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Journal articles on the topic 'Laser keyhole'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Xing, Yucheng, Feiyun Wang, Yong Zhao, Juan Fu, Zhenbang Sun, and Daxing Zhang. "Investigation of the Inhibition Mechanism of Process Porosity in Laser-MIG Hybrid-Welded Joints for an Aluminum Alloy." Coatings 14, no. 11 (2024): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14111376.

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In this paper, 4 mm thick 7075 aluminum alloy was utilized for conducting laser-MIG hybrid welding tests to investigate the correlation between the dynamic behavior of keyholes and process-induced porosity. Additionally, the generation and inhibition mechanisms of process porosity were elucidated. Utilizing a high-speed camera test system of our own design, the formation position and movement characteristics of keyholes in the molten pool under different welding parameters were captured using a “sandwich” method. The dynamic behavior of keyholes during the hybrid welding process was analyzed,

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2

Cunningham, Ross, Cang Zhao, Niranjan Parab, et al. "Keyhole threshold and morphology in laser melting revealed by ultrahigh-speed x-ray imaging." Science 363, no. 6429 (2019): 849–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav4687.

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We used ultrahigh-speed synchrotron x-ray imaging to quantify the phenomenon of vapor depressions (also known as keyholes) during laser melting of metals as practiced in additive manufacturing. Although expected from welding and inferred from postmortem cross sections of fusion zones, the direct visualization of the keyhole morphology and dynamics with high-energy x-rays shows that (i) keyholes are present across the range of power and scanning velocity used in laser powder bed fusion; (ii) there is a well-defined threshold from conduction mode to keyhole based on laser power density; and (iii

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3

Al-Aloosi, Raghad Ahmed, Zainab Abdul-Kareem Farhan, and Ahmad H. Sabry. "Remote laser welding simulation for aluminium alloy manufacturing using computational fluid dynamics model." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 3 (2022): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i3.pp1533-1541.

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The process of remote laser welding is simulated in this study to identify the keyhole-induced porosity generation mechanisms and keyhole. Three processes are simulated and discussed: laser power levels, laser-beam shaping configurations, and laser keyhole process. The simulation finding reveals that pore development is caused by strong melt flow behind the keyhole. As verification, the equivalent experimental test is also carried out. According to the findings, a welding speed with a high level helps to keep the keyholes released and prevents the flow of strong melt; a big advanced leaning-an

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4

Al-Aloosi, Raghad Ahmed, Zainab Abdul-Kareem Farhan, and Ahmad H. Sabry. "Remote laser welding simulation for aluminium alloy manufacturing using computational fluid dynamics model." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 3 (2022): 1533–41. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i3.pp1533-1541.

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The process of remote laser welding is simulated in this study to identify the keyhole-induced porosity generation mechanisms and keyhole. Three processes are simulated and discussed: laser power levels, laser-beam shaping configurations, and laser keyhole process. The simulation finding reveals that pore development is caused by strong melt flow behind the keyhole. As verification, the equivalent experimental test is also carried out. According to the findings, a welding speed with a high level helps to keep the keyholes released and prevents the flow of strong melt; a big advanced leaning-an

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5

Fabbro, Remy. "Depth Dependence and Keyhole Stability at Threshold, for Different Laser Welding Regimes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (2020): 1487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041487.

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Depending of the laser operating parameters, several characteristic regimes of laser welding can be observed. At low welding speeds, the aspect ratio of the keyhole can be rather large with a rather vertical cylindrical shape, whereas at high welding speeds, low aspect ratios result, where only the keyhole front is mainly irradiated. For these different regimes, the dependence of the keyhole (KH) depth or the keyhole threshold, as a function of the operating parameters and material properties, is derived and their resulting scaling laws are surprisingly very similar. This approach allows us to

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6

Zhao, Cang, Niranjan D. Parab, Xuxiao Li, et al. "Critical instability at moving keyhole tip generates porosity in laser melting." Science 370, no. 6520 (2020): 1080–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abd1587.

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Laser powder bed fusion is a dominant metal 3D printing technology. However, porosity defects remain a challenge for fatigue-sensitive applications. Some porosity is associated with deep and narrow vapor depressions called keyholes, which occur under high-power, low–scan speed laser melting conditions. High-speed x-ray imaging enables operando observation of the detailed formation process of pores in Ti-6Al-4V caused by a critical instability at the keyhole tip. We found that the boundary of the keyhole porosity regime in power-velocity space is sharp and smooth, varying only slightly between

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7

Ur Rehman, Asif, Muhammad Arif Mahmood, Fatih Pitir, Metin Uymaz Salamci, Andrei C. Popescu, and Ion N. Mihailescu. "Keyhole Formation by Laser Drilling in Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Ti6Al4V Biomedical Alloy: Mesoscopic Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation versus Mathematical Modelling Using Empirical Validation." Nanomaterials 11, no. 12 (2021): 3284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11123284.

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In the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process, the operating conditions are essential in determining laser-induced keyhole regimes based on the thermal distribution. These regimes, classified into shallow and deep keyholes, control the probability and defects formation intensity in the LPBF process. To study and control the keyhole in the LPBF process, mathematical and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are presented. For CFD, the volume of fluid method with the discrete element modeling technique was used, while a mathematical model was developed by including the laser beam absorption

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8

Dong, William, Jason Lian, Chengpo Yan, et al. "Deep-Learning-Based Segmentation of Keyhole in In-Situ X-ray Imaging of Laser Powder Bed Fusion." Materials 17, no. 2 (2024): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17020510.

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In laser powder bed fusion processes, keyholes are the gaseous cavities formed where laser interacts with metal, and their morphologies play an important role in defect formation and the final product quality. The in-situ X-ray imaging technique can monitor the keyhole dynamics from the side and capture keyhole shapes in the X-ray image stream. Keyhole shapes in X-ray images are then often labeled by humans for analysis, which increasingly involves attempting to correlate keyhole shapes with defects using machine learning. However, such labeling is tedious, time-consuming, error-prone, and can

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9

Jin, Xiangzhong, Yuanyong Cheng, Licheng Zeng, Yufeng Zou, and Honggui Zhang. "Multiple Reflections and Fresnel Absorption of Gaussian Laser Beam in an Actual 3D Keyhole during Deep-Penetration Laser Welding." International Journal of Optics 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/361818.

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In deep penetration laser welding, a keyhole is formed in the material. Based on an experimentally obtained bending keyhole from low- and medium-speed laser penetration welding of glass, the keyhole profiles in both the symmetric plane are determined by polynomial fitting. Then, a 3D bending keyhole is reconstructed under the assumption of circular cross-section of the keyhole at each keyhole depth. In this paper, the behavior of focused Gaussian laser beam in the keyhole is analyzed by tracing a ray of light using Gaussian optics theory, the Fresnel absorption and multiple reflections in the

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10

Lai, Wai Jun, Supriyo Ganguly, and Wojciech Suder. "Study of the effect of inter-pass temperature on weld overlap start-stop defects and mitigation by application of laser defocusing." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 114, no. 1-2 (2021): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-06851-8.

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AbstractLaser keyhole initiation and termination-related defects, such as cracking and keyhole cavities due to keyhole collapse, are a well-known issue in laser keyhole welding of thick section steels. In longitudinal welding, run-on and run-off plates are used to avoid this problem. However, such an approach is not applicable in circumferential welding where start/stop defects remain within the workpiece. These issues can hinder industry from applying laser keyhole welding for circumferential welding applications. In this paper, the effect of inter-pass temperature on laser keyhole initiation

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11

Hao, Zhongjia, Huiyang Chen, Xiangzhong Jin, and Zuguo Liu. "Comparative Study on the Behavior of Keyhole in Analogy Welding and Real Deep Penetration Laser Welding." Materials 15, no. 24 (2022): 9001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15249001.

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In deep penetration laser welding, the behavior of the keyhole has an important influence on the welding quality. As it is difficult to directly observe the keyhole and detect the pressure inside the keyhole during metal laser welding, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation methods are commonly used methods in studying keyhole behavior. However, these methods cannot provide direct real information on keyhole behavior. In this paper, a method of analogy welding is proposed, in which high speed gas is used to blow the liquid to generate the keyhole. Relevant process experiments were condu

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12

Hong, Wang, Ling Yun Wang, and Ri Sheng Li. "Porosity Formation after the Irradiation Termination of Laser." Advanced Materials Research 800 (September 2013): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.800.201.

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Porosity is formed because of the keyhole collapse. The porosity formation is associated with the melt pool dynamics, the keyhole collapse and solidification processes. The objective of the paper is t to investigate porosity formation mechanisms and fluid flow in the melt pool using the volume of fluid method. The results indicate that the formation of porosity in continuous wave keyhole mode laser welding is associated to keyhole collapse, backfilling of liquid metal close the gas exit of the laser welding keyhole, surface tension of the gas/liquid interface play an important role in the back

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13

Henze, Insa, and Peer Woizeschke. "Laser Keyhole Brazing." PhotonicsViews 18, S1 (2021): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/phvs.202100013.

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14

Gao, Xiang Dong, Qian Wen, and Seiji Katayama. "Elucidation of Welding Stability Based on Keyhole Configuration during High-Power Fiber Laser Welding." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 941–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.941.

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During deep penetration laser welding, a keyhole is formed in the molten pool due to the intense recoil pressure of evaporation. The formation of the keyhole leads to a deep penetration weld with a high aspect ratio and this is the most advantageous feature of welding by high-energy-density beams. The configuration and characteristics of a keyhole are related to the welding stability. In a fiber laser butt-joint welding of Type 304 austenitic stainless steel plate with a high power 10 kW continuous wave fiber laser, an infrared sensitive high-speed video camera was used to capture the dynamic

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15

Mostafa, Massaud, J. Laifi, M. Ashari, and Z. A. Alrowaili. "MATLAB Image Treatment of Copper-Steel Laser Welding." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (April 21, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8914841.

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Continuous Yb:YAG laser keyhole welding of the pure copper plate to steel 316L sheet is performed for different laser parameters. The laser-generated welding keyhole and weld melted zone are observed by a high-speed camera. The image is treated by MATLAB and simple code is built to calculate the keyhole and melted zone area. This treatment is validated by the actual welding measurements, and the accuracy of the measurements is tested by the confidence interval law. The images obtained of keyhole and melt zone area in dissimilar laser welding are treated and analyzed to study the effect of chan

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16

Peng, Jin, Jigao Liu, Xiaohong Yang, et al. "Numerical Simulation of Droplet Filling Mode on Molten Pool and Keyhole during Double-Sided Laser Beam Welding of T-Joints." Crystals 12, no. 9 (2022): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091268.

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The effects of droplets filling the molten pools during the double-sided laser beam welding (DSLBW) of T-joints was established. The dynamic behavior of the keyhole and the molten pool under different droplet filling modes were analyzed. The results indicated that compared with the contact transition, the stability of metal flow on the keyhole wall was reduced by free transition and slight contact transition. At the later stage of the droplet entering the molten pool via free transition, slight contact transition, and contact transition, the maximum flow velocity of the keyhole wall was 5.33 m

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17

Fan, Xianqiang, Tristan G. Fleming, Samuel J. Clark, et al. "Magnetic modulation of keyhole instability during laser welding and additive manufacturing." Science 387, no. 6736 (2025): 864–69. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ado8554.

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Keyhole instability during laser welding and laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) can cause keyhole collapse and pore formation. Using high-speed x-ray imaging, we demonstrate that the flow vortex–induced protrusion on the rear keyhole wall is crucial in initiating keyhole instability. Applying a transverse magnetic field suppresses the keyhole instability by driving a secondary thermoelectric magnetohydrodynamics (TEMHD) flow that alters the net flow vortex. This minimizes protrusions and large-amplitude keyhole oscillations. The suppression effectiveness depends on the laser scanning direction rel

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18

Seidgazov R. D. and Mirzade F. Kh. "Features of the keyhole evolution during deep penetration of metals by laser radiation." Technical Physics Letters 48, no. 14 (2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tpl.2022.14.52104.18838.

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The paper presents the results of fast detection of the keyhole formation in titanium under point exposure to laser radiation. The fact has been established that the keyhole evolution ends with a collapse even before the cessation of the action (switching off) of the continuous laser radiation. Keywords: deep penetration, keyhole, collapse, laser radiation.

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19

Zhou, Jun, Hai-Lung Tsai, and Pei-Chung Wang. "Transport Phenomena and Keyhole Dynamics during Pulsed Laser Welding." Journal of Heat Transfer 128, no. 7 (2005): 680–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2194043.

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Numerical and experimental studies were conducted to investigate the heat transfer, fluid flow, and keyhole dynamics during a pulsed keyhole laser welding. A comprehensive mathematical model has been developed. In the model, the continuum formulation was used to handle solid phase, liquid phase, and mushy zone during melting and solidification processes. The volume-of-fluid method was employed to handle free surfaces. The enthalpy method was used for latent heat. Laser absorptions (Inverse Bremsstrahlung and Fresnel absorption) and thermal radiation by the plasma in the keyhole were all consid

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20

Li, Quanhong, Zhongyan Mu, Manlelan Luo, Anguo Huang, and Shengyong Pang. "Laser Spot Micro-Welding of Ultra-Thin Steel Sheet." Micromachines 12, no. 3 (2021): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12030342.

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This paper reports a mechanism understanding how to reduce the solder joint failure phenomenon in the laser spot micro-welding process of ultra-thin steel sheets. An optimization method to improve solder joint service life is proposed. In this study, the time-dependent dynamic behaviors of the keyhole and the weld pool are simulated, and the temperatures in the keyhole of two different laser pulse waveforms are compared. The results show that laser energy attenuation mode (LEAM) can only obtain shallow weld depth because of the premature decay of the laser power of waveform, resulting in the l

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21

Bhardwaj, Vijay, B. N. Upadhyaya, and K. S. Bindra. "Mathematical model to study the keyhole formation in pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding of SS 316L material and its experimental verification." Journal of Laser Applications 34, no. 3 (2022): 032010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000704.

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A mathematical model to study keyhole formation and its propagation in the material is developed for laser welding performed in an open atmosphere. The present model overcomes the limitations of existing models in assuming sonic vapor jet velocity to calculate vaporization-induced recoil pressure responsible for keyhole formation. In the present model, the exact value of vapor jet velocity is calculated using gas dynamics equations. The minimum threshold value of absorbed laser beam intensity required to perform keyhole welding irrespective of laser pulse duration for laser beam radius of 0.6

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22

Gao, Xiang Dong, Ling Mo, and Seiji Katayama. "Seam Tracking Monitoring Based on Keyhole Features during High-Power Fiber Laser Welding." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 932–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.932.

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Seam tracking is an important field to obtain good welding quality. During the high-power fiber laser welding, the laser beam focus must be controlled to track the welding seam accurately. A method of detecting the offset between the laser beam focus and the welding seam based on analyzing the keyhole features was researched during high-power fiber laser butt-joint welding of Type 304 austenitic stainless steel plates at a continuous wave fiber laser power of 10 kW. The joint gap width was less than 0.1mm. An infrared sensitive high speed camera was used to capture the thermal images of a molt

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23

Liu, Yong Hua, and Xiang Dong Gao. "Extraction of Characteristic Parameters of Keyhole during High Power Fiber Laser Welding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (October 2012): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.352.

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During deep penetration laser welding, a keyhole is formed in the molten pool. The characteristics of keyhole are related to the welding quality and stability. Analyzing the characteristic parameters of a keyhole during high power fiber laser welding is one of effective measures to control the welding quality and improve the welding stability. This paper studies a fiber laser butt-joint welding of Type 304 austenitic stainless steel plate with a high power 10 kW continuous wave fiber laser, and an infrared sensitive high-speed video camera was used to capture the dynamic images of the molten p

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24

SaediArdahaei, Saeid, and Xuan-Tan Pham. "Toward Stabilizing the Keyhole in Laser Spot Welding of Aluminum: Numerical Analysis." Materials 17, no. 19 (2024): 4741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17194741.

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The inherent instability of laser welding, particularly keyhole instability, poses significant challenges in industrial applications, leading to defects such as porosities that compromise weld quality. Various forces act on the keyhole and molten pool during laser welding, influencing process stability. These forces are categorized into those promoting keyhole opening and penetration (e.g., recoil pressure) and those promoting keyhole collapse (e.g., surface tension, Darcy’s damping forces), increasing instability and defect likelihood. This paper provides a comprehensive instability analysis

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25

Xie, Xigui, Wenhao Huang, Jianxi Zhou, and Jiangqi Long. "Study on the molten pool behavior and porosity formation mechanism in dual-beam laser welding of aluminum alloy." Journal of Laser Applications 34, no. 2 (2022): 022007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000630.

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Based on the mechanism of dynamic coupling between molten pool and keyhole, a three-dimensional (3D) transient model for the dual-beam laser welding of aluminum alloy is established by considering the surface tension, Marangoni force, and recoil pressure. The morphology of the molten pool, porosity formation process, and the heat transfer mechanism during the process of laser welding under different parameters are analyzed. A double rotating 3D Gaussian heat source is used to represent the laser beam, and the volume of fluid method is used to track the gas-liquid free surface, and the gas-liqu

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26

Han, Sang-Woo, Suck-Joo Na, Won-Ik Cho, Jeongrae Jeong, and Lin-Jie Zhang. "A Numerical Study on Scattering and Absorption of Laser Beam by Metal Particles." Journal of Welding and Joining 42, no. 6 (2024): 587–94. https://doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2024.42.6.2.

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In laser keyhole welding, keyhole formation is possible due to high power density. However, the high power density promotes the generation of metal particles, which may affect the formation of the weld joint in some cases. Therefore, in this study, scattering and absorption phenomena of the laser beam due to metal particles were modeled and used in numerical simulations. The degree of scattering and absorption of the laser beam for a fixed keyhole shape was calculated, and it showed that the size of the influential region affects the scattering and absorption results. From this, it is thought

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27

Fan, Xi’an, Xiangdong Gao, Yuhui Huang, and Yanxi Zhang. "Online Detection of Keyhole Status in a Laser-MIG Hybrid Welding Process." Metals 12, no. 9 (2022): 1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12091446.

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During laser-metal inert gas (MIG) hybrid welding, a large amount of welding status information is generated in droplet transfer, keyhole and molten pool. In this paper, austenitic stainless steel was adopted as an experimental object, with a dual high-speed camera system used to obtain real-time images of droplet transfer, keyhole and molten pool in a laser-MIG hybrid welding process. The changing regulation of a keyhole in three different penetration states (i.e., non-penetration, partial penetration and normal penetration) was analyzed by extracting the morphological characteristics of a ke

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28

SaediArdahaei, Saeid, and Xuan-Tan Pham. "Comparative Numerical Analysis of Keyhole Shape and Penetration Depth in Laser Spot Welding of Aluminum with Power Wave Modulation." Thermo 4, no. 2 (2024): 222–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/thermo4020013.

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Keyhole mode laser welding is a valuable technique for welding thick materials in industrial applications. However, its susceptibility to fluctuations and instabilities poses challenges, leading to defects that compromise weld quality. Observing the keyhole during laser welding is challenging due to bright process radiation, and existing observation methods are complex and expensive. This paper alternatively presents a novel numerical modeling approach for laser spot welding of aluminum through a modified mixture theory, a modified level-set (LS) method, and a thermal enthalpy porosity techniq

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29

Chang, Baohua, Zhang Yuan, Hao Cheng, Haigang Li, Dong Du, and Jiguo Shan. "A Study on the Influences of Welding Position on the Keyhole and Molten Pool Behavior in Laser Welding of a Titanium Alloy." Metals 9, no. 10 (2019): 1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9101082.

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Various welding positions need be used in laser welding of structures with complex configurations. Therefore, it is necessary to gain knowledge of how the welding positions can influence the keyhole and weld pool behavior in order to better control the laser weld quality. In the present study, a computational fluid mechanics (CFD) model was constructed to simulate the laser-welding process of the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V, with which the keyhole stability and the fluid flow characteristics in weld pool were studied for four welding positions, i.e., flat welding, horizontal welding, vertical-up we

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30

Jing, Haohao, Xin Ye, Xiaoqi Hou, et al. "Effect of Weld Pool Flow and Keyhole Formation on Weld Penetration in Laser-MIG Hybrid Welding within a Sensitive Laser Power Range." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (2022): 4100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094100.

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The weld penetration variation in laser-MIG hybrid welding under sensitive laser power range was investigated by welding experiments and CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation. During this investigation, joints of AH36 sheets were welded with varying laser powers by the laser-MIG hybrid welding process. In addition, the CFD model was established based on experimental parameters and measurement results. Moreover, surface tension, electromagnetic force, buoyancy, recoil pressure, evaporative condensation, evaporative heat exchange, melt drop transfer, and other factors were considered. Th

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Wang, Leilei, Yanqiu Zhao, Yue Li, and Xiaohong Zhan. "Droplet Transfer Induced Keyhole Fluctuation and Its Influence Regulation on Porosity Rate during Hybrid Laser Arc Welding of Aluminum Alloys." Metals 11, no. 10 (2021): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11101510.

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Hybrid laser arc welding (HLAW) features advantages such as higher welding speed and gap tolerance as well as smaller welding deformation and heat-affected zone than arc welding. Porosity in hybrid laser arc weld due to keyhole fluctuation tends to be the initial source of crack propagation, which will significantly diminish the weld performance. A high-speed imaging technique was adopted to record and analyze the droplet transfer and keyhole fluctuation behavior during hybrid laser arc welding of aluminum alloys. A heat transfer and fluid flow model of HLAW was established and validated for a

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32

Yao, Wei, and Shui Li Gong. "Porosity Formation Mechanisms and Controlling Technique for Laser Penetration Welding." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 2191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.2191.

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The distribution and appearance characteristics of porosities in laser penetrated weld of aluminum alloy were observed, and the formation mechanisms of porosities were analyzed in detail, and the influences of twin spot laser energy distribution on porosities were investigated. It showed that there are two kinds of porosities, metallurgical and technologic porosities, in laser penetrated weld of aluminum alloy. The formation of metallurgical porosities is related to the separation, congregation and incorporation of hydrogen in the weld pool, while instantaneous instability of the keyhole is an

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33

Li, Yunqian, Yanfeng Gao, Hao Pan, Donglin Tao, and Hua Zhang. "Keyhole Depth Prediction in Laser Deep Penetration Welding of Titanium Alloy Based on Spectral Information." Metals 15, no. 5 (2025): 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15050527.

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Laser deep penetration welding has been widely applied in industrial fields. However, keyhole depth during the welding process significantly affects the service performance of final products. Based on the spectral signals generated in the laser welding process, this study employs a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network to predict keyhole depth in titanium alloy welding. A coaxial plasma optical information acquisition system is established to collect spectral signals emitted from the welding plasma and analyze the relationship between keyhole depth and plasma spectral features. By analy

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34

Will, Thomas, Tobias Jeron, Claudio Hoelbling, Lars Müller, and Michael Schmidt. "In-Process Analysis of Melt Pool Fluctuations with Scanning Optical Coherence Tomography for Laser Welding of Copper for Quality Monitoring." Micromachines 13, no. 11 (2022): 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13111937.

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Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an inline process monitoring technology for laser welding with various applications in the pre-, in-, and post-process. In-process monitoring with OCT focuses on the measurement of weld depth by the placement of a singular measurement beam into the keyhole. A laterally scanned measurement beam gives the opportunity to measure the keyhole and melt pool width. The processing region can be identified by separating higher signal intensities on the workpiece surface from lower signal intensities from the keyhole and the melt pool. In this work, we apply a scann

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35

Seidgazov R. D. and Mirzade F. Kh. "On the initial stage of the evolution of hydrodynamic parameters during deep penetration of metals by high-power laser radiation." Technical Physics Letters 48, no. 9 (2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tpl.2022.09.55085.19283.

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A qualitative analysis of changes in hydrodynamic parameters during keyhole formation by thermocapillary melt removal under the point action of CW laser radiation is presented. It is established that rapid surface deformation leads to adhesion of the viscous sublayer to the melting boundary and creation the shear structure of thermocapillary flow which stimulates acceleration of keyhole growth. Keywords: keyhole formation, laser radiation, thermocapillary effect, shear flow, viscous sublayer, sticking.

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36

Liang, Jian Bin, Xiang Dong Gao, De Yong You, Zhen Shi Li, and Wei Ping Ruan. "Detection of Seam Offset Based on Molten Pool Characteristics during High-Power Fiber Laser Welding." Advanced Materials Research 549 (July 2012): 1064–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.549.1064.

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Laser welding includes the heat conduction welding and the deep penetration welding. Deep penetration welding can not only penetrate the material completely, but also can vaporize the material. An important phenomenon during deep penetration welding is that molten pool in the weldment will appear a keyhole. The formation of the keyhole leads to a deep penetration weld with a high aspect ratio and this is the most advantageous feature of welding by high-energy-density beams. Small focus wandering off weld seam may result in lack of penetration or unacceptable welds, and largely reduce heating e

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Duan, Ai Qin, and Shui Li Gong. "Characteristics of the Keyhole and Energy Absorption during YAG Laser Welding of Al-Li Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 2401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.2401.

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In this paper, the keyhole of YAG laser welding 5A90 Al-Li alloy was observed and measured through the high speed camera. The characteristics of the keyhole and the effects of welding parameters were studied. The characteristics of the absorption of laser energy and the susceptivity for heat input in welding 5A90 were given. The results show that in this welding condition, the keyhole of laser welding 5A90 is nearly a taper and the highest temperature area is in the bottom. There are clear effects of heat input on the characteristics, especially the surface radius of keyhole and plasma/vapor i

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Diegel, Christian, Thorsten Mattulat, Klaus Schricker, et al. "Interaction between Local Shielding Gas Supply and Laser Spot Size on Spatter Formation in Laser Beam Welding of AISI 304." Applied Sciences 13, no. 18 (2023): 10507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131810507.

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Background. Spatter formation at melt pool swellings at the keyhole rear wall is a major issue for laser deep penetration welding at speeds beyond 8 m/min. A gas nozzle directed towards the keyhole, that supplies shielding gas locally, is advantageous in reducing spatter formation due to its simple utilization. However, the relationship between local gas flow, laser spot size, and the resulting effects on spatter formation at high welding speeds up to 16 m/min are not yet fully understood. Methods. The high-alloy steel AISI 304 (1.4301/X5CrNi18-10) was welded with laser spot sizes of 300 μm an

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Peng, Jin, Hongqiao Xu, Xiaohong Yang, et al. "Numerical Simulation of Molten Pool Dynamics in Laser Deep Penetration Welding of Aluminum Alloys." Crystals 12, no. 6 (2022): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12060873.

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In this paper, the numerical simulation of molten pool dynamics in laser deep penetration welding of aluminum alloys was established based on the FLUENT 19.0 software. The three-dimensional transient behavior of the keyhole and the flow field of molten pool at different welding speeds were analyzed, and the influence of the welding speed on the molten pool of aluminum alloys in laser welding was obtained. The results indicated that the generation of welding spatters was directly related to the fluctuation of the diameter size in the middle of the keyhole. When the diameter in the middle of the

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Hollatz, Sören, Marc Hummel, Lea Jaklen, Wiktor Lipnicki, Alexander Olowinsky, and Arnold Gillner. "Processing of Keyhole Depth Measurement Data during Laser Beam Micro Welding." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 234, no. 5 (2020): 722–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420720916759.

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Analysing the quality of weld seams is still a challenging task. An optical inspection of the surface is giving limited information about the shape and depth of the weld seam. An application for laser beam welding with high demands regarding the weld depth consistency is the electrical contacting of battery cells. The batteries themselves have a limited terminal or case thickness that must not be penetrated during the welding process to avoid leakage or damage to the cell. That leads to a minimum weld depth to ensure the electrical functionality, and a maximum weld depth indicated by the case

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Salminen, A., H. Piili, and T. Purtonen. "The characteristics of high power fibre laser welding." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 224, no. 5 (2010): 1019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1762.

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Laser welding has an ever growing role in manufacturing technology. Keyhole laser welding is the most important laser welding process in metal industry when exceeding the 1 mm weld penetration. This process uses efficiently the high energy density of a laser beam to vaporize and melt materials, thus producing a keyhole in the material via which the energy is brought to it. The requirements from customer side and the development of new materials have been giving justification for the development of new laser types suitable for material processing with ever higher power values. In contrast, the

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Duan, Ai Qin, and Shui Li Gong. "The Influence of the Type and Pressure of Shielding Gas on the Porosity Formation for CO₂ Laser Welding of TA15." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.372.

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Many studies have shown that during laser welding, shielding gases play a key role in many aspects. In this paper, a series of contrast experiments about CO2laser welding of TA15 TI-alloy were completed by using He and Ar as shielding for different pressure, respectively. The experiments results reveal that the porosities in the weld have strong relation with weld penetration, and the shielding gas have great influences on the weld penetration. So the porosities mainly form in the center of welds which are under critical penetration and lack of penetration, and have no direct relation with the

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Peng, Jin, Jigao Liu, Xiaohong Yang, et al. "Numerical Simulation of Preheating Temperature on Molten Pool Dynamics in Laser Deep-Penetration Welding." Coatings 12, no. 9 (2022): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12091280.

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In this paper, a heat-flow coupling model of laser welding at preheating temperature was established by the FLUENT 19.0 software. The fluctuation of the keyhole wall and melt flow behavior in the molten pool under different preheating temperatures were analyzed, and the correlation between keyhole wall fluctuation and molten pool flow with spatters and bubbles was obtained. The results indicate that when the outer wall in the middle of the rear keyhole wall is convex, the inner wall is concave, which causes spatter or the bottom of the keyhole to collapse. When the metal layer in the middle of

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Pordzik, Ronald, and Peer Woizeschke. "An Experimental Approach for the Direct Measurement of Temperatures in the Vicinity of the Keyhole Front Wall during Deep-Penetration Laser Welding." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (2020): 3951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113951.

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The formation of defects such as pores during deep-penetration laser welding processes is governed by the melt pool dynamics and the stability of the vapor capillary, also referred to as the keyhole. In order to gain an insight into the dynamics of the keyhole, the temperature in the transition region from the liquid to the gaseous phase, i.e., near the keyhole wall, is a physical value of fundamental importance. In this paper, a novel method is presented for directly measuring temperatures in the close vicinity of the keyhole front wall during deep-penetration laser welding. The weld samples

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Artinov, Antoni, Xiangmeng Meng, Marcel Bachmann, and Michael Rethmeier. "Numerical Analysis of the Partial Penetration High Power Laser Beam Welding of Thick Sheets at High Process Speeds." Metals 11, no. 8 (2021): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081319.

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The present work is devoted to the numerical analysis of the high-power laser beam welding of thick sheets at different welding speeds. A three-dimensional transient multi-physics numerical model is developed, allowing for the prediction of the keyhole geometry and the final penetration depth. Two ray tracing algorithms are implemented and compared, namely a standard ray tracing approach and an approach using a virtual mesh refinement for a more accurate calculation of the reflection point. Both algorithms are found to provide sufficient accuracy for the prediction of the keyhole depth during

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Mohanty, P. S., and J. Mazumder. "Workbench for keyhole laser welding." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 2, no. 3 (1997): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/stw.1997.2.3.133.

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Fabbro, R., and K. Chouf. "Keyhole modeling during laser welding." Journal of Applied Physics 87, no. 9 (2000): 4075–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.373033.

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Kim, Jong Do, Hyun Joon Park, and Mun Yong Lee. "Observation of Dynamic Behavior in Primer-Coated Steel Welding by CO₂ Laser." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1425.

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This study examines for keyhole behavior by observing the laser-induced plasma and investigates the relation between keyhole behavior and formation of weld defect. Laser-induced plasma has been accompanied with the vaporizing pressure of zinc ejecting from keyhole to surface of primer coated plate. This dynamic behavior of plasma was very unstable and it was closely related to the unstable motion of keyhole during laser welding. As a result of observing the composition of porosity, much of Zn element was found from inner surface of it. But Zn was not found from the dimple structure fractured a

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JIANG, M., T. DEBROY, M. JIANG, Y. B. CHEN, X. CHEN, and W. TAO. "Enhanced Penetration Depth during Reduced Pressure Keyhole-Mode Laser Welding." Welding Journal 99, no. 4 (2020): 110s—123s. http://dx.doi.org/10.29391/2020.99.011.

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Keyhole-mode laser welding under reduced ambient pressure is known to provide improved weld penetration, narrower width, and reduced incidences of defects, but the underlying mechanism for these benefits is not known. We sought to elucidate the mechanism by an experimental and theoretical program of investigation. Potential causative factors, such as the depression of the boiling point of al-loys at reduced pressures and the changes in laser beam attenuation by metal vapors/plasma, were investigated using a well-tested heat transfer and fluid flow model of keyhole-mode laser welding for variou

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Yin, Ya Jun, Jian Xin Zhou, and Tao Chen. "Temperature Numerical Simulation of Laser Penetration Welding Based on Calculated Keyhole Profile." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 1238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.1238.

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According to the calculation model of the keyhole porfile[1], the 3D point cloud data is calculated. Then, the paper establishes a physical model of the keyhole in the laser welding by using the 3D reverse technology. The adaptive mesh generation of the model is processed by the independent development software. Finally this paper establishes a mathematical model of the temperature field in the laser welding, which considers the factor of the welding velocity. A more accurate temperature field is obtained by using the laser welding solver which is a secondary development of OpenFOAM, adding th

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