non-mechanical scanning. The theoretical analyses indicate that phase only liquid crystal spatial light modulators can be used to realize non-mechanical 3D confocal microscopic laser scanning.

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35

Shi, Fenghua, Jing Wen, and Dangyuan Lei. "High-efficiency, large-area lattice light-sheet generation by dielectric metasurfaces." Nanophotonics 9, no. 12 (2020): 4043–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0227.

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AbstractLattice light-sheet microscopy (LLSM) was developed for long-term live-cell imaging with ultra-fine three-dimensional (3D) spatial resolution, high temporal resolution, and low photo-toxicity by illuminating the sample with a thin lattice-like light-sheet. Currently available schemes for generating thin lattice light-sheets often require complex optical designs. Meanwhile, limited by the bulky objective lens and optical components, the light throughput of existing LLSM systems is rather low. To circumvent the above problems, we utilize a dielectric metasurface of a single footprint to replace the conventional illumination modules used in the conventional LLSM and generate a lattice light-sheet with a ~3-fold broader illumination area and a significantly leveraged illumination efficiency, which consequently leads to a larger field of view with a higher temporal resolution at no extra cost of the spatial resolution. We demonstrate that the metasurface can manipulate spatial frequencies of an input laser beam in orthogonal directions independently to break the trade-off between the field of view and illumination efficiency of the lattice light-sheet. Compared to the conventional LLSM, our metasurface module serving as an ultra-compact illumination component for LLSM at an ease will potentially enable a finer spatial resolution with a larger numerical-aperture detection objective lens.

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36

Liu, Feng, Zhenwei Su, Xiangcheng He, Chaoyong Zhang, Mouqin Chen, and Li Qiao. "A laser imaging method for machine vision detection of white contaminants in cotton." Textile Research Journal 84, no. 18 (2014): 1987–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517514530027.

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The existing machine vision systems cannot efficiently detect white contaminants in cotton under the illumination of visible lights, because their color is the same or very close. To solve the problem, this article proposes an imaging method based on line lasers. Under the illumination of a line laser, the white contaminants and cotton showed the differences in the optical characteristic of their surface. Then, according to the features of the intensity of their reflected lights or the distribution of the fluff around their surfaces in the images, an example algorithm for identification of white contaminants from cotton was suggested. The experimental results indicated that, using our method, the mean successful detection rate of the typical white contaminants in cotton was over 87%.

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37

Chen, Cheng Huan, Chien Chuan Chen, and Po Hung Yao. "Microlens Array Homogenizer for Laser Illuminated Projector." Key Engineering Materials 364-366 (December 2007): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.364-366.143.

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Laser light source is a potential illumination light source for non-emissive display applications, especially for liquid crystal projection displays, due to its requirement of low etendue source and highly polarized light. In order to make a conversion from a circular Gaussian beam profile to a rectangular uniform distribution, a microlens array has been proposed as a homogenizer. The analytical and experimental results show that the microlens array with a pitch of 100um under laser beam illumination works as a diffractive element, and a promising uniformity can be obtained with a stack of two microlens array.

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38

Leung, Harry, and Gwendolyn Jeun. "Errors and distortion induced under some operating conditions in a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM)." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (1992): 782–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100124318.

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Fluorescent beads have been recommended and used frequently as calibration standards for fluorescent microscopy. However, during our work with a CLSM we observed that images of these beads varied in diameter with dianges in illumination level, detector aperture diameter, and signal amplification (gain). In addition, XZ images showed distortion in proportion to such changes.Images from 9 μm fluorescent beads (Excitation Max. @ 458 nm) were collected with a BIORAD MRC600 CLSM attached to a Nikon Diaphot-TMD inverted microscope. A Nikon Planapo 60x (NA=1.4) oil immersion objective was used in all experiments. The beads were embedded in 5 % gelatin to prevent drifting. Using an illuminating wavelength of 488 nm, the beads were optically sectioned at their equators under varying conditions of laser illumination, detector aperture diameter and gain. To eliminate image variations due to size differences among the beads, all images in Fig 1 were collected from the same bead. Those in Fig 2 were from another similar sized bead.

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39

Lemon, Gordon D., and Usher Posluszny. "A new approach to the study of apical meristem development using laser scanning confocal microscopy." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 5 (1998): 899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-043.

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Epi-illumination light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy have been standard techniques for developmental studies of shoot apices. Recently, laser scanning confocal microscopy has gained popularity as a tool for biological imaging. We have adapted laser scanning confocal microscopy to study development in whole shoot apices. It was tested on angiosperm and fern apices using three fluorescent dyes; acriflavine, safranin O, and acid fuchsin, and compared with epi-illumination light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In all cases, acid fuchsin proved to be the best fluorochrome for examining shoot apices; having a high affinity for cell walls and nuclear material. The images produced with laser scanning confocal microscopy were sharper and clearer than images generated with epi-illumination light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Laser scanning confocal microscopy allows one to map patterns of cell division on the surface of an apical meristem, which is extremely difficult using other techniques such as scanning electron microscopy or epi-illumination light microscopy. Since the laser scanning light microscope records images digitally a method for digital plate production is described. Our methods can easily be applied to study the development of other plant structures on a cellular level such as root apical meristems, floral meristems, stomata, or trichomes, and reproductive organs in lower plants.Key words: confocal microscopy, apical meristem, development, fluorochrome, cytokinesis.

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40

FU Han-yi, 付瀚毅, and 刘原原 LIU Yuan-yuan. "High uniformity laser illumination system with small aperture." Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays 33, no. 7 (2018): 548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/yjyxs20183307.0548.

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41

Nikitin, V. M., V. N. Fomin, V. L. Egorov, and E. B. Sautkin. "Spatial polarimetry of inhomogeneous surfaces under laser illumination." Physics of Wave Phenomena 22, no. 2 (2014): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1541308x1402006x.

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Capeluto, M. G., P. Wachulak, M. C. Marconi, et al. "Table top nanopatterning with extreme ultraviolet laser illumination." Microelectronic Engineering 84, no. 5-8 (2007): 721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2007.01.018.

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Thombansen, Ulrich, and Michael Ungers. "Illumination for Process Observation in Laser Material Processing." Physics Procedia 56 (2014): 1286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2014.08.053.

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Zang, X. M., D. S. Li, E. Y. B. Pun, and H. Lin. "Dy^3+ doped borate glasses for laser illumination." Optical Materials Express 7, no. 6 (2017): 2040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.7.002040.

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Maestre, H., A. J. Torregrosa, and J. Capmany. "IR Image Upconversion Under Dual-Wavelength Laser Illumination." IEEE Photonics Journal 8, no. 6 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2016.2630852.

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Lowe, R. A., G. A. Landis, and P. Jenkins. "Response of photovoltaic cells to pulsed laser illumination." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 42, no. 4 (1995): 744–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.372080.

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Gao, Peng, and G. Ulrich Nienhaus. "Confocal laser scanning microscopy with spatiotemporal structured illumination." Optics Letters 41, no. 6 (2016): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.41.001193.

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Maybeck, P. S., T. D. Herrera, and R. J. Evans. "Target tracking using infrared measurements and laser illumination." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 30, no. 3 (1994): 758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/7.303745.

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Rongeat, Nelly, Philippe Leproux, Vincent Couderc, et al. "Flow cytometer based on triggered supercontinuum laser illumination." Cytometry Part A 81A, no. 7 (2012): 611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.22065.

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Sankaran, Kamatchi Jothiramalingam, Santosh Kumar Bikkarolla, Derese Desta, et al. "Laser-Patternable Graphene Field Emitters for Plasma Displays." Nanomaterials 9, no. 10 (2019): 1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9101493.

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Abstract:

This paper presents a plasma display device (PDD) based on laser-induced graphene nanoribbons (LIGNs), which were directly fabricated on polyimide sheets. Superior field electron emission (FEE) characteristics, viz. a low turn-on field of 0.44 V/μm and a large field enhancement factor of 4578, were achieved for the LIGNs. Utilizing LIGNs as a cathode in a PDD showed excellent plasma illumination characteristics with a prolonged plasma lifetime stability. Moreover, the LIGN cathodes were directly laser-patternable. Such superior plasma illumination performance of LIGN-based PDDs has the potential to make a significant impact on display technology.

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