Relevant bibliographies by topics / Laser Metal Deposition (LMD)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Laser Metal Deposition (LMD)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Laser Metal Deposition (LMD)"

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Selcuk, C. "Laser metal deposition for powder metallurgy parts." Powder Metallurgy 54, no. 2 (2011): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329011x12977874589924.

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By combining laser and powder processing, laser metal deposition (LMD) enables the manufacture of high precision near-net shape components from powders, so enhancing materials utilisation. Rapid prototyping, in situ repair and surfacing are among the capabilities of LMD; applications cover the medical, defence and aerospace sectors, with potential applications in oil and gas and other sectors. To take full advantage of the rapid fabrication of complex geometries and automated repair offered by LMD, there is a need to develop understanding of the process–microstructure–property relationships, particularly the effect of powder characteristics on process variables and on the metallurgy and resulting mechanical properties. A brief overview of LMD from a PM perspective is presented, with an emphasis on underlying mechanisms and attendant metallurgical issues. Recent developments in the state-of-the-art are discussed and potential applications combining PM and LMD are identified.
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Li, Liqun, Xian Wang, and Yichen Huang. "Analysis of In Situ Optical Signals during Laser Metal Deposition of Aluminum Alloys." Crystals 11, no. 6 (2021): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11060589.

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During laser metal deposition (LMD) of thin-walled aluminum alloy structures, the deposition height and width is hard to keep stable because of the special properties of aluminum alloys, such as high reflectivity to laser beams, low viscosity, and high thermal conductivity. Monitoring the LMD process allows for a better comprehension and control of this process. To investigate the characteristics of the aluminum alloy LMD process, three real-time coaxial optical sensors sensitive to visible light, infrared light, and back-reflected lasers ere used to monitor the aluminum alloy LMD process. Thin-walled parts were deposited with different laser power, and the characteristics of the three in situ signals are analyzed. The results show that there exists high linear correlation between reflected laser and accumulated deposition height. A laser reflection model was built to explain the correlation. Besides, the infrared light is linearly correlated with deposition width. Overall, the results of this study show that the optical signals are able to reflect the deposition height and width simultaneously. Infrared light signals and reflected laser signals have the potential to serve as the input of online feedback geometry control systems and real-time defect alarm systems of the LMD process.
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Zhong, Chongliang, Jianing Liu, Tong Zhao, et al. "Laser Metal Deposition of Ti6Al4V—A Brief Review." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (2020): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030764.

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Laser metal deposition (LMD) is one of the most important laser additive manufacturing processes. It can be used to produce functional coatings, to repair damaged parts and to manufacture metal components. Ti6Al4V is one of the most commonly used titanium alloys, since it features a good balance of the mechanical properties of strength and ductility. The LMD of Ti6Al4V is attracting more and more attention from both science and engineering. The interest in processing Ti6Al4V with LMD in industry, especially in aerospace and medical branches, has been increasing in the last few years. In this paper, the state of the art for LMD of Ti6Al4V is reviewed. In the first part, the basics for Ti6Al4V, including, for example, the development history, the material properties, the applications, the crystal structure, the heat treatment and the mechanical properties, are introduced. In the second part, the main emphasis is on state of the art for LMD of Ti6Al4V. Initially, the process parameters of the current state of the art in the last years and their effects are summarized. After that, the typical microstructure after LMD is discussed. Then, the conducted heat treatment methods and the achievable mechanical properties are presented. In the end, some of the existing, current challenges are mentioned, and the possible research directions for the future are proposed.
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Hicks, C., T. Konkova, and P. Blackwell. "Microstructure development in Laser Metal Deposition of Ti-5553." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032103019.

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Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) is promoting increased interest with regard to manufacturing parts of complex geometry. It is especially important with respect to manufacturing cost reductions for relatively expensive Titanium alloys. The rapid and directional cooling processes inherent with LMD produce nonhomogeneous microstructures and large residual stresses. Knowledge of the LMD process to optimise deposited microstructures is in high demand. The high-strength β-Titanium alloy, Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr (Ti-5553), was deposited using LMD on to a heat-treated substrate of the same alloy. Two blocks of 15 x 15 x 6.4 mm3 were made with different laser power to powder feed rate ratios followed by microstructural analyses. Both blocks have almost identical geometry and density. Low ratios of laser power to powder feed rate resulted in pure β phase in the deposited layers and the re-melted material in the substrate. High ratios resulted in larger columnar β grains, the precipitation of nano-scaled α, and a pronounced increase in microhardness ≈1 mm above and below the substrate interface. This could be detrimental to the mechanical properties of the substrate and highlights the importance of the optimisation of LMD parameters.
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Riquelme, Ainhoa, Pilar Rodrigo, María Dolores Escalera-Rodríguez, and Joaquín Rams. "Additively Manufactured Al/SiC Cylindrical Structures by Laser Metal Deposition." Materials 13, no. 15 (2020): 3331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13153331.

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Preliminary characterization of the microstructure of Al/SiCp composites prepared by Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) was analyzed, and the microhardness and wear behavior of the materials manufactured have been evaluated. It has been determined that the combined effect of the laser speed and power is decisive for the fabrication process. The microstructure characterization shows that the presence of hygroscopic Al4C3 can be avoided by adding Ti to the composite matrix. The wear behavior of the LMD samples and their microhardness have been compared with Powder Metallurgy samples with the same composition. The LMD samples showed higher hardness and wear resistance.
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Wu, Yin, Bin Cui, and Yao Xiao. "Crack Detection during Laser Metal Deposition by Infrared Monochrome Pyrometer." Materials 13, no. 24 (2020): 5643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13245643.

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Laser metal deposition (LMD) is an advanced technology of additive manufacturing which involves sophisticated processes. However, it is associated with high risks of failure due to the possible generation of cracks and bubbles. If not identified in time, such defects can cause substantial losses. In this paper, real-time monitoring of LMD samples and online detection of cracks by an infrared monochrome pyrometer (IMP) could mitigate this risk. An experimental platform for crack detection in LMD samples was developed, and the identification of four simulated cracks in a 316L austenitic stainless-steel LMD sample was conducted. Data at temperatures higher than 150 °C were collected by an IMP, and the results indicated that crack depth is an important factor affecting the peak temperature. Based on this factor, the locations of cracks in LMD-316L austenitic stainless-steel samples can be determined. The proposed technique can provide real-time detection of cracks through layers of cladding during large-scale manufacturing, which suggests its relevance for optimizing the technological process and parameters, as well as reducing the possibility of cracks in the LMD process.
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Rabiey, Mohammad, Ralph Weidmann, Samuel Sgier, and Luca Urban. "Ultrasonic-Assisted Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) of Steel 316L." Procedia CIRP 113 (2022): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.09.107.

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Barua, Shyam, Frank Liou, Joseph Newkirk, and Todd Sparks. "Vision-based defect detection in laser metal deposition process." Rapid Prototyping Journal 20, no. 1 (2014): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-04-2012-0036.

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Purpose – Laser metal deposition (LMD) is a type of additive manufacturing process in which the laser is used to create a melt pool on a substrate to which metal powder is added. The powder is melted within the melt pool and solidified to form a deposited track. These deposited tracks may contain porosities or cracks which affect the functionality of the part. When these defects go undetected, they may cause failure of the part or below par performance in their applications. An on demand vision system is required to detect defects in the track as and when they are formed. This is especially crucial in LMD applications as the part being repaired is typically expensive. Using a defect detection system, it is possible to complete the LMD process in one run, thus minimizing cost. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the research on a low-cost vision system to study the deposition process and detect any thermal abnormalities which might signify the presence of a defect. Design/methodology/approach – During the LMD process, the track of deposited material behind the laser is incandescent due to heating by the laser; also, there is radiant heat distribution and flow on the surfaces of the track. An SLR camera is used to obtain images of the deposited track behind the melt pool. Using calibrated RGB values and radiant surface temperature, it is possible to approximate the temperature of each pixel in the image. The deposited track loses heat gradually through conduction, convection and radiation. A defect-free deposit should show a gradual decrease in temperature which enables the authors to obtain a reference cooling curve using standard deposition parameters. A defect, such as a crack or porosity, leads to an increase in temperature around the defective region due to interruption of heat flow. This leads to deviation from the reference cooling curve which alerts the authors to the presence of a defect. Findings – The temperature gradient was obtained across the deposited track during LMD. Linear least squares curve fitting was performed and residual values were calculated between experimental temperature values and line of best fit. Porosity defects and cracks were simulated on the substrate during LMD and irregularities in the temperature gradients were used to develop a defect detection model. Originality/value – Previous approaches to defect detection in LMD typically concentrate on the melt pool temperature and dimensions. Due to the dynamic and violent nature of the melt pool, consistent and reliable defect detection is difficult. An alternative method of defect detection is discussed which does not involve the melt pool and therefore presents a novel method of detecting a defect in LMD.
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Gipperich, Marius, Jan Riepe, Kristian Arntz, and Thomas Bergs. "Pulsed Laser Influence on Temperature Distribution during Dual Beam Laser Metal Deposition." Metals 10, no. 6 (2020): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060766.

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Wire-based Laser Metal Deposition (LMD-w) is a suitable manufacturing technology for a wide range of applications such as repairing, coating, or additive manufacturing. Employing a pulsed wave (pw) laser additionally to the continuous wave (cw) process laser has several positive effects on the LMD process stability. The pw-plasma has an influence on the cw-absorption and thus the temperature distribution in the workpiece. In this article, several experiments are described aiming to characterize the heat input during dual beam LMD. In the first setup, small aluminum and steel disks are heated up either by only cw or by combined cw and pw radiation. The absorbed energy is then determined by dropping the samples into water at ambient temperature and measuring the water’s temperature rise. In a second experiment, the temperature distribution in the deposition zone under real process conditions is examined by two-color pyrometer measurements. According to the results, the pw plasma leads to an increase of the effective absorption coefficient by more than 20%. The aim of this work is to achieve a deeper understanding of the physical phenomena acting during dual beam LMD and to deploy them selectively for a better and more flexible process control.
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Xin, Bo, Jiangyu Ren, Xiaoqi Wang, Lida Zhu, and Yadong Gong. "Effect of Laser Remelting on Cladding Layer of Inconel 718 Superalloy Formed by Laser Metal Deposition." Materials 13, no. 21 (2020): 4927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214927.

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The brittle phase (Laves) of Inconel 718 parts formed by laser metal deposition (LMD) represents a bottleneck of the engineering applications. In order to investigate effectiveness of laser remelting (LR) technology on suppressing the formation of Laves phase, different laser scanning speeds of the LR process were adopted to build and remelt the single-pass cladding layers. The evolution of phase composition, microstructural morphology, and hardness of the LMD and LMD + LR specimens were analyzed. The experimental results show that different laser scanning speeds can obviously change the microstructural evolutions, Laves phase, and hardness. A low laser scanning speed (360 mm/min) made columnar dendrite uninterruptedly grow from the bottom to the top of the cladding layer. A high laser scanning speed (1320 mm/min) has a significant effect on refining Laves phase and reducing Nb segregation. When the laser scanning speed of LR process is equal to that of LMD, the cladding layers can be completely remelted and the content of Laves phase of the LMD + LR layer is 22.4% lower than that of the LMD layer. As the laser scanning speed increases from 360 to 1320 mm/min, the mean primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS) values of the remelting area decrease from 6.35 to 3.28 μm gradually. In addition, the low content of Laves phase and porosity contribute to the growth of average hardness. However, the laser scanning speed has a little effect on the average hardness and the maximum average hardness difference of the LMD and LMD + LR layers is only 12.4 HV.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Laser Metal Deposition (LMD)"

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Byseke, David, and Alexander Thunell. "Automatic monitoring and control of Laser Metal Deposition Process." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för Industriell ekonomi, Elektro- och Maskinteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-16745.

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Laser metal deposition is an additive manufacturing technique that enables the manufacturing or repair of high-quality metal parts by building fine layers one at a time. To get a stable process with a low number of flaws and irregularities the process needs a fully operational and functioning control system. At PTC in Trollhättan, a production research facility that is a department of University West, several experiments have previously been conducted with an LMD machine.  The main objective of this thesis is to deliver input from available methods for automatic control and monitoring of the LMD process. The available methods are explained in the report and previous experiments that have been conducted have been documented in this thesis. Another objective of the thesis is to develop a prototype for monitoring and control of the process. Previous work has mainly used a visual-based control system that has used CMOS-, CCD-, or an infrared camera. Pyrometers and structured light scanning have also been used. Non-optical methods such as acoustical sensors and thermocouples have also been used for monitoring and control.  With the gathered information about the available control methods, a prototype has been developed to automatically control the LMD machine located at PTC. The control uses a CMOS camera to gather live imaging from the machine in order to adjust machine parameters, in real-time, to automatically control the process. The different parameters have a strong correlation to the final machine output and are also explained in the thesis.  The prototype and the gathering of data from the process have been made using Labview as an image-processing software. An evaluation of the developed prototype has been made and the different control methods have been discussed. The developed prototype measures the melt pool by using an algorithm that counts the number of pixels in the melt pool. However, further research needs to be made to determine if the measured width correlates with the actual width of the cladded string.
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Säger, Florian. "A Feasibility Study of an Automated Repair Process using Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) with a Machine Integrated Component Measuring Solutio." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-248022.

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The repair of worn or damaged components is becoming more attractive to manufacturers, since it enables them to save resources, like raw material and energy. With that costs can be reduced, and profit can be maximised. When enabling the re-use of components, the lifetime of a component can be extended, which leads to improved sustainability measures. However, repair is not applied widely, mainly because costs of repairing are overreaching the costs of purchasing a new component. One of the biggest expense factors of repairing a metal component is the labourintense part of identifying and quantifying worn or damages areas with the use of various external measurement systems. An automated measuring process would reduce application cost significantly and allow the applications to less cost intense component. To automate the repair process, in a one-machine solution, it is prerequisite that a measuring device is included in the machine enclosure. For that, different measuring solutions are being assessed towards applicability on the “Trumpf TruLaser Cell 3000 Series”. A machine that uses the Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) technology to print, respectively weld, metal on a target surface. After a theoretical analysis of different solutions, the most sufficient solution is being validated by applying to the machine. During the validation a surface models from a test-component is generated. The result is used to determine the capability of detecting worn areas by doing an automated target-actual comparison with a specialised CAM program. By verifying the capability of detecting worn areas and executing a successful repair, the fundamentals of a fully automated repair process can be proven as possible in a one-machine solution.<br>Tillverkare har börjat se stora möjligheter i att reparera slitna eller skadade komponenter som ett sätt att spara resurser, så som råmaterial och energi. Med den besparingen minskar kostnaderna och vinsten kan således maximeras. Reparation möjliggör även återanvändning av komponenter, vilket förlänger komponentens livslängd och leder till förbättrade hållbarhetsåtgärder. Dock tillämpas reparation inte i någon stor utsträckning i nuläget, främst eftersom kostnaderna för reparation överstiger kostnaderna för att köpa en ny komponent. En av de största kostnaderna för att reparera en metallkomponent är att identifiera och kvantifiera slitna eller skadade områden med hjälp av olika externa mätsystem, som är en väldigt arbetsintensiv process. En automatiserad mätprocess skulle minska avsökningskostnaden avsevärt och således reducera den totala kostnaden för komponenten. För att möjliggöra en automatiserad reparationsprocess i en enda maskinlösning är det en förutsättning att en mätanordning ingår i maskinhöljet. Därför har olika mätningslösningar utvärderats med avseende på användbarhet i "TRUMPF TruLaser Cell 3000 Series", vilket är en maskin som använder Laser Metall Deposition-teknik (LMD-teknik) för att skriva ut och svetsa metall på en definierad yta. En teoretisk analys av olika lösningar har utförts, där den teoretiskt mest lämpliga lösningen validerades genom att appliceras till maskinen. Valideringen genererade en modell av ytan av en testkomponent. Sedan utfördes en automatiserad, målrelaterad jämförelse med ett specialiserat CAM-program baserat på modellresultatet, för att bestämma möjligheten att upptäcka slitna områden. Genom att verifiera förmågan att upptäcka slitna områden samt genomförandet av en lyckad reparation kan grunden för en helt automatiserad reparationsprocess bevisas som möjlig i en enda maskinlösning.<br>Das reparieren von abgenutzten oder beschädigten Komponenten wird immer attraktiver für Hersteller. Es ermöglicht es Ressourcen einzusparen wie beispielsweise Rohmaterial und Energie, was die Lebenszeit einer Komponente verlängert und damit die Nachhaltigkeit verbessert. Allerdings ist Reparieren nach wie vor nicht weit verbreitet, hauptsächlich dadurch bedingt, dass die Reparaturkosten die Kosten für eine neue Komponente übersteigen. Einer der größten Kostenfaktoren des reparieren einer Metallkomponente ist der Arbeitsintensive Teil der Identifizierung und Quantifizierung des abgenutzten oder beschädigten Bereichs mit verschiedensten externen Vermessung Systemen. Ein automatisierter Vermessungsprozess würde die Kosten signifikant reduzieren und neue Applikationen ermöglichen. Das automatisieren der gesamte Prozesskette – in einer Single-Maschinenlösung – erfordert, dass eine Messeinrichtung im Bearbeitungsraum der Maschine angebracht wird. Dafür werden verschiedene Lösungen nach Anwendbarkeit an der Trumpf Laser Cell 3000 Serie hin beurteilt. Eine Maschine, welche Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) als Technologie anwendet um Material auf Oberflächen aufzubringen. Nach einer theoretischen Analyse verschiedener Lösungen wird die beste Lösung va durch anbringen an die Maschine validiert. Bei der Validierung wird ein Oberflächenmodel erzeugt. Das Ergebnis wird dann genutzt um die Fähigkeit zu belegen, dass beschädigte Stellen, durch einen Soll-Ist-Vergleich in einem speziellen CAM Programm, automatisch detektiert werden können. Basierend auf diesem Beleg und mit dem Ergebnis eine Komponente erfolgreich reparieren zu können, gilt die These eines automatisierten Reparaturprozesses in einer Single-Maschinenlösung als beweisen.
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Makiewicz, Kurt Timothy. "Development of Simultaneous Transformation Kinetics Microstructure Model with Application to Laser Metal Deposited Ti-6Al-4V and Alloy 718." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366023857.

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Morville, Simon. "Modélisation multiphysique du procédé de Fabrication Directe par Projection Laser en vue d'améliorer l'état de surface final." Lorient, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORIS280.

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Molina, Griggs Alejandro José. "Laser Metal Powder Deposition of Austenitic Stainless Steel on Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron : A corrosion resistant coating for the Food & Beverage Industry." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för svetsteknologi (SV), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-13016.

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Spheroidal graphite cast iron is a material widely used in the industry for the manufacturing of all kind of covers and protective casings thanks to its good combination of mechanical properties, processability and cost. When cast iron components are put into service in corrosive environments the most common approach to protect the components is painting them. The protective painting has been found to flake off with time when aggressive washing procedures, such as the ones used in the Food &amp; Beverage industry, are applied several times. In this project, the coating of cast iron with a corrosion resistant AISI 316L stainless steel by Laser Metal Powder Deposition has been studied as an alternative protection against corrosion. Several samples with different combinations of substrate preparation, number of layers and surface conditions were produced and analysed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, wash down tests and salt spray chamber corrosion tests. Main results show that the diffusion of carbon from the carbon-rich cast iron to the stainless steel coating, which would have a negative effect on the corrosion resistant properties, was significantly low as a result of the low penetration and dilution achieved during the laser metal powder deposition process. The deposited stainless steel coatings successfully protected the substrate during the corrosion tests and the integrity of the coatings is not expected to fail during the washing producers applied in the industry.
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Conti, Alfredo. "Tecniche della manifattura additiva - applicazioni in ambito aeronautico e aerospaziale." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13306/.

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Il potenziale delle nuove tecnologie digitali applicate al settore industriale ha consentito di ridurre enormemente la durata dei cicli produttivi grazie alla rapida gestione di quantità di dati sempre più considerevoli attraverso l’introduzione delle Macchine a Controllo Numerico (Computer Numerical Control – CNC). Nel corso delle ultime tre decadi, l’industria manifatturiera ha subito notevoli e sostanziali cambiamenti grazie ad una sempre più forte connessione con il mondo dell’informatica. La più grande rivoluzione in tale ambito è stata segnata dall’avvento della Manifattura Additiva (Additive Manufacturing - AM), conosciuta sotto diversi nomi, tra i quali Prototipazione Rapida (Rapid Prototyping), Manifattura Rapida (Rapid Manufacturing) o Libera Fabbricazione di Forme (Free Form Fabrication). Materia di ricerca e sviluppo sin dalla fine degli anni ’80, la Manifattura Additiva consente la creazione di elementi fisici tridimensionali partendo da modelli CAD attraverso la sovrapposizione successiva di materiale strato per strato (layer by layer), offrendo i benefici di una elevata flessibilità geometrica degli elaborati, altrimenti irraggiungibile attraverso le tradizionali tecniche di Manifattura Sottrattiva operanti per asportazione di materiale. In seguito ad intensive ricerche, progressi significativi sono stati fatti nello sviluppo e nella commercializzazione di nuovi ed innovativi processi AM.
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Linney, Rachel E. "The laser powered pyrolysis of metal deposition precursors." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33788.

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Pereira, M. F. V. T., M. Williams, and R. Bruwer. "Rapid die manufacturing using direct laser metal deposition." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 7, Issue 3: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/542.

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Published Article<br>Global issues such as energy and climate changes have impacted on both the automotive and aerospace industries, forcing them to adopt measures to produce products that consume fewer combustibles and emit less carbon dioxide. Making vehicles lighter is one of the logical ways of reducing fuel consumption. The need for light components, able to fulfil technical and quality specifications, led to market growth for tooling that is able to mass produce parts using manufacturing processes such as high pressure die casting. Competitive pressures to reduce the lead time required for tooling-up has also increased dramatically. For this reason research into various methods, techniques and approaches to tool manufacture is being undertaken globally. This paper highlights the work undertaken at the CSIR on the issue of rapid die manufacturing through the application and evaluation of a rapid prototyping technique and coating technologies applied to die components of a high pressure casting die for the production of aluminium components. Criteria for determining suitability were developed against which the technique was evaluated that included time, cost and life-expectancy. Results of accelerated testing procedures to evaluate the die material produced by the rapid prototyping technique and surface coatings and treatments of die materials for their resistance to washout, erosion, heat checking and corrosion in a high pressure die casting environment, are presented. The outcomes of this research will be used for further development and application of specific techniques, design principles and criteria for this approach.
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Garner, Simon. "Laser ultrasonic testing for on-line inspection of laser metal deposition." Thesis, Swansea University, 2015. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42997.

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Heralic, Almir. "Towards full Automation of Robotized Laser Metal-wire Deposition." Licentiate thesis, University West, Department of Engineering Science, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-2148.

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<p>Metal wire deposition by means of robotized laser welding offers great saving potentials, i.e. reduced costs and reduced lead times, in many different applications, such as fabrication of complex components, repair or modification of high-value components, rapid prototyping and low volume production, especially if the process can be automated. Metal deposition is a layered manufacturing technique that builds metal structures by melting metal wire into beads which are deposited side by side and layer upon layer. This thesis presents a system for on-line monitoring and control of robotized laser metal wire deposition (RLMwD). The task is to ensure a stable deposition process with correct geometrical profile of the resulting geometry and sound metallurgical properties. Issues regarding sensor calibration, system identification and control design are discussed. The suggested controller maintains a constant bead height and width throughout the deposition process. It is evaluated through real experiments, however, limited to straight line deposition experiments. Solutions towards a more general controller, i.e. one that can handle different deposition paths, are suggested.</p><p>A method is also proposed on how an operator can use different sensor information for process understanding, process development and for manual on-line control. The strategies are evaluated through different deposition tasks and considered materials are tool steel and Ti-6Al-4V. The developed monitoring system enables an operator to control the process at a safe distance from the hazardous laser beam.</p><p>The results obtained in this work indicate promising steps towards full automation of the RLMwD process, i.e. without human intervention and for arbitrary deposition paths.</p><br>RMS
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Books on the topic "Laser Metal Deposition (LMD)"

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Mahamood, Rasheedat Modupe. Laser Metal Deposition Process of Metals, Alloys, and Composite Materials. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64985-6.

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International Conference on Metal Powder Deposition for Rapid Manufacturing (2002 San Antonio, Tex.). Metal powder deposition for rapid manufacturing: Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Metal Powder Deposition for Rapid Manufacturing sponsored by the Metal Powder Industries Federation in cooperation with the Laser Institute of America (LIA) and APMI International. Metal Powder Industries Federation, 2002.

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Mahamood, Rasheedat Modupe. Laser Metal Deposition Process of Metals, Alloys, and Composite Materials. Springer, 2018.

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Mahamood, Rasheedat Modupe. Laser Metal Deposition Process of Metals, Alloys, and Composite Materials. Springer International Publishing AG, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "Laser Metal Deposition (LMD)"

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Mazzarisi, Marco, Maria Grazia Guerra, Marco Latte, et al. "In-Process Detection of Defects on Parts Produced by Laser Metal Deposition Using Off-Axis Optical Monitoring." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77429-4_84.

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AbstractLaser Metal Deposition (LMD) is emerging among metal Additive Manufacturing technologies due to its wide range of applications. This technique represents an evolution of laser cladding, currently used for fabricating and repairing complex metal components, promoting manufacturing sustainability. One of the main drawbacks hindering the widespread use of these technology is the complexity of implementing monitoring equipment on industrial LMD systems with limited modification setups. Therefore, it is essential to develop appropriate off-axis systems that allow effective monitoring of the deposition process. The present work proposes a prototype off-axis monitoring system consisting of a pair of specially set cameras capable of analyzing the evolution of the melt pool and discerning fundamental information on geometry, size and brightness intensity. By correlating this information with the process outcome, it could be possible to forecast the most frequent defects related to the deposition process. Experimental tests have been carried out, in which powder flow and laser alterations were specifically induced. The prototype system enabled the characterization of each type of process variation and the determination of specific indicators, serving as the basis for achieving a zero-waste sustainable manufacturing process.
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Ramalho, F. Q., M. L. Alves, M. S. Correia, L. M. Vilhena, and A. Ramalho. "Study of Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) as a Manufacturing Technique in Automotive Industry." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29041-2_29.

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Alvarez-Leal, Marta, Oscar Rodriguez-Alabanda, Pablo E. Romero, Esther Molero, and Julia Ureña. "Development and Processing of Inconel 718 Tools for Friction Stir Welding Additively Manufactured by Laser Metal Deposition." In Proceedings of the XV Ibero-American Congress of Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38563-6_49.

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AbstractThis work investigates the feasibility of processing the nickel superalloy INCONEL 718 using Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) additive manufacturing technology (with filament) for the processing of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) tools. The FSW tools must have a specific design and characteristics adapted to the material to be welded, so new fast, dynamic and cheaper manufacturing techniques are required. Different heat treatments were performed to achieve optimum properties of the manufactured IN718 compared to forged and cast IN718. The densification analysis showed a material free of major defects and high densification. In addition, excellent mechanical behavior was obtained, with a maximum strength (UTS) of 1256 MPa, which is an improvement over conventional IN718 and could validate the use of LMD technology for FSW tooling.
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Cazaubon, Valentine, Audrey Abi Akle, and Xavier Fischer. "A Parametric Study of Additive Manufacturing Process: TA6V Laser Wire Metal Deposition." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_4.

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AbstractAdditive Manufacturing has proven to be an economically and industrially attractive process in building or repairing parts. However, the major issue of this new process is to guarantee a mechanical behavior identical to the subtractive manufacturing methodologies. The work, presented in this paper, is centered on the Laser Wire Metal Deposition (LMD-w) method with the metallic alloy TA6V. Its working principle is to fuse a coaxial wire on a substrate with a laser as a heat source. To better understand the interaction between the input parameters (Laser Power, Wire Feed Speed and Tool Speed) and the clad geometry output variables (Height, Width and Contact Angle) and the substrate displacement, we have realized an experimentation. We printed 9 clads according Taguchi’s experimental design. Pearson correlation coefficient and Fisher test performed on the experimental measures showed as main result: Tool Speed is the parameter with the most significant influence on the output variables.
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Figueroa, Brayan S., Lucas Araújo, and Alberto Alvares. "Development of a Digital Twin for a Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) Additive Manufacturing Cell." In Advances in Automation and Robotics Research. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54763-8_7.

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Ayuso, Mikel, Ander Muniategui, Aitor Aguirre-Ortuzar, and Enaitz Ezpeleta. "Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) Process Monitoring: From 3D Visualization of Sensor Data Towards Anomaly Detection." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-86489-6_4.

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Abstract Metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) allows producing geometrically complex metal components, unlocking new design possibilities and making it suitable to sectors such as healthcare, automotive and aerospace. AM processes are complex and require the use of many sensors to extract relevant process information for its monitoring and control. In the last years, many studies have applied advanced Deep Learning methods to extract knowledge from AM processes. However, these developments are specific to a particular setup, problem or defectology. Furthermore, they lack frameworks and pipelines to guide throughout their development, and do not include AI-related tools for data labelling, visualization, and AI model development and deployment. With the aim of simplifying the development and deployment of AM process monitoring systems, a dashboard-based framework that makes use of AI for anomaly detection and for feature extraction is presented in this study. The framework helps with development and deployment of monitoring systems by easing the incorporation of new sensors and the extraction of new features from captured data by end users. In this study, a Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) process is considered as the use case to show the usefulness of the developed framework.
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Vogel, Michael, Mushtaq Khan, Juansethi Ibara-Medina, Andrew Pinkerton, Narcisse N’Dri, and Mustafa Megahed. "A Coupled Approach to Weld Pool, Phase and Residual Stress Modelling of Laser Direct Metal Deposition (LDMD) Processes." In Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress on Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME). Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48194-4_37.

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Vogel, Michael, Mushtaq Khan, Juansethi Ibara-Medina, Andrew Pinkerton, Narcisse N'Dri, and Mustafa Megahed. "A Coupled Approach to Weld Pool, Phase and Residual Stress Modelling of Laser Direct Metal Deposition (LDMD) Processes." In 2ndWorld Congress on Integrated Computational Materials Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118767061.ch37.

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Kelbassa, Jana, and Andres Gasser. "Wire Laser Metal Deposition." In Tailored Light 2. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98323-9_12.

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Pirch, Norbert, and Markus Nießen. "Modelling of Laser Metal Deposition." In Tailored Light 2. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98323-9_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Laser Metal Deposition (LMD)"

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Goland, Micaela, Fanny Balbaud, Alexis Fouchereau, et al. "Corrosion Behavior of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steels in Nuclear Environments." In AM-EPRI 2024. ASM International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2024p0023.

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Abstract This study examines the corrosion resistance of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel (SS) for nuclear applications across three environments: pressurized water reactor primary water (PWR PW), hot concentrated nitric acid, and seawater. Wire-feed laser additive manufacturing (WLAM) specimens showed oxidation behavior similar to wrought 316L SS in PWR PW, though stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility varied with heat treatment. In nitric acid testing, laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) specimens demonstrated superior corrosion resistance compared to conventional SS, primarily due to improved intergranular corrosion resistance resulting from cleaner feedstock powder and rapid solidification rates that minimized grain boundary segregation. Laser metal deposition (LMD) repair studies in seawater environments successfully produced dense, crack-free repairs with good metallurgical bonding that matched the substrate’s mechanical properties while maintaining corrosion resistance. These results emphasize the importance of corrosion testing for additively manufactured components and understanding how their unique microstructures affect performance.
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Piglione, Alessandro, Nicola Nocera, Stefano Medici, et al. "CerMet Coatings for Brake Discs." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-21019.

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Abstract CerMet coatings for brake discs are considered a most promising technological solution to reduce brake particle emissions. In this work, two CerMet coatings, fabricated using either laser metal deposition (LMD) or high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying, are deposited onto full-scale brake discs and extensively characterised. It is shown that both coatings lead to marked improvements in surface hardness and corrosion resistance compared to conventional uncoated grey cast iron brake discs. In addition, both coatings are shown to induce significant reductions in particle emission levels as measured via specific brake tests on dynamometric benches. This study therefore demonstrates that CerMet coatings represent a valuable solution to reduce brake particle emissions, while increasing the expected service life of brake discs via a combination of enhanced wear and corrosion resistance.
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Cha, S. C., and M. Spiegel. "Studies on the Local Reactions of Alkali Chloride Particles on Metal Surfaces." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04533.

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Abstract During biomass combustion alkali chloride particles are formed, depositing on the metallic surface or on the already formed oxide layer. Subsequently, they react with the metal or the oxide layer and accelerate the oxidation process. To investigate these reactions an equipment for the particles deposition by impactor and thermophoresis was installed and optimized for the homogenous deposition. After deposition of KCl, iron samples were exposed to N2-O2 and N2-O2-HCl atmospheres for short times at 300°C. In N2-O2, some deformation and local spreading of the particles were observed, probably by melt formation in contact with the metal. Oxidation with HCl addition led to a significant increase of chlorine and oxygen contents on the KCl deposited sample surfaces. In final, thermogravimetric tests were conducted on deposits formed on iron at temperatures from 300-400°C. In the case of HCl addition, mass gains increased rapidly in the beginning of oxidation. The iron chloride or chlorine rich layer were formed directly at the metal scale and under the oxide layer.
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Sammons, Patrick M., Douglas A. Bristow, and Robert G. Landers. "Repetitive Process Control of Laser Metal Deposition." In ASME 2014 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2014-6173.

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The Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) process is an additive manufacturing process in which a laser and a powdered material source are used to build functional metal parts in a layer by layer fashion. While the process is usually modeled by purely temporal dynamic models, the process is more aptly described as a repetitive process with two sets of dynamic processes: one that evolves in position within the layer and one that evolves in part layer. Therefore, to properly control the LMD process, it is advantageous to use a model of the LMD process that captures the dominant two dimensional phenomena and to address the two-dimensionality in process control. Using an identified spatial-domain Hammerstein model of the LMD process, the open loop process stability is examined. Then, a stabilizing controller is designed using error feedback in the layer domain.
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Zhang, Y., M. Stuke, R. Larciprete, and E. Borsella. "Excimer laser photochemistry of Al-alkyls monitored by dye laser mass spectroscopy." In Lasers in Material Diagnostics. Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lmd.1987.thd2.

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Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) is a powerful technique for the generation of well-defined layers of metals and semiconductors [1]. Extending MOCVD by the use of lasers to Laser-MOCVD, selective area growth can be obtained ([2] and references therein). Laser induced deposition of structured aluminum films can be achieved using UV lasers and Al-alkyls like triisobutylaluminum (TIBA) as gaseous organometallic precursor [3, 4].
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Sammons, Patrick M., Douglas A. Bristow, and Robert G. Landers. "Height Dependent Laser Metal Deposition Process Modeling." In ASME/ISCIE 2012 International Symposium on Flexible Automation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isfa2012-7238.

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Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) is used to construct parts in a layer-by-layer fashion. The heat transfer from the melt region to the solid region plays a critical role in the resulting material properties and part geometry. The heat transfer dynamics can change significantly as the layers increase, depending on the geometry of the sub layers. However, this effect is unaccounted for in previous analytical models, which model only a single layer. This paper develops a layer dependent model of the LMD process for the purpose of designing advanced layer-to-layer controllers. A lumped-parameter model of the melt pool is introduced and then extended to include elements that capture height dependent effects on the melt pool shape. The model dynamically relates the process inputs (e.g., laser power, material mass flow rate, and scan speed) to the melt pool morphology and temperature. A finite element analysis is then conducted to determine the effect of scan speed and track height on the solid region temperature gradient at the melt pool solidification boundary. The results of a simulation study are compared to experimental results in the literature and demonstrate that the model is able to successfully predict changes in melt pool width as track height increases, which single layer models cannot.
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Tareq, Foysal Kabir, Ragnhild Elizabeth Aune, Tor Oskar Sætre, and Mohammad Ibrahim. "Influence Of Process Parameters On Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) Of Inductively Coupled Plasma Spheroidized (ICPS) NiSi32 Powder." In World Powder Metallurgy 2022 Congress & Exhibition. EPMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.59499/wp225372157.

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The laser metal deposition (LMD) process is a promising additive manufacturing (AM) technology that enables to build high precision near-net-shape metal components from metal powders. The quality of the LMD parts is highly dependent on the powder properties and processing parameters which need to be optimized to obtain accurate geometry with favorable properties. In the present study, spherical NiSi32 powder was prepared by an inductively coupled plasma spheroidization (ICPS) and later used during LMD to deposit beads on a steel substrate. Spherical NiSi32 power properties and the influence of laser power, deposition speed, and powder mass flow rate on the properties of the LMD deposited beads were investigated using different techniques such as X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive spectroscopy to evaluate the phases, microstructure, elemental composition, and surface roughness. The results showed that the process parameters of LMD significantly influenced the properties of LMD deposited beads.
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Arejita, Beñat, Iker Garmendia, Juan Fernando Isaza, and Aitzol Zuloaga. "Cost Effective Sensor Fusion Approach For Laser Metal Deposition." In World Powder Metallurgy 2022 Congress & Exhibition. EPMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.59499/wp225372133.

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The complex nature of an LMD process demands advanced control mechanisms in order to compensate for the deviations that occur in the growth direction of the material. Consequently, every layer must be scanned to measure the 3D profile as layers are deposited, either by complicated in-situ measurement techniques or by performing intra-layer measurements after each layer deposition. Additionally, the digitization of the process allows the extraction and logging of relevant data and available process control and state variables for an ex-post analysis of the manufactured object. The quality of the extracted data directly affects the quality of the process itself, and typically high-end surface profilers are used, resulting in costly solutions. This work proposes an LMD process control solution that applies sensor fusion techniques to extract and integrate data from several cost-effective sensors. As a result, data-rich layer information is generated by combining process metadata and measured layer profiles using.
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Schulz, Martin, Fritz Klocke, Jan Riepe, Nils Klingbeil, and Kristian Arntz. "Process Optimization of Wire Based Laser Metal Deposition of Titanium." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-76924.

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Titanium alloys are used instead of steel and nickel-based alloys to lower the weight of turbines whenever it is applicable. Due to the high manufacturing costs of titanium, near-net-shape processes like laser metal deposition (LMD) processes are an approach to improve the production of new turbomachinery components. Additionally, these processes are also suitable for repair. LMD uses wire or powder as additional material. When highly reactive materials like titanium grade 5 (Ti6Al4V) are processed, wire-based laser metal deposition (LMD-W) processes are superior to powder-based processes due to the smaller reactive surface. Nowadays, three main challenges exist when titanium grade 5 (Ti6Al4V) is processed by additive manufacturing (AM): First of all the high affinity to oxygen combined with the increased brittleness of the material in case of a contamination with already low amounts of oxygen has to be faced. Secondly, the material is prone to distortion induced by thermal stress during the manufacturing process. Finally, the material has a complex bimodal microstructure, which has to be adjusted properly to generate optimal strength. The following publication will present how these technical challenges are faced. A local shielding gas concept demonstrates how flooding of the process chamber was avoided. The distortion was lowered by minimizing the heat input. Therefore, the laser spot was adapted. Its size was reduced to physical minimum nearly matching the size of the wire. To avoid process aborts, the proper feeding of the wire was improved. With this optimized process, it was possible to generate several specimens for metallurgical analysis. Finally, treatments to modify the alpha-martensitic-structure into a bimodal structure were performed. Summarizing the results show that the LMD-W process was improved to overcome the main challenges. Thereby the process has become suitable for manufacturing turbomachinery components made from titanium grade 5.
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Sammons, Patrick M., Douglas A. Bristow, and Robert G. Landers. "Frequency Domain Uncertainty Modeling and Quantification of the Laser Metal Deposition Process." In ASME 2016 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2016-9777.

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Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a growing class of manufacturing processes where parts are fabricated by repeated addition of material. Many of these processes show great promise for the production of complex, functional parts for use in critical applications. One such process, Laser Metal Deposition (LMD), uses a laser and a coaxial blown metal powder source to produce functional metal parts. However, it has been demonstrated that the LMD process possesses complex two-dimensional dynamics which, when not appropriately accounted for in the modeling and control stages, can lead to build failures. Additionally, even when the two-dimensionality of the process is accounted for, modeling and process uncertainties can lead to degraded performance or instability. Here, in the context of a control oriented model of the LMD process developed previously, process and modeling uncertainties are modeled and quantified in the frequency domain.
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Reports on the topic "Laser Metal Deposition (LMD)"

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Pulugurtha, Syamala R., Joseph Newkirk, Frank Liou, and Hsin-Nan Chou. Functionally Graded Materials by Laser Metal Deposition (PREPRINT). Defense Technical Information Center, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada523926.

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Sridharan, Niyanth, Ryan R. Dehoff, Brian H. Jordan, and Sudarsanam Suresh Babu. Development of coatings for ultrasonic additive manufacturing sonotrode using laser direct metal deposition process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1331097.

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Lewis, G. K., and J. O. Nemec, R. B. Milewski. Directed light fabrication--a laser metal deposition process for fabrication of near-net shape components. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/534514.

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Tekalur, Arjun, Jacob Kallivayalil, Jason Carroll, et al. Additive manufacturing of metallic materials with controlled microstructures : multiscale modeling of direct metal laser sintering and directed energy deposition. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/33481.

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Bigl, Matthew, Samuel Beal, and Charles Ramsey. Determination of residual low-order detonation particle characteristics from Composition B mortar rounds. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45260.

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Empirical measurements of the spatial distribution, particle-size distribution, mass, morphology, and energetic composition of particles from low-order (LO) detonations are critical to accurately characterizing environ-mental impacts on military training ranges. This study demonstrated a method of generating and characterizing LO-detonation particles, previously applied to insensitive munitions, to 81 mm mortar rounds containing the conventional explosive formulation Composition B. The three sampled rounds had estimated detonation efficiencies ranging from 64% to 82% as measured by sampled residual energetic material. For all sampled rounds, energetic deposition rates were highest closer to the point of detonation; however, the mass per radial meter varied. The majority of particles (&gt;60%), by mass, were &lt;2 mm in size. However, the spatial distribution of the &lt;2 mm particles from the point of detonation varied be-tween the three sampled rounds. In addition to the particle-size-distribution results, several method performance observations were made, including command-detonation configurations, sampling quality control, particle-shape influence on laser-diffraction particle-size analysis (LD-PSA), and energetic purity trends. Overall, this study demonstrated the successful characterization of Composition B LO-detonation particles from command detonation through combined analysis by LD-PSA and sieving.
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Slattery, Kevin, and Kirk A. Rogers. Internal Boundaries of Metal Additive Manufacturing: Future Process Selection. SAE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2022006.

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In the early days, there were significant limitations to the build size of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) machines. However, machine builders have addressed that drawback by introducing larger L-PBF machines with expansive build volumes. As these machines grow, their size capability approaches that of directed energy deposition (DED) machines. Concurrently, DED machines have gained additional axes of motion which enable increasingly complex part geometries—resulting in near-overlap in capabilities at the large end of the L-PBF build size. Additionally, competing technologies, such as binder jet AM and metal material extrusion, have also increased in capability, albeit with different starting points. As a result, the lines of demarcation between different processes are becoming blurred. Internal Boundaries of Metal Additive Manufacturing: Future Process Selection examines the overlap between three prominent powder-based technologies and outlines an approach that a product team can follow to determine the most appropriate process for current and future applications.
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