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1
Majkic-Singh, Nada. "The role of evidence-based laboratory medicine in health service." Jugoslovenska medicinska biohemija 21, no. 3 (2002): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmh0203245m.
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Evidence-based laboratory medicine (EBLM) is the use of the current best evidence of the utility of laboratory tests in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This practice means integrating laboratory and clinical experience with the last available external evidence from systematic research. It means that the definition of EBLM focuses on two key elements: experience and evidence from systematic research. Although the term evidence-based medicine (EBM) was created in Canada at Mc Master University by a group lad by Dr Gard Guyatt, there are various claims as to the origin of its practice. Regardless of its origins, many factors have come together over the past 30 years to drive the movement to EBM. One factor is those individual physicians, faced with numerous medical informations; the second factor is the global phenomenon of increasing health care costs and third is that patients who have generally more education, want the best in diagnostics and therapies. It means that evidence-based medicine has been driven by the need to cape with information overload, by costcontrol, and by public impatient for the best in diagnostics and treatment. Clinical guidelines care maps, and outcome measures are quality improvement tools for the appropriateness, efficiency and effectiveness of health services. Laboratory professionals must direct more effort to demonstrating the impact of laboratory tests on a greater variety of clinical outcomes. Evidence-based laboratory medicine aims to advise clinical diagnosis and management of disease through systematic researching and disseminating generalisible new knowledge that meets the standard of critical review on clinically effective practice of laboratory investigations. In laboratory medicine, the use of tests increases; new tests are constantly introduced, but "old" tests are seldom removed from the repertoire. This, together with limited public funds for the health care should underline the challenge for laboratory professionals to provide evidence for the utility of different tests. This practice means integrating laboratory and clinical experience with the best available external evidence from systematic research therefore, it is important that advice given by laboratory medicine professionals are sound and based on evidence in the pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical phases of the diagnostic process. This paper provides an insight into the rationale, methodology and the phases of the EBLM.
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Urbach, David R. "Improving access to health services in Canada." Healthcare Management Forum 31, no. 6 (September 20, 2018): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0840470418776995.
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The Commonwealth Fund 2017 report ranked Canada’s healthcare system low in access to care and last among all 11 counties studied in terms of timeliness of care. While long wait times for certain elective surgical procedures appear to be emblematic of Canadian Medicare, they are not inevitable. Wait times could be improved by focusing on public awareness and measurement of wait times and improving the appropriateness, efficiency (eg, with implementation of single-entry models for surgical referrals and greater use of ambulatory surgery), and productivity of surgical care (eg, by activity-based funding for surgical procedures and by reducing the cost of perioperative care). Ideas on how physician leaders can build on recent accomplishments are provided.
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Payette, Serge, Louise Filion, and Ann Delwaide. "Spatially explicit fire-climate history of the boreal forest-tundra (Eastern Canada) over the last 2000 years." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1501 (November 28, 2007): 2299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2201.
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Across the boreal forest, fire is the main disturbance factor and driver of ecosystem changes. In this study, we reconstructed a long-term, spatially explicit fire history of a forest-tundra region in northeastern Canada. We hypothesized that current occupation of similar topographic and edaphic sites by tundra and forest was the consequence of cumulative regression with time of forest cover due to compounding fire and climate disturbances. All fires were mapped and dated per 100 year intervals over the last 2000 years using several fire dating techniques. Past fire occurrences and post-fire regeneration at the northern forest limit indicate 70% reduction of forest cover since 1800 yr BP and nearly complete cessation of forest regeneration since 900 yr BP. Regression of forest cover was particularly important between 1500s–1700s and possibly since 900 yr BP. Although fire frequency was very low over the last 100 years, each fire event was followed by drastic removal of spruce cover. Contrary to widespread belief of northward boreal forest expansion due to recent warming, lack of post-fire recovery during the last centuries, in comparison with active tree regeneration more than 1000 years ago, indicates that the current climate does not favour such expansion.
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Das, R. P., and K. K. Shukla. "Living Pattern of VRS Opted Employees – A Study." Paradigm 2, no. 1 (July 1998): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971890719980109.
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In the last one decade, the Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS) has emerged as the situational compulsion for the basic survival of industrial organisations in India. As a result, thousands of workers are losing their jobs and overnight becoming rootless socially, psychologically and economically. There are instances in which after opting VRS, some people have been murdered by their children due to refusal to give the VRS fund, some have been driven out from homes, and some have died being ill treated, and uncared by their children and family members. The paper based on a survey of VRS opted employees discusses the issues like: (i) Why people opt VRS?; (ii) How they utilised their VRS fund?; (iii) How they find their decision to opt VRS? and (iv) How they are spending their post VRS living and accordingly suggestions have been made both to overcome the problems.
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Nadler, Michael. "Performance vs prospectus = transparency in German closed-ended real estate funds?" Journal of Property Investment & Finance 36, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-11-2016-0084.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to close the transparency gap by comparing ex ante and ex post performance disclosure, thus providing important conclusions regarding the transparency of this important German market segment. Design/methodology/approach Closed-ended real estate funds (CEREFs) are one of the biggest segments of unlisted private equity funds in Germany. CEREFs have a central “profitability promise” that is based on ex ante forecasts given in the prospectus. Typically, equity is tied to these investments for up to 20-30 years, leaving investors highly insecure whether their expectations will be fulfilled and fund managers actually achieve prospected performances ex post. Findings The performance variance analysis of all German CEREFs outstanding during the global financial crisis reveals that prospect-performance disclosures as well as prospect-performance variances cause substantial problems in Germany due to overestimation biases of many fund managers. Research limitations/implications As typical for the recent scholarly debate, also the past disclosure practice in Germany prohibits a long-term performance analysis, unless researchers apply instruments of modern investment analysis like comprehensive financial plans (“Visualisation of Financial Implications)”. Practical implications The transparency developments in CEREF-reporting of the last decade deliver precise recommendations regarding the internal and external performance variance analysis, risk-profiles and stress tests for the future fund management. Social implications The introduced methodology would increase transparency in the segment of CEREF and, thus, improve investor protection. Since private households in Germany mainly acquire these funds, this is a contribution to sustainability in private asset management. Originality/value The paper develops a new methodological framework for performance measurement of unlisted funds. It then assesses for the first time the impact of transparency and trust on fund performances by applying a performance variance analysis.
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Smith, Peter A., William F. Dryden, Canio Polosa, and Vladimir I. Skok. "The Physiology, Pharmacology, and Biophysics of Ganglionic Transmission." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 70, S1 (May 15, 1992): S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y92-236.
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Over the last 20 years there has been a marked increase in the understanding of the biophysical properties of neurones in autonomic ganglia. During the same time period, there have been advances in immunohistochemistry which have shown that the autonomic ganglia are rich sources of a variety of neuroactive peptides and monoamines. Although physiological studies have underlined the role of enteric and prevertebral ganglia in the control of peristalsis and micturition, very little is known about the physiological role of many of the other autonomic ganglia.The objective of the International Brain Research Organization satellite symposium held in Edmonton, Alberta, during August 1991, was to bring together the biophysicists, morphologists, physiologists, and pharmacologists to evaluate the current status of our understanding of the autonomic ganglia. Posters and four sessions of invited talks were presented over a three-day period. The papers that appear in this issue detail the content of some of these talks.The organizers gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research, the Medical Research Council of Canada, Astra Pharma Inc., the University of Alberta Conference Fund, Nordic Laboratories, Merck Frosst Canada, Axon Instruments, Novopharm Ltd., Bio-Méga Inc., Chembiomed, Newport Instruments, the City of Edmonton, Charles River Canada, and Mandel Scientific.
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Makar, Vitaliy. "125 years since the beginning of Ukrainian Immigration to Canada." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 33-34 (August 25, 2017): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2016.33-34.13-25.
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According to the Canadian Customs records that preserved in the archives on September 9, 1891 well-known Ukrainian Calician Ivan Pylypiv and Wasyl Yelynyak came to Canada. Following them hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians immigrated to the new land, as Canada was called by those who got there. The author investigates the immigration waves of the Ukrainians to Canada: before World War I; between Wars; after World War II; and after collapsing of the Soviet Union. Also, the Cana- dian researches talking about one more wave of the Ukrainian immigration to Canada – from the begining of 80th last century from Poland.
According 2011 Canadian census of population and the counts of the last years there are more then one million and three hundred of thousands persons that recognized themselves of Ukrainian descend. The author charaterizes the peligious, cultural, national and political life of Ukrainians in Canada. The main role in this paper is dedicated to Ukrainians role for Canadian political life, their involvement into local, provicial and federal governmental structure.
Keywords: Post-communist countries of CEE, theoretical and methodological approaches, political transformation
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McBride, Stephen. "Quiet Constitutionalism in Canada: The International Political Economy of Domestic Institutional Change." Canadian Journal of Political Science 36, no. 2 (June 2003): 251–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423903778603.
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The idea that Canada is experiencing a "post-constitutional" era is misleading because it is based only on lack of changes to the formal codified constitution. Through an examination of international economic agreements, considered as untraditional mechanisms having a constitutional effect, a case is made that Canada's constitution has undergone significant, but little noticed, change over the last decade. Using Stephen Krasner's typology of sovereignty, it is shown that several aspects of Canada's sovereignty have been diminished. The effect is that the balance between liberalism and democracy in Canada's liberal democratic polity has been altered, to the detriment of the democratic component.
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Bérubé, Marc-André, Benoit Durand, Daniel Vézina, and Benoit Fournier. "Alkali-aggregate reactivity in Québec (Canada)." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 226–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l99-076.
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In the province of Québec, due to the particular geology and the historic use of high-alkali cements, a large number of concrete structures are affected by alkali-silica reactivity (ASR). Consequently, tremendous effort was made in this province during the last 20 years on (1) the determination in the laboratory (testing methods) as well as in the field (inspection of structures) of the potential alkali-aggregate reactivity (AAR) of concrete aggregates, (2) the prevention of AAR in new structures, and (3) the management of existing structures affected by this problem. For new structures, the most popular measure used in Québec in the presence of potentially reactive aggregates consists of limiting the alkali contribution by the cement to 3 kg/m3 of concrete (Na2Oeq). Also, blended silica fume cements were used on many occasions against ASR; ternary cements containing fly ash and silica fume, which proved in the laboratory to be effective against ASR, are presently available. As concerns the existing structures affected by ASR, many of them were repaired using various techniques ranging from the simple application of a penetrating sealer to the application of post-constraints or slot cutting.Key words: aggregate, alkali-aggregate reaction, cement, concrete, diagnosis, management, preventive measures, prognosis, Québec, testing.
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Williams, James W., and Stefan Treffers. "Investing in crime prevention after the crisis: Social impact bonds, the value of (re) offending and the new ‘culture of crime control’." British Journal of Criminology 61, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 1300–1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azab003.
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Abstract A recurring theme of criminal justice reform in the years following the financial crisis of 2008 has been the costs of incarceration and the effort to reduce correctional populations. This paper examines one aspect of this post-crisis landscape: the social impact bond (SIB). First piloted in Peterborough prison in 2010, SIBs use private investment to fund social programs with governments paying a return if these programs are successful. Drawing from research on SIBs in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom, the paper explores this effort to turn (re)offending into an investment, its challenges and how SIBs reveal a financial ‘style of reasoning’ that is re-shaping the ‘culture of crime control’ with critical implications for providers, programs and participants.
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Zhao, Linlu, Kelsey Young, Althea House, Rob Stirling, and Matthew Tunis. "Demonstrating the capacity of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization for timely responses to post-market vaccine monitoring signals: Canada’s experience with the live-attenuated influenza vaccine." Canada Communicable Disease Report 47, no. 56 (June 9, 2021): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v47i56a06.
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Over the last several years, the recommended use of the live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) for children has evolved in the United States (US) in response to evidence of a potential decrease in LAIV effectiveness based on post-market monitoring. These issues were not observed in Canada or elsewhere; consequently, recommendations from Canada’s National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) and the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on whether to use LAIV differed for two influenza seasons (2016–2017 and 2017–2018). This retrospective describes how NACI arrived at its recommendations in response to post-market signals of reduced LAIV performance from the US in 2013–2014 and again in 2015–2016. NACI’s experience with LAIV marks the first time in Canada where a preferential recommendation on the use of an influenza vaccine in a routine immunization program was reversed. This experience highlights the importance of ongoing post-market monitoring of vaccines, international collaboration and careful consideration of local context to inform vaccine recommendations. NACI’s capacity for timely responses to post-market vaccine performance signals will facilitate responsiveness to similar post-market monitoring signals from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines.
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Vincent, Jean-Serge. "The Quaternary History of Banks Island, N.W.T., Canada." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 36, no. 1-2 (November 29, 2007): 209–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032478ar.
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ABSTRACT Banks Island is a polar desert where continental ice sheets, spreading from a dispersal centre to the southeast, reached their maximum extent on at least three occasions. The oldest Banks Glaciation affected all but the northwest. The Pre-Banks Sea preceded glacierization while the Post-Banks Sea formed during déglaciation. Following Morgan Bluffs Interglaciation, characterized by a climate similar to that of today, the south, the east, and the Thomsen River basin were covered during Thomsen Glaciation. The Pre-Thomsen Sea preceded the glacierization, while the Big Sea inundated much of the Island during déglaciation. Following the last or Cape Collinson Interglaciation, characterized by a climate warmer than that of the hypsithermal, Laurentide glacial lobes impinged on the coastal areas, during the M'Clure Stade of Amundsen Glaciation. Prince of Wales and Thesiger lobes, emanating from Amundsen Gulf, respectively advanced in Prince of Wales Strait and Thesiger Bay impinging on the east and southwest coasts. At the same time, Prince Alfred Lobe, originating in Viscount Melville Sound, advanced in M'Clure Strait and impinged on the north coast. The Pre-Amundsen Sea preceded the glacierization of the south coast, while the East Coast Sea submerged the east coast up to 120 m, the Meek Point Sea the west up to 20 m and the Investigator Sea the north up to 30 m, during déglaciation. The late Sand Hills Readvance of Thesiger Lobe built a morainic system on the southwest coast. Later, the northeast was covered, during the Russell Stade of Amundsen Glaciation, by Viscount Melville Lobe, emanating from Viscount Melville Sound, and the east coast was drowned up to 25 m by the Schuyter Point Sea. Limits of extent of Laurentide ice in the southwestern Archipelago are proposed for the two stades of the last or Wisconsinan Glaciation.
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Anderson, Katherine, Karthik Tennankore, and Ashley Cox. "Trends in the training of female urology residents in Canada." Canadian Urological Association Journal 12, no. 3 (December 16, 2017): E105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.4697.
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Introduction: There is limited research on why females do or do not choose a career in urology. Considering the increasing proportion of female medical students, we assessed for trends in female applicants to urology programs in Canada and their post-residency career choices.Methods: Data from the Canadian Residency Matching Service (CaRMS) was used (1998‒2015). Trends in the proportions of females applying and matching to surgical subspecialties, and applying and matching to urology were computed. Surveys were sent to urology program directors to assess female residents’ chosen career paths over the last decade.Results: A significant increasing trend in the proportion of females applying to urology as their first choice program was found (0.19 in 1998‒99 to 0.27 in 2012‒15; p=0.04). An increasing trend in the proportion of females successfully matching to urology was found, although it was not statistically significant (0.13 in 1998‒99 to 0.24 in 2012‒15; p=0.07). This was in keeping with the trends found for surgical programs overall. Female graduates choose a variety of career paths with urogynecology being the most common fellowship (26%).Conclusions: The last two decades has seen an increase in the proportion of female students applying to urology in Canada. Female urology graduates pursue a variety of career paths. It remains imperative that both female and male medical students have early exposure and education about our subspecialty to ensure we continue to recruit the most talented candidates.
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Harsvardhan, Rajesh, Hem Chandra, Nitin Dutt Bhardwaj, Faiyaz Mansoor, Rimma Mandal, and Dinesh Chandra Srivastava. "Optimal Utilization of Government Assisted Financing for Poor Patients: Facilitation by a Hospital." International Journal of Research Foundation of Hospital and Healthcare Administration 3, no. 1 (2015): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10035-1032.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Sole objective of healthcare financing is that rich and poor should be treated equally as poverty is not a disability and wealth is not an advantage. Approximately, 78% of Indian population spends for healthcare from out of pocket expenditure, remaining by salary, agriculture, business, etc. Only 3% population is covered by health insurance. Prime minister (PM) fund is one of the methods to offset the treatment cost from poor. Objective Present paper is aimed to highlight the contribution of PM fund for patients getting treatment at Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) hospital and efforts made by hospital for its optimal utilization. Materials and methods Retrospective studies were carried out in 2010 and July 2013 for contribution received form PM fund for indoor poor patients treatment during last 5 years, number of patient availed/not availed financial assistance, reasons for not availing, on the line of problem solving process. Efforts made by SGPGIMS for its optimal utilization were also highlighted. Result During financial year 2007-2008 to 2009-2010, total 1246 patients received the fund of worth USD 1.30 million (₹ 78792750.00) and only USD 1.09 million (₹ 65569869.00) was utilized by 1110 (89%) patients. One hundred and thirtysix (10.91%) patients did not utilize. Hospital administration made efforts for optimal utilization by minimizing the barriers, consequently it improved the utilization by 8.20%. During financial year 2010-11 to 2011-12, USD 1.85 million (₹ 111081789.00) was received for 1450 patients, out of which 730 patients have already utilized and 682 are still using the fund (total 1412/97.40%) and 38 patients (2.60%) did not use it. Conclusion Simple efforts made by hospital improved the utilization of PM fund by 8.20% and poor were really benefited. Hospitals should also fulfill the social responsibility by facilitating the patients. How to cite this article Chandra H, Bhardwaj ND, Mansoor F, Mandal R, Srivastava DC, Harsvardhan R. Optimal Utilization of Government Assisted Financing for Poor Patients: Facilitation by a Hospital. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2015;3(1):25-28.
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Beaman, Lori G. "Is Religious Freedom Impossible in Canada?" Law, Culture and the Humanities 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2010): 266–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1743872110366653.
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The idea of religious freedom is not new in Canadian law or wider public discourse, although it has taken on a life of its own in the post- Charter era (1982 onward) and certainly in the last several years. As the courts wade more fully into the swirling abyss that is religion they find themselves struggling with the issues that preoccupy scholars of religion (and for which they have found no conclusive answer): what is “religion” and how can it be defined in a manner that is inclusive and meaningful? This article takes as its point of departure the provocative and compelling argument made by Winnifred Sullivan in her book, The Impossibility of Religious Freedom (2005), that religious freedom as a legal promise is untenable. In this article I argue that while plausible and convincing in the context of the United States, Sullivan’s thesis may be less applicable in Canada for three key reasons. First, the embeddedness of Roman Catholicism in Canadian social structure has resulted in a textured and nuanced understanding of religion, or, at the very least, a recognition that religion is in some measure a multifaceted notion. Secondly, the recognition of group rights, however defined, means that there is a space created for alternative religious discourses, in part because of the constitutional recognition of multiculturalism. Thirdly, the recent turn by the Supreme Court of Canada to an understanding of the subjectivity of religious freedom strengthens the idea that religion must be conceptualized in relation to the ways in which individuals understand and practice it in their day to day lives.
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Jass, Christopher N., and Timothy E. Allan. "Camel fossils from gravel pits near Edmonton and Vauxhall, and a review of the Quaternary camelid record of Alberta." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 5 (May 2016): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0013.
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Camelid remains are known from several Quaternary palaeontological localities in Alberta, yet most specimens are undescribed in the literature. Specimens reported here comprise a large sample of the known camelid record from the province and provide further insight into the record of Quaternary megafauna of western Canada. Remains from the Edmonton area include specimens pre- and post-dating the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), whereas remains from the Vauxhall area are post-LGM. A metapodial fragment of a giant camel originally described as Titanotylopus from the Edmonton area is likely from earlier in the Pleistocene or late Pliocene. Camelid remains are not overly abundant in Alberta, but are widely distributed, having been recovered from several sites across the province. A new radiocarbon date of 11 280 ± 40 14C years BP on a radioulna of Camelops cf. C. hesternus represents only the fourth direct age assessment of a Quaternary camelid from Alberta. Radiocarbon data may suggest linkages to patterns of extirpation observed in camelid populations from northern Canada, followed by recolonization following deglaciation.
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Adams, G. P., R. B. McCorkell, V. C. Jurgielewicz, D. Ambati, and M. R. Woodbury. "194 ESTROUS SYNCHRONIZATION AND FIXED-TIME AI IN WOOD BISON (BISON BISON ATHABASCAE)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab194.
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As part of a project involving reproductive biotechnology as a method of preserving Canada’s threatened wood bison population, an experiment was designed to test the effectiveness of steroid-induced ovarian synchronization and fixed-timed AI. The experiment was performed in the early ovulatory season (September) with female wood bison (4 years old, n = 13) and plains bison (2 years old, n = 4, and 8 years old, n = 3). Based on results of a preceding study, progesterone was combined with estradiol as a synchronization treatment to mitigate against untimely ovulation. The bison were blocked by subspecies and assigned randomly to a control group (no treatment; n = 10) or given estradiol 17β (2.5 mg) + progesterone (50 mg) in canola oil i.m. and a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (Cue-mate™, Bioniche, Belleville, Ontario, Canada) on Day 0 (n = 10). On Day 8, the Cue-mate™ device was removed and PGF (500 mg Estrumate®, Mallinckrodt Vet GmbH, Friesoythe, Germany) was given to induce luteolysis. On Day 10, all bison were given 5 mg of LH (Lutropin®-V, Bioniche) and artificially inseminated 12 h later with semen collected and frozen previously from wood bison of the same herd. The ovaries were examined daily by transrectal ultrasonography beginning 5 days before treatment and thereafter until the first post-treatment ovulation. Ultrasonographic pregnancy diagnosis was done 30 days post-insemination. No differences were detected between wood and plains bison for any end point, and data were combined for further statistical analyses. Ovarian follicular wave emergence occurred on Day 4.1 ± 0.8 (mean ± SEM) and 4.1 ± 0.3 in the control and treatment groups, respectively (P = 99.3). The interval to new wave emergence was less variable in bison treated with estradiol + progesterone than in untreated controls (residuals, 0.7 ± 0.2 and 1.9 ± 0.5 days, respectively; P < 0.05). The interval from LH administration to ovulation was 2.7 ± 0.6 and 5.4 ± 1.9 days for the treatment and control groups, respectively, and was less variable in the treatment group than in controls (residuals, 1.2 ± 0.4 and 5.3 ± 0.8 days, respectively; P < 0.05). The diameter of the preovulatory follicle was not different between groups and was, on average, 15.2 ± 1.1 mm. Pregnancy was diagnosed in 3 bison in the treatment group and 2 in the control group. In conclusion, treatment with estradiol and progesterone effectively synchronized the interval to wave emergence, and subsequent LH treatment resulted in a synchronous ovulatory response necessary for fixed-time AI in bison. Although the pregnancy rate was modest, perhaps because of issues with semen quality, timing of AI, or quality of the ovulated oocyte, this represents the first report of pregnancy in bison from fixed-time insemination. Supported by grants from the Advancing Canadian Agriculture and Agri-Food Fund, the Agri-Food Innovation Fund, Parks Canada, the World Wildlife Fund, and the Northwest Territories.
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Rothman, Linda, Marie-Soleil Cloutier, Alison K. Macpherson, Sarah A. Richmond, and Andrew William Howard. "Spatial distribution of pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions before and after pedestrian countdown signal installation in Toronto, Canada." Injury Prevention 25, no. 2 (October 7, 2017): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042378.
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BackgroundPedestrian countdown signals (PCS) have been installed in many cities over the last 15 years. Few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of PCS on pedestrian motor vehicle collisions (PMVC). This exploratory study compared the spatial patterns of collisions pre and post PCS installation at PCS intersections and intersections or roadways without PCS in Toronto, and examined differences by age.MethodsPCS were installed at the majority of Toronto intersections from 2007 to 2009. Spatial patterns were compared between 4 years of police-reported PMVC prior to PCS installation to 4 years post installation at 1864 intersections. The spatial distribution of PMVC was estimated using kernel density estimates and simple point patterns examined changes in spatial patterns overall and stratified by age. Areas of higher or lower point density pre to post installation were identified.ResultsThere were 14 911 PMVC included in the analysis. There was an overall reduction in PMVC post PCS installation at both PCS locations and non-PCS locations, with a greater reduction at non-PCS locations (22% vs 1%). There was an increase in PMVC involving adults (5%) and older adults (9%) at PCS locations after installation, with increased adult PMVC concentrated downtown, and older adult increases occurring throughout the city following no spatial pattern. There was a reduction in children’s PMVC at both PCS and non-PCS locations, with greater reductions at non-PCS locations (35% vs 48%).ConclusionsResults suggest that the effects of PCS on PMVC may vary by age and location, illustrating the usefulness of exploratory spatial data analysis approaches in road safety. The age and location effects need to be understood in order to consistently improve pedestrian mobility and safety using PCS.
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Das, Kishore Kumar, and Rupsa Mahapatra. "Impact of COVID-19 on the perception of Indian investors towards investment in equity fund." International Journal of Financial Engineering 07, no. 03 (September 2020): 2050040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424786320500401.
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During the post demonetization and GST, Indian economy was struggling continuously to recover from the economic crisis. In the financial year 2019–2020, GDP rate fell from 7% to 5.4% which is about 18.20%. BSE Sensex index was 42273 as on January 20th of 2020 but on April 8, 2020, it was 29894. During the Financial year 2019–2020, a reduction of 26% in mid cap index was observed, but at the same time, sensitive index reduced by 22%. These things affect the share market and financial stability of people. The stock market over the last one-year became volatile and crashed. To handle the downwards economy, Government took the initiative and announced deep tax cuts for businesses in the month of August 2019. But in the beginning of the year 2020, there was another sluggish phase which stubborn the economy. This time, it was a virus, named as COVID-19(coronavirus), which created a pandemic situation and spread all over the world. Nation-wide lock down was announced to fight with COVID-19 as there was no vaccine introduced. Starting from agriculture to textile, apparel, automotive, aviation, hotels and restaurants, poultry, chemicals, consumer durables, entertainment, sports, FMCG (fast moving consumer goods), pharmaceutical, ecommerce, IT and moreover corporate sectors were adversely affected due to this pandemic and lock down rules. Therefore, this paper focuses on the impact of corona on the perception of Indian investors towards investment in equity fund.
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Clarke, Philippa, and Angela Colantonio. "Wheelchair Use Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Prevalence and Risk Factors in a National Sample." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 24, no. 2 (2005): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cja.2005.0059.
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ABSTRACTOlder adults are the largest group of wheelchair users yet there are no peer-reviewed studies on the national profile of older wheelchair users in Canada. We investigated the characteristics of wheelchair users in a national sample of community-dwelling older adults from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA-2). Questions on the use of assistive technology were asked of 5395 Canadians (over 64), and 4.6 per cent reported using a wheelchair. Logistic regression was used to model the factors associated with wheelchair use. Controlling for age, gender, and cognitive impairment, older adults who reported greater dependence in basic self-care and instrumental activities of daily living were more likely to use a wheelchair. However, the effects of self-care dependence on wheelchair use varied by gender, with men more likely than women to use wheelchairs with increasing self-care dependence. The number of chronic health conditions and being unmarried also increased the odds of wheelchair use. This paper quantifies the risk of wheelchair use according to critical factors that can be used to project use and plan for services.The data reported in this paper were collected as part of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. The core study was funded by the Seniors' Independence Research Program, through the National Health Research and Development Program (NHRDP) of Health Canada (project no. 6606-3954-MC[S]). Additional funding was provided by Pfizer Canada Incorporated through the Medical Research Council/Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of Canada Health Activity Program, NHRDP (project no. 6603-1417–302[R]), Bayer Incorporated, and the British Columbia Health Research Foundation (projects no. 38[93-2] and no. 34[96-1]). The study was coordinated through the University of Ottawa and the Division of Aging and Seniors, Health Canada. Additional funds for the preparation of this manuscript were made available from the Opportunities Fund of the M-THAC Research Unit (from Medicare to Home and Community) at the University of Toronto, and from a post-doctoral fellowship awarded to the first author by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.
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Abdalla, Rifaat, Abdulahad Malik, Jonathan Sparlin, and Susanna Li. "Remote Sensing Approach for Environmental Monitoring: Application of Sudbury, Ontario, Canada." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 6, no. 2 (July 28, 2017): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v6i2.11610.
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ENVI and ArcGIS software along with Landsat TM data were used to evaluate sustainability and environmental conservation efforts in Sudbury region, Ontario, Canada. The study adopted three phase analysis. First, the change in landscape from 1984 to 2007 was studied. In the second part the study area was analyzed for urban heat island phenomenon by comparing thermal changes in relation to vegetation changes. The last part dealt with observing change in water quality parameter. Findings of the study revealed that significant change has taken place in Sudbury during the study period. Post classification comparison method has quantified the change and presented the results in the form of a change matrix, also an increase in the reclaimed land and dense vegetation in 2007 was observed while a significant decrease in the built up and barren land was also evident. Thermal analysis results showed overall higher temperatures in 1984 while the thermal signatures of 2007 images showed characteristic of urban heat island where urban core of Sudbury had high temperatures while the rural and vegetative areas had low temperatures. The water quality analysis showed an increase in the levels of phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in lakes around Sudbury with the exception of Kelly Lake. The error analysis shown regression-derived phosphorus distribution maps were unreliable in this application, due to significant average error.
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Blocker, Jack S. "Grappling with the GAPE: A Canadian Perspective." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 1, no. 4 (October 2002): 296–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400000311.
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For a variety of reasons, the study and teaching of both United States history in general and the history of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era in particular should be thriving in Canada more than in other nations. Geographic proximity and shared language would advance this probability, even if the pervasive presence of American mass media did not. For students in Canadian colleges and universities, a combination of exposure to American doings through television and little prior academic opportunity to explore the history of the United States often whets an appetite for study at the post-secondary level. Interest in the GAPE arises — if for no other reason — from the fact that during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, both Canadians and Americans witnessed the emergence of corporate capitalism as a, perhaps the, principal shaper of their societies. At the last count in December 2001, Canada contained the largest concentration of H-SHGAPE subscribers outside the United States (25).
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Jass, Christopher N., Devyn Caldwell, Christina I. Barrón-Ortiz, Alwynne B. Beaudoin, Jack Brink, and Matthew Sawchuk. "Underwater faunal assemblages: radiocarbon dates and late Quaternary vertebrates from Cold Lake, Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, no. 3 (March 2018): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0131.
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Late Quaternary faunal remains from three underwater settings in Cold Lake, Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, include at least 13 vertebrate taxa consistent with assemblages that postdate the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Seven new radiocarbon dates range from 10 350 ± 40 to 161 ± 23 years BP and provide insight into the post-LGM biotic history of east-central Alberta and west-central Saskatchewan. The presence of an essentially modern large mammal biota is suggested for the mid-Holocene, and possibly earlier, if the absence of extinct or extirpated taxa in association with Late Pleistocene Bison at the Alberta–Saskatchewan site is meaningful. Taphonomically, some of the remains suggest deposition in open environments during the Holocene, possibly when lake levels were lower. The recovery of late Quaternary faunal remains from a present-day lacustrine setting is novel, and suggests that similar records may occur in other lakes in western Canada, including those in areas with scarce Quaternary vertebrate records.
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Hier, Sean P. "Monumental Panic: Reconciliation, Moral Regulation, and the Polarizing Politics of the Past." Critical Sociology 46, no. 4-5 (April 19, 2019): 661–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920519844568.
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In 2018, the City of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada removed a statue of Sir John A. Macdonald from the grounds of City Hall. As Canada’s first prime minister, Macdonald is both revered for the role he played in Confederation and vilified for enacting and promoting racist if not culturally genocidal policy initiatives aimed at destroying Indigenous cultures in the last part of the 19th century. Set in the context of truth and reconciliation politics playing out across the country, this article explains the removal of the monument and the social reactions it provoked, using the sociologies of moral panic and moral regulation. By focusing on one city council’s efforts to interpret and act on the moral imperatives associated with political reconciliation in post-colonial Canada, insights are provided into some of the practical challenges and potential contradictions that municipal governments can encounter when they adopt idiosyncratic strategies to atone for historical injustices in non-transitional democratic nations.
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Elmslie, Brett G., Cale AC Gushulak, Maxime P. Boreux, Scott F. Lamoureux, Peter R. Leavitt, and Brian F. Cumming. "Complex responses of phototrophic communities to climate warming during the Holocene of northeastern Ontario, Canada." Holocene 30, no. 2 (November 4, 2019): 272–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619883014.
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Historical changes in Holocene climate in northeastern Ontario were quantified using analyses of sedimentary pollen, diatoms, and pigments in a small boreal lake. Modern analog reconstructions of average temperature from Holocene pollen assemblages of Charland Lake showed temperature was ~2°C warmer than present conditions ~7800–4500 cal. yr BP, a time period consistent with the Holocene thermal maximum (HTM). Pollen data suggest a two-phase HTM: warm and dry conditions based on the presence of primarily Pinus spp., followed by warm and wet conditions based on increases in cedar. Overall, algal production was low during the HTM, as reflected by low concentrations of pigments and diatoms. In the late HTM, increases in cedar pollen and planktonic diatoms suggest sustained increases in water levels for the remainder of the Holocene. During the Post-HTM Period (~4500–2000 cal. yr BP), a period that was warmer than today but cooler than the HTM, overall pigment production was significantly higher than all other periods. However, changes in diatom species composition suggest this period was not uniform, with variation occurring between diatoms indicative of higher and lower nutrient levels. The last ~2000 cal. yr BP was less productive than the Post-HTM Period but more productive than the HTM with higher production from diatoms and cyanobacteria. This study suggests that the relationship between climate and lake water production can be quite complex, and that changes in temperature, precipitation, light, lake levels, and mixing patterns are among factors that are related to changes in subfossil phototroph assemblages.
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Aung, Kyaw Lwin, Sean Creighton, Adriana Fraser, Anna Dodd, Shari Moura, Hamzeh Albaba, Grainne M. O'Kane, David W. Hedley, Neesha C. Dhani, and Jennifer J. Knox. "Overall survival (OS) achieved with gemcitabine (G) or gemcitabine-abraxane (GA) in patients (pts) with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) who received first line modified FOLFIRINOX (m-FFX) palliative chemotherapy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e15715-e15715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e15715.
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e15715 Background: The standard second line treatment in advanced PDAC pts after m-FFX first line palliative chemotherapy is not clearly defined. G is the standard 2nd line treatment in Canada and GA can only be prescribed for pts with a private fund or private drug plan that covers the cost of Abraxane. More data is needed to establish OS achieved with 2ndline G or GA. Methods: The OS of PDAC pts treated with G or GA after m-FFX palliative chemotherapy given between 01-Dec-2011 and 30-Nov-2015 at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (PM), Toronto, Canada were retrospectively reviewed. OS was calculated from date of commencement of 2ndline treatment until death or date of last oncology follow up. Results: Over the 4-year study period, 132 pts were treated with 1st line palliative m-FFX at PM. Of them, at disease progression, 78 (59%) pts received a 2ndline therapy (50 G, 17 GA, 9 clinical trials, and 2 other). The results including demographics, treatment details and survival outcomes of patients treated with G and GA are summarized in the Table 1. Conclusions: Our results do not support single agent G after m-FFX 1st line palliative chemotherapy as median duration of treatment was too short and OS observed with G in this setting is very much limited. The median duration of treatment on GA and OS achieved with GA seem superior but sample size was too small to make a conclusion. [Table: see text]
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Shafiq, Qasim, Mazhar Hayat, and Ali Usman Saleem. "Intertextual Inscription of Diasporic Identity in Ondaatje's The English Patient." Global Social Sciences Review IV, no. II (June 30, 2019): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(iv-ii).52.
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hrough Julia Kristiva's intertextuality, this study explores the diasporic version of identity in Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient - the text that is based on Ondaatje's inspiration from other literary and non-literary texts: Rudyard Kipling's Kim, Herodotus' The History, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans and the story of Gyges and the Queen. This theoretical inscription locates the source of the expression of the meaning of the text: either the author or the text per se. It argues the intertextual narration of Ondaatje, a Sri Lankan living in Canada, about the fragmented identities of the diasporas in the post-World War II milieu. This intertextual approach highlights the politics working behind the location of the characters, their (dis)placement from/to their origin and their identity in the post-WWII time. The framing of these intertextual discourses helps understand the contexts of diaspora characters as well as diaspora writers.
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Lafontaine-Boyer, Karelle, and Konrad Gajewski. "Vegetation dynamics in relation to late Holocene climate variability and disturbance, Outaouais, Québec, Canada." Holocene 24, no. 11 (August 11, 2014): 1515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683614544054.
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A pollen diagram from Lac Brulé in southwestern Québec (45°43′09″N, 75°26′32″W, 270 m) provides a late Holocene history of the vegetation. The presence of varved sediments permitted the development of a high-resolution (10-year), cross-dated chronology with an estimated error of approximately 1%. During the last 1400 years, the forests were dominated by Tsuga, Fagus, Betula, Acer and Pinus. A peak in microcharcoal and evidence of post-fire succession suggest that the changes in the pollen assemblages around ad 1375 were a consequence of a fire in the region. There was a decrease in pollen influx of several deciduous taxa and Tsuga between ad 1600 and 1700, suggesting a rapid climate change that was significant enough to have affected pollen production of these taxa. This change, associated with the beginning of the ‘Little Ice Age’ in the region, affected the forest composition for the subsequent centuries. A detailed comparison of this pollen record with that from a nearby pollen diagram also prepared at high-temporal resolution shows the ability of pollen records to record short-period climate variations and disturbances.
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Critchfield, William B. "The late Quaternary history of lodgepole and jack pines." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 5 (October 1, 1985): 749–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-126.
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Lodgepole and jack pines (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex. Loud. and Pinusbanksiana Lamb.), components of the North American boreal forest, have pioneering roles after major disturbances such as fire or glaciation. These species are closely related and hybridize in western Canada, but their fossil records and contemporary variation patterns suggest they had completely different late Quaternary histories. Several taxonomically recognized geographic races of lodgepole pine apparently survived the last glaciation without drastic modification, the northern races either persisting in far-northern refugia or migrating from the south. The uneven influence of jack pine on northern lodgepole populations implies repeated genetic contacts, but less marked introgression in the other direction could be of post-Pleistocene origin. Jack pine occupied its entire range after the last glacial maximum and lacks taxonomically recognized races. In the Great Lakes region, however, the presence of regionally distinct populations suggests the species had at least two Midwestern refugia. This hypothesis is contrary to the widely held view that jack pine occupied most or all of its range from a well-documented refugium in southeastern North America, but is supported by limited fossil evidence that pine persisted in the Midwest during the last glaciation.
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Jacob, Jeffrey, Natalie Bocking, Ruben Hummelen, Jenna Poirier, Len Kelly, Sharen Madden, and Yoko Schreiber. "The development of a community-based public health response to an outbreak of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in a First Nations community." Canada Communicable Disease Report 47, no. 7/8 (July 8, 2021): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v47i78a07.
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Background: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a rare immune-mediated condition that typically occurs in children as a result of group A streptococcus (GAS) infection. PSGN is not considered a disease of public health significance, or reportable, in Canada. Higher incidence of PSGN has been described among Indigenous people in Canada. No national or provincial guidance exists to define or manage PSGN outbreaks. Objective: To describe an outbreak of seven paediatric cases of PSGN in a remote First Nations community in northwestern Ontario and the development of a community-wide public health response. Methods: Following a literature review, an intervention was developed involving screening of all children in the community for facial or peripheral edema or skin sores, and treatment with antibiotics if noted. Case, contact and outbreak definitions were also developed. The purpose of the response was to break the chain of transmission of a possible nephritogenic strain of streptococcus circulating in the community. Relevant demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected on all cases. Outcome: Seven paediatric cases of PSGN presented to the community nursing station between September 25 and November 29, 2017. Community-wide screening for skin sores was completed for 95% of the community’s children, including 17 household contacts, and as a result, the last of the cases was identified. Nineteen adult household contacts were also screened. Ten paediatric contacts and two adult contacts with skin sores were treated with one dose of intramuscular penicillin, and six paediatric contacts received oral cephalexin. No further cases were identified following the screening. Conclusion: PSGN continues to occur in Indigenous populations worldwide at rates higher than in the overall population. In the absence of mandatory reporting in Canada, the burden of PSGN remains underappreciated and could undermine upstream and downstream public health interventions. Evidence-based public health guidance is required to manage outbreaks in the Canadian context. The community-based response protocol developed to contain the PSGN outbreak in this First Nations community can serve as a model for the management of future PSGN outbreaks.
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Stewart, Donald T., and Allan J. Baker. "Genetic differentiation and biogeography of the masked shrew in Atlantic Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-016.
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The masked shrew (Sorex cinereus) occurs naturally on a number of small to large islands in Atlantic Canada, and 22 individuals were introduced into Newfoundland from New Brunswick in 1958. Genetic variation detected by protein electrophoresis of 34 presumptive gene loci was assayed in five island and three mainland populations from this region to compare rates of differentiation among the populations and to investigate genetic relationships among populations in the context of historical biogeographic events constructed from the geological literature. We found considerable differentiation among populations which can be attributed to different origins for the populations in the post-Wisconsin glacial phase, and to apparently rapid evolution in small isolated populations, especially for the small island of Bon Portage, Nova Scotia. Allele frequencies are more heterogeneous among the island populations and exhibit classic neutral behaviour in that rare allelles are absent and shifts in allele frequency occur to either side of mainland means. There is no correlation of allele frequencies with geographic proximity of populations as might be expected under selectively based clines, or, alternatively, under isolation by distance expected with a diffusive wave of colonization in the region. Instead, the genetic data are compatible with random drift of neutral alleles in populations of various efffective sizes isolated from each other by rising sea levels in the last 20 000 – 5000 years. The considerable divergence that has occurred among the island populations (FST = 0.238) may be indicative of incipient speciation or subspeciation. This subdivision does not appear to be founder-induced but is more likely the product of gradual drift in and interruption of homogenizing gene flow among relict populations that existed during the Pleistocene.
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Andraos, John. "Scientific genealogies of physical and mechanistic organic chemists." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 83, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1400–1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v05-158.
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Scientific genealogy trees of scientists who contributed to the study of organic reaction mechanisms over the last century are presented. The trees show doctoral and post-doctoral connections among scientists as well as connections between scientific ideas. Contributions made by scientists working in laboratories at Canadian universities and at the National Research Council of Canada are noted throughout. These trees, covering more than two centuries, are of interest to senior scientists and young students of science alike in understanding the evolution of scientific ideas and in career development for aspiring scientists. Key patterns revealed by these trees pertaining to ideas and discoveries made, how they were made, connections between them, and who made them are also discussed.Key words: reaction mechanisms, physical organic chemistry, scientific genealogies.
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Stevenson, Robert, David Gareth Fackrell, Daniel Ford, John Glaholm, Ahmed El-Modir, Emilio Porfiri, Anjali M. Zarkar, Jacob Tanguay, Thomas Rackley, and Nicholas David James. "The sequential use of abiraterone and enzalutamide in metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer patients: Experience from seven U.K. centers." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2014): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.4_suppl.125.
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125 Background: Phase III studies have demonstrated survival benefits from abiraterone (Abi), and enzalutamide (Enz) following disease progression in metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Abi is now available for treatment of mCRPC in the UK in patients previously treated with docetaxel. Enz has recently become available, via the UK cancer drugs fund (CDF), for progressive disease post docetaxel, prior to exposure to Abi. There has been no randomised trial on sequential usage of Enz post-Abi. We therefore, report the experience of hospitals in Coventry, Cardiff, and five centers in Birmingham. Methods: We searched the pharmacy database for patients who have received Enz as part of an early access scheme, and identified 79 patients who started treatment between the August 2012 and April 2013. A detailed notes review was carried out of these patients. Results: Median age was 74 (range of 55 to 87). All patients had received hormone androgen deprivation therapy and taxane chemotherapy (docetaxel and/or cabazitaxel) 75 patients had received previous Abi, 62 of these patients receiving Abi as the last treatment prior to Enz. The mean time to progression (TTP) for Abi in these 62 patients was 37.44 weeks (range 4 to 104). At the time of submission 55 patients had stopped Enz due to prostate-specific antigen progression with a mean TTP of 15.87 weeks and 28 patients had died. Conclusions: The AFFIRM study demonstrated TTP of 36 weeks in patients post-docetaxel. In this audit of patients receiving Enz post-Abi the TTP was only 15.87 weeks, suggesting possible reduced efficacy in patients receiving Enz post-Abi and docetaxel. Trials are underway comparing Abi alone or in combination with Enz which may improve efficacy.
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Legrand, Michel, Joseph McConnell, Hubertus Fischer, Eric W. Wolff, Susanne Preunkert, Monica Arienzo, Nathan Chellman, et al. "Boreal fire records in Northern Hemisphere ice cores: a review." Climate of the Past 12, no. 10 (October 28, 2016): 2033–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2033-2016.
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Abstract. Here, we review different attempts made since the early 1990s to reconstruct past forest fire activity using chemical signals recorded in ice cores extracted from the Greenland ice sheet and a few mid-northern latitude, high-elevation glaciers. We first examined the quality of various inorganic (ammonium, nitrate, potassium) and organic (black carbon, various organic carbon compounds including levoglucosan and numerous carboxylic acids) species proposed as fire proxies in ice, particularly in Greenland. We discuss limitations in their use during recent vs. pre-industrial times, atmospheric lifetimes, and the relative importance of other non-biomass-burning sources. Different high-resolution records from several Greenland drill sites and covering various timescales, including the last century and Holocene, are discussed. We explore the extent to which atmospheric transport can modulate the record of boreal fires from Canada as recorded in Greenland ice. Ammonium, organic fractions (black and organic carbon), and specific organic compounds such as formate and vanillic acid are found to be good proxies for tracing past boreal fires in Greenland ice. We show that use of other species – potassium, nitrate, and carboxylates (except formate) – is complicated by either post-depositional effects or existence of large non-biomass-burning sources. The quality of levoglucosan with respect to other proxies is not addressed here because of a lack of high-resolution profiles for this species, preventing a fair comparison. Several Greenland ice records of ammonium consistently indicate changing fire activity in Canada in response to past climatic conditions that occurred during the last millennium and since the last large climatic transition. Based on this review, we make recommendations for further study to increase reliability of the reconstructed history of forest fires occurring in a given region.
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Saint-Germain, Michel, and David F. Greene. "Salvage logging in the boreal and cordilleran forests of Canada: Integrating industrial and ecological concerns in management plans." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85120-1.
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Fire has been part of the North American boreal and cordilleran ecosystems for thousands of years. Because fire and harvesting compete directly for the same wood supply, and provinces have, within the last few decades, tended to reach their annual allowable cut, salvage logging has emerged as a practice to minimize the impact of fire on long-term wood supply. In most parts of the boreal and cordilleran forests, fire-killed boles rapidly degrade after their death, as wood-boring insects, stain, wood-decay fungi and checking lead to significant loss of grade or volume in the months following the fire. Because of this impending degradation, salvage operations are often hurried and other considerations, including the potential ecological impacts of salvage logging, have seldom been taken into consideration when defining harvesting strategies. The ecological consequences of rapid salvage have been widely studied only in the last 5 years, and it is now clear that salvage logging can have negative impacts on natural regeneration by seed, water quality, and fire-associated animal species. In this paper, we review both industrial and ecological constraints to salvage logging and discuss how both can be integrated in salvage plans. In particular, we focus on the issues of salvage timing and retention. At this point, some type of retention of merchantable stands, even if only for a few years, appears to be the only way to alleviate the negative ecological impacts of post-fire logging. On-site operational constraints, e.g., stands that cannot be harvested due to lack of accessibility, represent an important starting point for any retention strategy. Key words: boreal forest, forest fires, salvage logging, biodiversity, natural disturbances, regeneration after fire
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Jones, Brittany, Olivia Molenda, Colin Hayward, Mark D'Aguiar, Nathan Miller, Leslie Rye, and Karl Cottenie. "Patterns of tree diversity in response to logging in Algonquin Provincial Park." SURG Journal 4, no. 2 (March 11, 2011): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v4i2.1318.
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The acceleration of human disturbance on natural systems necessitates the understanding of the effects of disturbance on species diversity, in order to mitigate its impacts. The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH) provides a general framework for predicting how these effects will unfold, centered on the premise that diversity will be maximized at intermediate levels of disturbance, or after an intermediate amount of time has passed since the last disturbance. We investigated the impact of disturbance by logging in Algonquin Provincial Park, ON, Canada, on tree species diversity. We sampled 7 sites, with known times since the last logging event, ranging between 4 and 149 years. We found that species richness and diversity indeed peaked at an intermediate disturbance regime of approximately 80 years since logging. We also found that this maximum diversity was caused by a combination of early, pioneer, post-pioneer, sub-climax, and climax species. Our experiment shows that IDH is applicable to the mixed forests of Algonquin, and therefore, provided that sites are logged after a suitable amount of time has passed, it is possible to harvest trees and maintain diversity.
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Crump, Sarah E., Bianca Fréchette, Matthew Power, Sam Cutler, Gregory de Wet, Martha K. Raynolds, Jonathan H. Raberg, et al. "Ancient plant DNA reveals High Arctic greening during the Last Interglacial." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 13 (March 15, 2021): e2019069118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019069118.
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Summer warming is driving a greening trend across the Arctic, with the potential for large-scale amplification of climate change due to vegetation-related feedbacks [Pearson et al., Nat. Clim. Chang. (3), 673–677 (2013)]. Because observational records are sparse and temporally limited, past episodes of Arctic warming can help elucidate the magnitude of vegetation response to temperature change. The Last Interglacial ([LIG], 129,000 to 116,000 y ago) was the most recent episode of Arctic warming on par with predicted 21st century temperature change [Otto-Bliesner et al., Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. (371), 20130097 (2013) and Post et al., Sci. Adv. (5), eaaw9883 (2019)]. However, high-latitude terrestrial records from this period are rare, so LIG vegetation distributions are incompletely known. Pollen-based vegetation reconstructions can be biased by long-distance pollen transport, further obscuring the paleoenvironmental record. Here, we present a LIG vegetation record based on ancient DNA in lake sediment and compare it with fossil pollen. Comprehensive plant community reconstructions through the last and current interglacial (the Holocene) on Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, reveal coherent climate-driven community shifts across both interglacials. Peak LIG warmth featured a ∼400-km northward range shift of dwarf birch, a key woody shrub that is again expanding northward. Greening of the High Arctic—documented here by multiple proxies—likely represented a strong positive feedback on high-latitude LIG warming. Authenticated ancient DNA from this lake sediment also extends the useful preservation window for the technique and highlights the utility of combining traditional and molecular approaches for gleaning paleoenvironmental insights to better anticipate a warmer future.
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Rombouts, Heidy, and Stephan Parmentier. "The International Criminal Court and its Trust Fund are Coming of Age: Towards a Process Approach for the Reparation of Victims." International Review of Victimology 16, no. 2 (September 2009): 149–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975800901600203.
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The last decade has witnessed a rapid development in the field of reparation for victims of serious human rights violations, both at the national and the international level. Both in (post-)conflict situations and in situations of large-scale human rights abuses it has become a major question of transitional justice how to repair the harm inflicted on victims through acts of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other forms of injustice. As institutions of international criminal justice, the International Criminal Court and the Trust Fund for Victims are also confronted with this question and the many issues involved. They have to address three crucial questions in particular: (a) who are the beneficiaries for reparation; (b) who are the duty-bearers of reparation; and (c) what forms of reparation can be awarded? We argue that the answers to these questions raise very important issues that go beyond a purely legal approach and that require an input from other scientific disciplines and also from other sectors of society, including victims and their organizations. We argue in particular in favour of a concept of reparation that seeks to attain a new balance and that will allow victims to cope with the past and the future alike, and therefore propose a process-oriented approach to reparation based on the work of Barkan and Habermas.
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Pidgeon, Michelle. "More Than a Checklist: Meaningful Indigenous Inclusion in Higher Education." Social Inclusion 4, no. 1 (February 23, 2016): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i1.436.
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Since the 1970s there has been increased focus by institutions, government, and Indigenous nations on improving Aboriginal peoples participation and success in Canadian higher education; however disparity continues to be evident in national statistics of educational attainment, social determinants of health, and socio-economic status of Aboriginal compared to non-Aboriginal Canadians. For instance, post-secondary attainment for Aboriginal peoples is still only 8% compared to 20% of the rest of Canada (Statistics Canada, 2008, 2013). A challenge within higher education has been creating the space within predominately Euro-Western defined and ascribed structures, academic disciplines, policies, and practices to create meaningful spaces for Indigenous peoples. Indigenization is a movement centering Indigenous knowledges and ways of being within the academy, in essence transforming institutional initiatives, such as policy, curricular and co-curricular programs, and practices to support Indigenous success and empowerment. Drawing on research projects that span the last 10 years, this article celebrates the pockets of success within institutions and identifies areas of challenge to Indigenization that moves away from the tokenized checklist response, that merely tolerates Indigenous knowledge(s), to one where Indigenous knowledge(s) are embraced as part of the institutional fabric.
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Jobbitt, Steven, and Róbert Győri. "Introduction: Questions of Space and Place in Scholarship on Modern Hungary." Hungarian Cultural Studies 7 (January 9, 2015): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2014.176.
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Reflecting on both the personal and intellectual factors that influenced this thematic cluster on space, place, and the making of modern Hungary, the authors situate themselves within the history of the post-socialist revival of geography in Hungary, outlining in particular emergent fields of study and new schools of thought that have transformed geographical research and teaching over the last decade. Having drawn together historians and geographers working in Hungary, Canada, and the United States, Part I of this two-part cluster represents an effort to bring different disciplinary streams and academic cultures into contact with one another, and has provided the authors with an opportunity to better survey the state of a very broad and dynamic field of study, and to identify and begin to address lacunae in their collaborative work.
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Santos, Álvaro. "Reimagining Trade Agreements for Workers: Lessons from the USMCA." AJIL Unbound 113 (2019): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2019.74.
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A backlash against the post-Cold War order of liberal globalization has taken hold in the rich North Atlantic countries. Concerns about wages, working conditions, and economic opportunity are central to the critique of international trade agreements of the last three decades. While labor rights have progressively been included in trade agreements, they have done little to reshape workers’ well-being and workplace conditions. The new United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) may signal a pivot to a new model requiring reforms of domestic labor law and other issues important to workers. However, there is much more to be done to rebalance the power between capital and labor in trade agreements. In addition, for the United States and other rich countries, reform at home may be equally important.
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Natania, Euodia Shienny, and Arthik Davianti. "An Accounting Perspective of Tax Amnesty in Indonesia." Journal of Accounting Auditing and Business 1, no. 1 (January 3, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jaab.v1i1.15645.
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In 2016, the Indonesian government has issued a new tax program, which is tax amnesty. The application of tax amnesty was driven by of the global economic downturn, due to the decreasing trading activity, followed by the increasing prices of the export-import activity. In addition, the tax ratio in Indonesia is considered to be too low compared to other neighboring countries. However, as anticipated, the implementation of tax amnesty requires global information disclosures, particularly repatriation fund from overseas investments. For example, in addition to banks in Indonesia, Singapore is one of a place to invest. According to The Jakarta Post (2016), more than a half of Singapore’s economy is supported by Indonesian business people with an estimation of US$200 billion in private banking assets and 40 percent of the island’s total private banking assets. Such investments are to be disclosed in tax amnesty program. This particular disclosure as in Automatic Exchange of Information (AEoI) will start in 2018 and also the revision of banking regulation to disclose data for taxation. AEoI is already agreed in Group of Twenty’s (G-20) meeting last February in China (Merah Putih Bisnis, 2016). After arrived in this situation, taxpayers cannot conceal their asset anymore from the tax authority. The disclosures will include financial proxy war such as assets protection scheme and international planning that will inflict country financial loss (Aliandu, 2016). The Indonesian government also considered tax amnesty as a way out to solve its economic problems. Therefore, the underlying perception for that consideration is that tax amnesty is expected to gain more funds from tax based on disclosing the repatriation fund from overseas investments.
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Handlos, Zachary J., and Jonathan E. Martin. "Composite Life Cycle of West Pacific Jet-Superposition Events and the Large-Scale Environmental Response over Western North America." Monthly Weather Review 149, no. 4 (April 2021): 1105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-20-0130.1.
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AbstractVertical alignment of the polar and subtropical jet streams in the west Pacific basin occurs most often during the boreal cold season. Recent work has revealed that the large-scale environment conducive to producing such superpositions involves interaction between East Asian winter monsoon cold-surge events, lower-latitude convection, and internal jet dynamics. The evolution of the large-scale environments associated with these events post-superposition as well as the significance of that evolution on aspects of the wintertime Northern Hemisphere general circulation is examined through construction of a 44-case composite. The post-superposition west Pacific jet extends eastward associated with an anomalous positive–negative geopotential height couplet straddling the jet’s exit region. This jet extension results in ridge building over Alaska and northwestern Canada. The large-scale evolutions associated with the composite post-superposition environment occur consistently among the majority of cases considered within this analysis. The positive–negative geopotential height anomaly couplet, enhanced jet entrance circulation, low-latitude convection, and internal jet dynamics present in the pre-superposition environment weaken post-superposition. As a result, the characteristic vertical PV “wall” associated with the composite vertically superposed jet weakens. Last, investigation of the value of using the two most dominant modes of west Pacific jet variability in observing the evolution of the superposed west Pacific jet post-superposition reveals that, while the extension of the jet is exhibited, significant variability exists when analyzing each of the 44 cases of interest individually.
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Duderija, Adis. "Canadian Islamic Schools." American Journal of Islam and Society 26, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v26i2.1401.
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Over the last two to three decades, a number of factors have ensured thatwestern Muslims and Islam have become socially and politically far moreembedded and visible in western liberal democracies. For example, a largesegment of new (post-1965) immigrant religious minority communities settlingin western liberal democracies, including Canada, are of the Muslimfaith. Moreover, an increasing number of educated, professional westernbornMuslims consider, unlike their immigrant parents, their countries ofbirth as their “home.” Furthermore, the politicization of Islam and the natureof the current state of international affairs, in which issues pertaining toMuslims and Islam often take central place, have highlighted the publicprominence of Islam and its adherents in theWest.This situation has problematized and generated a number of debatesrelating to the philosophical, religious, cultural, political, and social underpinningsof western liberal societies vis-à-vis their Muslim communityconstituency. In addition, it has induced several profound identity-relatedquestions pertaining to what it means to be “western” or “a westernMuslim”or, for some, a “Muslim” in theWest. One aspect of this overall dynamic isthe question of the role and the function of faith-based Islamic schoolsoperating in western liberal democracies, as their numbers have mushroomedover the last two decades ...
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Guillotin, Bertrand. "Using Unconventional Wisdom to Re-Assess and Rebuild the BRICS." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12010008.
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In 2015, Goldman Sachs closed its BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) fund after years of losses and plummeting assets. Emerging markets had, once again, turned into submerging markets. Their dependence on “developed” markets and established institutions had failed them in a post-Global Financial Crisis (GFC) era, anchored in protectionism, risks, volatility, and uncertainty. The once commonly-accepted wisdom that called for US housing prices to always increase was part of the problem and contagion. Rebuilding the BRICS (S for South Africa) using conventional wisdom would probably not work. A new approach is necessary, especially since the last key contributions to show the inadequacy of a conventional wisdom-based strategy in emerging markets are more than ten years old. To help fill this gap, this paper proposes a holistic analytical framework for strategists to re-assess risks and opportunities in the BRICS. We illustrate how five basic assumptions can be proven wrong and lead to the creation of unconventional wisdom that can help derive some strategic insights. We find that rebuilding the BRICS for them to be more resilient is possible, if not vital, for the health of the global economy.
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Copper, Paul, and Jisuo Jin. "Early athyride brachiopod evolution through the Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction and recovery, Anticosti Island, eastern Canada." Journal of Paleontology 91, no. 6 (September 12, 2017): 1123–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2017.74.
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AbstractThe subfamily Hindellinae is an early group of athyride brachiopods, characterized by a simple jugum that connects the laterally directed spiralia, which are disjunct from the crura. Four genera (Hindella, Cryptothyrella, Koigia, and Hyattidina) are reexamined on the basis of their internal structures, such as the crura and their connection to the hinge, the jugum, and spiralia. The internal brachidium and shell of the Aeronian genus Cryptothyrella differ substantially from those of Hindella. Elkanathyris pallula n. gen. n. sp. is recognized as a posteriorly ribbed hindellide of Aeronian age. These genera are transferred from the Meristellinae to the subfamily Hindellinae (family Hindellidae). On Anticosti Island, Hindella is confined to the Hirnantian (latest Ordovician): it became extinct at the end Ordovician during the last of several mass extinction events that also extinguished the Laframboise reefs at the top of the Ellis Bay Formation. Post-extinction recovery of athyrides was pioneered by small-shelled Koigia, which are abundant in the basal Silurian Becscie Formation. Hyattidina, with a simple brachidium, is abundant in the Aeronian and Telychian of Anticosti, but absent earlier. True meristellines, as envisioned here, first appeared in the Aeronian Gun River Formation. The revised taxonomy and stratigraphic ranges of these earliest athyrides shed light on the nature of the Ordovician–Silurian mass extinction and recovery, and help refine the biostratigraphy of the O-S boundary interval.
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Oscier, Chris, Chinmay Patvardhan, Florian Falter, Will Tosh, John Dunning, Pedro Catarino, Ravi DeSilva, Martin Besser, and Kamen Valchanov. "Three consecutive cases of fatal intraoperative intracardiac thrombosis associated with the initiation of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the presence of aprotinin." Perfusion 34, no. 5 (February 2, 2019): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659119826822.
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Central venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been used since the 1970s to support patients with cardiogenic shock following cardiac surgery. Despite this, in-hospital mortality is still high, and although rare, thrombus within the cardiac chambers or within the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit is often fatal. Aprotinin is an antifibrinolytic available in Europe and Canada, though not currently in the United States. Due to historical safety concerns, use of aprotinin is generally limited and is commonly reserved for patients with the highest bleeding risk. Given the limited availability of aprotinin over the last decade, it is not surprising to find a complete absence of literature describing the use of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the presence of aprotinin. We present three consecutive cases of rapid fatal intraoperative intracardiac thrombosis associated with post-cardiotomy central venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients receiving aprotinin.
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Friedman, Avi. "Farming in Suburbia." Open House International 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2007-b0002.
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Once considered the ‘last frontier’, post World War II perception of a limitless North American landscape directed development into country lands. Even an apparently boundless landscape, however, had a limit. This became increasingly clear in the second half of the 20th century as suburban sprawl covered over once-fertile agricultural lands. Ecological, environmental, and social relations were negatively affected by the new residential planning pattern. Yet, positive changes can still be brought about, especially in the suburbs that border cultivated areas. This paper outlines the processes necessary for the development of sustainable suburban agriculture that can be integrated into new communities. The concepts demonstrated here can reunite ecological, economical, and social factors, which are demonstrated in a "real" project design by a team headed by the author that supports farming in a suburban Montreal, Canada, setting.
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Popov, J., E. Hartung, L. Hill, and N. Pai. "A226 CHILD AND PARENT PERCEPTIONS OF FAECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANT (FMT): QUALITATIVE PERSPECTIVES FROM PARTICIPANTS IN A TRIAL OF FMT FOR PEDIATRIC ULCERATIVE COLITIS." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 3, Supplement_1 (February 2020): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwz047.225.
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Abstract Background Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is being increasingly studied across a range of therapeutic indications, including ulcerative colitis (UC). Pediatric patients may have unique responses to microbiome-based therapeutics, given their younger age, fewer comorbidities, and greater susceptibility to medication-related side effects. Aims We recently conducted the first pilot RCT of FMT in Canada for the treatment of pediatric ulcerative colitis (PediFETCh Trial) and conducted qualitative interviews post-study of participants and their parents. This study aims to describe the experience and perceptions of children who received FMT, and their parents. Methods Patients enrolled in the PediFETCh Trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02487238) and their parents were invited to participate in face-to-face, semi-structured interviews. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed using open coding (NVivo 12 Pro). Results 8 patients and 8 parents were interviewed. Our data has been summarized into 4 domains and 11 composite themes (Table 1). Most patients and parents saw FMT as a natural treatment. Pre-treatment, patients were concerned with receiving “someone else’s poo” and physical discomfort, while parents were concerned with transmission of enteric infections or psychiatric diseases. Both felt their decision to pursue FMT was influenced by frustration with previous lack of response to medications and a fear of medication side effects. Post-treatment, most patients and families expressed no concerns over potential future side effects as a result of the FMT, and all patients reported feeling “completely normal”. Patients were split between preferring FMT or medication, with convenience of medication being an important factor, while others favored FMT for its perceived naturality and symptomatic improvements. For most families, natural therapies and diet played an important role in influencing their decision to pursue FMT; however, several parents reported that alternative healthcare practitioners did not support their desire to pursue FMT. Conclusions The study offers valuable insights into pediatric patients’ and parents’ experiences receiving FMT across several themes. Our results suggest a high rate of acceptance and interest in FMT research by pediatric patients and their parents. These findings suggest strategies to improve future delivery of FMT in clinical trials, and should support inclusion of children in FMT-based studies. Funding Agencies Hamilton Health Sciences New Investigator Fund (2015, Spring); Innovation Fund of the Alternative Funding Plan for the Academic Health Sciences Centres of Ontario (HAH-17-002)
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Brown, KJ, NJR Hebda, G. Schoups, N. Conder, KAP Smith, and JA Trofymow. "Long-term climate, vegetation and fire regime change in a managed municipal water supply area, British Columbia, Canada." Holocene 29, no. 9 (June 18, 2019): 1411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619854523.
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Post-glacial climate, vegetation and fire history were reconstructed from a sediment record from Begbie Lake, British Columbia, Canada, located in a municipal water supply area servicing > 350,000 people. Watershed managers have identified wildfire as a threat to water supply and seek to understand how vegetation and fire have varied through time with climate. In the cold late-glacial, open Pinus woodlands, periodically disturbed by fire, transitioned to mixed conifer forests subject to high-severity fire. The early Holocene is of interest to watershed managers because climate was warmer and drier than present. During this interval, low streamflow, abundant fire-adapted taxa, elevated background charcoal and regional increases in biomass burning indicate that fire seasons were longer and that fire was an important disturbance mechanism. Climate moistened in the mid Holocene, facilitating canopy closure and decreased fire disturbance. However, surface fires prevailed in Quercus ecosystems, which were expanding locally. Charcoal increased between 6180–2500 cal yr BP as climate further cooled and moistened, likely reflecting human activity and/or increased climate variability. Modern conditions arose within the last few millennia, impacted most recently by European settlement. In combination with paleoclimate modelling, modern management practices and forecast simulations, the Begbie Lake record informs about ecosystem changes within the watershed, yielding insights for management.