Journal articles: 'Laser melting'

1

Bremen, Sebastian, Wilhelm Meiners, and Andrei Diatlov. "Selective Laser Melting." Laser Technik Journal 9, no. 2 (April 2012): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/latj.201290018.

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Hartmann-H'Lawatscheck, Tina. "Metal Laser Melting." Laser Technik Journal 12, no. 5 (November 2015): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/latj.201500027.

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Wiesner, Andreas. "Selective Laser Melting." Laser Technik Journal 5, no. 4 (June 2008): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/latj.200890048.

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Yasa, E., J. P. Kruth, and J. Deckers. "Manufacturing by combining Selective Laser Melting and Selective Laser Erosion/laser re-melting." CIRP Annals 60, no. 1 (2011): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2011.03.063.

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C. Tseng, W., and J. N. Aoh. "Experimental Validation of a Laser Heat Source Model for Laser Melting and Laser Cladding Processes." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (October 9, 2014): 370–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01408010370.

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Selective laser melting (SLM) and laser cladding are laser additive manufacturing methods that have been developed for application to the near-net-shape process and 3D printing. The temperature distributions and track profiles of SLM and clad layers require additional in-depth investigation to optimize manufacturing processes. This research involved developing a tailored laser heat source model that contains a comprehensive selection of laser beam characteristics and can be used in finite element analysis of the laser melting process. This paper presents a systematic experimental validation of the applicability of the proposed laser heat source model to single-track Nd:YAG and CO2 laser melting simulations. The evolution of the melt pool isotherms and the variation in track profiles caused by adjusting the laser power and scanning speed were numerically predicted and experimentally verified. Appropriate process parameters and the threshold power for continuous track layer formation were determined. The balling phenomenon on preplaced powder was observed at power levels below the threshold values. Nd:YAG laser melting resulted in a wide and shallow track profile, which was adequately predicted using the numerical simulation. CO2 laser melting resulted in a triangular track profile, which deviated slightly from the finite element prediction. The results indicated a high level of consistency between the experimental and the numerical results regarding track depth evolution, whereas the numerically predicted track width evolution deviated slightly from the experimentally determined track width evolution. This parametric laser melting study validated the applicability of the proposed laser heat source model in numerical analysis of laser melting processes such as SLM and laser cladding.

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Liu, Jin Hui, Rui Di Li, and Can Zhao. "Study on Fiber Laser Single Melting Track During Selective Laser Forming." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 4020–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.4020.

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Melting tracks with and without powder materials were studied by varying the parameters in selective laser melting. Several characters of melting track such as melting width and gilled state stripes were analyzed combining the relationship between the powder materials and processing parameters. Connected with balling effects, thermal transmission and thermal physical properties of powder materials, the formation of above character were explained. The research result of this work would provide a basic foundation for the further investigation of the quality of end metal component manufactured by selective laser melting method.

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Aleksandrov, I. V., V. M. Strakhov, and Yu P. Udalov. "Laser porcelain-surface melting." Glass and Ceramics 46, no. 10 (October 1989): 410–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00678948.

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Verhoeven, J. C. J., J. K. M. Jansen, R. M. M. Mattheij, and W. R. Smith. "Modelling laser induced melting." Mathematical and Computer Modelling 37, no. 3-4 (March 2003): 419–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0895-7177(03)00017-7.

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Xiang, Zhaowei, Ran Yan, Xiaoyong Wu, Liuqing Du, and Qin Yin. "Surface morphology evolution with laser surface re-melting in selective laser melting." Optik 206 (March 2020): 164316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.164316.

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Zhao, Changlong, Xiaoyu Jia, Qinxiang Zhao, Hongnan Ma, and Haifeng Zhang. "Laser Melting and Surface Texture Technology: Effect on Friction Properties." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 19, no. 4 (April 1, 2024): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2024.3581.

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This paper discusses the role of laser surface texturing and laser melting technology in enhancing surface lubrication and wear resistance under starved lubrication conditions. The aim is to enhance the wear resistance of laser surface texturing and to explore the role of surface texturing in enhancing lubrication. This paper observes the microstructure of the melting zone, transition zone and matrix of the base material Cr12MoV after laser melting and condensing, detects and analyses the metallographic composition, and tests the micro-hardness. The effects of laser surface texturing technology and laser melting technology on the coefficient of friction under different friction and wear environments were comparatively investigated. The laser melting zone consists of martensite with fine grain size and a large amount of residual austenite. After laser melting, the hardness reaches 1.4 times the hardness of the matrix. The laser surface texture increases lubrication significantly at low rpm. The fully fusion-coagulated treatment is wear-resistant in a variety of different frictional wear environments.

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Xie, Linyi, Wenqing Shi, Teng Wu, Meimei Gong, Jiang Huang, Yuping Xie, and Kuanfang He. "Effect of multiple laser re-melting on microstructure and properties of Fe-based coating." High Temperature Materials and Processes 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 568–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2022-0248.

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Abstract The aim of this article is to explore the effect of re-melting times on the microstructure and properties of Fe-based coating. In this study, the Fe-based coating is prepared on 316L stainless steel by laser cladding and laser re-melting. Meanwhile, the microstructure and properties of the coating are studied by 3D laser scanner, Vickers microhardness tester, X-ray diffractometer, and scanning electron microscope. In addition, the effect of laser re-melting times on microstructure formation that is analyzed by numerical simulation. The results show that re-melting can lead to the decrease in coating height, increase in coating width, and increase in both depth and width of melting pool. The hardness of coatings is enhanced by six times compared with the substrate. However, it was found that the hardness of the coating decreased with the increase in laser re-melting times. The abnormal decrease in hardness was analyzed because of the continued growth of crystals in the coating and an increase in the coating dilution rate. The first laser re-melting results in the obvious change of coating crystal. The crystals of the multiple laser re-melting coating continue to grow. Our research results can provide reference for laser multiple re-melting in industry.

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Jeyaprakash, Natarajan, Che-Hua Yang, Govindarajan Prabu, and Nachimuthu Radhika. "Mechanism Correlating Microstructure and Wear Behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V Plate Produced Using Selective Laser Melting." Metals 13, no. 3 (March 13, 2023): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13030575.

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In the present study, a dry sliding wear test has been conducted to analyse the wear rate of Ti-6Al-4V alloy specimens which were fabricated using selective laser melting and conventional methods. Microstructure, micro- and nanohardness, and wear behaviour of selective laser melting specimens were investigated and compared with commercially available conventionally fabricated Ti-6Al-4V specimens. The mechanism correlating microstructure and wear behaviour of conventional and selective laser melting based Ti-6Al-4V specimens have been explained. The microhardness of the selective laser melting specimen was improved by around 22.4% over the specimen from the conventional method. The selective laser melting specimen showed broadened peaks and an increase in intensity height greater than that of the conventional specimen due to the presence of the martensite phase. The selective laser melting specimen possessed 41.4% higher nanohardness than that of the conventional specimen. The selective laser melting specimen had a 62.1% lower wear rate when compared to that of the conventional specimen. The selective laser melting specimen exhibited 62.7% less coefficient of friction than that of the conventional specimen at a 50 N load with 1.2 m/s sliding velocities. The finer needle-like microstructures of the specimen produced using the selective laser melting process had higher wear resistance, as it had higher hardness than the conventional specimen.

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van Belle, Laurent, and Alban Agazzi. "Inverse Thermal Analysis of Melting Pool in Selective Laser Melting Process." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 1519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.1519.

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The Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process of metallic powder is an additive technology. It allows the production of complex-shaped parts which are difficult to obtain by conventional methods. The principle is similar to Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) process: it consists, from an initial CAD model, to create the desired part layer by layer. The laser scans a powder bed of 40 μm thick. The irradiated powder is instantly melted and becomes a solid material when the laser moves away. A new layer of powder is left and the laser starts a new cycle of scanning. The sudden and intense phase changing involves high thermal gradients which induce contraction and expansion cycles in the part. These cycles results in irreversible plastic strains. The presence of residual stresses in the manufactured part can damage the mechanical properties, such as the fatigue life. This study focuses on the thermal and mechanical modelling of the SLM process. One of the key points of the mechanical modelling is the determination of the heat source generated by the laser in order to predict residual stresses. This work is divided in three parts. In a first part, an experimental protocol is established in order to measure the temperature variation during the process. In the second part, a thermal model of the process is proposed. Finally, an inverse method to determine the power and the shape of the heat source is developed. Experimental and computational results are fitted. The influence of several geometries of the heat source is investigated.

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Tan, Wendan, and Ming Pang. "Simulation Study on the Influence of a Laser Power Change on the Residual Stress of a Laser-Melting RuT300 Valve Seat." Lubricants 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2023): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11100435.

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In order to effectively suppress the cracking induced by the excessive residual stress of a laser-melting RuT300 valve seat, the influence of a laser power change on the residual stress was studied by constructing a finite element simulation model of a new power valve seat. The absorption rate of the laser energy on the surface of the material and the change in thermophysical parameters with temperature were taken into account in the model. The results show that the melting and phase-change-hardening areas can be obtained by the laser-melting process. With the increase in laser power, the peak temperature of the molten pool increased almost linearly. The melting zone area and the phase-change-hardening zone depth increased. When the laser power was increased from 2000 to 2600 W, the peak temperature of the laser-melting RuT300 valve seat increased from 2005.09 to 2641.93 °C, the maximum depth of the melting area increased from 0.55 to 0.86 mm, the maximum width of the melting area increased from 3.42 to 4.21 mm, and the maximum depth of the phase-change-hardening area increased from 0.55 to 0.64 mm. The circumferential residual tensile stress in the melting area was much higher than in the radial and axial directions. Along the laser scanning direction, the residual stress in the melting area increased as a whole, and the residual stress in the laser-scanning finishing area greatly increased. With the increase in laser power, the circumferential residual stress at the previous scanning moment decreased, and at the closing moment of the scan, the circumferential residual stress increased with the increase in laser power.

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Saprykin, Alexander A., Yuriy P. Sharkeev, Natalya A. Saprykina, and Egor A. Ibragimov. "Selective Laser Melting of Magnesium." Key Engineering Materials 839 (April 2020): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.839.144.

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Magnesium-based materials find their use mainly in manufacturing light-weight constructions in motor-car, airspace industries, and biomedicine due to the low density. This paper provides an overview of introducing magnesium into SLM technology and describes searching experiments to prepare samples of magnesium powder МPF-4 (Russian State Standard 6001-79) conducted in the Laboratory of Yurga Institute of Technology. The study has determined appropriate parameters to synthesize a compact structure: laser output power 100 W, laser beam movement velocity 200 mm/s, scanning pitch 0.1 mm, modulation frequency of laser irradiation m = 2500 Hz, linear energy density Е=5 J/mm2, the process is to be carried out in argon shielding medium.

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Taltavull, Catalina, Belen Torres, Antonio Julio Lopez, and Joaquin Rams. "Relationship between Laser Parameters - Microstructural Modification - Mechanical Properties of Laser Surface Melted Magnesium Alloy AZ91D." Materials Science Forum 765 (July 2013): 678–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.765.678.

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Laser surface melting is a high-energy surface treatment that allows modification of the microstructure and surface properties of Mg alloys. In the present work, a high-power diode laser has been used to study the microstructural and mechanical modifications that occur when laser surface treatments are applied to the surface of the AZ91D Mg alloy. Laser-beam power in a range of 375-600 W and laser scanning speeds of 45-60-90 mms-1 has been used to develop a range of laser surface melting treatments. By controlling the laser parameters, two types of surface modifications can be obtained. Complete laser surface melting takes place at high laser input energies whilst at low laser input energies, selective laser surface melting occurs with modification of only one phase in the microstructure of the alloy; the other phase remained unaffected. In terms of mechanical properties, the microstructural modifications introduced by the laser surface treatment implied a hardness homogenization along the melted region.

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Han, Chao, Li Ma, Xudong Sui, Bojiang Ma, and Guosheng Huang. "Influence of Low Energy Density Laser Re-Melting on the Properties of Cold Sprayed FeCoCrMoBCY Amorphous Alloy Coatings." Coatings 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060695.

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Fe-based amorphous alloys (FAA) have excellent anti-corrosion and anti-abrasive comprehensive performances. However, sprayed thin FAA coatings with high porosity cannot provide efficient protection, or even accelerate the corrosion rate of the substrate due to galvanic corrosion. Laser re-melting densifying is usually used to improve the anti-corrosion performance of sprayed coatings. There are two disadvantages of the common laser re-melting method, including crystallization and residual stress. In the present paper, a low density energy laser re-melting method was used to improve the performance of cold spraying (CS) FeCoCrMoBCY FAA coating on 40Cr substrate. The results show that the CS FAA coatings were crystallized partially during the melting process. The hardness of the coating is improved at the melting zone after laser re-melting, which improves the anti-abrasive performance. Potentiodynamic test results show that laser re-melting can decrease the corrosion rate, but the salt spray test indicates that low energy density re-melting cannot eliminate penetrated diffusion passage. Further optimization should be conducted to improve the anticorrosion performance for this method.

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Khan, Rehbar, Inayat Rasool, Mohammad Afzal, and Ateeb Ahmad Khan. "Powder Bed Fusion Techniques in Metal 3D Printing: A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 922 (August 19, 2024): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-ny5hlx.

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The use of 3D printing (additive manufacturing) with metal has grown significantly in demand recently, greatly reducing the time and expense required to produce complex interconnected metal components. This method minimizes material wastage, facilitates material recycling, and eliminates the need for support materials. Among the various Metal Additive Manufacturing techniques, Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) processes stands out as the most prevalent for manufacturing parts. Within the realm of PBF, electron beam melting technique, selective laser sintering technique, and selective laser melting technique are the primary methods employed. Selective laser melting and selective laser sintering operate without the need for any special conditions, unlike EBM, which necessitates a vacuum environment. Regarding the choice of materials, laser melting/sintering processes are suitable for almost all types of metals except those which surpasses beam melting capabilities. While electron beam melting is constrained to a few materials such as titanium alloys, cobalt and chromium alloys, and nickel alloys, whereas selective laser melting and sintering allows for a broad range of materials, including iron and steel alloys. However, electron beam melting exhibit the ability to process brittle materials that would typically be challenging for melting and sintering through laser. Nevertheless, the ductility, yield testing, and ultimate testing of materials created through EBM are inferior to those processed by laser methods. Although all PBF techniques excel at creating complex structures, finishing products to have a smooth surface directly over a rough surface remains a subject of ongoing research. To attain suitable mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, and endurance, critical process factors include power of laser or beam, speed for scanning, density for powder bed, thickness of laser or beam, and material characteristics. Inadequate material selection coupled with incorrect process settings can lead to issues such as porosity, slag formation, and other flaws.

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Wang, X. Z., K. Donnelly, M. McLoughlin, J. Lunney, and J. M. D. Coey. "Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7 prepared by arc melting and laser melting." Physica C: Superconductivity 153-155 (June 1988): 405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4534(88)90655-7.

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Lykov, P. A., E. V. Safonov, and A. M. Akhmedianov. "Selective Laser Melting of Copper." Materials Science Forum 843 (February 2016): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.843.284.

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In this work the selective laser melting (SLM) of pure copper powder was studied. Because of low laser radiation absorption and high thermal conductivity it is very difficult to organize stable SLM process for copper. Five 10x10x5 mm specimens were fabricated by using different process parameters (scanning speed, point distance, exposure time, scanning strategy). The structure of fabricated specimens was studied by scanning electron microscopy of polished cross-sections. The tensile test was carried out for SLM regime with the lowest porosity.

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Wang, Xiaoqing, Xibing Gong, and Kevin Chou. "Review on powder-bed laser additive manufacturing of Inconel 718 parts." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231, no. 11 (January 17, 2016): 1890–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405415619883.

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This study presents a thorough literature review on the powder-bed laser additive manufacturing processes such as selective laser melting of Inconel 718 parts. This article first introduces the general aspects of powder-bed laser additive manufacturing and then discusses the unique characteristics and advantages of selective laser melting. The bulk of this study includes extensive discussions of microstructures and mechanical properties, together with the application ranges of Inconel 718 parts fabricated by selective laser melting.

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Paraschiv, Alexandru, Gheorghe Matache, Mihaela Raluca Condruz, Tiberius Florian Frigioescu, and Ion Ionică. "The Influence of Laser Defocusing in Selective Laser Melted IN 625." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133447.

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Laser defocusing was investigated to assess the influence on the surface quality, melt pool shape, tensile properties, and densification of selective laser melted (SLMed) IN 625. Negative (−0.5 mm, −0.3 mm), positive (+0.3 mm, +0.5 mm), and 0 mm defocusing distances were used to produce specimens, while the other process parameters remained unchanged. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the melt pools generated by different defocusing amounts were used to assess the influence on the morphology and melt pool size. The mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile testing, and the bulk density of the parts was measured by Archimedes’ method. It was observed that the melt pool morphology and melting mode are directly related to the defocusing distances. The melting height increases while the melting depth decreases from positive to negative defocusing. The use of negative defocusing distances generates the conduction melting mode of the SLMed IN 625, and the alloy (as-built) has the maximum density and ultimate tensile strength. Conversely, the use of positive distances generates keyhole mode melting accompanied by a decrease of density and mechanical strength due to the increase in porosity and is therefore not suitable for the SLM process.

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Meng, Yu, An Gong, Zhicheng Chen, Qingsong Wang, Jianwu Guo, Zihao Li, and Jiafang Li. "Atomistic-Continuum Study of an Ultrafast Melting Process Controlled by a Femtosecond Laser-Pulse Train." Materials 17, no. 1 (December 29, 2023): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17010185.

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In femtosecond laser fabrication, the laser-pulse train shows great promise in improving processing efficiency, quality, and precision. This research investigates the influence of pulse number, pulse interval, and pulse energy ratio on the lateral and longitudinal ultrafast melting process using an experiment and the molecular dynamics coupling two-temperature model (MD-TTM model), which incorporates temperature-dependent thermophysical parameters. The comparison of experimental and simulation results under single and double pulses proves the reliability of the MD-TTM model and indicates that as the pulse number increases, the melting threshold at the edge region of the laser spot decreases, resulting in a larger diameter of the melting region in the 2D lateral melting results. Using the same model, the lateral melting results of five pulses are simulated. Moreover, the longitudinal melting results are also predicted, and an increasing pulse number leads to a greater early-stage melting depth in the melting process. In the case of double femtosecond laser pulses, the pulse interval and pulse energy ratio also affect the early-stage melting depth, with the best enhancement observed with a 2 ps interval and a 3:7 energy ratio. However, pulse number, pulse energy ratio, and pulse interval do not affect the final melting depth with the same total energies. The findings mean that the phenomena of melting region can be flexibly manipulated through the laser-pulse train, which is expected to be applied to improve the structural precision and boundary quality.

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Gao, Lei Lei, and Jin Zhong Zhang. "The Tribological Properties of Mg Alloy Produced by ECAE and Laser Melting." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.397.

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A new processing procedure was applied to an Mg alloy. This procedure involves the equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) process and laser melting surface treatment. A commercial Mg alloy was first produced by equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) process. Then the laser melting surfave treatment was carried out after ECAE. The effects of ECAE and laser melting on tribological properties of the alloy were investigated. Experimental results showed that the mechanical properties and tribological properties of the alloy were improved after ECAE. The laser melting surface treatment can further improve the tribological properties of Mg alloy.

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Meyer, Tobias, Marc Fette, Eugen Musienko, and Jens P. Wulfsberg. "Nutzung von Selective Laser Melting." ZWF Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb 114, no. 9 (September 27, 2019): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/104.112143.

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Reitze, D. H., X. Wang, H. Ahn, and M. C. Downer. "Femtosecond laser melting of graphite." Physical Review B 40, no. 17 (December 15, 1989): 11986–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.40.11986.

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Utton, C. A., F. De Bruycker, K. Boboridis, R. Jardin, H. Noel, C. Guéneau, and D. Manara. "Laser melting of uranium carbides." Journal of Nuclear Materials 385, no. 2 (March 2009): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.12.031.

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Saprykina, Natal'ya, Aleksandr Saprykin, Egor Ibragimov, and Margarita Himich. "MODE INFLUENCE OF SELECTIVE LASER IMPACT UPON POROSITY OF SAMPLES OF COBALT, CHROMIUM AND MOLYBDENUM POWDERS." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2021, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/1999-8775-2021-8-22-28.

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The purpose of this investigation consists in the analysis of possibility to obtain products by means of the SLP method using powders of cobalt, chromium and molybdenum having considerable difference in melting temperatures of cobalt (1768ºC), chromium (2130ºC) and molybdenum (2890ºC), density, thermal conduction and solving for the optimum technological modes of powder composition melting to obtain samples with lower porosity. The investigation methods include methods of physical material science. Investigation results and novelty: a procedure for obtaining a powder composite of the cobalt-chromium-molybdenum system for selective laser melting is developed. There are carried out experimental investigations on the selection of optimum technological modes for the layer-by-layer laser melting of a cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy of powder composition. A method for layer-by-layer laser synthesis for the solution of a principle matter – possibility for the synthesis of the products of cobalt chromium and molybdenum powders having a considerable difference in melting temperatures, density, heat conductivity and so on. The investigations of model alloy samples of cobalt-chromuim-molybdenum system obtained through the method of layer-by-layer laser synthesis on optimized technological modes through the methods of scanning electronic microscopy allow defining sample porosity. The generalization of obtained numerical and experimental investigation results and definition of essential conditions for selective laser melting allow optimizing modes and parameters of the synthesis. Conclusions: the optimum modes of selective laser melting for obtaining the samples with the powder composition of 66 mas. % Co, 28 mas. % Cr, 6 mas.% Mo through the method of selective laser melting with minimum porosity are: laser capacity P=100Wt, scanning rate v=350mm/s, modulation 5000Hz, scanning pitch s=0.1mm, layer thickness h=0.03mm, melting process takes place in protective argon environment.

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Gryaznov, M. Yu, S. V. Shotin, V. N. Chuvildeev, A. V. Semenycheva, R. K. Musyaev, and A. A. Yukhimchuk. "IMPROVING THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 316L STAINLESS STEEL PRODUCED BY SELECTIVE LASER MELTING AND STUDYING THE EFFECT OF POROSITY ON STRENGTH." Problems of Strength and Plasticity 85, no. 3 (2023): 375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32326/1814-9146-2023-85-3-375-389.

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The results of experiments on the study of the physical and mechanical properties and microstructure of 316L stainless steel produced by additive technology selective laser melting are obtained. The dependences of the physical and mechanical properties (density, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation to failure, Young's modulus, nano hardness) of 316L steel on the main parameters of the selective laser melting (laser power, scanning speed) are obtained. 316L steel produced by selective laser melting has high mechanical characteristics: tensile strength – 710 MPa; yield strength – 610 MPa; elongation to failure – 48%; relative density – 99.5%, which is comparable to the values obtained for 316L steel produced by traditional methods. These characteristics were obtained using the optimal parameters of selective laser melting: laser power 100 W, scanning speed 200 mm/s, layer thickness 50 ?m, the distance between the scanning tracks is 80 ?m. It is shown that the use of the “volumetric energy density” parameter is usefully for carrying out a primary assessment of technological modes and solving the problem of optimizing the parameters of selective laser melting to obtain a material with high physical and mechanical properties. The nonlinear dependence of the mechanical properties of 316L steel on the main technological parameters can be explained by the influence of porosity arising at non-optimal modes. It is shown that selective laser melting allows controlling the porosity of 316L steel by varying the parameters of the technological mode. Thus selective laser melting makes it possible to produce both a material with a high density close to theoretical values and a material with controlled porosity.

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Huang, Sheng, Swee Leong Sing, and Wai Yee Yeong. "Selective Laser Melting of Ti42Nb Composite Powder and the Effect of Laser Re-Melting." Key Engineering Materials 801 (May 2019): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.801.270.

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Ti-Nb based alloys have the potential to be used as structural implant materials due to their excellent bio-compatibility and ability to reduce stress shielding. The idea to additively manufacture Ti-Nb based alloys using selective laser melting (SLM) technology can further improve the resultant implant quality. However, the lack of economically sound and readily available pre-alloyed powder has pushed for the usage of composite powder as a means to hasten research pace in fabricating new alloy systems via SLM. The usage of Ti-Nb composite powder can lead to several problems, particularly the issue of macro-segregation. Hence, this paper presents the potential of laser re-melting scanning strategy to address macro-segregation without sacrificing (or even improving) density of parts fabricated by SLM.

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Bigerelle, Maxence, Anaïs Galliere, Yucelys Y. Santana, Hervé Morvan, Mirentxu Dubar, Jean-François Trelcat, Laurent Boilet, and Emmanuel Paris. "A Multiscale Topographical Surface Analysis of High Entropy Alloys Coatings by Laser Melting." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020629.

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High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) coatings obtained by laser melting (LM) technique were studied through a multiscale topographical surface analysis using a focus variation microscope. The laser melting creates a multiscale topography from under-powder size (incomplete or complete powder melting) to upper-powder size (process conditions). The surface topography must be optimized because of the significant influence on friction and material transfer during sliding wear. The analyses were shown that different pre-melting zone interactions were present. Statistical analysis based on covariance analyses is allowed to highlight the different process melting scales. The best LM parameter values to minimize Surface Heterogeneity were laser power (Pw) of 55 W, laser exposition time (te) of 1750 µs, and distance between two pulses (dp) of 100 µm.

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Zhang, Xiao-Lin, Chao-Ping Jiang, Feng-Ying Zhang, and Ya-Zhe Xing. "The evaluation of microstructure characteristic and corrosion performance of laser-re-melted Fe-based amorphous coating deposited via plasma spraying." Materials Express 9, no. 9 (December 1, 2019): 1100–1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2019.1598.

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The laser re-melting treatment was performed on the plasma-sprayed Fe-based amorphous coating to ameliorate the corrosion performance of the coating. The re-melting depth was about 200 μm which was mainly controlled by laser energy input, beam speed and facular dimension. The microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The corrosion property of the coatings was addressed via electrochemistry methods in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The results indicate that the plasma-sprayed coating becomes much denser after laser re-melting treatment. The connected porosity ratio in as-sprayed coating dramatically reduces from 16.3% to 2.4% after laser re-melting. The as-sprayed coating mainly contains amorphous and much limited crystal phase, and some amorphous phase in the as-sprayed coating crystalizes during laser re-melting. Polarization test demonstrated that the as-sprayed coating has a significantly dramatical effect for improving corrosion performance of carbon steel, while the laser re-melting process is a more efficient method. The influence level of the coating compactness in this study is roughly two times as big as that of amorphous in coating, in the term of improving corrosion resistance of carbon steel.

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Sing, Swee Leong, Wai Yee Yeong, Florencia Edith Wiria, Bee Yen Tay, Ziqiang Zhao, Lin Zhao, Zhiling Tian, and Shoufeng Yang. "Direct selective laser sintering and melting of ceramics: a review." Rapid Prototyping Journal 23, no. 3 (April 18, 2017): 611–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-11-2015-0178.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide a review on the process of additive manufacturing of ceramic materials, focusing on partial and full melting of ceramic powder by a high-energy laser beam without the use of binders. Design/methodology/approach Selective laser sintering or melting (SLS/SLM) techniques are first introduced, followed by analysis of results from silica (SiO2), zirconia (ZrO2) and ceramic-reinforced metal matrix composites processed by direct laser sintering and melting. Findings At the current state of technology, it is still a challenge to fabricate dense ceramic components directly using SLS/SLM. Critical challenges encountered during direct laser melting of ceramic will be discussed, including deposition of ceramic powder layer, interaction between laser and powder particles, dynamic melting and consolidation mechanism of the process and the presence of residual stresses in ceramics processed via SLS/SLM. Originality/value Despite the challenges, SLS/SLM still has the potential in fabrication of ceramics. Additional research is needed to understand and establish the optimal interaction between the laser beam and ceramic powder bed for full density part fabrication. Looking into the future, other melting-based techniques for ceramic and composites are presented, along with their potential applications.

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Grigoryants, Aleksandr. "Additive technologies for manufacturing composite products." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering, no. 8 (September 1, 2021): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2223-4608-2021-8-18-24.

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Ghalot, Risham, Lyubomir Lazov, Nikolay Angelov, and Edmunds Teirumnieks. "DETERMINATION OF PRELIMINARY OPERATING INTERVALS OF THE POWER DENSITY FOR LASER TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES ON COPPER SAMPLES." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 22, 2024): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2024vol3.8180.

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The report investigates the role of power density of melting and evaporation and speed to realize several laser technological processes on copper samples for a fibre laser and a CuBr laser. A methodology has been developed to determine preliminary operating intervals of power density for different speeds for the laser marking, laser ablation and laser texturing processes. From theoretical calculations, graphics of the dependences of the critical power density of melting and evaporation on the speed were drawn. Areas where oxidation, melting or evaporation occur were defined. Comparing the theoretical results and the obtained experimental results shows a very good convergence between them for both laser sources.

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Xiao, Hai Bing. "Research on Laser Oxidation Melting Cutting Process of Automobile Carbon Parts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 778 (July 2015): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.778.159.

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This paper deals with the study of automobile parts laser cutting process and high power laser oxidation melting cutting technology. Laser oxidation melting cutting and perforation technology was studied and laser cutting process was established. Take automobile part back end plate for example, back end plate and the material is carbon steel, the CAD/CAM simulation software was used, reasonable processing parameters, cutting parameters and perforation parameters were designed. The experimental results show that laser oxidation cutting is very effective method for automobile parts of carbon steel. The laser oxidation laser cutting technical problems and carbon materials processing technology were solved and improvement measures were summarized for the high laser oxidation melting cutting.

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Zhang, X. Richard, and Xianfan Xu. "Finite Element Analysis of Pulsed Laser Bending: The Effect of Melting and Solidification." Journal of Applied Mechanics 71, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1753268.

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This work developes a finite element model to compute thermal and thermomechanical phenomena during pulsed laser induced melting and solidification. The essential elements of the model are handling of stress and strain release during melting and their retrieval during solidification, and the use of a second reference temperature, which is the melting point of the target material for computing the thermal stress of the resolidified material. This finite element model is used to simulate a pulsed laser bending process, during which the curvature of a thin stainless steel plate is altered by laser pulses. The bending angle and the distribution of stress and strain are obtained and compared with those when melting does not occur. It is found that the bending angle increases continulously as the laser energy is increased over the melting threshold value.

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Kim, Kyeong-Min, and Eun-Joon Chun. "Method of Suppressing Solidification Cracking by Laser Surface Melting and Epitaxial Growth Behavior for Directionally Solidified 247LC Superalloy." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 61, no. 4 (April 5, 2023): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2023.61.4.252.

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In this study, the relationship between solidification cracking and epitaxial growth behavior with the high-speed laser surface melting of a directionally solidified 247LC superalloys was fundamentally and metallurgically investigated, to develop a successful welding procedure for the next generation of gas turbine blades. Under typical laser surface melting conditions (scan speed: 50 mm/s, heat input: 40 J/mm), severe solidification cracking phenomena occurs. The key metallurgical factors of solidification cracking have been identified as solidification segregation-assisted pipeline diffusion behavior at the solidification grain boundary, and in the randomly formed polycrystalline melting zone microstructure. In addition, under extremely low heat input and high-speed laser beam scan conditions (scan speed: 1000 mm/s, heat input: 2 J/mm), an effective surface melting zone can be obtained within a single directionally solidified grain under a relatively high-energy beam density (65 J/mm<sup>2</sup>) using the characteristics of single-mode fiber lasers. Results reveal that the laser melting zone successfully shows a 99.9% epitaxial growth achievement ratio. Because of the superior epitaxial growth ratio within the laser surface melting zone, and the rapid solidification phenomena, formation of a solidification grain boundary and solidification segregation-assisted pipeline diffusion behavior can be suppressed. Finally, a solidification crack-free laser melting zone can thus be achieved.

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Yang, Jiamin, Xiaolin Yu, Zhengchuan Zhang, Ruogu Xu, Fan Wu, Tianlu Wang, Yun Liu, Jianglin Ouyang, and Feilong Deng. "Surface modification of titanium manufactured through selective laser melting inhibited osteoclast differentiation through mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 35, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328220920457.

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Selective laser melting used in manufacturing custom-made titanium implants becomes more popular. In view of the important role played by osteoclasts in peri-implant bone resorption and osseointegration, we modified selective laser melting-manufactured titanium surfaces using sandblasting/alkali-heating and sandblasting/acid-etching, and investigated their effect on osteoclast differentiation as well as their underlying mechanisms. The properties of the surfaces, including elements, roughness, wettability and topography, were analyzed. We evaluated the proliferation and morphology of primary mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes, as well as induced osteoclasts derived from bone marrow-derived monocytes, on samples. Then, osteoclast differentiation was determined by the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity assay, calcitonin receptors immunofluorescence staining and the expression of osteoclast-related genes. The results showed that sandblasting/alkali-heating established nanonet structure with the lowest water contact angle, and both sandblasting/alkali-heating and sandblasting/acid-etching significantly decreased surface roughness and heterogeneity compared with selective laser melting. Surface modifications of selective laser melting-produced titanium altered bone marrow-derived monocyte morphology and suppressed bone marrow-derived monocyte proliferation and osteoclastogenesis in vitro (sandblasting/alkali-heating>sandblasting/acid-etching>selective laser melting). These surface modifications reduced the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinases compared to native-selective laser melting. Sandblasting/alkali-heating additionally blocked tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 recruitment. The results suggested that sandblasting/alkali-heating and sandblasting/acid-etching modifications on selective laser melting titanium could inhibit osteoclast differentiation through suppressing extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and provide a promising technique which might reduce peri-implant bone resorption for optimizing native-selective laser melting implants.

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Buckley, C. W., and T. L. Bergman. "An Experimental Investigation of Heat Affected Zone Formation and Morphology Development During Laser Processing of Metal Powder Mixtures." Journal of Heat Transfer 123, no. 3 (December 14, 2000): 586–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1370508.

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Laser-induced melting and subsequent resolidification of a metal powder mixture consisting of low and high melting temperature materials was experimentally examined. First, the onset of melting for the low melting point material was determined and correlated with dimensionless parameters. Next, the morphologies of the heat affected zones were categorized and finally, a process map for use in rapid prototyping technology was developed. The results indicate a strong dependence of the system behavior on the laser-material coupling efficiency and in turn, the ratio of the laser beam radius to particle size.

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Yan, Ruhai, and Zhuang Liu. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Prediction of the Cladding Layer Based on the Response Surface Method." Coatings 13, no. 5 (April 28, 2023): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050845.

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To study the surface morphology of laser cladding, Workbench simulated the influence of laser power and scanning speed on the width and height of the cladding layer numerically, as well as the temperature field change and residual stress distribution of the cladding layer. The simulation results reveal that the melting height and width of the cladding layer are inversely proportional to the scanning speed. When the scanning speed is from V = 3 mm/s to V = 5 mm/s, the Al cladding layer’s melting width and melting height are reduced by 15.59% and 20.8%, respectively. A positive correlation exists between the melting height and width of the cladding layer and the laser power. When the laser power changes from P = 23 w to P = 27 w, the welding width and height of the A1 cladding layer increase by 6.55% and 55.56%, respectively. The melting height and width of the second cladding layer are generally higher than those of the bottom cladding layer. The pre-experiment screening process parameters ranges are laser power P (23 w–27 w) and scanning speed (3 mm/s–8 mm/s). Based on the Minitab response surface central composite method, the most notable influence on the melting height and width is revealed to be the powder-feeding rate and laser power, respectively. The response surface analysis method establishes the regression prediction models of melting width and height. The predicted value of melting width was 95.68%, and the predicted value of melting height was 82.26%. The results show that the values of cladding width and height are within the 95% prediction interval, proving that the regression model is correct.

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Alamri, Nawaf Mohammad H. "A Review on Powder Bed Fusion Process and Smart Manufacturing Technologies." International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology 11, no. 05 (October 25, 2021): 500–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.14741/ijcet/v.11.5.1.

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Powder bed fusion (PBF) processes are laser-based additive manufacturing in which the laser beam scans the selected locations of powder bed at a controlled speed and then it fuses the powder to the solid material by either partial melting in selective laser sintering (SLS) or full melting in selective laser melting (SLM). The aim of this paper is to present a review about PBF showing its way of working, parameters and open issues. In addition, the paper shows the current smart manufacturing that optimize the processes.

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Maurya, Himanshu S., Lauri Kollo, Marek Tarraste, Kristjan Juhani, Fjodor Sergejev, and Konda Gokuldoss Prashanth. "Effect of the Laser Processing Parameters on the Selective Laser Melting of TiC–Fe-Based Cermets." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 6, no. 2 (March 13, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6020035.

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The influence of laser pulse shaping on the formation of TiC-Fe-based cermets with different laser process parameters is investigated. The impact of pulse shaping and laser melting peak power on the microstructural development and mechanical properties of SLM-built parts is addressed. This research focuses primarily on the process parameters required to produce crack-free components and includes investigations of mechanical properties such as microhardness and fracture toughness. To acquire optimal process parameters, samples were manufactured using pulse shaping technology with varying laser melting peak power and exposure time. The influence of laser melting peak power and pulse shape on microstructure development and phases was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction.

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Geng, Lin, Qing Wu Meng, and Yan Bin Chen. "In-Situ Synthesis of Metal Matrix Composite Coating with Laser Melting-Solidifying Processes." Key Engineering Materials 313 (July 2006): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.313.139.

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In order to improve wear resistance of titanium alloy, with pre-placed B4C and NiCrBSi powders on Ti-6Al-4V substrate, a process of laser melting-solidifying metal matrix composite coating was studied. The coating was examined using XRD, SEM and EDS. A good metal matrix composite coating was obtained in a proper laser process. There is a metallurgical interface bonding between the coating and the substrate. During laser melting-solidifying process, high energy of laser melted the pre-placed powders and a part of Ti-6Al-4V substrate, which made Ti extend into a melting pool. A reaction between Ti and B4C took place in the melting pool, which in-situ synthesized TiB2 and TiC reinforcements in the coating. The composite coating mainly consists of γ-Ni matrix, TiB2, TiC and CrB reinforcements. Microstructure of the reinforcements obtained using the laser melting-solidifying is not as same as that of reinforcements obtained using general producing methods. Due to high cooling rate of the melting pool, TiC nucleated primarily and grew up in dendrite morphology from undercooled liquid. Encircling TiC, TiB2 precipitated later and grew up in hexagonal prism morphology. TiC and TiB2 formed an inlaid microstructure.

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Sung, M. Y., B. D. Joo, S. H. Kim, and Y. H. Moon. "Process Analysis of Melting Behaviors in Selective Laser Melting Process." Transactions of Materials Processing 19, no. 8 (December 1, 2010): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5228/kstp.2010.19.8.517.

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Yasa, E., and J.-P. Kruth. "Microstructural investigation of Selective Laser Melting 316L stainless steel parts exposed to laser re-melting." Procedia Engineering 19 (2011): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.130.

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Su, Pengsheng, Hao Yang, Linping Zhang, Yuewen Zhai, Yuhan Ge, and Xiaozhi Yang. "The research on the geometrical characteristics and microstructure of the cladding track of DZ125L Nickel-based alloy deposited by laser metal direct deposition." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2819, no. 1 (August 1, 2024): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2819/1/012026.

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Abstract This study investigates how variations in laser power, scanning speed, defocusing amount, and powder feeding impact the geometrical characteristics and microstructure of DZ125L nickel-based superalloy. The results show that the weld pool size increases with the rise of laser power, but higher laser power will increase the tendency of hot crack defects. With the increase of positive defocusing, the melting height and depth decrease, but the melting width rises first, then decreases and increases finally. The increase in scanning speed leads to the reduction in melting width and height, while the effect on melting depth is small. With the increase of powder feeding amount, the melting height and depth increase, while the melting width decreases, but too much powder feeding amount leads to some powder being difficult to melt. Increasing laser power or decreasing positive defocusing will lead to a rise in the size and proportion of cylindrical crystals in the molten pool. Increasing scanning speed and powder feeding amount will let the crystal direction of columnar crystal change from <001> to <101>.

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Sibo Liu, Aijun Wang, Xiaomei He, Pengmou Ma,. "Precision Optimization Analysis of Online Measurement System for Laser Melting Pool Morphology in Additive Manufacturing Process." Journal of Electrical Systems 20, no. 2 (April 4, 2024): 1092–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/jes.1296.

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Selective Laser Melting (SLM), as the most precise and highest quality processing technology in additive manufacturing, is widely used in fields such as aerospace. Online measurement of the laser melting pool, the basic unit of the SLM process, reflects the precision and process stability of SLM. The accuracy of the online measurement system for laser melting pool morphology, which is based on the principle of visual measurement, is crucial for accurate evaluation of the laser melting pool morphology. This paper firstly conducts research on visual calibration technology for the online measurement system of laser melting pool morphology, achieving precise positioning of the visual system and effectively calculating target-related feature information, which is then converted into corresponding digital information for further processing and analysis. Secondly, the paper completes the system error analysis and parameter optimization design, effectively improving the accuracy of the visual measurement system. Finally, theoptimized online measurement system is verified for accuracy and evaluated for precision, proving the feasibility and effectiveness of the methods presented in this paper.

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Saprykina, Natalia, Valentina Chebodaeva, Alexandr Saprykin, Yurii Sharkeev, Egor Ibragimov, and Taisiya Guseva. "Synthesis of a three-component aluminum-based alloy by selective laser melting." Metal Working and Material Science 24, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1994-6309-2022-24.4-151-164.

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Introduction. The technology of selective laser melting is one of the key technologies in Industry 4.0, which allows manufacturing products of any complex geometric shape, reducing significantly the amount of material used, reducing the lead time and obtaining a new alloy from elementary powders in the melting process. To understand the process of alloy formation under laser exposure, it is necessary to know the initial data of powders, which significantly affect the quality of the products obtained. The purpose of this study is to determine the requirements for the structural-phase state, elemental composition of aluminum, silicon and magnesium powders and further preparation of Al-Si-Mg (Al — 91 wt.%, Si — 8 wt.%, Mg — 1 wt.%) powder mixture for laser synthesis. The initial powders of aluminum PA-4 (GOST 6058-73), silicon (GOST 2169-69) and magnesium MPF-4 (GOST 6001-79) and powder composition Al-Si-Mg are studied using X-ray diffraction and X-ray phase analysis. The shape and sizes of particles are determined by the studies of raster electronic images. By the method of selective laser melting, samples are obtained from a powder composition under constant and pulsed laser exposure. The composition is prepared by mixing powders in a globe mill. Results and discussion. It is shown that the initial powders of aluminum, silicon and magnesium are single-phase. Particles with a size of 20–64 µm, recommended for selective laser melting, are used to obtain a powder composition. By mixing the powders for one hour, spherical particles are obtained, which is preferable for laser melting. The results of grinding the samples after laser melting showed that the samples obtained under constant laser exposure at the following mode parameters: P = 80 W, V = 300 mm/s, s = 90 μm, h = 25 μm have the greatest mechanical strength. Conclusions. The described study shows the possibility of synthesizing products from a powder composition of aluminum, silicon and magnesium by selective laser melting.

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Liang, Chunyong, Yazhou Hu, Ning Liu, Xianrui Zou, Hongshui Wang, Xinping Zhang, Yulan Fu, and Jingyun Hu. "Laser Polishing of Ti6Al4V Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting." Metals 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10020191.

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Selective laser melting (SLM) is emerging as a promising 3D printing method for orthopedic and dental applications. However, SLM-based Ti6Al4V components frequently exhibit high roughness values and partial surface defects. Laser polishing (LP) is a newly developed technology to improve the surface quality of metals. In this research, LP is applied to improve the surface finish of components. The results show that the laser beam can neatly ablate the aggregates of metallic globules and repair cracks and pores on the surface, resulting in a smooth surface with nanocomposites. Overall, the results indicate that using LP optimizes surface morphology to favor fatigue behavior and osteoblastic differentiation. These findings provide foundational data to improve the surface roughness of a laser-polished implant and pave the way for optimized mechanical behavior and biocompatibility via the laser process.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Laser melting'

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