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Journal articles on the topic 'Laser sensor'
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1
Naveed, Shayan, Tayyaba Malik, Muhammad Muneer, and Mohammad Ali Mohammad. "A Laser Scribed Graphene Oxide and Polyimide Hybrid Strain Sensor." Key Engineering Materials 778 (September 2018): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.778.169.
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Strain sensors are devices used in applications such as electronic skin, prosthetic limbs, and e-textile applications, etc., for the purpose of measuring the physical elongation of a desired structure under a given or applied force. An artificial throat, using a strain sensor, was recently developed as an aid for speech impaired individuals. Strain sensors have been developed using graphene and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), with a reported gauge factor ranging from (5~120). We have developed a strain sensor through laser scribing. Using laser scribing is a recent and facile technology, used for printed electronics. Complex geometries and patterns can be drawn very easily using this method. The laser scribing method relies on the property of certain materials to form a graphene-like conductive material upon irradiation by lasers. Polyimide and graphene oxide (GO) are two such materials.In these experiments, 2×2 cm sheet of polyimide were taken and printed 1×1 cm box on the sheet using a laser patterning setup of 450 nm wavelength. Graphene oxide solution was drop-casted on the reduced polyimide sheet of 1×1cm, to increase its sensitivity, and then the drop-casted graphene oxide was reduced using the same laser. The strain sensor was characterized by a micro-strain testing machine. The normalized resistance was plotted against strain and the gauge factor was calculated. The effect of the laser intensity was investigated and different gauge factors were calculated by varying the intensity of the laser. The gauge factors were found to be in the range of 49-54 and was compared with the polyimide reduced strain sensor (without drop-casting the GO).
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Wang, Qilong, Yu Zhang, Weichao Shi, and Meng Nie. "Laser Ranging-Assisted Binocular Visual Sensor Tracking System." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030688.
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Aimed at improving the low measurement accuracy of the binocular vision sensor along the optical axis in the process of target tracking, we proposed a method for auxiliary correction using a laser-ranging sensor in this paper. In the process of system measurement, limited to the mechanical performance of the two-dimensional turntable, the measurement value of a laser-ranging sensor is lagged. In this paper, the lag information is updated directly to solve the time delay. Moreover, in order to give full play to the advantages of binocular vision sensors and laser-ranging sensors in target tracking, federated filtering is used to improve the information utilization and measurement accuracy and to solve the estimated correlation. The experimental results show that the real-time and measurement accuracy of the laser ranging-assisted binocular visual-tracking system is improved by the direct update algorithm and the federal filtering algorithm. The results of this paper are significant for binocular vision sensors and laser-ranging sensors in engineering applications involving target tracking systems.
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Lin, Liang, Jin, and Wang. "Dual-Polarized Fiber Laser Sensor for Photoacoustic Microscopy." Sensors 19, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 4632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214632.
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Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) provides high-resolution, label-free and non-invasive functional imaging for broad biomedical applications. Dual-polarized fiber laser sensors have high sensitivity, low noise, a miniature size, and excellent stability; thus, they have been used in acoustic detection in OR-PAM. Here, we review recent progress in fiber-laser-based ultrasound sensors for photoacoustic microscopy, especially the dual-polarized fiber laser sensor with high sensitivity. The principle, characterization and sensitivity optimization of this type of sensor are presented. In vivo experiments demonstrate its excellent performance in the detection of photoacoustic (PA) signals in OR-PAM. This review summarizes representative applications of fiber laser sensors in OR-PAM and discusses their further improvements.
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Moreno, Javier, Eduard Clotet, Dani Martínez, Marcel Tresanchez, Tomàs Pallejà, and Jordi Palacín. "Experimental Characterization of the Twin-Eye Laser Mouse Sensor." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4281397.
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This paper proposes the experimental characterization of a laser mouse sensor used in some optical mouse devices. The sensor characterized is called twin-eye laser mouse sensor and uses the Doppler effect to measure displacement as an alternative to optical flow-based mouse sensors. The experimental characterization showed similar measurement performances to optical flow sensors except in the sensitivity to height changes and when measuring nonlinear displacements, where the twin-eye sensor offered better performance. The measurement principle of this optical sensor can be applied to the development of alternative inexpensive applications that require planar displacement measurement and poor sensitivity toz-axis changes such as mobile robotics.
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de La Rochefoucauld, Ombeline, Guillaume Dovillaire, Fabrice Harms, Mourad Idir, Lei Huang, Xavier Levecq, Martin Piponnier, and Philippe Zeitoun. "EUV and Hard X-ray Hartmann Wavefront Sensing for Optical Metrology, Alignment and Phase Imaging." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030874.
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For more than 15 years, Imagine Optic have developed Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV) and X-ray Hartmann wavefront sensors for metrology and imaging applications. These sensors are compatible with a wide range of X-ray sources: from synchrotrons, Free Electron Lasers, laser-driven betatron and plasma-based EUV lasers to High Harmonic Generation. In this paper, we first describe the principle of a Hartmann sensor and give some key parameters to design a high-performance sensor. We also present different applications from metrology (for manual or automatic alignment of optics), to soft X-ray source optimization and X-ray imaging.
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Mihailov, Stephen J., Cyril Hnatovsky, Nurmemet Abdukerim, Robert B. Walker, Ping Lu, Yanping Xu, Xiaoyi Bao, et al. "Ultrafast Laser Processing of Optical Fibers for Sensing Applications." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041447.
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A review of recent progress in the use of infrared femtosecond lasers to fabricate optical fiber sensors that incorporate fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) and random fiber gratings (RFG) is presented. The important advancements in femtosecond laser writing based on the phase mask technique now allow through-the-coating (TTC) fabrication of Bragg gratings in ultra-thin fiber filaments, tilted fiber Bragg gratings, and 1000 °C-resistant fiber Bragg gratings with very strong cladding modes. As an example, through-the-coating femtosecond laser writing is used to manufacture distributed fiber Bragg grating sensor arrays for oil pipeline leak detection. The plane-by-plane femtosecond laser writing technique used for the inscription of random fiber gratings is also reviewed and novel applications of the resultant devices in distributed temperature sensing, fiber lasers and fiber laser sensors are discussed.
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Westgate, Christopher, and David James. "Visible-Band Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Damage Thresholds of Silicon 2D Imaging Arrays." Sensors 22, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 2526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072526.
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Laser-induced camera damage thresholds were measured for several sensors of three different sensor architectures using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in order to determine their pulsed laser-induced damage thresholds. Charge coupled device (CCD), front-side illuminated complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor (FSI CMOS), and back-side illuminated (BSI) CMOS sensors were assessed under laboratory and outdoor environments by increasing the focused laser intensity onto the sensors and recording the sensor output. The damage sites were classified qualitatively into damage types, and pixel counting methods were applied to quantitatively plot damage scale against laser intensity. Probit-fits were applied to find the intensity values where a 95% probability of damage would occur (FD95) and showed that FD95 was approximately the same under laboratory conditions for CCD, FSI CMOS, and BSI CMOS sensors (mean 532 nm FD95 of 0.077 ± 0.01 Jcm−2). BSI CMOS sensors were the most robust to large-scale damage effects—BSI sensor kill was found at approximately 103 Jcm−2, compared to 10 Jcm−2 for FSI CMOS, and between ~1.6 and 2.7 Jcm−2 for CCDs.
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Singh, Ravinder, and Kuldeep Singh Nagla. "Multi-data sensor fusion framework to detect transparent object for the efficient mobile robot mapping." International Journal of Intelligent Unmanned Systems 7, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijius-05-2018-0013.
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Purpose An efficient perception of the complex environment is the foremost requirement in mobile robotics. At present, the utilization of glass as a glass wall and automated transparent door in the modern building has become a highlight feature for interior decoration, which has resulted in the wrong perception of the environment by various range sensors. The perception generated by multi-data sensor fusion (MDSF) of sonar and laser is fairly consistent to detect glass but is still affected by the issues such as sensor inaccuracies, sensor reliability, scan mismatching due to glass, sensor model, probabilistic approaches for sensor fusion, sensor registration, etc. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents a modified framework – Advanced Laser and Sonar Framework (ALSF) – to fuse the sensory information of a laser scanner and sonar to reduce the uncertainty caused by glass in an environment by selecting the optimal range information corresponding to a selected threshold value. In the proposed approach, the conventional sonar sensor model is also modified to reduce the wrong perception in sonar as an outcome of the diverse range measurement. The laser scan matching algorithm is also modified by taking out the small cluster of laser point (w.r.t. range information) to get efficient perception. Findings The probability of the occupied cells w.r.t. the modified sonar sensor model becomes consistent corresponding to diverse sonar range measurement. The scan matching technique is also modified to reduce the uncertainty caused by glass and high computational load for the efficient and fast pose estimation of the laser sensor/mobile robot to generate robust mapping. These stated modifications are linked with the proposed ALSF technique to reduce the uncertainty caused by glass, inconsistent probabilities and high load computation during the generation of occupancy grid mapping with MDSF. Various real-world experiments are performed with the implementation of the proposed approach on a mobile robot fitted with laser and sonar, and the obtained results are qualitatively and quantitatively compared with conventional approaches. Originality/value The proposed ASIF approach generates efficient perception of the complex environment contains glass and can be implemented for various robotics applications.
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Singh, Ravinder, and Kuldeep Singh Nagla. "Improved 2D laser grid mapping by solving mirror reflection uncertainty in SLAM." International Journal of Intelligent Unmanned Systems 6, no. 2 (April 16, 2018): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijius-01-2018-0003.
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Purpose Accurate perception of the environment using range sensors such as laser scanner, SONAR, infrared, vision, etc., for the application, such as path planning, localization, autonomous navigation, simultaneously localization and mapping, is a highly challenging area. The reliability of the perception by range sensors relies on the sensor accuracy, precision, sensor model, sensor registration, resolution, etc. Laser scanner is even though accurate and precise but still the efficient and consistent mapping of the environment is yet to be attained because laser scanner gives error as the extrinsic and intrinsic parameters varied which cause specular reflection, refraction, absorption, etc., of the laser beam. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents an error analysis in sensory information of laser scanner due to the effect of varying the scanning angle with respect to the optical axis and surface reflectivity or refractive index of the targets. Uncertainties caused by these parameters are reduced by proposing a new technique, tilt mounting system (TMS) with designed filters of tilting the angular position of a laser scanner with the best possible selection of range and scanning angle for the robust occupancy grid mapping. Various experiments are performed in different indoor environments, and the results are validated after the implementation of the TMS approach with designed filters. Findings After the implementation of the proposed TMS approach with filters, the errors in the laser grid map are reduced by 15.6 percent, which results in 62.5 percent reduction in the collision of a mobile robot during autonomous navigation in the laser grid map. Originality/value The TMS approach with designed filter reduces the effect of variation in intrinsic and extrinsic parameters to generate efficient laser occupancy grid map to achieve collision-free autonomous navigation.
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Kang, Sang-Hyeon, Dae-Hyun Han, and Lae-Hyong Kang. "Defect Visualization of a Steel Structure Using a Piezoelectric Line Sensor Based on Laser Ultrasonic Guided Wave." Materials 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 3992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233992.
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We studied the detection and visualization of defects in a test object using a laser ultrasonic guided wave. The scan area is irradiated by a laser generated from a Nd:YAG 532 nm Q-switched laser generator through a galvanometer scanner. The laser irradiation causes the surface temperature to suddenly rise and then become temporarily adiabatic. The locally heated region reaches thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. In other words, heat energy propagates inside the object in the form of elastic energy through adiabatic expansion. This thermoelastic wave is typically acquired by a piezoelectric sensor, which is sensitive in the ultrasonic domain. A single piezoelectric sensor has limited coverage in the scan area, while multi-channel piezoelectric sensors require many sensors, large-scale wiring, and many channeling devices for use and installation. In addition, the sensors may not acquire signals due to their installed locations, and the efficiency may be reduced because of the overlap between the sensing areas of multiple sensors. For these reasons, the concept of a piezoelectric line sensor is adopted in this study for the first time. To verify the feasibility of the line sensor, I- and L-shaped sensors were attached to a steel structure, and the ultrasound signal from laser excitation was obtained. If the steel structure has defects on the back, the ultrasonic propagation image will be distorted in the defect area. Thus, we can detect the defects easily from the visualization image. Three defects were simulated for the test. The results show that the piezoelectric line sensor can detect defects more precisely and accurately compared to a single piezoelectric sensor.
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Lu, Ming Chih, Yu Chen Wang, Cheng Pei Tsai, Wei Yen Wang, and Shun Feng Su. "Multi-Sensors Based Inclines Measuring System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 1168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.1168.
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In this paper, we propose a multi-sensor based incline measuring system. The systems include: g-sensor, e-compass sensor, and image-based incline measuring system install in a same structure, the solar cell system and wireless transmission system (zig-bee) also install in the same structure. The g-sensor and image-based incline measuring system use to measure the incline angle and the micro-vibration, and the e-compass sensor to measure the angle of rotation. The image-based incline measuring system include: a laser projector, a measuring board and a camera, and the system use the characteristic of laser, and the laser projector hanging on structure project a laser beam on the measuring board vertically. The camera captures an image to identify the coordinate of laser spot, and use the coordinate of laser spot to calculate the actual incline angle. The results of incline angle combine two different sensors to increase the accuracy of measurement result.
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Anastasiou, Evangelos, Athanasios Balafoutis, Serafeim Theocharis, Nikolaos Theodorou, Stefanos Koundouras, and Spyros Fountas. "Assessment of Laser Scanner Use under Different Settings in Two Differently Managed Vineyards for Estimating Pruning Wood Parameters." AgriEngineering 4, no. 3 (August 9, 2022): 733–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering4030047.
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Precision viticulture employs various sensors for assessing nondestructively key parameters in vineyards. One of the most promising technologies for this purpose is the laser scanner sensor. Laser scanner uses the LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) method for the calculation of the distance from the sensor. However, the number of cultivation operations affects the credibility of sensors such as the laser scanner. The main aim of this study was to assess a laser scanner sensor at different measurement settings for estimating pruning wood parameters on two wine grape cultivars (Sauvignon Blanc and Syrah) that received different numbers of farming interventions. The experiment was conducted in the two vineyards situated in the same farm for two successive years (2014 and 2015). The results indicated that the use of a laser scanner in the Syrah vineyard presented more accurate results (r = 0.966 in 2014 and r = 0.806 in 2015) when compared to the Sauvignon Blanc one (r = 0.839 in 2014 and r = 0.607 in 2015) regarding pruning wood parameters estimation. Different measurement settings and weather conditions had different effects on the accuracy of the sensor. It can be concluded that the laser scanner is a very helpful sensor for estimating pruning wood parameters in vineyards.
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Jeong, Sung-Yeob, Chan-Woo Lee, Jun-Uk Lee, Yong-Won Ma, and Bo-Sung Shin. "Laser-Induced Biochar Formation through 355 nm Pulsed Laser Irradiation of Wood, and Application to Eco-Friendly pH Sensors." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10101904.
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Due to the limited availability of agricultural land, pH sensing is becoming more and more important these days to produce efficient agricultural products. Therefore, to fabricate eco-friendly and disposable sensors, the black carbon, which is called biochar, is formed by irradiation of a UV pulsed laser having a wavelength of 355 nm onto wood and applying the resulting material as a pH sensor. The surfaces of three types of wood (beech, cork oak, and ash) were converted to the graphitic structure after UV laser irradiation; their morphologies were investigated. In addition, since the content of lignin, an organic polymer, is different for each wood, optimal laser irradiation conditions (laser fluence) needed to form these woods into pH sensors were considered. Depending on the degree of oil-like material generated after laser irradiation, a disposable pH sensor that can be used from one to three times is fabricated; due to the environmental characteristics of wood and biochar, the sensor shows high availability in that it can be easily discarded after use on agricultural land. After that, it can be used as filter in soil. Our wood-based pH sensor sensitively measures sequential changes from pH 4 to pH 10 and shows a very linear change of △R/R, indicating its potential for use in agriculture.
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Miu, Dana, Izabela Constantinoiu, Cornelia Enache, and Cristian Viespe. "Effect of Pd/ZnO Morphology on Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Response." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (October 2, 2021): 2598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102598.
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Laser deposition was used to obtain Pd/ZnO bilayers, which were used as sensing layers in surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors. The effect of laser deposition parameters such as deposition pressure, laser energy per pulse, laser wavelength or pulse duration on the porosity of the Pd and ZnO films used in the sensors was studied. The effect of the morphology of the Pd and ZnO components on the sensor response to hydrogen was assessed. Deposition conditions producing more porous films lead to a larger sensor response. The morphology of the ZnO component of the bilayer is decisive and has an influence on the sensor properties in the same order of magnitude as the use of a bilayer instead of a single Pd or ZnO layer. The effect of the Pd film morphology is considerably smaller than that of ZnO, probably due to its smaller thickness. This has implications in other bilayer material combinations used in such sensors and for other types of analytes.
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Kolar, Prasanna, Patrick Benavidez, and Mo Jamshidi. "Survey of Datafusion Techniques for Laser and Vision Based Sensor Integration for Autonomous Navigation." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 12, 2020): 2180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082180.
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This paper focuses on data fusion, which is fundamental to one of the most important modules in any autonomous system: perception. Over the past decade, there has been a surge in the usage of smart/autonomous mobility systems. Such systems can be used in various areas of life like safe mobility for the disabled, senior citizens, and so on and are dependent on accurate sensor information in order to function optimally. This information may be from a single sensor or a suite of sensors with the same or different modalities. We review various types of sensors, their data, and the need for fusion of the data with each other to output the best data for the task at hand, which in this case is autonomous navigation. In order to obtain such accurate data, we need to have optimal technology to read the sensor data, process the data, eliminate or at least reduce the noise and then use the data for the required tasks. We present a survey of the current data processing techniques that implement data fusion using different sensors like LiDAR that use light scan technology, stereo/depth cameras, Red Green Blue monocular (RGB) and Time-of-flight (TOF) cameras that use optical technology and review the efficiency of using fused data from multiple sensors rather than a single sensor in autonomous navigation tasks like mapping, obstacle detection, and avoidance or localization. This survey will provide sensor information to researchers who intend to accomplish the task of motion control of a robot and detail the use of LiDAR and cameras to accomplish robot navigation.
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Kun, Huang, Liu Bin, Mostafa Orban, Qiu Donghai, and Yang Hongbo. "Accurate Flexible Temperature Sensor Based on Laser-Induced Graphene Material." Shock and Vibration 2021 (June 16, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9938010.
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Body temperature is an essential physiological index reflecting human health. Accurate measurements of body temperature play a vital role in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this paper, a temperature sensor manufactured by laser-induced graphene is introduced. This sensor has high measurement accuracy, simple preparation, and low production cost. The sensor is made of laser-induced graphene and is easier to fabricate and operate than traditional thermal resistance sensors. The sensor is of high accuracy, is easy to manufacture, and is of low cost. The sensor has high accuracy and is linear between 30°C and 40°C in the human body temperature ranges. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) sensor’s resistance value is correlated linearly with the temperature value, and compared with the infrared thermometer, the accuracy of the sensor is ±0.15°C while that of the infrared thermometer is ±0.30°C. The sensitivity of the LIG sensor is − 0.04145 % ° C − 1 .
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Suh, Young Soo. "Laser Sensors for Displacement, Distance and Position." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 24, 2019): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081924.
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Laser sensors can be used to measure distances to objects and their related parameters (displacements, position, surface profiles and velocities). Laser sensors are based on many different optical techniques, such as triangulation, time-of-flight, confocal and interferometric sensors. As laser sensor technology has improved, the size and cost of sensors have decreased, which has led to the widespread use of laser sensors in many areas. In addition to traditional manufacturing industry applications, laser sensors are increasingly used in robotics, surveillance, autonomous driving and biomedical areas. This paper outlines some of the recent efforts made towards laser sensors for displacement, distance and position.
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Komoriya, Kiyoshi, and Kazuo Tani. "Development of a Laser Range Sensor for a Mobile Robot." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 3, no. 5 (October 20, 1991): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1991.p0373.
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External sensors which can detect environmental information are important for a mobile robot to recognize its surroundings and location. Among external sensors, range sensors are fundamental because they can directly detect the free space in which the mobile robot can move without colliding with the surrounding objects. A laser range sensor provides good spatial resolution, and it is expected to detect characteristic parts of the environment used as landmarks for recognizing robot position. This paper presents the construction of a laser range sensor system which can be implemented in a small mobile robot. The system consists of several components including laser diode, CCD camera, and mark detection hardware. Based on triangulation method, the system can detect the distance to the object's surface on which the beam spot is directed. In order to detect a landmark, such as a wall edge, the sensor system is mounted on a rotary table. By horizontally scanning, the sensor can detect wall edges with an accuracy of approximately 5mm and an orientation accuracy of approximately 1 degree within 3m. This system has been installed in an indoor mobile robot and is used for autonomous navigation control along corridors.
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Lee, Sanghoon, Dongkyu Lee, Pyung Choi, and Daejin Park. "Accuracy–Power Controllable LiDAR Sensor System with 3D Object Recognition for Autonomous Vehicle." Sensors 20, no. 19 (October 7, 2020): 5706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195706.
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Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors help autonomous vehicles detect the surrounding environment and the exact distance to an object’s position. Conventional LiDAR sensors require a certain amount of power consumption because they detect objects by transmitting lasers at a regular interval according to a horizontal angular resolution (HAR). However, because the LiDAR sensors, which continuously consume power inefficiently, have a fatal effect on autonomous and electric vehicles using battery power, power consumption efficiency needs to be improved. In this paper, we propose algorithms to improve the inefficient power consumption of conventional LiDAR sensors, and efficiently reduce power consumption in two ways: (a) controlling the HAR to vary the laser transmission period (TP) of a laser diode (LD) depending on the vehicle’s speed and (b) reducing the static power consumption using a sleep mode, depending on the surrounding environment. The proposed LiDAR sensor with the HAR control algorithm reduces the power consumption of the LD by 6.92% to 32.43% depending on the vehicle’s speed, compared to the maximum number of laser transmissions (Nx.max). The sleep mode with a surrounding environment-sensing algorithm reduces the power consumption by 61.09%. The algorithm of the proposed LiDAR sensor was tested on a commercial processor chip, and the integrated processor was designed as an IC using the Global Foundries 55 nm CMOS process.
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Park, Chan, Hyunsuk Jung, Hyunwoo Lee, Sunguk Hong, Hyonguk Kim, and Seong Cho. "One-Step Laser Encapsulation of Nano-Cracking Strain Sensors." Sensors 18, no. 8 (August 14, 2018): 2673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082673.
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Development of flexible strain sensors that can be attached directly onto the skin, such as skin-mountable or wearable electronic devices, has recently attracted attention. However, such flexible sensors are generally exposed to various harsh environments, such as sweat, humidity, or dust, which cause noise and shorten the sensor lifetimes. This study reports the development of a nano-crack-based flexible sensor with mechanically, thermally, and chemically stable electrical characteristics in external environments using a novel one-step laser encapsulation (OLE) method optimized for thin films. The OLE process allows simultaneous patterning, cutting, and encapsulating of a device using laser cutting and thermoplastic polymers. The processes are simplified for economical and rapid production (one sensor in 8 s). Unlike other encapsulation methods, OLE does not degrade the performance of the sensor because the sensing layers remain unaffected. Sensors protected with OLE exhibit mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability under water-, heat-, dust-, and detergent-exposed conditions. Finally, a waterproof, flexible strain sensor is developed to detect motions around the eye, where oil and sweat are generated. OLE-based sensors can be used in several applications that are exposed to a large amount of foreign matter, such as humid or sweaty environments.
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Kang, Jiehu, Bin Wu, Xiaodeng Duan, and Ting Xue. "A Novel Calibration Method of Articulated Laser Sensor for Trans-Scale 3D Measurement." Sensors 19, no. 5 (March 3, 2019): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051083.
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The articulated laser sensor is a new kind of trans-scale and non-contact measurement instrument in regular-size space and industrial applications. These sensors overcome many deficiencies and application limitations of traditional measurement methods. The articulated laser sensor consists of two articulated laser sensing modules, and each module is made up of two rotary tables and one collimated laser. The three axes represent a non-orthogonal shaft architecture. The calibration method of system parameters for traditional instruments is no longer suitable. A novel high-accuracy calibration method of an articulated laser sensor for trans-scale 3D measurement is proposed. Based on perspective projection models and image processing techniques, the calibration method of the laser beam is the key innovative aspect of this study and is introduced in detail. The experimental results show that a maximum distance error of 0.05 mm was detected with the articulated laser sensor. We demonstrate that the proposed high-accuracy calibration method is feasible and effective, particularly for the calibration of laser beams.
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Vićentić, Teodora, Milena Rašljić Rafajilović, Stefan D. Ilić, Bojana Koteska, Ana Madevska Bogdanova, Igor A. Pašti, Fedor Lehocki, and Marko Spasenović. "Laser-Induced Graphene for Heartbeat Monitoring with HeartPy Analysis." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 6326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176326.
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The HeartPy Python toolkit for analysis of noisy signals from heart rate measurements is an excellent tool to use in conjunction with novel wearable sensors. Nevertheless, most of the work to date has focused on applying the toolkit to data measured with commercially available sensors. We demonstrate the application of the HeartPy functions to data obtained with a novel graphene-based heartbeat sensor. We produce the sensor by laser-inducing graphene on a flexible polyimide substrate. Both graphene on the polyimide substrate and graphene transferred onto a PDMS substrate show piezoresistive behavior that can be utilized to measure human heartbeat by registering median cubital vein motion during blood pumping. We process electrical resistance data from the graphene sensor using HeartPy and demonstrate extraction of several heartbeat parameters, in agreement with measurements taken with independent reference sensors. We compare the quality of the heartbeat signal from graphene on different substrates, demonstrating that in all cases the device yields results consistent with reference sensors. Our work is a first demonstration of successful application of HeartPy to analysis of data from a sensor in development.
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Kim, Sungil, Jaesoon Park, Sangkyun So, Sanghoon Ahn, Jiyeon Choi, Chiwan Koo, and Yeun-Ho Joung. "Characteristics of an Implantable Blood Pressure Sensor Packaged by Ultrafast Laser Microwelding." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 15, 2019): 1801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081801.
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We propose a new packaging process for an implantable blood pressure sensor using ultrafast laser micro-welding. The sensor is a membrane type, passive device that uses the change in the capacitance caused by the membrane deformation due to applied pressure. Components of the sensor such as inductors and capacitors were fabricated on two glass (quartz) wafers and the two wafers were bonded into a single package. Conventional bonding methods such as adhesive bonding, thermal bonding, and anodic bonding require considerable effort and cost. Therefore CO2 laser cutting was used due to its fast and easy operation providing melting and bonding of the interface at the same time. However, a severe heat process leading to a large temperature gradient by rapid heating and quenching at the interface causes microcracks in brittle glass and results in low durability and production yield. In this paper, we introduce an ultrafast laser process for glass bonding because it can optimize the heat accumulation inside the glass by a short pulse width within a few picoseconds and a high pulse repetition rate. As a result, the ultrafast laser welding provides microscale bonding for glass pressure sensor packaging. The packaging process was performed with a minimized welding seam width of 100 μm with a minute. The minimized welding seam allows a drastic reduction of the sensor size, which is a significant benefit for implantable sensors. The fabricated pressure sensor was operated with resonance frequencies corresponding to applied pressures and there was no air leakage through the welded interface. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity tests with the sensor showed that there was no elution of inner components and the ultrafast laser packaged sensor is non-toxic. The ultrafast laser welding provides a fast and robust glass chip packaging, which has advantages in hermeticity, bio-compatibility, and cost-effectiveness in the manufacturing of compact implantable sensors.
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Liu, Quan, Xu Yang, and Yi Ning Mu. "FPGA Implementation for CCD Driving and Laser Spot Position Detection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 1587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.1587.
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CCD sensor can be used as the imaging device in the initial aiming processing for the beacon laser, and can also be used as the detecting device for the communication lasers optical axis alignment error of the targeting captured trace (APT) unit in space laser communication system. In this paper, based on a double-FPGA structure, we proposed technical solutions to realize the imaging CCD sensor driving and the laser spot position detection algorithm for the CX285AL image sensor by using the overall design of the system block diagram. The spot position detection wave door track centroid algorithm for CCD sensor is also studied by using the analysis of laser transmission characteristics of the atmospheric turbulence. The simulation analysis and field tests have been verified the feasibility of this approach.
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Struk, Daniel, Seung-Joon Paik, Richard H. Shafer, Peter J. Hesketh, Vinay Patel, David Peaslee, Melvin Findlay, and Joseph R. Stetter. "(Digital Presentation) Amperometric Gas Sensor with Porous Electrodes Manufactured Via Laser Ablation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 52 (July 7, 2022): 2130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01522130mtgabs.
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Hydrogen sulfide, Nitrogen Dioxide, and sulfur dioxide are highly toxic gases with health effects at ppb and ppm levels in air. These compounds occur in industrial operations as well as in environmental atmospheric polluted air. Traditionally, microfabricated electrochemical gas sensors use photolithography processes for patterning of the electrodes and defining the electrode geometry for high surface area to increase the sensor gas sensitivity. We present herein a series of gas sensor designs fabricated via laser ablation of sputtered Au films. For these sensors, the laser ablation step itself takes less than two hours to pattern up to 60 sensors. The sensors are fabricated on a porous hydrophobic substrate made of layers of a Teflon woven mesh, and the 400 nm gold film was sputtered onto a 100 nm tungsten adhesion layer. A total of 60 sensors was patterned in a 6 by 10 grid per substrate with each sensor having a footprint of 15 mm x 15 mm. An image of some of the sensors and their corresponding designs are illustrated in figure 1. Laser ablation was performed by an Optec WS-Flex USP femtosecond 1030 nm laser. The pulse frequency was set to 400 kHz and both the speed and jump speed were set to 200 mm/s. The laser power is nominally 4 W and the power percentage setting was determined for each substrate by patterning a test array onto the substrate in increments of 2%. From this test array, the lowest power that completely ablated the gold could be determined and that was used for the remaining sensor ablation. Images of the etched surface area shown in the figure 1. Surface analysis with EDS using SEM microscope indicated the composition of the layers and effective removal of the gold from the Teflon sheet without damage to the Teflon porosity in the woven mesh, figure 2. The sensor electrodes were assembled by lamination between several plastic layers and then an electrolyte was added. The assembled sensors were diced from the assembled 10x6 sensor wafer and individual sensors were connected to a potentiostat and tested via exposure to the various pollutant gases. The current response of these amperometric sensors was measured and found to be linear with respect to concentration in the low ppm range. This work illustrates an alternative to photolithography for the preparation of thin film gas porous electrodes for use in amperometric gas sensors. Figure 1
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Numata, Takayuki. "Beam size estimation method for mid-infrared lasers using silicon-based photonic semiconductor image sensor." Applied Physics Express 15, no. 9 (August 31, 2022): 096502. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/ac8145.
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Abstract A beam size estimation method for mid-infrared lasers is proposed. The light-receiving surface of a silicon-based photonic semiconductor image sensor is irradiated with a mid-infrared laser beam to be measured. The semiconductor substrate is heated and excites thermal carriers at the laser incident spot. The distribution of excited carriers is captured and visualized as a monochromatic image by the image sensor. Demonstration using a carbon dioxide laser showed a correlation between the diameter of distributed thermal carriers and that of the incident laser beam with Gaussian distribution. The results indicated that the proposed method is effective for the estimation of beam diameter of mid-infrared lasers.
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Liu, Yan Ju, Chun Xiang Xie, and Jian Hui Song. "Research on Fusion Tracking Technology in Heterogeneous Multi-Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 1056 (October 2014): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1056.158.
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Heterogeneous multi-sensor’s fusion tracking can detect precise distance and angle to the target. For heterogeneous multi-sensor issues, radar, infrared sensor and laser sensor’s data fusion, and target tracking are studied, weighted fusion algorithm based on Lagrange and unscented kalman filter are adopted, which make date fusion and tracking filtering for target. Simulation results show that the radar / infrared / laser sensors can realize data fusion and tracking to the target, and the accuracy is significantly higher than radar and infrared/laser, and then tracking effect is better.
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Yen, Yu-Hsin, Chao-Shin Hsu, Zheng-Yan Lei, Hsin-Jou Wang, Ching-Yuan Su, Ching-Liang Dai, and Yao-Chuan Tsai. "Laser-Induced Graphene Stretchable Strain Sensor with Vertical and Parallel Patterns." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081220.
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In intelligent manufacturing and robotic technology, various sensors must be integrated with equipment. In addition to traditional sensors, stretchable sensors are particularly attractive for applications in robotics and wearable devices. In this study, a piezoresistive stretchable strain sensor based on laser-induced graphene (LIG) was proposed and developed. A three-dimensional, porous LIG structure fabricated from polyimide (PI) film using laser scanning was used as the sensing layer of the strain sensor. Two LIG pattern structures (parallel and vertical) were fabricated and integrated within the LIG strain sensors. Scanning electron microscopy, an X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer, and Raman scattering spectroscopy were used to examine the microstructure of the LIG sensing layer. The performance and strain sensing properties of the parallel and vertical stretchable LIG strain sensors were investigated in tensile tests. The relative resistance changes and the gauge factors of the parallel and vertical LIG strain sensors were quantified. The parallel strain sensor achieved a high gauge factor of 15.79 in the applied strain range of 10% to 20%. It also had high sensitivity, excellent repeatability, good durability, and fast response times during the tensile experiments. The developed LIG strain sensor can be used for the real-time monitoring of human motions such like finger bending, wrist bending, and throat swallowing.
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Kochemirovskaya, Svetlana V., Maxim O. Novomlinsky, Alena A. Fogel, and Vladimir A. Kochemirovsky. "Laser synthesis of nanomaterials to create a new family of electrochemical microbiosensors." Pharmacy Formulas 2, no. 3 (October 9, 2020): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/phf41941.
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A brief review of modern methods for creating materials for enzymeless microbiosensors intended for express analysis of the content of components of biological fluids, including human blood, has been made. New directions of the synthesis of such materials have been described: laser ablation (PLD) and laser-induced deposition (LCLD). The comparison of laser methods for the synthesis of materials of non-enzymatic microbiosensors with the known methods for creating nanostructured materials has been carried out. Using bimetallic LCLD microtracks as an example, the mechanism of enhancing the electrochemical response of the sensor to the content of glucose and hydrogen peroxide in complex organic and biological mixtures has been shown. It is associated with the creation of nano- and microstructured materials with a highly developed surface, on which there are extended boundaries of the interphase contact zones. This creates numerous activated acid-base centers. They facilitate the transfer of charge from the oxidizing agent to the reducing agent in the solution in contact with the sensor surface. A comparison of the sensory properties of microcomposite bimetallic deposits synthesized by the laser method and their analogs synthesized by traditional methods has been carried out. The advantages of laser methods for the synthesis of microcomposite sensor-active materials are discussed: the miniature size of the sensors, the possibility of using inexpensive metals instead of precious ones, the environmental friendliness of the methods, and the absence of the need to pre-activate the surface
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Hagemeier, Sebastian, Stanislav Tereschenko, and Peter Lehmann. "High-speed laser interferometric distance sensor with reference mirror oscillating at ultrasonic frequencies." tm - Technisches Messen 86, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0012.
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AbstractOptical measurement systems are an important part of the portfolio of 3D topography sensors. By precise, contactless and rapid measurements these sensors constitute an alternative to tactile instruments. In this contribution the principle of a laser interferometric distance sensor is presented, which in combination with lateral scan axes acts as a topography sensor and also as distance sensor for the compensation of vibrations in a coherence scanning Linnik interferometer. An advantage of this distance sensor is its high acquisition rate of height values, which in case of working as a topography sensor enables high scan velocities as it is demonstrated at a chirp standard measured with a scan velocity of 80 mm/s. This is much higher than the scan velocity of tactile instruments, which are typically limited up to 1 mm/s. In addition, the compensation of vibration disturbances demonstrates the capability of the fast distance measurement.In contrast to other existing high-speed point sensors the relevant components are mass products. This keeps the costs of the sensor setup in a limited range. Furthermore, the sensor shows potential of much higher measurement rates than 116 kHz provided by the sensor used here.
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Meguro, Takayuki, Yuki Shimizu, and Wei Gao. "3390 An angle sensor with a laser rangefinder." Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2011.6 (2011): _3390–1_—_3390–4_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2011.6._3390-1_.
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Kato, Akira, and Masayoshi Sano. "GSW0338 Fatigue sensor using diffusion of laser light." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2003.2 (2003): _GSW0338–1—_GSW0338–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2003.2._gsw0338-1.
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Kim, Kyung-Hwa, and Hwee-Kwon Jung. "Development of a Remote Displacement Measuring Laser System for Bridge Inspection." Sensors 22, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051963.
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Measuring displacement is essential for assessing the safety of bridges. Non-contact sensors such as vision sensors can precisely measure displacement but may be expensive or incapable of micro-scale measurement at a low cost, unlike contact displacement sensors, which are economical but challenging to install. This study proposes an economical, remote non-contact sensor system. The system comprises a laser beam transmitter and a light receiver, deriving the displacement based on the position where the laser beam is irradiated to the light-receiving surface. To measure this, the light receiver was installed at the measurement point and included a wireless communicator to transmit the displacement data. A displacement experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance. The results confirmed that precise displacement measurements were possible at a resolution of 100 µm. For bridge load tests, a light receiver under a bridge was installed, laser beams irradiated to the light-receiving surface from a distance, and the displacement was measured for each test and compared with the values measured by a conventional contact sensor. The results were highly consistent with those of the existing sensor, indicating that the proposed sensor system applies to bridge loading tests and the safety diagnosis for various structures.
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Wu, Weibin, Chongyang Han, Rongxuan Liang, Jian Xu, Bin Li, Junwei Hou, Ting Tang, Zhiheng Zeng, and Jie Li. "Fabrication and Performance of Graphene Flexible Pressure Sensor with Micro/Nano Structure." Sensors 21, no. 21 (October 23, 2021): 7022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217022.
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Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has been widely used in flexible sensors due to its excellent mechanical properties and high conductivity. In this paper, a flexible pressure sensor prepared by bionic micro/nanostructure design and LIG mass fraction regulation is reported. First, prepared LIG and conductive carbon paste (CCP) solutions were mixed to obtain a conductive polymer. After the taro leaf structure was etched on the surface of the aluminum alloy plate by Nd:YAG laser processing, the conductive polymer was evenly coated on the template. Pressure sensors were packaged with a stencil transfer printing combined with an Ecoflex flexible substrate. Finally, the effects of different laser flux and the proportion of LIG in the composite on the sensitivity of the sensor are discussed. The results show that when the laser flux is 71.66 J·cm−2 and the mass fraction of LIG is 5%, the sensor has the best response characteristics, with a response time and a recovery time of 86 ms and 101 ms, respectively, with a sensitivity of 1.2 kPa−1 over a pressure range of 0–6 kPa, and stability of 650 cycle tests. The LIG/CCP sensor with a bionic structure demonstrates its potential in wearable devices.
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Huang, Lixiong, Han Wang, Peixuan Wu, Weimin Huang, Wei Gao, Feiyu Fang, Nian Cai, Rouxi Chen, and Ziming Zhu. "Wearable Flexible Strain Sensor Based on Three-Dimensional Wavy Laser-Induced Graphene and Silicone Rubber." Sensors 20, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 4266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154266.
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Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has the advantages of one-step fabrication, prominent mechanical performance, as well as high conductivity; it acts as the ideal material to fabricate flexible strain sensors. In this study, a wearable flexible strain sensor consisting of three-dimensional (3D) wavy LIG and silicone rubber was reported. With a laser to scan on a polyimide film, 3D wavy LIG could be synthesized on the wavy surface of a mold. The wavy-LIG strain sensor was developed by transferring LIG to silicone rubber substrate and then packaging. For stress concentration, the ultimate strain primarily took place in the troughs of wavy LIG, resulting in higher sensitivity and less damage to LIG during stretching. As a result, the wavy-LIG strain sensor achieved high sensitivity (gauge factor was 37.8 in a range from 0% to 31.8%, better than the planar-LIG sensor), low hysteresis (1.39%) and wide working range (from 0% to 47.7%). The wavy-LIG strain sensor had a stable and rapid dynamic response; its reversibility and repeatability were demonstrated. After 5000 cycles, the signal peak varied by only 2.32%, demonstrating the long-term durability. Besides, its applications in detecting facial skin expansion, muscle movement, and joint movement, were discussed. It is considered a simple, efficient, and low-cost method to fabricate a flexible strain sensor with high sensitivity and structural robustness. Furthermore, the wavy-LIG strain senor can be developed into wearable sensing devices for virtual/augmented reality or electronic skin.
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Cao, Ming Qiang, Zhi Hong Yan, Yong Lun Song, and Zhi Xiang Chen. "Study on Weld Seam Tracking System Based on Laser Vision Sensing." Advanced Materials Research 655-657 (January 2013): 1108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.655-657.1108.
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Seam tracking is a basic condition to ensure a fine welding shape. In order to meet this requirement, the researchers have put forward a variety of sensors and some of them have been applied to practice successfully, such as contact sensor, arc sensor and vision sensor. Laser vision sensor has been proven to be one of the most successfully technology for its many advantages. In this paper, based on laser visual sensing technology, a seam tracking system is established with an embedded microcontroller LPC1768. With this system, a real-time tracking algorithm is proposed and the seam tracing process is realized under a smaller error. Finally, the tracking errors resources and their influence have been simulated and analyzed.
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Jiang, Zhihua, Yanhua Zeng, and Zhenglong Cai. "A Large Range Linear Displacement Calibration System Based on Coordinate Measurement and Laser Interference." MATEC Web of Conferences 232 (2018): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823202016.
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The linear displacement sensor is widely used in industrial measurement. The linear displacement sensor with measuring range less than 200mm is usually measured on a universal length measuring instrument. There is no good method to calibrate linear displacement sensor with measuring range larger than 200mm. The calibration system of linear displacement based on coordinate measurement and dual frequency laser interference is developed. The guide rail and measuring positioning system of coordinate measuring machine is used. The sampling signal of dual frequency laser interferometer is connected with the pulse signal triggered by coordinate measuring machine. The accurate position information of the linear displacement sensor is obtained and processed by industrial computer. According to JJF 1305-2011 Calibration Specification for Linear Displacement Sensor, a large range of linear displacement sensors is calibrated. The accuracy and reliability of linear displacement calibration system based on coordinate measurement and laser interference is verified.
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Kumar, Suresh, K. Senthil Kumar, and N. N. S. S. R. K. Prasad. "A Novel Method to Develop High Fidelity Laser Sensor Simulation Model for Evaluation of Air to Ground Weapon Algorithms of Combat Aircraft." Defence Science Journal 69, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.69.12994.
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Successful release of any air to ground weapon from a combat aircraft is determined based on the positional parameters received from the sensors and the mission cues. Laser designated pod is one of the most sought weapon sensor, which gives the accurate data for Air to Ground weapon aiming. Laser designated pod being hardware intensive system, works with real world environment, it increases the development and integration effort towards finalising the weapon aiming algorithms and also pilot vehicle interface requirements. A novel method using mathematical models and the atmospheric error models is proposed to develop a high fidelity laser designated pod simulation model for functional and performance evaluation of weapon algorithms. The factors affecting the weapon trajectory computations are also considered in the sensor model outputs. The sensor model is integrated in the high fidelity flight simulator, which consists of both aircraft and Real world systems either as actual or simulated for close loop pilot evaluation. The behaviour of the sensor model is cross validated and fine-tuned with the actual sensor output and confirmed that the developed laser designated pod sensor simulation model meets all the requirement to test the air to ground weapons in the flight simulator.
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Lebioda, Marcin, Ryszard Pawlak, Witold Szymański, Witold Kaczorowski, and Agata Jeziorna. "Laser Patterning a Graphene Layer on a Ceramic Substrate for Sensor Applications." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 2134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072134.
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This paper describes a method for patterning the graphene layer and gold electrodes on a ceramic substrate using a Nd:YAG nanosecond fiber laser. The technique enables the processing of both layers and trimming of the sensor parameters. The main aim was to develop a technique for the effective and efficient shaping of both the sensory layer and the metallic electrodes. The laser shaping method is characterized by high speed and very good shape mapping, regardless of the complexity of the processing. Importantly, the technique enables the simultaneous shaping of both the graphene layer and Au electrodes in a direct process that does not require a complex and expensive masking process, and without damaging the ceramic substrate. Our results confirmed the effectiveness of the developed laser technology for shaping a graphene layer and Au electrodes. The ceramic substrate can be used in the construction of various types of sensors operating in a wide temperature range, especially the cryogenic range.
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Contreras, Marco Antonio. "Temperature Sensor Using Fiber Ring Laser Based On a Core-Offset Mach-Zehnder Interferometer." Suplemento de la Revista Mexicana de Física 2, no. 1 Jan-Mar (March 31, 2021): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/suplrevmexfis.2.1.109.
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The development of fiber optic sensors receives special interest since they can be used in multiple applications. As a result, fiber optic laser-sensor schemes had emerged as a reliable device, due to its characteristics such as: high power, low threshold, and high stability. In this work, it is proposed a fiber laser-sensor based on a ring cavity configuration. The cavity is operated by a core-offset Mach-Zehnder interferometer, which is used as a wave selection filter and temperature detection device. Here, the proposed fiber laser-sensor exhibits sensing properties such as sensitivity of 0.03119 pm/°C , dynamic range of 90ºC and a signal to noise ratio of 52 dB
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Hou, Maowen, and Weiyun Wang. "Sensor Mathematical Model Data Fusion Biobjective Optimization." Journal of Sensors 2022 (January 10, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1612715.
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Sensors are an important tool to quantify the changes and an important part of the information acquisition system; the performance and accuracy of sensors are more strictly desired. In this paper, a highly sensitive fiber optic sensor for measuring temperature and refractive index is prepared by using femtosecond laser micromachining technology and fiber fusion technology. The multimode fiber is first spliced together with single-mode fiber in a positive pair, and then, the multimode fiber is perforated using a femtosecond laser. The incorporation of data model sensors has led to a rapid increase in the development and application of sensors as well. Based on the design concept and technical approach of the wireless sensor network system, a general development plan of the indoor environmental monitoring system is proposed, including the system architecture and functional definition, wireless communication protocols, and design methods of node applications. The sensor has obvious advantages over traditional electrical sensors; the sensor is resistant to electromagnetic interference, electrical insulation, corrosion resistance, low loss, small size, high accuracy, and other advantages. The upper computer program of the indoor environment monitoring system was developed in a Visual Studio development environment using C# language to implement the monitoring, display, and alarm functions of the indoor environment monitoring system network. The sensor-data model interfusion with each other for mutual integration performs the demonstration of the application.
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Yang, Dongfang, Vladimir Pankov, Linruo Zhao, and Prakash Patnaik. "Laser deposited high temperature thin film sensors for gas turbines." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-11-2018-0292.
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Purpose Accurate measurements of the temperature distributions in hot section components are indispensable for the prognostic and health management of gas turbines. Thin film thermocouple (TFTC) sensors, directly fabricated on the surface of a component, add negligible mass and create little or no disturbance to airflow, and therefore, can provide accurate measurements of fast temperature fluctuations of gas turbines. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate TFTC sensors fabricated by combining pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and micromachining techniques (LM). Design/methodology/approach The “dry” PLD/LM fabrication approach allows for excellent control of the chemical composition and physical characteristics of the constituent layers and their interfaces, thus achieving good adhesion of the layers to the substrate. Findings The results of thermal cyclic durability testing of the fabricated TFTC sensors demonstrated that the proposed PLD-based approach can be used to fabricate sensors that are fully functional at temperatures up to 750°C. Analyses of the sensor performance during durability testing revealed: the existence of a threshold temperature below which accurate temperature measurements were achieved; an abrupt drop in the sensor output occurring when the sensor temperature exceeded the threshold value, with a fast recovery of the sensor output once the temperature was reduced below the threshold level; and sensor “training” capable of increasing the threshold value of the TFTC through its exposure to above-the-threshold temperatures. Originality/value The work is the first time to demonstrate that simple PLD and LM processes can be used to fabricate TFTC that are fully functional at temperatures up to 750°C.
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Wang, Hui, and Liang Zhong Xiang. "Scanning Photoacoustic Tomography of Biological Tissues with a Piezoelectricity Double-Ring Sensor." Key Engineering Materials 364-366 (December 2007): 1105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.364-366.1105.
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Scanning photoacoustic tomography with a piezoelectric double-ring sensor was explored to image biological tissues, and short laser pulses irradiated tissues to generate acoustic waves by thermoelastic expansion. The laser-induced photoacoustic waves were detected by a piezoelectric double-ring sensor. This double-ring sensor has the advantage that it is more sensitive in the forward direction compared with other conventional sensors. An optical fiber for illumination of the sample was integrated with the sensor, which enabled reflection-mode detection of ultrasonic waves. Consequently, two-dimension photoacoustic tomography of biological tissues could be obtained in a manner analogous to the ultrasound B-scan mode by a linear scan over the tissue surfaces. To reach a large depth, 1064nm laser light was used in our experiments. The experimental results showed that the reconstructed photoacoustic images agree well with the structures of the samples. It demonstrated that this sensor has potential to monitoring tumor angiogenesis, and antiangiogenic therapy in vivo.
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Toschke, Yannic, Joerg Rischmueller, and Mirco Imlau. "Prototyping Platform for Laser-Based Sensor Technologies: Inspection of Conversion Coatings on Alumina." Engineering Proceedings 6, no. 1 (May 17, 2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/i3s2021dresden-10121.
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Transferring laser-based sensors into industrial applications (for instance, for contact and destruction-free inline quality control of alumina alloys) is very challenging due to laser-safety regulations and the complex implementation requirements of individual technological infrastructures. In order to open laser-based sensor technology even for small to medium size enterprises, we introduce a prototyping platform for laser-based sensor technologies that enables fast, error-free, flexible and low-cost transformations in the industry. As an example, the transformation of a laser-based sensor concept using coherent light scattering at technical insulating films is shown. The transformation of this type of sensor for inline quality control is particularly demanding due to the requirements of probing transparent conversion coatings (with a thickness of less than 70 nm) that commonly applied electronic techniques fail to affect. The conversion films are produced on the top of cold-rolled, unpolished alumina so that coherently scattered laser light is regarded as superposition from diffuse scattering processes at the surfaces/interfaces, inclusions, and/or layer imperfections. Analysis is realized by extending the principal approach of reflectometry and considering the role of diffuse and specular scattering together with the concepts of light interferometry. The functionality of the transformed sensor was successfully validated using five different conversion coating thicknesses on AA3003 alumina substrates.
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Ramdhani, Aris, Ahmad Aminudin, and Agus Danawan. "Rancang Bangun Sistem Pengukur Kecepatan Kendaraan Menggunakan Sensor Magnetik." Wahana Fisika 2, no. 1 (June 20, 2017): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/wafi.v2i1.7021.
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Data kecepatan kendaran di jalan raya sangat berpengaruh bagi keamanan dan keselamatan pengguna jalan raya. Kemajuan tekhnologi sensor sangat membantu dalam mengukur kecepatan kendaraan dengan otomatis. Metode yang umum dipakai ialah metode dengan menggunakan dua buah rangkaian sensor yang sudah diatur pada jarak tertentu. Sensor digunakan sebagai pendeteksi keberadaan kendaraan. Data kecepatan kendaraan didapatkan dengan mencari selang waktu yang dibutuhkan kendaraan melaju dari sensor pertama menuju sensor kedua. Saat kendaraan melaju melewati sensor maka sinyal keluaran sensor menjadi acuan perhitungan waktu start dan stop. Berbagai jenis sensor yang sudah digunakan ialah sensor LDR, sensor ultrasonic, sensor laser, sensor loop induktif dan sensor kamera. Setiap sensor yang sudah dipergunakan memiliki berbagai jenis kekurangan dalam mendeteksi kendaraan pada jalan raya. Oleh karena itu penulis memunculkan ide baru dengan menggunakan sensor magnetik yang memiliki faktor gangguan eksternal yang rendah. Sensor magnetik yang digunakan ialah sensor Giant MagnetoResistance (GMR). Perancangan sistem pengukur kecepatan kendaraan yang penulis lakukan berupa sebuah prototype. Hasil pengujian sistem pengukur kecepatan kendaraan menggunakan sensor magnetik GMR menunjukan respon yang bagus saat pengujian dilakukan pada jarak 30cm dan 70cm antara dua buah sensor GMR.Data speed of vehicles on the highway are very influential to the security and safety of users of the highway. Advances in sensor technology is very helpful in measuring the speed of vehicles with automatic. A common method used is the method by using two sensor circuit which is set at a certain distance. The sensor is used as a detector for the exixtance of the vehicle. Vehicle speed data obtained by finding the time required vehicles drove from the first sensor to the second sensor. When the vehicle drove past the sensor, the sensor output signal to be a reference calculation start and stop time. Many types of sensors that have been used are LDR sensors, ultrasonic sensors, laser sensors, inductive loop sensors and camera sensors. Each of the sensor is already used to have various types of shortcomings in detecting vehicles on highways. Therefore, the authors bring up new ideas by using a magnetic sensor that has a low external noise factor. The type of sensor used magnetic sensor is giant magnetoresistance (GMR). Measuring system design vehicle speed that the author did such a prototype. The results of testing measuring vehicle speed using the GMR sensor showed a good response when testing is done at a distance of 30cm and 70cm between the two GMR sensors.
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Singh, Ravinder, and Kuldeep Singh Nagla. "Error analysis of laser scanner for robust autonomous navigation of mobile robot in diverse illumination environment." World Journal of Engineering 15, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-08-2017-0228.
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Purpose Modern service robots are designed to work in a complex indoor environment, in which the robot has to interact with the objects in different ambient light intensities (day light, tube light, halogen light and dark ambiance). The variations in sudden ambient light intensities often cause an error in the sensory information of optical sensors like laser scanner, which reduce the reliability of the sensor in applications such as mapping, path planning and object detection of a mobile robot. Laser scanner is an optical sensor, so sensory information depends upon parameters like surface reflectivity, ambient light condition, texture of the targets, etc. The purposes of this research are to investigate and remove the effect of variation in ambient light conditions on the laser scanner to achieve robust autonomous mobile robot navigation. Design/methodology/approach The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of ambient light condition (dark ambiance, tube light and halogen bulb) on the accuracy of the laser scanner for the robust autonomous navigation of mobile robot in diverse illumination environments. A proposed AIFA (Adaptive Intensity Filter Algorithm) approach is designed in robot operating system (ROS) and implemented on a mobile robot fitted with laser scanner to reduce the effect of high-intensity ambiance illumination of the environment. Findings It has been experimentally found that the variation in the measured distance in dark is more consistent and accurate as compared to the sensory information taken in high-intensity tube light/halogen bulbs and in sunlight. The proposed AIFA approach is implement on a laser scanner fitted on a mobile robot which navigates in the high-intensity ambiance-illuminating complex environment. During autonomous navigation of mobile robot, while implementing the AIFA filter, the proportion of cession with the obstacles is reduce to 23 per cent lesser as compared to conventional approaches. Originality/value The proposed AIFA approach reduced the effect of the varying ambient light conditions in the sensory information of laser scanner for the applications such as autonomous navigation, path planning, mapping, etc. in diverse ambiance environment.
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Lassiter, H. Andrew, Travis Whitley, Benjamin Wilkinson, and Amr Abd-Elrahman. "Scan Pattern Characterization of Velodyne VLP-16 Lidar Sensor for UAS Laser Scanning." Sensors 20, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 7351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247351.
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Many lightweight lidar sensors employed for UAS lidar mapping feature a fan-style laser emitter-detector configuration which results in a non-uniform pattern of laser pulse returns. As the role of UAS lidar mapping grows in both research and industry, it is imperative to understand the behavior of the fan-style lidar sensor to ensure proper mission planning. This study introduces sensor modeling software for scanning simulation and analytical equations developed in-house to characterize the non-uniform return density (i.e., scan pattern) of the fan-style sensor, with special focus given to a popular fan-style sensor, the Velodyne VLP-16 laser scanner. The results indicate that, despite the high pulse frequency of modern scanners, areas of poor laser pulse coverage are often present along the scanning path under typical mission parameters. These areas of poor coverage appear in a variety of shapes and sizes which do not necessarily correspond to the forward speed of the scanner or the height of the scanner above the ground, highlighting the importance of scan simulation for proper mission planning when using a fan-style sensor.
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Kucsera, Peter. "Indoor Mobile Robot Navigation and Obstacle Avoidance Using a 3D Camera and Laser Scanner." Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 15, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2016.1.5.
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Thanks to the developing sensor technology in mobile robot navigation and obstacle avoidance there are new and affordable solutions which can be used to accomplish smooth, safe and reliable robot movement in an indoor environment. A laser scanner is a commonly used sensor for detecting obstacles as well as for navigation, but a laser scanner is unable to detect all the different obstacles and terrain features by itself. In this article complementary sensors are examined, on a real mobile robot platform. Communication between the sensors and the controller and the basic control possibilities are also discussed. Finally, an advertising mobile robot is described.
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Levichev, Nikita, and Joost R. Duflou. "On multi-sensor monitoring of fiber laser fusion cutting." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1135, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1135/1/012014.
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Abstract Laser cutting is a well-established industrial process for sheet metal applications. However, cutting thick plates is still accompanied by problems because of the characteristic limited process parameter window. Since cutting by means of fiber lasers has become dominant, tailored solutions are required in such systems for industrial applications. The development of a robust real-time monitoring system, which adapts the process parameters according to a specific quality requirement, implies a significant step forward towards automated laser cutting and increases the process robustness and performance. In this work, a coaxial multi-sensor monitoring system is tested for fiber laser cutting of stainless steel thick plates. A high-speed camera and a photodiode sensor have been selected for this investigation. Experiments at different cutting speeds, representing primary cut quality cases, have been conducted and various features of the obtained process zone signals have been examined. Finally, the feasibility of industrial application of the developed setup for high-power fiber laser cutting is discussed, followed by several implementation recommendations.
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Kang, Hee Shin, Jeong Suh, and Taik Dong Cho. "Robot Based Laser Welding Technology." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.565.
Full textAbstract:
In order to obtain a good result in the laser welding process, the laser welding technology for manufacturing an automobile body is studied in this research. The monitoring of the welding quality and the seam tracking are studied to improve the productivity. The robot, the seam tracking system and CW Nd:YAG laser are used for the robot laser welding system. The laser system is 4kW Nd:YAG laser_(HL4006D) of Trumpf and the robot system is IRB6400R of ABB. The robot laser welding system is equipped with the seam tracker and plasma sensor. The seam tracking system is composed of SMART-20LS and RAPAL of Servo-Robot and MVS-5 sensor of MVS. The precise positioning of the laser beam on the joint to be assembled is obtained by seam tracker. The welding joints of steel plate are butt and lap joint. The three dimensional welding for non-linear tailored blank is performed after the fundamental experiments of bead-on-plate. Finally, the welding process for non-linear tailored blank and front side member is studied. The monitoring method of welding quality and seam tracking along the butt-joint are studied. The artificial defects in joint are well observed by the plasma intensity signal from the plasma sensor of UV and IR. The robot based laser welding system is developed for the precision seam tracking and the real-time monitoring of welding quality.