Academic literature on the topic 'Laser Laser-Tissue Interaction Laser Delivery System'
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Journal articles on the topic "Laser Laser-Tissue Interaction Laser Delivery System"
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Ryan, Robert W., Tamir Wolf, Robert F. Spetzler, Stephen W. Coons, Yoel Fink, and Mark C. Preul. "Application of a flexible CO2 laser fiber for neurosurgery: laser-tissue interactions." Journal of Neurosurgery 112, no. 2 (2010): 434–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.7.jns09356.
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Object The CO2 laser has an excellent profile for use in neurosurgery. Its high absorption in water results in low thermal spread, sparing adjacent tissue. Use of this laser has been limited to line-of-sight applications because no solid fiber optic cables could transmit its wavelength. Flexible photonic bandgap fiber technology enables delivery of CO2 laser energy through a flexible fiber easily manipulated in a handheld device. The authors examined and compared the first use of this CO2 laser fiber to conventional methods for incising neural tissue. Methods Carbon dioxide laser energy was delivered in pulsed or continuous wave settings for different power settings, exposure times, and distances to cortical tissue of 6 anesthetized swine. Effects of CO2 energy on the tissue were compared with bipolar cautery using a standard pial incision technique, and with scalpel incisions without cautery. Tissue was processed for histological analysis (using H & E, silver staining, and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry) and scanning electron microscopy, and lesion measurements were made. Results Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed laser incisions of consistent shape, with central craters surrounded by limited zones of desiccated and edematous tissue. Increased laser power resulted in deeper but not significantly wider incisions. Bipolar cautery lesions showed desiccated and edematous zones but did not incise the pia, and width increased more than depth with higher power. Incisions made without using cautery produced hemorrhage but minimal adjacent tissue damage. Conclusions The photonic bandgap fiber CO2 laser produced reliable cortical incisions, adjustable over a range of settings, with minimal adjacent thermal tissue damage. Ease of application under the microscope suggests this laser system has reached true practicality for neurosurgery.
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Gourgouliatos, Z. F., A. J. Welch, and K. R. Diller. "Microscopic Instrumentation and Analysis of Laser-Tissue Interaction in a Skin Flap Model." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 113, no. 3 (1991): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2894888.
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A dorsal skin flap model for microcirculatory studies has been modified for “in vivo” studies of laser-tissue interaction with microcirculation. An experimental apparatus has been built implementing a laser delivery system, video microscopy during irradiation, and thermal recordings. This model has been used to study irradiation effects on microcirculation using the argon laser (488 and 514.5 nm) and the argon pumped dye laser at 577 nm. The results include: measurements of the optical properties of the model; dosimetry measurements for the production of embolized and stationary coaguli in arterioles and venules; and focal vessel disappearance of venules irradiated with the argon or the argon pumped dye laser at 577 nm; a method to determine light attenuation in the model; a unique method for measurements of blood flow velocity in arterioles and venules and measurements obtained with this method; measurements of transient and steady state temperatures during irradiation and a study of laser induced photorelaxation phenomena in venules.
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Kroupp, E., S. Tata, Y. Wan, et al. "Commissioning and first results from the new 2 × 100 TW laser at the WIS." Matter and Radiation at Extremes 7, no. 4 (2022): 044401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0090514.
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At the Weizmann Institute of Science, a new high-power-laser laboratory has been established that is dedicated to the fundamental aspects of laser–matter interaction in the relativistic regime and aimed at developing compact laser-plasma accelerators for delivering high-brightness beams of electrons, ions, and x rays. The HIGGINS laser system delivers two independent 100 TW beams and an additional probe beam, and this paper describes its commissioning and presents the very first results for particle and radiation beam delivery.
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Santoni, Alberto, Eleonora Santecchia, Anna Maria Schiavone, Valentina Latini, Bogdan Daniel Lascu, and Constantin Romica Stoica. "On the Extent of Feedstock–System Interaction in Determining the Efficiency of Laser Powder Directed Energy Deposition." Metals 15, no. 6 (2025): 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15060599.
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Laser Powder Directed Energy Deposition (LP-DED) is an advanced additive manufacturing process that uses a focused laser beam to melt and fuse powder material onto a substrate. This technology enables the production of complex metal components with high precision and material efficiency. The properties of the powder feedstock are highly important and have been extensively studied in the literature. Powder size distribution and particle shape have been identified as key factors influencing the flowability, and it is imperative that nozzle designs take these into account for optimum material delivery. The laser–powder interaction, where the laser energy influences the melting behavior, as well as nozzle designs, have been highlighted in both historical and the more recent laser cladding literature. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of fluid dynamic simulations of the powder particles and their interaction with the nozzle design is provided.
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Balleg, Sana M., Iman M. Amesawi, and Abtisam A. Alakrout. "PRIMARY INVESTIGATION ON POTENTIAL INTERACTION OF AN ER: YAG LASER SYSTEM WITH SKIN." Scientific Journal of Applied Sciences of Sabratha University 3, no. 2 (2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47891/sabujas.v3i2.53-61.
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Lasers are becoming widely used in medicine due to their beneficial effects such as: coagulation properties (less postoperative bleeding). As an alternative, lasers produce invisible infrared light at a wavelength of 2.940 nm which is ideal for absorption by hydroxylapatite and water. Therefore, they can be used for the treatment of both soft and hard tissues. The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction between the laser systems with power 15 W and pulse repletion rate up to 1 KHz on chicken skin at various irradiation parameters with distance 10 cm. A beam delivery unit, a focusing camera and a computer controlled stepper unit with sample holder to move the sample while irradiation with different laser parameter were used in this study. After irradiation and to inspect skin geometry and damage light microscopy, image analysis and laser scanning microscopy were used. It was noticed that the surface of the skin was slightly damaged with depth up to 3 mm and width about 200mm. This damage disappeared after few minutes of irradiation. In conclusion, the experiment demonstrated that the Er:YAG-laser system is an efficient tool for studying the interaction between the skin and laser in terms of use in treatment of skin problems. The results also show that when the number of pulses increases the depth of the laser becomes more and the damage increases as well. Further research, including controlled clinical and research studies, to investigate the higher efficacy, as well as side effects of laser therapy, is needed.
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McCallum, Sean, Nigel Lee, Giuliana Milluzzo, et al. "Proof-of-Principle of Absolute Dosimetry Using an Absorbed Dose Portable Calorimeter with Laser-Driven Proton Beams." Applied Sciences 13, no. 21 (2023): 11894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132111894.
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Charged particle beams driven to ultra-high dose rates (UHDRs) have been shown to offer potential benefits for future clinical applications, particularly in the reduction of normal-tissue toxicity. Studies of the so-called FLASH effect have shown promise, generating huge interest in high dose rate radiation studies. With laser-driven proton beams, where the duration of the proton burst delivered to a sample can be as short as hundreds of picoseconds, the instantaneous dose rates are several orders of magnitude higher than those used for conventional radiotherapy. The dosimetry of these beam modalities is not trivial, with conventional active detectors, such as ionisation chambers, experiencing saturation effects making them unusable at the extremely high dose rates. Calorimeters, measuring the radiation-induced temperature rise in an absorber, offer an ideal candidate for the dosimetry of UHDR beams. However, their application in the measurement of laser-driven UHDR beams has so far not been trialled, and their effective suitability to work with the quasi-instantaneous and inhomogeneous dose deposition patterns and the harsh environment of a laser-plasma experiment has not been tested. The measurement of the absorbed dose of laser-driven proton beams was conducted in a first-of-its-kind investigation, employing the VULCAN-PW laser system of the Central Laser Facility (CLF) at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), using a small-body portable graphite calorimeter (SPGC) developed at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) and radiochromic films. A small number of shots were recorded, with the corresponding absorbed dose measurements resulting from the induced temperature rise. The effect of the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) generated during laser–target interaction was assessed on the system, showing no significant effects on the derived signal-to-noise ratio. These proof-of-principle tests highlight the ability of calorimetry techniques to measure the absorbed dose for laser-driven proton beams.
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Park, Jaehyun, and Ki Hyun Nam. "Sample Delivery Systems for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at the PAL-XFEL." Photonics 10, no. 5 (2023): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050557.
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Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) using an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) enables the determination of room-temperature structures without causing radiation damage. Using an optical pump-probe or mix-and-injection, SFX enables the intermediate state visualization of a molecular reaction. In SFX experiments, serial and stable microcrystal delivery to the X-ray interaction point is vital for reasonable data collection and efficient beam time. The Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X-ray Free Electron Laser (PAL-XFEL) facility established SFX instruments at a nanocrystallography and coherent imaging (NCI) experimental station. Various sample delivery methods, including injection, fixed-target scanning, and hybrid methods, have been developed and applied to collect XFEL diffraction data. Herein, we report the currently available sample delivery methods for SFX at the NCI experimental station at the PAL-XFEL. This article will help PAL-XFEL users access the SFX system for their experiments.
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Solouma, Nahed, and Omnia Hamdy. "Ex Vivo Optical Properties Estimation for Reliable Tissue Characterization." Photonics 10, no. 8 (2023): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10080891.
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: Lasers are demonstrating high impact in many medical and biological applications. They have different interaction mechanisms within tissues depending on operational parameters, particularly the wavelength. In addition, the optical properties of the examined tissue (i.e., absorption and scattering properties) influence the efficacy of the applied laser. The development of optical biomedical techniques relies on the examination of tissues’ optical properties, which describe the viability of tissue optical evaluation and the effect of light on the tissue. Understanding the optical properties of tissues is necessary for the interpretation and evaluation of diagnostic data, as well as the prediction of light and energy absorption for therapeutic and surgical applications. Moreover, the accuracy of many applications, including tissue removal and coagulation, depends on the tissues' spectroscopic characteristics. In the current paper, a set of ex vivo absorption and scattering coefficients of different types of biological samples (skin, skull, liver and muscle) at 650 nm laser irradiation were retrieved using an integrating phere system paired with the Kubelka–Munk model. The obtained optical parameters were utilized to acquire the local fluence rate within the irradiated tissues based on the Monte Carlo simulation method and the diffusion approximation of the radiative transfer equation. The obtained results reveal that the optical absorption and scattering coefficients control the light propagation and distribution within biological tissues. Such an understanding refers to system design optimization, light delivery accuracy and the minimization of undesirable physiological effects such as phototoxicity or photobleaching.
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Malik, Ritu, Ketan Pancholi, and Andreas Melzer. "Microbubble–liposome conjugate." Nanobiomedicine 3 (January 1, 2016): 184954351667080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1849543516670806.
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Liposome–microbubble conjugates are considered as better targeted drug delivery vehicles compared to microbubbles alone. The microbubble in the integrated drug delivery system delivers the drug intracellularly on the target, whereas the liposome component allows loading of high drug dose and extravasation through leaky vasculature. In this work, a new high yielding microbubble production method was used to prepare microbubbles for formulation of the liposome-conjugated drug delivery system. In formulation process, the prepared liposome of 200 nm diameter was attached to the microbubble surface using the avidin–biotin interaction. The analysis of the confocal scanning laser microscope images showed that approximately 8 × 108 microbubbles per millilitre (range: 2–7 μm, mean size 5 ± 0.5 μm) can be efficiently conjugated to the liposomes. The method of conjugation was found to be effective in attaching liposome to microbubbles.
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Condamine, F. P., N. Jourdain, J. C. Hernandez, et al. "High-repetition rate solid target delivery system for PW-class laser–matter interaction at ELI Beamlines." Review of Scientific Instruments 92, no. 6 (2021): 063504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0053281.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Laser Laser-Tissue Interaction Laser Delivery System"
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S. Sidhu, Mehra, and Nitish Dhingra. "Ablation of Materials Using Femtosecond Lasers and Electron Beams." In Fundamentals and Application of Femtosecond Optics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106198.
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The advancements in producing interactions of concentrated energy fluxes, such as femtosecond lasers and high-energy electron beams with the absorbing substances, have facilitated new discoveries and excitement in various scientific and technological areas. Since their invention, significant improvements in temporal, spatial, energetic, and spectroscopic characteristics have been realized. Due to the ultrashort pulse width and higher intensity (1012 W/cm2), it is possible to ablate the materials with negligible damage outside the focal volume, thereby allowing the treatment of biological samples, such as live cells, membranes, and removal of thin films, as well as bulk materials for many applications in diverse fields, including micro-optics, electronics, and even biology under extremely high precision. Since most biological systems are transparent toward the NIR spectral range, it follows the nonlinear multi-photon absorption interaction mechanism. In contrast, the electron beam follows linear absorption mechanism for material modifications even at lower energies. For realizing the fs-laser nano-processing in material applications, such as silicon microchips, or in biology like retinal cells, it is crucial to find a way to deliver these pulses precisely at the site of action and enhance the selectivity. The utilization of electron beams in material modification has also been exercised widely to attain nanoscale precision. In the next section, biological materials, such as cornea, retina, and silk, are discussed.
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Becker, Richard C., and Frederick A. Spencer. "Vascular Biology, Thromboresistance, and Inflammation." In Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195155648.003.0006.
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The delivery of vital substrate to metabolically active tissues and vital organs is achieved and maintained by the cardiovascular system including the heart, macrovasculature, and microvasculature. This life-sustaining process requires a normally functioning vascular endothelium—a multifunctional organ system composed of physiologically responsive cells responsible for vasomotion (vascular tone), thromboresistance, and inflammoresistance. Simply by virtue of its anatomic location, the vascular endothelium is functionally complex. It defines the intra- and extravascular components, serves as a selectively permeable barrier, and provides a continuous lining to the cardiovascular system. The location of the vascular endothelium is vital to its biologic interactions with cells found within the circulation and to the vessel wall itself. The surface activity is augmented in the microcirculation, also known as the resistance bed, where the ratio of endothelial surface to circulating blood is maximal. In most vertebrates, vascular endothelial cells form a single layer of squamous lining cells (0.1–0.5 μm in thickness) joined by intercellular junctions. The cells themselves are polygonal (varying between 10 and 50 μm) and are positioned in the long axis of the vessel, orienting the cellular longitudinal dimension in the direction of blood flow. The endothelial cell has three surfaces: luminal (nonthrombogenic), subluminal (adhesive), and cohesive. The luminal surface is devoid of electron-dense connective tissue. It does, however, possess an exterior coat (or glycocalyx), consisting primarily of starches and proteins secreted by the endothelial cells. Plasma proteins, including lipoprotein lipase, α2-macroglobulin, heparin cofactor II, antithrombin, and albumin, as well as small amounts of fibrinogen and fibrin are adsorbed to the luminal surface. The surface membrane itself adds significantly to thromboresistance by carrying a negative charge that repels similarly charged circulating blood cells. The subluminal (or abluminal) surface adheres to subendothelial connective tissues. Small processes penetrate through a series of internal layers to form myoendothelial junctions with subjacent smooth muscle cells. The cohesive component of the vascular endothelium connects individual endothelial cells to one another by cell junctions of two basic types: occluding (tight) junctions and communicating (gap) junctions. Occluding junctions represent a physical link between adjacent cells, sealing the intercellular space.
Conference papers on the topic "Laser Laser-Tissue Interaction Laser Delivery System"
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Jun, Soyeon, Andreas Herbst, Kilian Scheffter, et al. "Nonlinear dynamics of femtosecond laser interaction with the central nervous system in zebrafish." In Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XXXVI, edited by Joel N. Bixler, Norbert Linz, and Alex J. Walsh. SPIE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3039763.
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Wang, Jiayi, Zhuyuan Wang, Hui Chen, Shenfei Zong, and Yiping Cui. "The synthesis and application of two mesoporous silica nanoparticles as drug delivery system with different shape." In Third International Symposium on Laser Interaction with Matter, edited by Yury M. Andreev, Zunqi Lin, Xiaowu Ni, and Xisheng Ye. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2182147.
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Uehara, Takuya, Masaki Yoda, Yuji Sano, Naruhiko Mukai, Itaru Chida, and Hiromi Kato. "Laser Peening Systems for Preventive Maintenance Against Stress Corrosion Cracking in Nuclear Power Reactors." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48202.
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Laser peening introduces compressive residual stress on metal surface by irradiating laser pulses underwater without any surface preparations. The process utilizes the impulsive effect of high-pressure plasma generated through ablative interaction of each laser pulse with material. Laser peening systems, which deliver laser pulses with mirrors or through an optical fiber, were developed and have been applied to preventive maintenance against stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in nuclear power reactors since 1999. Each system was composed of laser oscillators, a beam delivery system, a laser irradiation head, remote handling equipment and a monitor/control system. Beam delivery with mirrors was accomplished through alignment/tracking functions with sufficient accuracy. Reliable fiber-delivery was attained by the development of a novel input coupling optics and an irradiation head with auto-focusing. At present, we are developing a newer concept and the prototype system has been just completed, which is extremely small, reliable and easy-handled.
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Batarseh, Sameeh I., Saad M. Mutairi, Damian P. SanRoman, and Wisam J. Assiri. "First Industrial High Power Laser Field Deployment: Lab to Field." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211497-ms.
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Abstract This paper presents the industry's first successful high-power laser field deployment and the strategy that led to this success, including lab-to-field transformation. This paper will also give an overview of the intensive research conducted over the past two decades, recent field deployment and plan forward. Laser technology is used widely in almost every industry, from medical to the military, due to its unique features, such as precision, reliability, control and accuracy. The oil and gas industry capitalized on low-power laser applications such as sensing and measurements, but high-power laser applications remained beyond the realm of upstream. The program described in this paper aims to resolve it. To reach this goal, a strategic plan was designed around four pillars: laser-rock interaction, optomechanical design, energy delivery, and sustainability. The first pillar focused on developing a comprehensive experimental database of laser-rock interactions, which included tests on all types of rocks under different conditions. The second and third pillars concentrated on tool development and energy transmission via optical fibers. The last element analyzed how high-power laser applications enable sustainability in subsurface applications. The result is a comprehensive experimental database with thousands of tests and a robust field unit that can withstand harsh field environments. The system's design is enclosed, providing a safe and risk-free operation. The system consists of a laser energy generator, nitrogen tank, vacuum truck and tool. The success of the intensive research conducted over the past two decades led to the development of the first high-power laser system for field applications and unlocked several upcoming applications. All rock types have been successfully tested under different conditions, including in-situ tests in liquid and gas environments. The experimental plan was designed systematically and divided into phases, from fundamentals to advanced. Prototype tools were designed, tested, and upscale for field deployment. The tools combined optical and mechanical components. Several iterations, modifications, and improvements to the tools were applied until the optimized version was achieved. The laser source generates the laser beam (energy) at the surface. The power is transmitted via protected and shielded fiber-optic cables to the downhole tool, which is designed to control the geometry of the beam. High-power laser technology has been proven to effectively penetrate and drill in all types of rocks regardless of their strength and composition High-power laser technology is an innovative alternative to current methods such as perforation, descaling and drilling. It is cost-effective, compact and environmentally friendly, providing sustainable operations. The advantage of the technology is that several applications can be performed with a single energy source (the laser), and only the tool needs to be changed for different applications.
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Kubacki, Frank, Dirk Hauschild, Mikhail Ivanenko, Jens Meinschien, Andreas Bayer, and Vitalij Lissotschenko. "Dynamic Thermal Thin Film Processing of Large Areas With High Power Laser Sources." In ASME 2009 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2009-84105.
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High power laser sources are used in various production tools for cutting, welding and hardening of metal parts and patterning, annealing and lithography of flat panel displays, solar cells and microelectronic devices. Beside the right choice of the laser source suitable high performance optical beam delivery and shaping systems are needed for generating the appropriate beam profile and intensity distribution are of high importance for the right processing speed, quality and yield. In addition to the typical laser processes with circular beam shapes LIMO has developed laser sources with line shaped beams for large area processing for e.g. crystallization and tempering of conducting and semi-conducting films on glass for FPD, PV and thermal processing of semiconductor wafer, coated float glass and sheet metal. Due to the high power density of several 100kW/cm2 and line length up to several hundred millimetres a treatment capacity of several m2 per minute and processing speeds up to 1 m/s can be achieved per laser head with typical scan & repeat processes. The use of multiple laser heads in one machine scales the productivity to the individual needs. The high scanning speed together with line widths of 0,01mm to 0,1mm is the basis for heating only a few microns of the surfaces layers and no costly cooling time is needed like with regular heating technologies. With this controlled surface heating even more sensitive materials can be processes like inks on polymers and paper for RFIDs, printed solar absorbers and coatings. For industrial applications equally important is an adequate understanding of the physics of the light-matter interaction behind the process. In advance simulations of the tool performance can minimize technical and financial risk as well as lead times for prototyping and introduction into series production. Based on this knowledge together with a unique free-form micro-lens array production technology and patented micro-optics beam shaping designs a number of novel production tool sub-systems have been built by LIMO: 1. a multi-kilowatt direct diode illumination modules for solar cell annealing, and crystallization; 2. a novel green laser beam line for the annealing of silicon thin films on glass; 3. a novel wavefront shaping optics that generates a top hat beam profile from a TEM00 high-power laser source for accurate thin film structuring. For each of these sub-system basic functionalities, design principles and performance results are presented with a special emphasis on resilience, cost reduction and process reliability.
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Belotserkovsky, Edward, Franco Canestri, Armand Abramovici, Jenny Horodniceanu, Abraham Katzir, and M. Yakubovich. "Pulsed CO2 laser-beam delivery and real-time temperature measurement via silver-halide fiber into biological in vitro samples: hystological analysis and internal temperature distributions calculatio." In Laser-Tissue Interaction V. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.182971.
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Hashishin, Yuichi, Hitoshi Nakano, Hiroyuki Tanaka, and Uichi Kubo. "UV-laser/biotissue interactions and delivery systems." In BiOS '97, Part of Photonics West, edited by Abraham Katzir and James A. Harrington. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.271013.
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"RADIATION PROTECTION AT THE ELI BEAMLINES LASER FACILITY." In RAD Conference. RAD Centre, Niš, Serbia, 2024. https://doi.org/10.21175/radproc.2024.10.
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The ELI ERIC (Extreme Light Infrastructure European Research Infrastructure Consortium) aims at developing and operating the next generation of high-power laser systems in Europe. The Czech pillar of the consortium is the ELI Beamlines facility. It hosts world-class lasers with peak powers reaching 10 PW and repetition rates of up to 1 kHz. There, laser-driven beamlines deliver ultra-bright and ultra-short sources of X-rays, ions, and electrons for fundamental and applied research. Beam time is offered to users worldwide. The pulsed mixed radiation fields generated at the facility are challenging from a radiation protection standpoint. The facility beamlines feature cutoff energies reaching up to hundreds of MeV for ions and GeV for electrons. The beams are characterised by a broad spectrum with radiation delivered over an extremely short time structure, generally less than 1 ps. Furthermore, copious amounts of stray ionizing radiation are produced in reason of the intrinsic laser-matter interactions and beam scattering. An overview of radiation protection considerations at the facility is presented on the topics of radiation shielding and monitoring, and Monte Carlo simulation studies. Additionally, radiological case studies of beamlines under commissioning are presented.
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Jelínková, Helena, Taťjana Dostálová, Mitsunobu Miyagi, et al. "Dental Er:YAG laser system." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1998.ctui101.
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The summarization of the results which were obtained with the constructed ErYAG dental laser system (500 mJ maximum energy and 200 μsec length of pulses) whose radiation interacts with the hard dental tissue are presented. The influence of the increasing energy and number of pulses on a profile and depth of drilled holes was investigated when the laser radiation delivery system were an articulated arm or a fluorocarbon polymer coated silver hollow glass waveguide. Also the test with the cutting speed were made.
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Arakelian, S. M., V. N. Orlov, V. G. Prokoshev, et al. "Control of the laser radiation interaction with tissue by a copper laser monitor." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1996.cthi76.
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The study of interaction of laser radiation with biological objects requires to overcome of the problems determined by using of optical system combined itself the illumination system and the system of visualization. The laser brigtness amplifier of the copper vapour (i.e. a laser monitor) is a good unit for that.