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Journal articles on the topic 'Laser transformation hardening'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Ion, J. C. "Laser Transformation Hardening." Surface Engineering 18, no. 1 (2002): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708401225001228.

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2

HAGINO, Hideki, and Takuto YAMAGUCHI. "Laser Transformation Hardening and Laser Alloying." Journal of Smart Processing 1, no. 6 (2012): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7791/jspmee.1.262.

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3

Geissler, E., and H. W. Bergmann. "Temperature Controlled Laser Transformation Hardening." Key Engineering Materials 46-47 (January 1991): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.46-47.121.

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4

Safdar, Shakeel, Lin Li, M. A. Sheikh, and Zhu Liu. "An Analysis of the Effect of Laser Beam Geometry on Laser Transformation Hardening." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 128, no. 3 (2005): 659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2193547.

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The effect of transformation hardening depends upon both heating and cooling rates. It is desirable to have a slow heating rate and a rapid cooling rate to achieve full transformation. To date laser transformation hardening has been carried out using circular or rectangular beams which result in rapid heating and cooling. Although the use of different beam intensity distributions within the circular or rectangular laser beams has been studied to improve the process, no other beam geometries have been investigated so far for transformation hardening. This paper presents an investigation into th

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5

Morimoto, Junji, Yutaka Katoh, Shinji Fukuhara, Nobuyuki Abe, Masahiro Tsukamoto, and Shigeru Tanaka. "Micro-Hardening of Carbon Steel with a Direct Diode Laser." Solid State Phenomena 118 (December 2006): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.118.197.

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Surface treatments, surface modification and surface engineering are required to improve the wear resistance, erosion resistance, friction resistance and corrosion protection. Transformation hardening of metals has been used since ancient times to increase the hardness and thereby vastly reduce the wear rate of metal surfaces in use. Today several processes are in use to achieve the controlled heating and rapid cooling required for transformation process. Transformation hardening is one of the most attractive processes for high power diode lasers, since their moderate beam quality and their lo

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6

Shibata, Kimihiro. "Practical Introduction of Laser Transformation Hardening." Journal of the Japan Welding Society 64, no. 3 (1995): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws1943.64.150.

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7

Liu, An Zhong, Yan Yan, Su Zhang, and Jian Hua Cui. "Research on Tempering Experiment for Laser Phase Transformation-Hardening Specimen." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 1595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.1595.

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In this paper, the specimens of GCr15 steel were quenched by laser transformation hardening experiment and then they were tempered at different temperatures. The tempering micromorphology and microstructure of laser surface hardening layer were studied, and the photos of scanning electric microscope(SEM) were used in the fractal analysis. The relationship between the tempered temperatures and the hardness of the hardening layer surface was researched, and the relationship between the hardness of the hardening layer surface and the fractal dimension of the surface hardening layer SEM photos was

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8

Karthikeyan, K. M. B., T. Balasubramanian, V. Thillaivanan, and G. Vasanth Jangetti. "Laser Transformation Hardening of EN24 Alloy Steel." Materials Today: Proceedings 22 (2020): 3048–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.440.

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9

Shiue, R. K., and C. Chen. "Laser transformation hardening of tempered 4340 steel." Metallurgical Transactions A 23, no. 1 (1992): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02660862.

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10

Yang, L. J., S. Jana, and S. C. Tam. "Laser transformation hardening of tool-steel specimens." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 21, no. 2 (1990): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(90)90001-b.

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11

Mioković, T., J. Schwarzer, V. Schulze, O. Vöhringer, and D. Löhe. "Description of short time phase transformations during the heating of steels based on high-rate experimental data." Journal de Physique IV 120 (December 2004): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2004120068.

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During surface hardening of steels like laser hardening, rapid thermal changes are imposed to the material. The modelling of these hardening processes allows the determination of time-dependent temperature fields and phase transformations within the affected zones. While there are many investigations on the transformation behaviour during cooling, there is a lack of data concerning the transformation during heating at very high heating rates. Therefore, experiments simulating the fast temperature changes are necessary to implement the effects of short time phase transformation during hardening

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12

Qiu, Xing Wu. "Effect of Incident Angle on Laser Transformation Hardening Layer Microstructure and Properties." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 606–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.606.

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Laser transformation hardening was carried out by HL-1500 CO2 laser on 40Cr steel. The macroscopic and properties were analysised by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, microhardness meter and potentiostat. The result indicated that, the hardening layer is mainly constitute by Fe-Cr, C0.09Fe1.91, Fe2Si. After laser transformation hardening the hardness enhanced greatly, the maximum of hardness appears in the subsurface, which value is as about four times as that of the substrate, both wear resistance and corrosion resistance are improved. With the increase of the laser incident

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13

Ion, J. C., T. J. I. Moisio, M. Paju, and J. Johansson. "Laser transformation hardening of low alloy hypoeutectoid steel." Materials Science and Technology 8, no. 9 (1992): 799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1992.8.9.799.

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14

Yan, B. G., and J. C. Liu. "Calculation of laser transformation hardening with circular beam." Materials Technology 27, no. 1 (2012): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175355511x13240279339725.

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15

Li, W. B., K. E. Easterling, and M. F. Ashby. "Laser transformation hardening of steel—II. Hypereutectoid steels." Acta Metallurgica 34, no. 8 (1986): 1533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(86)90098-2.

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16

Gupta, Aniruddha, and Ashish Kumar Nath. "Temperature Field of Repetitive Laser Pulse Irradiation and its Effect on Laser Surface Hardening." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.823.

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Analytical expressions for the temperature rise in a semi-infinite workpiece due to the heating with CW and repetitive laser pulse irradiation have been derived. It has been shown that the soaking time at a temperature above the phase transformation temperature, on which the homogeneity of microstructure and the depth of hardening depend, can be increased by heating with repetitive laser pulses. Experimental results of surface hardening of high-carbon steel with repetitive laser pulses showed higher depth of hardening and better microstructure homogeneity compared to those with continuous wave

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17

Frerichs, Friedhelm, Yang Lu, Thomas Lübben, and Tim Radel. "Process Signature for Laser Hardening." Metals 11, no. 3 (2021): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030465.

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During many manufacturing processes for surface treatment of steel components heat will be exchanged between the environment and the workpiece. The heat exchange commonly leads to temperature gradients within the surface near area of the workpiece, which involve mechanical strains inside the material. If the corresponding stresses exceed locally the yield strength of the material residual stresses can remain after the process. If the temperature increase is high enough additionally phase transformation to austenite occurs and may lead further on due to a fast cooling to the very hard phase mar

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18

Mohammadi, Amirahmad, Hans Vanhove, Amar Kumar Behera, Albert van Bael, and Joost R. Duflou. "In-Process Hardening in Laser Supported Incremental Sheet Metal Forming." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.827.

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The effect of localized laser hardening on the dimensional accuracy of incrementally formed steel sheets has been studied. By dynamically heating by means of laser beam scanning (500W Nd:YAG) the temperature of the sheet reaches the austenization temperature and by subsequent self-quenching a hard martensitic structure will form. Using FE modeling, a laser power setting of 202 W, scanning velocity of 600 mm/min and beam diameter of 6 mm were selected as optimum processing parameters for transformation hardening. Hardness tests were performed in order to investigate the hardness profile along t

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19

Jain, Anil Kumar, A. V. Alias, Abhay Kumar Jha, and Parameshwar Prasad Sinha. "Optimisation of Laser Process Parameter on Laser Transformation Hardening of AISI440C." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.203.

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High yield strength and good wear resistance of hypereutectic steels in hardened and tempered condition made them attractive to manufacture rotating parts of mechanical systems. However, they suffered with poor corrosion, owing to high carbon content. The need for a material with improved strength, wear resistance and corrosion resistance for bearing application resulted in the design of a new steel having 17 wt.% Cr, up to 0.75 wt.% Mo and 1 wt.% C, which was christened as 440C. This martensitic grade of stainless steel was surface hardened by laser transformation hardening (LTH) technique us

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20

Lei, Sheng, Yan Yan, Heng Li, Liu Niu, Zhong Xiang Gui, and Yue Bo Wu. "Numerical Simulation of Residual Stress Field in Laser Transformation Hardening for GCr15 Steel Components and Experimental Study." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 1897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.1897.

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The laser quenching of GCr15 steel by wide band scanning technology was researched. Hardness and depths of laser transformation hardening zones of samples were also measured experimentally. Temperature field and residual stress field in the laser hardening process were numerically simulated by ANSYS software. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The distribution of residual stress is closely related to the temperature distribution made by laser heating process. Then the distribution of residual stresses of the laser surface hardened layers was analyzed by

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21

Fan, Yajun, Zhishang Yang, Peng Cheng, Keith Egland, and Lawrence Yao. "Investigation of Effect of Phase Transformations on Mechanical Behavior of AISI 1010 Steel in Laser Forming." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 129, no. 1 (2005): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2162911.

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In laser forming, phase transformations in the heat affected zone take place under steep cooling rates and temperature gradients, and have a significant affect on the laser forming process and final mechanical properties of products. In this work, phase transformations during laser forming of AISI 1010 steel are experimentally and numerically investigated and the transient volume fraction of each available phase is calculated by coupling the thermal history from finite element analysis with a phase transformation kinetic model. Consequently, the flow stresses of material are obtained from the

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22

YAKUSHIJI, Masao, Yoshiyuki KONDO, Takaya ISHII, Hirokazu TSUJII, and Masaru IKENAGA. "Combination of gas soft-nitriding and laser transformation hardening." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 41, no. 1 (1990): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.41.29.

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23

Komanduri, R., and Z. B. Hou. "Thermal analysis of the laser surface transformation hardening process." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44, no. 15 (2001): 2845–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(00)00316-1.

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24

Shercliff, H. R., and M. F. Ashby. "The prediction of case depth in laser transformation hardening." Metallurgical Transactions A 22, no. 10 (1991): 2459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02665012.

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25

Pantsar, Henrikki, and Veli Kujanpää. "Diode laser beam absorption in laser transformation hardening of low alloy steel." Journal of Laser Applications 16, no. 3 (2004): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.1710879.

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26

Babu, Purushothaman Dinesh, Gengusamynaidu Buvanashekaran, and Karupuudaiyar R. Balasubramanian. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND HARDNESS OF LASER TRANSFORMATION HARDENING OF LOW ALLOY STEEL." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 36, no. 3 (2012): 241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2012-0018.

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An experimental investigation with Nd:YAG laser system was carried out to study the effects of laser hardening process parameters on the microstructure and hardness during laser hardening of EN25 steel. The laser beam is allowed to scan on the surface of the work piece by varying the laser beam power (750–1250 W) and travel speed (500–1000 mm/min) of the work table. The microstructural features of the laser hardened EN25 steel were analysed using optical microscope. The microstructure of the surface layer was found to consist of plate martensite. A substantial increase in surface hardness was

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27

MAHARJAN, NIROJ, WEI ZHOU, YU ZHOU, and NAIEN WU. "LASER SURFACE HARDENING OF AISI 1055 STEEL IN WATER SUBMERGED CONDITION." Surface Review and Letters 27, no. 01 (2019): 1950087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x19500872.

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Underwater laser hardening might produce better surface mechanical properties than conventional laser hardening in air due to additional cooling effect by water. However, it has not been studied in detail. This study investigates the effect of water layer on laser surface hardening of AISI 1055 steel. It is found that laser surface hardening is feasible with water layer up to 3[Formula: see text]mm above the steel surface. A higher surface hardness is achieved during underwater processing. This is attributed to fast cooling by water which facilitates complete martensitic transformation. Nevert

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28

Lei, Sheng, Xian Wen Miao, Xian Jing Liu, Lei Huang, and Yue Bo Wu. "The Microstructure Inhomogeneity of the Laser Surface Hardened Layers." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 1967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1967.

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Much attention has recently been focused on the microstructure inhomogeneity problems of the laser surface hardened layers.The GCr15 steel specimens were treated through laser transformation hardening technology. Rapid heating of austenite transformation and microstructure inhomogeneity was studied.The nouniform austenitic formation and the microstructure inhomogeneity problems is caused by uneven temperature field. The input power fluctuations and laser beam model also affect the quality of the laser quenching. Hardness value fluctuation is due to the uneven microstructure of the laser harden

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29

Yang, L. J., S. Jana, and S. C. Tam. "The effects of pre-hardening on the laser transformation-hardening of tool-steel specimens." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 25, no. 3 (1991): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(91)90116-v.

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30

Qiu, Xing Wu, Yun Peng Zhang, and Chun Ge Liu. "Study on Ware Resistance of Laser Hardening Rolling Mill Liner." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 3551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.3551.

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In order to change the traditional status that rolling mill liner can not be manufactured with a single material, laser transformation hardening was carried out by HL-1500 cross-flow CO2 laser processing machine on 45 steel surface. developed a non-composite liner instead of the original. The microstructure and properties were researched by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, microhardness tester and abrasive wear testing machine. The result indicate that, the microstructure of laser transformation hardening layer fine and homogeneous, mainly composed of Fe, Fe3C, Fe-C

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31

Liu, Jianglong. "The Thernodynamical Study about the Transformation Point of Steel during Laser Transformation Hardening." Key Engineering Materials 46-47 (January 1991): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.46-47.153.

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32

Yu, Hui, Haibei Zou, Xiaolei Xing, and Ligang Liu. "Nanobainite Layer Prepared by Laser Hardening Combined with Isothermal Transformation." ISIJ International 58, no. 5 (2018): 952–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2017-591.

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33

Meijer, J., and I. van Sprang. "Optimization of Laser Beam Transformation Hardening by One Single Parameter." CIRP Annals 40, no. 1 (1991): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-8506(07)61963-5.

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34

Gu, Bing-Wu, Tian-Chi Ma, S. K. Brown, and L. Mannik. "Three dimensional numerical model for laser transformation hardening of metals." Materials Science and Technology 10, no. 5 (1994): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1994.10.5.425.

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35

Lu, Y., H. Meyer, and T. Radel. "Multi-cycle phase transformation during laser hardening of AISI 4140." Procedia CIRP 94 (2020): 919–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.073.

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36

Katsamas, Anthony I., Anna D. Zervaki, and Gregory N. Haidemenopoulos. "Laser-beam surface transformation hardening of hypoeutectoid Ck-60 steel." Steel Research 68, no. 3 (1997): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.199700551.

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37

Rowshan, Reza, and Mária Kocsis Baán. "Thermal and Metallurgical Modelling of Laser Transformation Hardened Steel Parts." Materials Science Forum 537-538 (February 2007): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.537-538.599.

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When applying laser transformation hardening (LTH) on a steel part the aim is to harden a localized area, which results in high hardness value for a defined width and depth of the material. To assure the hardened zone and keep the maximum temperature of the surface below the melting point we have used a finite element model (FEM) to compute the solution for heat distributions and the phase transformation of the material during LTH. Modelling results were used to introduce safe operating regions for LTH with different processing conditions. A problem associated with some LTH applications is the

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38

Balasubramanian, S., K. Manonmani, and R. M. Hemalatha. "Lasers in Green Manufacturing Processes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.473.

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A safe and healthy work piece is important for sustainable manufacturing process. Green laser surface hardening is a heat treatment process on a part of its application does not use water or oil as quenching media, because it is self-quenching and less detrimental to the environment. Since it is an energy saving process it is fast being adopted by manufacturing industries. Quenching media used in conventional heat treatment process for a sudden cooling of the heated work piece to get hard structure transformation. Unfortunately the reactions of quenchant with hot working also have several nega

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39

Yan, Yan, Sheng Lei, and An Zhong Liu. "Research about Relationship of Laser Quenching GCr15 Steel Bending Properties and Hardening Layer Fracture Fractal Dimension." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 658–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.658.

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The GCr15 steel specimens were treated through laser transformation hardening technology. Influence of the laser transformation hardened layers on the bending strength and flexural deflection of the specimens was studied through three-point bend tests. Fractal dimensions of the hardened layer fracture were calculated by image processing. The results show that the bending strength and flexural deflection of the specimens are decreased obviously after the laser quenching and failure mechanism also changes, which causes the decrease of fracture toughness and the plasticity in the laser transforma

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40

Cottam, Ryan, and Milan Brandt. "Development of a Processing Window for the Transformation Hardening of Nickel-Aluminium-Bronze." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 1916–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.1916.

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Nickel-Aluminium-Bronzes (NAB) are typically used in marine applications because of their good combination of corrosion resistance and strength. Even though these alloys exhibit good properties they do suffer from wear, corrosion, dealloying, cavitation corrosion-erosion or corrosion fatigue during service. Therefore methods of increasing the resistance of this class of alloy to surface sensitive damage mechanisms are desirable. Transformation hardening through laser processing offers the potential to increase the resistance of these alloys surface sensitive mechanisms of damage and increase t

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41

Borki, El Ouafi, and Chebak. "Experimental Investigation of Laser Surface Transformation Hardening of 4340 Steel Spur Gears." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3, no. 3 (2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3030072.

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This paper presents an experimental investigation of laser surface transformation hardening (LSTH) of 4340 steel spur gears using regression analysis. The experimental work is focused on the effects of various LSTH parameters on the hardness profile shape and the hardened depth variation. The investigations are based on a structured design of experiments and improved statistical analysis tools. The experimentations are carried out on AISI 4340 steel spur gears using a commercial 3 kW Nd:YAG laser system. Laser power, scanning speed, and rotation speed are used as process parameters to evaluate

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42

Moradi, Mahmoud, Mojtaba Karami Moghadam, and Mahmoud Shamsborhan. "How the laser beam energy distribution effect on laser surface transformation hardening process; Diode and Nd:YAG lasers." Optik 204 (February 2020): 163991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163991.

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43

Lesyk, D., V. Dzhemelinskyi, S. Martinez, А. Lamikiz, О. Dаnylеikо, and V. Hyzhevskyi. "Laser transformation hardening effect on hardening zone features and surface hardness of tool steel AISI D2." Mechanics and Advanced Technologies 1, no. 79 (2017): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2521-1943.2017.79.95851.

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44

Jiang, Jiaren, Lijue Xue, and Shaodong Wang. "Discrete laser spot transformation hardening of AISI O1 tool steel using pulsed Nd:YAG laser." Surface and Coatings Technology 205, no. 21-22 (2011): 5156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.05.016.

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45

YAKUSHIJI, Masao, Yoshiyuki KONDO, Takaya ISHII, Hirokazu TSUJII, and Masaru IKENAGA. "Hardening behavior and property of wear of laser transformation hardened steel." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 40, no. 11 (1989): 1261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.40.1261.

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46

Ion, J. C., and L. M. Anisdahl. "A PC-based system for procedure developement in laser transformation hardening." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 65, no. 1-3 (1997): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(96)02413-2.

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47

Wu, W., N. G. Liang, C. H. Gan, and G. Yu. "Numerical investigation on laser transformation hardening with different temporal pulse shapes." Surface and Coatings Technology 200, no. 8 (2006): 2686–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.11.011.

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48

KIM, Jong-Do, Myeong-Hoon LEE, Su-Jin LEE, and Woon-Ju KANG. "Laser transformation hardening on rod-shaped carbon steel by Gaussian beam." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 19, no. 4 (2009): 941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(08)60382-9.

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49

Qiu, F., J. Uusitalo, and V. Kujanpää. "Laser transformation hardening of carbon steel: microhardness analysis on microstructural phases." Surface Engineering 29, no. 1 (2013): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743294412y.0000000049.

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50

Kartono, Agus, Novan Tofany, Mohammad Fadhli Ahmad, Mustafa Mamat, and Mohd Lokman Husain. "Applications of Crank-Nicolson method with ADI in laser transformation hardening." Heat and Mass Transfer 48, no. 12 (2012): 2041–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-012-1044-4.

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