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1
Feng, Chao. Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Novel High-Gain Seeded Free-Electron Laser Schemes. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49066-2.
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Holographic interferometry with an injection seeded Nd:YAG laser and two reference beams. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.
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Feng, Chao. Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Novel High-Gain Seeded Free-Electron Laser Schemes. Springer, 2019.
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4
Barry, Coyle D., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Injection seeded, diode pumped regenerative ring Nd:YAG amplifier for spaceborne laser ranging technology development. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.
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Barry, Coyle D., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Injection seeded, diode pumped regenerative ring Nd:YAG amplifier for spaceborne laser ranging technology development. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.
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6
Flynn, Thomas R. The Later Sartre. Edited by Dan Zahavi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755340.013.20.
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Toward the midpoint of his career, Sartre famously announced the separation from his previous work which he described as a rationalist philosophy of consciousness. Henceforth, he implied, his focus would be on free organic praxis. It would be dialectical and historical not just analytical and psychological. It seemed that he was distancing himself from classical (constitutive) Husserlian phenomenology in favor of something more fluid, more concrete like the hermeneutic phenomenology that he discovered in the Heidegger of Being and Time and was recommending as an ingredient in his Existential psychoanalysis. But classical phenomenology was not so much passed over as it was placed in abeyance to return in Sartre’s study of Gustave Flaubert, his life and times. The author proposes to chart and critique this methodological circle of applied phenomenology.
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Watson, Marilyn. Laura’s Students One and Seven Years Later. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867263.003.0013.
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In the third year, Laura took a leave through November to help settle her newly adopted child. Her students missed her and, when she returned, some seemed to have reverted to their original untrusting selves. Soon, their trust in Laura and in themselves was restored. Would that trust remain? Seven years later, I interviewed 9 of the 14 students still in the school district. All remembered Laura and the class fondly. Eight had detailed memories of their interactions with Laura, and the life skills and attitudes they learned in her class. Of the six students who were judged insecurely attached when they entered Laura’s class, four appeared successful and confident and two were currently failing most of their courses. Possible causes for the long-term success of some students and failure of others are discussed.
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Omissi, Adrastos. Emperors and Usurpers in the Later Roman Empire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824824.001.0001.
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This book is the first history of civil war in the later Roman Empire to be written in English. It advances the thesis that civil war was endemic to the later Empire (third to fifth centuries AD) and explores the way in which successive imperial dynasties—many of whose founding members had themselves usurped power—attempted to legitimate themselves and counter the threat of almost perpetual internal challenge to their rule. The work takes as its operating principle that history is written by the victors, and seeks to employ panegyric as a tool to understand the processes that, according to one contemporary commentator, ‘made tyrants by the victory of others’. Panegyric provides direct evidence of how, in the wake of civil wars, emperors attempted to publish their legitimacy and to delegitimize their enemies. The book explores the ceremony and oratory that surrounded imperial courts, examines how and why this ceremony was aggressively used to dramatize and constantly recall the events of recent civil wars, and, above all, it explores how the narratives produced by the court in this context went on to have enormous influence on the messages and narratives found within contemporary historical texts. The resulting book is a thoroughly original reworking of late Roman domestic politics, an exploration of the way that successive imperial courts sought to communicate with their subjects, and an examination of the fallibility of history.
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Moody, Alys. The Modernist Art of Hunger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828891.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 reconstructs the canon that forms the basis of later writers’ deployment of the art of hunger. It sketches the aesthetic framework of the art of hunger through four of its exemplary texts—Kafka’s “A Hunger Artist,” Knut Hamsun’s Hunger, Melville’s “Bartleby, the Scrivener,” and the poetry of Rimbaud—and locates these foundational writings in the context of their later redeployment by surrealist and “lost generation” writers. Reading these texts and authors both in their own moments and as they have been read by later writers and scholars, it seeks to derive the theory of art that later writers engage with when they redeploy the art of hunger in new contexts.
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Vandrei, Martha. ‘A great deal of historical claptrap’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816720.003.0006.
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This chapter’s focus is the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, during which Boudica was immortalized in Thomas Thornycroft’s statue on Westminster Bridge. This chapter seeks to provide a thick and thorough contextualization of this event and its precursors, focusing in particular on Boudica’s role in the history of London, but also on Thornycroft’s own motivations and preoccupations, which have been overlooked by historians. This chapter also explores the first novelization of Boudica’s deeds, a firmly imperialistic account by Marie Trevelyan. This period has been read as the climax of Boudica’s association with imperial greatness—a connection I do not seek to wholly refute. However, Thornycroft’s own understanding of his statue challenges this, while Trevelyan’s conviction was met with credulity by contemporaries. Focusing on these hitherto overlooked points of view sheds light on the complicated relations between pasts and presents.
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Della Rocca, Michael, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Spinoza. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195335828.001.0001.
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Until recently, Spinoza’s standing in Anglophone studies of philosophy has been relatively low and has only seemed to confirm Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi’s assessment of him as “a dead dog.” However, an exuberant outburst of excellent scholarship on Spinoza has of late come to dominate work on early modern philosophy. This resurgence is due in no small part to the recent revival of metaphysics in contemporary philosophy and to the increased appreciation of Spinoza’s role as an unorthodox, pivotal figure—indeed, perhaps the pivotal figure—in the development of Enlightenment thinking. Spinoza’s penetrating articulation of his extreme rationalism makes him a demanding philosopher who offers deep and prescient challenges to all subsequent, inevitably less radical approaches to philosophy. While the twenty-six essays in this volume—by many of the world’s leading Spinoza specialists—grapple directly with Spinoza’s most important arguments, these essays also seek to identify and explain Spinoza’s debts to previous philosophy, his influence on later philosophers, and his significance for contemporary philosophy and for us.
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Dinan, Desmond. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199570829.003.0001.
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This edition examines the origins and evolution of the European Union and the development of European integration from the immediate post-World War II period, when politicians and the public seemed willing to share national sovereignty for the sake of greater security, to the shock of the eurozone crisis nearly seventy years later, when the EU lacked public and political support. Far from existing in isolation, the volume shows that the European Community and, later, the EU was inextricably linked with broader regional and international developments throughout that time. It features contributions from leading scholars of the EU, who discuss a wide range of issues including the common agricultural policy (CAP), the single market programme, the economic and monetary union (EMU), and EU enlargement.
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Hughes, Aaron W. Origins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190684464.003.0003.
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The present chapter seeks to show just how little is known about Jews and Judaism at the time of Muhammad. Whereas many want to argue that a stable Judaism acted as a “midwife” to the birth of Islam in the seventh century, this chapter argues that there is very little material evidence to support with any degree of certainty just what kind of Jews Muhammad interacted with (if he, in fact did). In addition to this dearth of material evidence, the Islamic sources describing these Jews are later, often much later, than the period upon which they purport to describe. The claim that the Jews gave birth to Islam, then, are both ludicrous and self-serving. The chapter suggests that the later Muslim sources transformed the Jews that Muhammad was believed to have had contact with into what they considered to be normative Jews.
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Pettit, Philip. Introduction: The Guiding Ideas. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190904913.003.0002.
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H.L.A. Hart’s (1961) book The Concept of Law already caught my fancy as an undergraduate student in Ireland. It seemed to do more in illumination of its theme than most of the tomes in analytical, continental or scholastic philosophy to which I was introduced in a wonderfully idiosyncratic syllabus. What I attempt here, many years later, is guided by a desire to explore the possibility of providing for ethics and morality the sort of perspective that Hart gave us on the law....
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Ferraro, Kenneth F. Heterogeneity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190665340.003.0005.
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Gerontologists are intrigued by the astonishing degree of heterogeneity in later life and seek to identify the mechanisms that create or reduce it. Oddly, some fields of recent inquiry emphasize diversity associated with race, sex, and class, while giving scant attention to diversity by age. Gerontologists, by contrast, are vigilant to explore diversity between and within age groups. This chapter delineates some of the sources of heterogeneity in later life, including interindividual and intercohort differences, intraindividual change, non-normative events, and stochastic processes. It also considers processes that may reduce heterogeneity. To illustrate the axiom of heterogeneity, it identifies age and cohort differences in the consequences of environmental exposures.
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Guy S, Goodwin-Gill, and McAdam Jane. The Refugee in International Law. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808565.001.0001.
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The status of the refugee in international law, and of everyone entitled to protection, has always been precarious, not least in times of heightened and heated debate. People have always moved in search of safety, and they always will. This completely revised and updated edition casts new light on the refugee definition, the meaning of persecution, the role of gender and sexual orientation, the types of harm, and the protection due to refugees. The book reviews the fundamental principle of non-refoulement as a restraint on the conduct of States, even as States themselves seek new ways to prevent refugees and asylum seekers arriving. The book analyses related principles of protection—non-discrimination, due process, rescue at sea, and solutions—in light of what States, UNHCR, and treaty-monitoring bodies actually do, rather than merely deductively. It closely examines relevant treaty standards, and the role of UNHCR in providing protection, contributing to the development of international refugee law, and promoting solutions. New chapters bring into focus evolving protection demands in relation to nationality, statelessness, and displacement in the context of disasters and climate change. The book factors in the challenges posed by the movement of people across land and sea in search of refuge, and their interception, reception, and later treatment. The overall aim remains the same as in previous editions: to provide a sound basis for protection in international law, taking full account of State and community interests and recognizing the need to bridge gaps in the regime which now has 100 years of law and practice behind it.
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Sanovich, Sergey. Russia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.003.0002.
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The Russian government’s digital propaganda seeks to insulate Putin’s leadership from any domestic challengers and aid in his foreign policy ventures, which increasingly set Russian interests off against the West. Yet the propaganda tools, including trolls and bots, were conceived and perfected in the pockets of political competition and a globally integrated market economy still left in Putin’s Russia. This chapter discusses how the vibrant Russian blogosphere, left unattended by the government and laser-focused on taking over the traditional media, created the demand for sophisticated online propaganda and censorship tools. It also discusses how the advanced Russian online media and tech sector helped to meet this demand. It concludes with a preliminary report on the detection and exposure of government propaganda online, which could be applicable beyond Russia.
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Kitch, Sally L. Working for Women in “Postconflict” Afghanistan. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038709.003.0002.
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This chapter presents the author's thoughts about the Ohio State University conference on November 17, 2005. The conference began with sessions that addressed what the leaders in the room thought life was really like for ordinary Afghan women and how they as activists were trying to address those women's needs. All attendees responded to that question from the perspective of their own work and interests, yet there was a surprising level of agreement among them. They agreed that things were indeed better for Afghan women since the Taliban had departed, and that there were still problems for Afghan women. The author was most impressed by the laser-like foci of Marzia Basel and Jamila Afghani on the importance of legal reform and the need for more and better education and skill training. Both seemed fruitful paths through the complex and difficult tangle of Afghan women's needs.
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Penzel, Fred. Clinical Presentation of OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0002.
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This chapter seeks to lay out the chief hallmarks and manifestations of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), especially for readers who do not already have direct experience with its phenomenology. As such it lays a foundation for a more detailed discussion of focused topics that follows later in this volume. Common obsessions and compulsions are described, as well as typical characteristics. This disorder causes great suffering. It was long thought to be uncommon, was not well defined, and was subject to much misdiagnosis. Research and clinical experience over the past 35 years have done much to clarify the diagnosis, and are reviewed here.
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Moore, Christopher. Calling Philosophers Names. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691195056.001.0001.
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This book provides a fresh account of the origins of the term philosophos or “philosopher” in ancient Greece. Tracing the evolution of the word's meaning over its first two centuries, the book shows how it first referred to aspiring political sages and advice-givers, then to avid conversationalists about virtue, and finally to investigators who focused on the scope and conditions of those conversations. Questioning the familiar view that philosophers from the beginning “loved wisdom” or merely “cultivated their intellect,” the book shows that they were instead mocked as laughably unrealistic for thinking that their incessant talking and study would earn them social status or political and moral authority. Taking a new approach to the history of early Greek philosophy, the book seeks to understand who were called philosophoi or “philosophers” and why, and how the use of and reflections on the word contributed to the rise of a discipline. The book demonstrates that a word that began in part as a wry reference to a far-flung political bloc came, hardly a century later, to mean a life of determined self-improvement based on research, reflection, and deliberation. Early philosophy dedicated itself to justifying its own dubious-seeming enterprise. And this original impulse to seek legitimacy holds novel implications for understanding the history of the discipline and its influence.
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Collins, Wilkie. Hide and Seek. Edited by Catherine Peters. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199555611.001.0001.
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At the centre of Hide and Seek (1854) a secret waits to be revealed. Why should the apparently respectable painter Valentine Blyth refuse to account for the presence in his household of the beautiful girl known as Madonna? It is not until his young friend Zack Thorpe, who is in rebellion against his repressive father, gets into bad company and meets a mysterious stranger that the secret of Madonna can be unravelled. Wilkie Collins's third novel, dedicated to his life-long friend Dickens, is a story in which excitement is combined with charm and humour. In its mixture of the everyday and the extraordinary, Hide and Seek forms a bridge between the domestic novel and the sensational fiction for which Collins later became famous.
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Pfister, Thomas, and Martin Schweighofer. Energy Cultures as Sociomaterial Orders of Energy. Edited by Debra J. Davidson and Matthias Gross. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190633851.013.10.
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This chapter discusses energy systems and energy transformations from a perspective on culture. First, it outlines three essential elements of energy cultures: everyday practices as ground layer, collective representations of the order of energy as second layer, and knowledge as a dynamic link mediating between these layers. The subsequent two sections use the examples of sustainable electricity in the European Union and Germany, as well as various efforts to create more sustainable ways of heating and housing, to illustrate how energy cultures operate and how they become particularly visible when contested. The suggested perspective, therefore, analyzes such transformations in terms of knowledge struggles in which different actors seek to promote their envisioned energy cultures. Utilizing specific knowledge-centered practices, these actors attempt to intervene in everyday practices of energy production, use, and distribution, as well as in collective representations of the roles, values, and meanings of energy within a society.
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O'Neill, Michael. Shelleyan Reimaginings and Influence. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833697.001.0001.
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Through close readings, Shelleyan Reimaginings and Influence: New Relations seeks to bring out the imaginative and formal brilliance of Percy Bysshe Shelley’s writing as it explores his involvement in processes of dialogue and influence. Shelley is among the major Romantic poetic exponents and theorists of influence because of his passionately intelligent commitment to the onward dissemination of ideas and feelings and to the unpredictable ways in which poets position themselves and are culturally positioned between past and future. The book has a tripartite structure. The first three chapters seek to illuminate his response to representative texts, figures, and themes that constitute the triple pillars of his cultural inheritance: the classical world (Plato); Renaissance poetry (Spenser and Milton); and Christianity—in particular, the concept of deity and the Bible. The second and major section of the book, from Chapters 4 to 12, explores Shelley’s relations and affinities with, as well as differences from, his immediate predecessors and contemporaries: Hazlitt and Lamb; Wordsworth; Coleridge; Southey; Byron; Keats (including the influence of Dante on Shelley’s elegy for his fellow Romantic); and the great painter J. M. W. Turner, with whom he is often linked. The third section considers Shelley’s reception by later nineteenth-century writers, figures influenced by and responding to Shelley: the figures chosen are Beddoes, Hemans, Landon, Tennyson, and Swinburne. A Coda discusses the body of critical work on Shelley produced by A. C. Bradley, a figure who stands at the threshold of twentieth-century thinking about Shelley.
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Prickett, Stephen. Literary Legacy. Edited by Frederick D. Aquino and Benjamin J. King. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198718284.013.29.
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Neither Anglicans nor Catholics ever seemed to grasp how inseparable literature and theology were for Newman. His prose fiction, like his poetry, involved complex images and symbols in a network of interconnected references, some obtrusive, some slight and allusive. Though declaring the Catholic Church essentially ‘poetic’ inverted his earlier idealized vision of Anglicanism, this remained a Catholicism with a peculiarly Anglican aesthetic. But if, for those whose interest in Newman is primarily theological, the idea of him as an essentially literary figure seems strange, for those whose knowledge of him is through choral concert performances of ‘The Dream of Gerontius’, the reality is equally strange. Writers are by nature solitary, but Newman was peculiarly solitary. Though he constantly sought community—in Oxford, and later among his fellow Catholics—whether in poetry or prose, his themes concern loneliness.
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Boyle, Deborah. Cavendish’s Atomism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190234805.003.0003.
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Making sense of Cavendish’s natural philosophy is complicated by the fact that her earliest work in natural philosophy presents an atomistic theory, which she very quickly seemed to repudiate in favor of her later vitalist materialism. This chapter examines Cavendish’s atomism, situating it in the context of seventeenth-century atomism and mechanism. Focusing on the question of how she thinks order and regularities arise within an atomistic framework, the chapter argues that Cavendish’s atomistic poems do not describe her atoms as working together as an organized system; each atom possesses its own inherent principle of motion, and sometimes they work together, but sometimes they do not. The chapter ends with a discussion of whether Cavendish actually endorsed atomism as a scientific theory (arguing that she did not) and why she had good reason to explicitly repudiate it in her subsequent works.
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Williams, Gareth D. The Etna Idea. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190272296.003.0002.
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As a preface of sorts to our later investigation (especially in Chapter 6) of the symbolic properties of Pietro Bembo’s representation of Mount Etna, Chapter 1 explores the rich diversity of Greco-Roman treatments of the volcano from Pindar down to Virgil, Ovid, Seneca, and the so-called Aetna poem (its authorship unknown). In mapping the Classical dimensions and contours of the cumulative Etna Idea, this chapter not only functions as a form of excavation into the literary geology of Pietro’s mountain, but also defines the question that much of the rest of this study seeks to address: in what ways, and to what extent, does Pietro challenge, exploit, and depart from (even upstage) the imaginative applications that are already encoded in Etna’s literary past?
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Ashe, Laura. Conversations with the Living and the Dead. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199575381.003.0007.
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This chapter considers the ways in which ideas permeated and changed society over time, through mechanisms that cannot directly be seen in the literary record. It seeks to adumbrate the vibrant oral culture of the period by tracing the movement of ideas between texts, contexts and audiences, using romances, lyrics, sermons, devotional works, anecdotes and proverbs, and accounts of legal cases. Extended discussions are offered of the figure of King Arthur in the Latin of Geoffrey of Monmouth, French of Wace, and English of Laȝamon; the Marian lament at the Passion, in Latin and its French and later English translations; the early Middle English religious lyric; the Mirror of the Church in Latin, French, and English; the South English Legendary, and several other texts.
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Doyle, Shane. Demography and Disease. Edited by John Parker and Richard Reid. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199572472.013.0002.
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This chapter discusses the literature relating to demography and disease in Africa. It evaluates the impact on patterns of morbidity and mortality of Africa’s accelerating integration into globalized trading networks in the nineteenth century, and subsequently of its conquest by European empires. The debate about the role played by colonial rule in stimulating Africa’s shift from historic underpopulation towards extremely rapid growth forms the heart of the chapter. The later sections consider competing theories which seek to explain the distinctiveness of fertility decline within Africa and the literature which has tried to evaluate and explain the demographic impact of Africa’s HIV pandemic.
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Sked, Alan. Belle Époque. Edited by Nicholas Doumanis. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199695669.013.2.
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Did Europe’s ‘age of catastrophe’ (1914–1945) represent a break with the past or did it amplify the tensions of the preceding era? Was it a ‘parenthesis’ or a ‘revelation’? Historians have usually taken the latter view and have dismissed popular nostalgia for the period before 1914 as mere hindsight. Yet Europeans had good reason to be nostalgic. The period 1900–1914 had its moments of crisis and ominous trends (e.g. anti-Semitism), but it was essentially defined by stability, democratization, and significant improvements in social conditions. Nor should one exaggerate the desire for war in society or among Europe’s political elites. Prior to the July Crisis, a great Continental war seemed neither inevitable nor likely, all of which has implications for our understanding of Europe’s later descent into barbarism. Simply put, the dynamics of violence and instability that characterized the ‘age of catastrophe’ were largely generated during that period.
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Braddick, Michael J. The Sufferings of John Lilburne. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748267.003.0006.
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Braddick explores how John Lilburne used Christian tropes of suffering and martyrdom to dramatize imperilled civic liberties rather than the true religion. His sufferings grew out of his religious commitments, but his public appeal was to all Englishmen, many of whose religious beliefs he would have found objectionable: what he had in common with them was his legal inheritance, not a shared religious identity. This line of argument was more comprehensible to later generations than the more inspired spiritual radicalism of many of his contemporaries, and his example continued to appeal to eighteenth-century audiences. To the Romantics, however, his perspective seemed cramped and limited: Carlyle thought that he lacked the transcendent vision of the true hero. While Lilburne had helped to secularize the tropes of martyrdom, its appeal in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries depended on their being reinvested with transcendent political ideals rather than the defence of particular rights.
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Brontë, Charlotte, and Juliette Atkinson. Jane Eyre. Edited by Margaret Smith. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780198804970.001.0001.
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Gentle reader, may you never feel what I then felt!’ Throughout the hardships of her childhood - spent with a severe aunt and abusive cousin, and later at the austere Lowood charity school - Jane Eyre clings to a sense of self-worth, despite of her treatment from those close to her. At the age of eighteen, sick of her narrow existence, she seeks work as a governess. The monotony of Jane’s new life at Thornfield Hall is broken up by the arrival of her peculiar and changeful employer, Mr Rochester. Routine at the mansion is further disrupted by mysterious incidents that draw the pair closer together but which, once explained, threaten Jane’s happiness and integrity. A flagship of Victorian fiction, Jane Eyre draws the reader in by the vigour of Jane’s voice and the novel’s forceful depiction of childhood injustice, of the restraints placed upon women, and the complexities of both faith and passion. The emotional charge of Jane’s story is as strong today as it was more than 150 years ago, as she seeks dignity and freedom on her own terms. In this new edition, Juliette Atkinson explores the power of narrative voice and looks at the striking physicality of the novel, which is both shocking and romantic.
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Shaw, Carolyn Martin. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039638.003.0001.
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This book examines the promise of feminism to empower women and bring social and political equality to both men and women in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe was once celebrated by feminists and progressives in the West for its liberation ideology, which included principled stands in favor of economic justice and gender equity. While the rest of the world learned later of the dismal failure of Zimbabwe's promise, many women in Zimbabwe felt its betrayal early on. This book asks what happens to women when such promises fail. More specifically, it asks what the promises of feminism are, how a feminist outlook developed within the Zimbabwean context, and how it has led to innovation and conventionality. It considers the varied effects of feminism in Zimbabwean social life, focusing on instances that seemed to promise women a better life and led them to believe in their own potential to influence politics. This introduction explains the book's research methodology and how the author came to Zimbabwe.
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Cornell, Agnes, Jørgen Møller, and Svend-Erik Skaaning. Democratic Stability in an Age of Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858249.001.0001.
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The interwar period has left a deep impression on later generations. This was an age of crises where representative democracy, itself a relatively recent political invention, seemed unable to cope with the challenges that confronted it. It has recently become popular to make present-day analogies to the political developments of the 1920s and 1930s. This book asks whether such historical analogies make sense and why some democracies were able to cope with the stress of interwar crises whereas others were not. Focusing on democratic stability in Europe, the former British settler colonies, and Latin America, the book emphasizes the importance of democratic legacies and the strength of the associational landscape (i.e., organized civil society and institutionalized political parties) for the chances of democratic survival. Moreover, the book shows that these factors where themselves associated with a set of deeper structural conditions, which on the eve of the interwar period had brought about different political pathways.
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Hinton, Alexander Laban. Performance (Reach Sambath, Public Affairs, and “Justice Trouble”). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820949.003.0008.
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Chapter 5 shifts from aesthetics to performativity, even as the two are intertwined. Just as the parties came together at Tuol Sleng in a performance of transitional justice and law, one that seemed to realize the transitional justice imaginary’s aspiration for transformation, so too did the civil parties enter into legal proceedings that had clear performative dimensions, including an ethnodramatic structure that led some to refer to it as “the show.” Indeed, justice itself is a momentary enactment of law, structured by power including legal codes and the force of law, which is plagued by the impossibility of realizing the universal in the particular, a dilemma Derrida has discussed in terms of justice always being something that is “to come.” Other scholarship, ranging from Butler’s ideas about the performativity of gender to Lacan’s theorization of the self, similarly discusses how idealizations break down even as they are performatively asserted with the momentary manifestation of the particular never able to fully accord with idealized aspirations—including those of the transitional justice imaginary and its facadist externalizations. The chapter begins with a discussion of the ways in which Vann Nath’s testimony illustrates the ways the court seeks to performatively assert justice through courtroom rituals, roles, and discourses. The chapter then turns to examine the related work of the court’s “public face,” the Public Affairs Section (PAS), which promoted its success in busing in tens of thousands of Cambodians as evidence of public engagement with the court. The chapter discusses some of the ways in which the head of the PAS, Reach Sambath, who was sometimes referred to as “Spokesperson for the Ghosts,” translated justice when interacting with such Cambodians with many of whom he shared a deep Buddhist belief. I then explore the issues of “Justice Trouble,” or some of the ways in which the instability of the juridical performance at the ECCC broke down, including Theary Seng’s later condemnation of the court.
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Kuusela, Oskari. Wittgenstein on Logic as the Method of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829751.001.0001.
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This book is an examination of Wittgenstein’s early and late philosophies of logic in relation to accounts of logic and its philosophical significance in early and middle analytic philosophy, with particular reference to Frege, Russell, Carnap, and Strawson. It argues that not only the early but also the later Wittgenstein sought to further develop the logical-philosophical approaches of Frege and Russell. Throughout his career Wittgenstein’s aim was to resolve problems with and address the limitations of Frege’s and Russell’s accounts of logic and their logical methodologies so as to achieve the philosophical progress that originally motivated the logical-philosophical approach. By re-examining the roots and development of analytic philosophy, the book seeks to open up covered-up paths for the further development of analytic philosophy. It explains how Wittgenstein extends logical methodology beyond calculus-based logical methods and how his novel account of the status of logic enables one to do justice to the complexity and richness of language use and thought while retaining rigour and ideals of logic such as simplicity and exactness. The book also outlines the new kind of non-empiricist naturalism developed in Wittgenstein’s later work as well as explaining how Wittgenstein’s account of logic can be used to dissolve the longstanding methodological dispute between the ideal and ordinary language schools of analytic philosophy.
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Frede, Michael. Aristotle's Account of the Origins of Philosophy. Edited by Patricia Curd and Daniel W. Graham. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195146875.003.0020.
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This article sheds light on Aristotle's own understanding of philosophy. It tries to give an account of how Aristotle seeks to determine and to explain the origin of philosophy and to account for its early development. It focuses on his account of the history of philosophy from its beginnings down to his own time in Metaphysics 1.3–10, in particular 1.3–6. It derives a good deal of knowledge about early Greek philosophy directly from Aristotle. A great deal of the information provided by later ancient sources itself is derived from Aristotle and his students, like Theophrastus or Eudemus. The evidential value of this information is rather high. It also is clear that Aristotle had his own particular perspective on the history of early Greek philosophy, and that his students largely shared his general view of the early history of Greek philosophy.
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Loughlin, Martin. Politonomy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810223.003.0008.
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This chapter examines Carl Schmitt’s contribution to political jurisprudence. It approaches the issue through the concept of politonomy, a concept first alluded to by Schmitt but which he never developed. Politonomy seeks a scientific understanding of the basic laws and practices of the political. The chapter situates Schmitt within the German tradition of state theory and shows that his overall objective was to build a theory of the constitution of political authority from the most basic elements of the subject. It suggests that Schmitt occupies an ambivalent position in political jurisprudence and that this is because of his distrust of the scientific significance of general concepts. To the extent that he acknowledged the existence of a ‘law of the political’, this is found in Schmitt’s embrace of institutionalism in the 1930s and later in his account of nomos as the basic law of appropriation, division, and production.
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Alanen, Lilli. The Metaphysics of Affects or the Unbearable Reality of Confusion. Edited by Michael Della Rocca. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195335828.013.012.
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This chapter discusses the reality of the affects in Spinoza’s theory, their nature as objects of knowledge, and their role in his emancipation project. He distinguished two kinds of affect: passive and active. This chapter discusses the tensions this creates in Spinoza’s view of the affects and some problems for his program of developing a naturalistic psychology continuous with the mechanistic science of nature. It also argues that Spinoza’s doctrine of affects leaves very little room for the kind of self-caused activity (or action in his strict sense of adequate causation) that the salvation he seeks requires. If Spinoza’s science of the human mind as well as his overly intellectualist emancipation project are problematic, his theory of the dynamics of the soul remains an important forerunner of later naturalist accounts of human passions—not least that of Hume, who does not hesitate to turn reason into their humble slave.
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Kiesewetter, Benjamin. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754282.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 explains the main question that this book seeks to answer, lays out the most important assumptions on which its argument is based, and describes the basic problem that it aims to solve. After introducing the normative question about rationality (1.1), the chapter outlines the basic picture of normativity that will be presupposed, discussing the concepts ‘ought’ and ‘reason’ and their function in practical and epistemic deliberation (1.2). The chapter then examines the relation between the phenomenon of structural irrationality (1.3) and the idea of structural requirements of rationality (1.4). The discussion allows for a statement of the basic problem that is the subject of this volume and describes a range of views that have been advocated with respect to that problem (1.5). The chapter ends by pointing out the main difficulties of these views and giving a brief preview of later chapters (1.6).
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Kadelbach, Stefan. Hugo Grotius: On the Conquest of Utopia by Systematic Reasoning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198768586.003.0008.
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This chapter seeks to reconstruct the basic elements of Grotian thinking from his two most famous treatises, De jure praedae and De jure belli ac pacis. Both have different biographical and historical backgrounds and an entirely different history of reception. The first is foremost considered as a memorandum to serve commercial interests, whereas the latter is, with some justification, seen to pursue humanist idealism, the systematic ambition of legal scholarship, and the ordering idea of peace. However, since some of what has been called ‘Grotian’ is not much more than a standard taxonomy of the history of ideas, the chapter deals with adaptations of Grotius’ philosophy in natural law thinking and internationalist reception to assess how much of Grotianism came about in later epochs. The many contradictions in the work of Grotius both inspire and invite us to explore the distinctions between moral imperatives and positive international law.
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Underwood, Grant. The Dictation, Compilation, and Canonization of Joseph Smith’s Revelations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190274375.003.0005.
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Those who joined the church begun by Joseph Smith looked to the revelations Smith dictated as God’s divine will and word. With the printing of the Book of Commandments and later publication of the Doctrine and Covenants, these revelations gained wider prominence and circulation. The elevation of this new Mormon scripture resulted in Smith’s role as “prophet, seer, revelator, and translator” being increasingly associated with the texts he had already made available. But as those texts were published, the changes they underwent complicated the text. In “The Dictation, Compilation, and Canonization of Joseph Smith’s Revelation,” Grant Underwood clearly lays out the role of Smith and the dictation, production, and publication of those revelations, providing an overview of this complicated process.
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Jones, David Martin. History's Fools. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510612.001.0001.
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The end of the Cold War announced a new world order. Liberal democracy prevailed, ideological conflict abated, and world politics set off for the promised land of a secular, cosmopolitan, market-friendly end of history. Or so it seemed. Thirty years later, this unipolar worldview— premised on shared values, open markets, open borders and abstract social justice—lies in tatters. What happened? David Martin Jones examines the progressive ideas behind liberal Western practice since the end of the twentieth century, at home and abroad. This mentality, he argues, took an excessively long view of the future and a short view of the past, abandoning politics in favour of ideas, and failing to address or understand rejection of liberal norms by non-Western ‘others’. He explores the inevitable consequences of this liberal hubris: political and economic confusion, with the chaotic results we have seen. Finally, he advocates a return to more sceptical political thinking— with prudent statecraft abroad, and defence of political order at home—in order to rescue the West from its widely advertised demise.
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Oreskes, Naomi. The Rejection of Continental Drift. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117325.001.0001.
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In the early twentieth century, American earth scientists were united in their opposition to the new--and highly radical--notion of continental drift, even going so far as to label the theory "unscientific." Some fifty years later, however, continental drift was heralded as a major scientific breakthrough and today it is accepted as scientific fact. Why did American geologists reject so adamantly an idea that is now considered a cornerstone of the discipline? And why were their European colleagues receptive to it so much earlier? This book, based on extensive archival research on three continents, provides important new answers while giving the first detailed account of the American geological community in the first half of the century. Challenging previous historical work on this episode, Naomi Oreskes shows that continental drift was not rejected for the lack of a causal mechanism, but because it seemed to conflict with the basic standards of practice in American geology. This account provides a compelling look at how scientific ideas are made and unmade.
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Dallmayr, Fred. Gandhi for Today. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190670979.003.0007.
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The chapter shifts the focus from East Asia to India’s struggle for independence and democracy, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. In many ways, Gandhi’s example provided inspiration for later emancipatory movements in the non-Western world. Seen from this angle, Gandhi’s political agenda can be described as a “philosophy of liberation” that (as in Dussel’s case) seeks to transcend the “center-periphery” paradigm in the direction of a “transmodern” democratic equality. The latter idea was captured in Gandhi’s notion of “self-rule” (swaraj), a notion that—far removed from autocracy—implies the ability to rule over oneself, thus making room for the practice of relational care and respect. This practice was also the cornerstone of two other key notions of Gandhi’s work: nonviolence (ahimsa) and striving for justice (satyagraha). These features lift Gandhian democracy far above the procedural minimalism of liberal self-interest, bringing into view the potentiality of a democracy “to come.”
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Fiorino, Daniel J. Ecological Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190605803.003.0004.
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A weakness in the writing about green growth is inattention to governance. This chapter explores the evidence on the role of governance factors on ecological performance among countries. Although some critics doubt the ability of democratic systems to respond to difficult and complex ecological problems like climate change or ecosystem degradation, there are practical and normative reasons to seek more rather than less democracy. Specific institutional factors (federalist versus unitary or parliamentary versus separation of powers) may affect national performance. More influential in supporting effective ecological governance—and by extension a capacity for green growth—is the ability in a political system to build consensus on issues, integrate across policy sectors, and find positive relationships among ecological and economic goals. These lessons are applied to an analysis of the United States in later chapters.
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Hardy, Thomas, and Pamela Dalziel. The Mayor of Casterbridge. Edited by Dale Kramer. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199537037.001.0001.
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‘The woman is no good to me. Who’ll have her?’ Michael Henchard is an out-of-work hay-trusser who gets drunk at a local fair and impulsively sells his wife Susan and baby daughter. Eighteen years later Susan and her daughter seek him out, only to discover that he has become the most prominent man in Casterbridge. Henchard attempts to make amends for his youthful misdeeds but his unchanged impulsiveness clouds his relationships in love as well as his fortunes in business. Although Henchard is fated to be a modern-day tragic hero, unable to survive in the new commercial world, his story is also a journey towards love. This edition is the only critically established text of the novel, based on a comprehensive study of the manuscript and Hardy's extensive revisions.
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Bell, Sinclair W., and Paul J. du Plessis, eds. Roman Law before the Twelve Tables. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474443968.001.0001.
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Bringing together a team of international experts from different subject areas – including law, history, archaeology and anthropology – this book re-evaluates the traditional narratives surrounding the origins of Roman law before the enactment of the Twelve Tables. Much is now known about the archaic period, relevant evidence from later periods continues to emerge and new methodologies bring the promise of interpretive inroads. This book explores whether, in light of recent developments in these fields, the earliest history of Roman law should be reconsidered. Drawing upon the critical axioms of contemporary sociological and anthropological theory, the contributors yield new insights and offer new perspectives on Rome’s early legal history. In doing so, they seek to revise our understanding of Roman legal history as well as to enrich our appreciation of its culture as a whole.
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Jackson, Lucy C. M. M. The Chorus of Drama in the Fourth Century BCE. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844532.001.0001.
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The Chorus of Drama in the Fourth Century BCE seeks to upend conventional thinking about the development of drama from the fifth to the fourth centuries. Set in the context of a theatre industry extending far beyond the confines of the City Dionysia and the city of Athens, the identity of choral performers and the significance of their contribution to the shape and meaning of drama in the later Classical period (c.400–323) as a whole is an intriguing and under-explored area of enquiry. Drawing together the fourth-century historical, material, dramatic, literary, and philosophical sources that attest to the activity and quality of dramatic choruses, the book provides a new way of talking and thinking about the choruses of drama after the deaths of Euripides and Sophocles. Having considered the positive evidence for dramatic choral activity, the book provides a radical rethinking of two oft-cited yet ill-understood phenomena that have traditionally supported the idea that the chorus of drama ‘declined’ in the fourth century: the inscription of χοροῦ μέλος in papyri and manuscripts in place of fully written-out choral odes, and Aristotle’s invocation of embolima (Poetics 1456a25–32). The book goes on to explore how influential fourth-century authors such as Plato, Demosthenes, and Xenophon, as well as artistic representations of choruses on fourth-century monuments, have had an important role in shaping later scholars’ understanding of the dramatic chorus throughout the Classical period. The book’s conclusions, too, have implications for the broader story we wish to tell about Attic drama, and its most enigmatic and fundamental element, the chorus.
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Kamola, Stefan. Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421423.001.0001.
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Making Mongol History examines the life and work of Rashid al-Din Tabib (d. 1318), the most powerful statesman working for the Mongol Ilkhans in the Middle East. It seeks to integrate his most famous work, the historical compendium, the Collected Histories (Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh), into two contexts: a developing genre of Persian historical writing and Rashid al-Din’s broader political and intellectual projects. Opening chapters offer an overview of administrative history and historiography in the early Ilkhanate, culminating with Rashid al-Din’s Blessed History of Ghazan, the indispensable source for Mongol and Ilkhanid history. Later chapters lay out the results of the most comprehensive study to date of the manuscripts of Rashid al-Din’s historical writing. Also explored is the complicated relationship between Rashid al-Din’s historical and theological writings, as well as his appropriation of the work of his contemporary historian, ʿAbd Allah Qashani. Their rivalry, as well as other personal alliances and conflicts at the court of the Ilkhans, continue to shape our understanding of Mongol history.
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Matthews, Gareth. Why Plato Lost Interest in the Socratic Method. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825128.003.0002.
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The Socratic elenchus is a method of philosophical analysis which Plato largely dropped in his middle and later writings, with two exceptions, Republic 1 and the Theaetetus. But it is a mistake to describe these as elenctic dialogues, which typically seek an analysis of a virtue in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions, by questioning some alleged expert about its essence. Republic 1 does not follow this pattern: Thrasymachus fundamentally objects to such a procedure and the presuppositions underlying it, while Glaucon and Socrates turn to developing their own theories of justice. The Theaetetus is likewise concerned with exploring and testing theories, in this case of knowledge. The Socratic elenchus cannot produce any philosophically interesting theories, let alone establish their truth, but at most refute them. As Plato increasingly sought out such theories, the kind of analysis at issue in the Socratic elenchus came to interest him less.