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Pomarino, David, Juliana Ramírez-Llamas, Stephan Martin, and Andrea Pomarino. "The 3-Step Pyramid Insole Treatment Concept for Idiopathic Toe Walking." Foot & Ankle Specialist 9, no. 6 (September 21, 2016): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1938640016669794.
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The idiopathic toe walking (ITW) gait pattern is characterized in children for walking since the beginning on their first steps on the forefoot; however, these children are able to support their whole foot on the ground. ITW can only be diagnosed in the absence of any orthopaedic or neurological condition known to cause tiptoe walking. The aim of this article is to review other references and provide an outline of the different treatment options, including the 3-step-pyramid insole treatment concept for children with ITW. Methods. Fifty-four articles in English, German, and Spanish were reviewed. There were comparative, retrospective or case studies, classifications or literature reviews and they were divided according with these categories. All the literature reviewed was published between 2000 and 2015. Results. There are some studies that proved the 3-step pyramid insole treatment concept as an effective option compared with other therapeutic modalities such as physical therapy, casting, botolinum toxin type A (BTX), and surgery. Conclusion. There is a wide spectrum regarding the therapeutic options for children with ITW, from physical therapy to surgery options. However, any of these treatment modalities have been reported to be fully successful for the whole toe walking population. Some procedures seem to have achieved faster results or seem to have longer lasting effects. Therefore, further research on the causes of ITW is recommended. Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level II: Systematic review, prospective, comparative
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Palluel, Estelle, Isabelle Olivier, and Vincent Nougier. "The lasting effects of spike insoles on postural control in the elderly." Behavioral Neuroscience 123, no. 5 (October 2009): 1141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017115.
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Xu, Zhewei, Kun Chen, Mu Li, Changying Hu, and Panchao Yin. "Sustained release of Ag+ confined inside polyoxometalates for long-lasting bacterial resistance." Chemical Communications 56, no. 39 (2020): 5287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc01676d.
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The release of Ag+ confined in the cavities of nanoscale inorganic clusters can be selectively triggered by the Na+ present in solutions or biological media for long-lasting bacteriostasis.
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Dresing, N., R. Gómez-Herrero, B. Heber, A. Klassen, M. Temmer, and A. Veronig. "Long-lasting injection of solar energetic electrons into the heliosphere." Astronomy & Astrophysics 613 (May 2018): A21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731573.
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Context. The main sources of solar energetic particle (SEP) events are solar flares and shocks driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs). While it is generally accepted that energetic protons can be accelerated by shocks, whether or not these shocks can also efficiently accelerate solar energetic electrons is still debated. In this study we present observations of the extremely widespread SEP event of 26 Dec 2013 To the knowledge of the authors, this is the widest longitudinal SEP distribution ever observed together with unusually long-lasting energetic electron anisotropies at all observer positions. Further striking features of the event are long-lasting SEP intensity increases, two distinct SEP components with the second component mainly consisting of high-energy particles, a complex associated coronal activity including a pronounced signature of a shock in radio type-II observations, and the interaction of two CMEs early in the event. Aims. The observations require a prolonged injection scenario not only for protons but also for electrons. We therefore analyze the data comprehensively to characterize the possible role of the shock for the electron event. Methods. Remote-sensing observations of the complex solar activity are combined with in situ measurements of the particle event. We also apply a graduated cylindrical shell (GCS) model to the coronagraph observations of the two associated CMEs to analyze their interaction. Results. We find that the shock alone is likely not responsible for this extremely wide SEP event. Therefore we propose a scenario of trapped energetic particles inside the CME–CME interaction region which undergo further acceleration due to the shock propagating through this region, stochastic acceleration, or ongoing reconnection processes inside the interaction region. The origin of the second component of the SEP event is likely caused by a sudden opening of the particle trap.
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Xu, Xuhai. "Integrating people-centered and planet-centered design." XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students 28, no. 1 (September 2021): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3481839.
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Exploring the many approaches and issues involved in developing technologies for wellbeing---from including environmental concerns to building long-lasting, transdisciplinary partnerships both inside and beyond the academy.
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Balbuena, María Sol, Andrés Arenas, and Walter M. Farina. "Floral scents learned inside the honeybee hive have a long-lasting effect on recruitment." Animal Behaviour 84, no. 1 (July 2012): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.04.008.
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NIJMAN, JANNE E. "In Memoriam: Pieter Hendrik Kooijmans (1933–2013)." Leiden Journal of International Law 26, no. 2 (May 3, 2013): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156513000186.
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Professor Emeritus of Public International Law Pieter Hendrik (Peter) Kooijmans passed away on 13 February 2013. He leaves a lasting void within the international-law community both inside and outside the Netherlands.
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Kappstein, Ines, Christian M. Schneider, Hajo Grundmann, Regina Scholz, and Peter Janknecht. "Long-Lasting Contamination of a Vitrectomy Apparatus With Serratia marcescens." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 20, no. 03 (March 1999): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501610.
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AbstractObjective:To investigate the contamination of a vitrectomy apparatus withSerratia marcescens.Design:Descriptive microbiological and molecular environmental study.Setting:An 1,800-bed university hospital.Results:S marcescenswas found inside the vitrectomy apparatus at the pressure transducer. Molecular typing by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-automated laser flourescence analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis identified a single pattern for all strains isolated from the apparatus. Surprisingly, the contaminating strain was identical to two strains ofS marcescensisolated nearly 2 years earlier from two patients who were involved in a small outbreak of acute postoperative endophthalmitis following cataract surgery at another hospital. The emergency vitrectomies in these patients were performed at our hospital with the same apparatus that was found to be contaminated 2 years later.Conclusion:Performing a systematic environmental search for the assumed bacterial reservoir within the system of the vitrectomy apparatus finally made it possible to find and eliminate the nidus for the gram-negative rod. Molecular typing demonstrated that all isolates belonged to a single genotype, and revealed unexpectedly a link to two vitrectomies performed 2 years earlier. The data support the hypothesis that the source of the contamination was one of these patients, and thus contamination of the apparatus was present for almost 2 years.
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Corain, Benedetto, Marco Zecca, Patrizia Canton, and Paolo Centomo. "Synthesis and catalytic activity of metal nanoclusters inside functional resins: an endeavour lasting 15 years." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, no. 1915 (March 28, 2010): 1495–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0278.
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Cross-linked functional polymers (functional resins) are versatile, designable and useful supports for metal nanoclusters that are able to provide reasonably thermally and mechanically stable multi-functional metal catalysts characterized by good activity and selectivity. The paper reviews authors’ contributions to the field from the early 1990s to the present.
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Liu, Yong, Shanshan Wang, Ziping Wang, Qiaofeng Yao, Shasha Fang, Xianfeng Zhou, Xun Yuan, and Jianping Xie. "The in situ synthesis of silver nanoclusters inside a bacterial cellulose hydrogel for antibacterial applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 22 (2020): 4846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tb00073f.
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An antibacterial hydrogel is developed through in situ formation of Ag nanoclusters on bacterial cellulous, which shows better and longer-lasting killing efficacy than that of pristine Ag NCs against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Yamashita, Masaru, Toshinori Imamura, Sachiko Matsumoto, Masaki Murakami, Toshiaki Hongo, Tomoko Akai, and Yasunori Iwamoto. "Enhancement of Afterglow Luminescence of Long-Lasting Phosphor-Glass Composite by Using Refractive Index Matched Glass." Key Engineering Materials 702 (July 2016): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.702.113.
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Composites of a long-lasting phosphor, SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy, and glass were prepared by sintering the phosphor and glass powder. To enhance the afterglow luminescence, a borosilicate glass composition was chosen so that the refractive index of the glass matched that of the phosphor. Additional components with a high refractive index, such as La2O3 and Nb2O5, were added to the glass to increase the overall refractive index. As they tend to induce crystallization during sintering, small amounts of at least three types of such components were added to the glass to prevent crystallization. The surface of the composite was observed by a digital microscope with dark-field lighting. The phosphor particles became almost transparent because of the refractive-index matching, although bubbles were observed inside the phosphor particles. The afterglow luminance was, however, almost the same and the transmittance of the composite was not high because of many voids when compared to as that of the sample using the glass with a lower refractive index. The sample prepared under vacuum showed coloration and similar afterglow luminance even though the number of voids inside the composite decreased. To suppress the coloration, the amount of tin in the glass was increased, after which higher transparency and afterglow luminance were obtained. A 4-mm-thick sample showed a luminance of 118 mcd∙m-2 60 min after irradiation by a D65 lamp with 200 lx for 20 min.
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Bartoš, Vladimír, Jana Doboszová, and Martin Sudek. "Actinomycotic Endomyometritis Associated with a Long-Term Use of Intrauterine Device Lasting for 42 Years." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 62, no. 1 (2019): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2019.44.
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In women, pelvic actinomycosis is closely associated with prolonged use of the intrauterine devices (IUD). A 70-year old female presented with intermittent blood-stained vaginal discharge. An analysis of her history revealed, she was inserted with an IUD 42 years ago, but it has remained in situ untill now. Curettage of the uterus was done, but an IUD was firmly attached inside the cavity and there was not able to remove it. A biopsy material consisted of the large round and oval granules of filamentous and mycelium-like microorganisms. They showed strong positivity with Periodic acid–Schiff stain and Gömöri methenamine silver stain. Histopathology was consisted with uterine actinomycosis. A total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was performed. The uterus contained a retained plastic IUD. Microscopic investigation revealed a diffuse chronic active endomyometritis with sporadic Actinomycetes colonies. Wearing an IUD continuously for very long periods of time can lead to actinomycotic infection, which may manifest for many years after its application. All IUD users have to keep in mind regular gynecological check-ups to avoid the complications of a retained and “forgotten” IUD.
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Qiu, Jianrong, K. Miura, H. Inouye, Y. Kondo, T. Mitsuyu, and K. Hirao. "Femtosecond laser-induced three-dimensional bright and long-lasting phosphorescence inside calcium aluminosilicate glasses doped with rare earth ions." Applied Physics Letters 73, no. 13 (September 28, 1998): 1763–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122274.
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Hudson, Trevor. "Relationships: Discipleship that Promotes Another Kind of Life." Christian Education Journal: Research on Educational Ministry 16, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739891318820327.
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The acid test of the authentic Christ-following life is linked to a steady growth in compassionate caring validated by the way Christians care and value the ones closest to them. Ministers of spiritual formation need a practical theology for becoming Christ-like in compassionate caring thus announcing salvation offered by Christ as another kind of life, especially in its relational aspects, which generates a lasting transformation that lets go of deception and, with the guidance of the Holy Spirit, fosters the growth of authentic beings from the inside out.
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Agarwal, Pooja K., and Henry L. Roediger. "Lessons for learning: How cognitive psychology informs classroom practice." Phi Delta Kappan 100, no. 4 (November 26, 2018): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031721718815666.
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The learning sciences span multiple fields, including psychology, computer science, and neuroscience. In particular, cognitive psychology focuses on complex operations that occur inside the brain. Attention to these hidden processes can reveal ways to promote lasting learning. Pooja Agarwal and Henry Roediger draw on research in both the laboratory and the classroom to identify four important strategies — retrieval practice, feedback, spaced practice, and interleaving — that have been shown to help students learn. The effects of these practices apply across multiple grade levels and subject areas, and teachers can often incorporate them by making minor tweaks to their current practices.
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Niemelä, Juho, and Esa Ruuskanen. "References to Iconic Landscapes in the Debate Surrounding the Founding of Finland’s National Parks, circa 1880–1910." International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity 7, no. 1 (November 2, 2019): 741–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/hcm.579.
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This article reviews the formation of the idea of national parks in Finland between the 1880s and 1910s. It argues that both the term and the concept of national park evolved in a long-lasting deliberative process between competing definitions. The main actors in this process were geographers, forestry scientists and NGOs devoted to popular education and the promotion of tourism. As a result of the debates, iconic landscapes and species were located in Finnish nature inside the wholly artificial boundaries of the national parks. Eventually, both the science and tourism poles of the decades-long debate were incorporated into the plans and visions for Finland’s national parks in the early twentieth century. The national park debate between the 1880s and 1910s focused mainly on landscapes, land formations and vegetation zones, and not so much on the wildlife or indeed the people who lived inside these areas.
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Sciarelli, Sergio. "Corporate Ethics and the Entrepreneurial Theory of “Social Success”." Business Ethics Quarterly 9, no. 4 (October 1999): 639–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857940.
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Abstract:The introduction of ethics in the running of a corporate firm is functional to the reaching of its business purposes.The adoption of values of distributive justice (equity) and respect (trust) concurs and determines the building of trust both inside the corporation itself and externally, making the birth of solid relationships based on collaboration and a lasting sense of loyalty possible in a productive world, which tends to praise efficiency throughout the entire production line. Therefore, the judgment that ethics pays and the conclusion that the growth of an “ethical sense” in the organization makes up one of the most difficult challenges of modern management.
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Bastrikin, Dorota K., Alejandro Gallego, Colin P. Millar, Imants G. Priede, and Emma G. Jones. "Settlement length and temporal settlement patterns of juvenile cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) in a northern North Sea coastal nursery area." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 8 (March 11, 2014): 2101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu029.
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Abstract Knowledge of settlement timing and duration, which has been identified as an important milestone for demersal fish, is critical to understanding population connectivity, relevant to the development of spatially—and temporally—resolved conservation measures, and recruitment variability, as important density-dependent dynamics may take place at this stage. To study the settlement ecology of cod haddock, and whiting, sampling was conducted over spring and summer 2004–2006 at the northern North Sea nursery area. Over 4000 0-group juveniles were collected. Settlement was associated with clear and progressive changes in the prey composition of these juveniles. The size of fish that could be considered settled was estimated as 49 (±3) mm for cod, 78 (±4) mm for haddock, and 85 (±6) mm for whiting. Clear differences in temporal settlement patterns were also apparent. Cod settled in a single pulse lasting about a month (mid-May to mid-June) and initially occupied shallower, inshore waters, whereas haddock settled in one pulse, lasting ∼2 weeks (second half of May), favouring deeper, farther offshore locations. Whiting settled much later in the season and over a more protracted period (early June to early August), and their depth preferences also changed over time and with increasing length.
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Racicot, Rachel. "FOSSIL SECRETS REVEALED: X-RAY CT SCANNING AND APPLICATIONS IN PALEONTOLOGY." Paleontological Society Papers 22 (September 2016): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/scs.2017.6.
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AbstractX-ray computed tomography (CT) provides a nondestructive means of studying the inside and outside of objects. It allows accurate visualization and measurement of internal features, that are otherwise impossible to obtain nondestructively, and is a lasting digital record that can be made available to future researchers, museums, and the general public. Here, an overview of CT scanning methodologies and protocol is provided, as well as some recent examples of how this technology is allowing paleontologists to make new inroads into understanding the ecology, evolution, and development of both extant and extinct organisms. Lastly, some frontiers and outstanding questions in the acquisition, processing, and storage of digital 3-D morphological data are highlighted.
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Tadokoro, Seiji, Tsuyoshi Nakazawa, Tsuyoshi Kamae, Kazunobu Kiyomizu, Hirokazu Kashiwagi, Shigenori Honda, Yuzuru Kanakura, and Yoshiaki Tomiyama. "A potential role for α-actinin in inside-out αIIbβ3 signaling." Blood 117, no. 1 (January 6, 2011): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-10-246751.
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Abstract Many different biochemical signaling pathways regulate integrin activation through the integrin cytoplasmic tail. Here, we describe a new role for α-actinin in inside-out integrin activation. In resting human platelets, α-actinin was associated with αIIbβ3, whereas inside-out signaling (αIIbβ3 activation signals) from protease-activated receptors (PARs) dephosphorylated and dissociated α-actinin from αIIbβ3. We evaluated the time-dependent changes of the αIIbβ3 activation state by measuring PAC-1 binding velocity. The initial velocity analysis clearly showed that PAR1-activating peptide stimulation induced only transient αIIbβ3 activation, whereas PAR4-activating peptide induced long-lasting αIIbβ3 activation. When αIIbβ3 activation signaling dwindled, α-actinin became rephosphorylated and reassociated with αIIbβ3. Compared with control platelets, the dissociation of α-actinin from αIIbβ3 was only transient in PAR4-stimulated P2Y12-deficient platelets in which the sustained αIIbβ3 activation was markedly impaired. Overexpression of wild-type α-actinin, but not the mutant Y12F α-actinin, increased its binding to αIIbβ3 and inhibited PAR1-induced initial αIIbβ3 activation in the human megakaryoblastic cell line, CMK. In contrast, knockdown of α-actinin augmented PAR-induced αIIbβ3 activation in CMK. These observations suggest that α-actinin might play a potential role in setting integrins to a default low-affinity ligand-binding state in resting platelets and regulating αIIbβ3 activation by inside-out signaling.
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Tadokoro, Seiji, Masamichi Shiraga, Hirokazu Kashiwagi, Tsuyoshi Kamae, Masao Akiyama, Tsuyoshi Nakazawa, Yuzuru Kanakura, and Yoshiaki Tomiyama. "A Role for α-Actinin in Inside-out αIIbβ3 Signaling." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 1849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.1849.1849.
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Abstract Integrin activation is regulated by many different biochemical signaling pathways through the integrin cytoplasmic tails. Multiprotein complexes assembled around the integrin cytoplasmic tail are linked to the actin cytoskeleton. Binding of the cytoskeletal proteins to integrin cytoplasmic tails leads to the conformational rearrangements of integrin extracellular domains that modulate their affinity. Talin-1 or Kindlin-3 has been identified as integrin activator complex proteins. α-Actinin also links the cytoplasmic domains of integrin β tails to actin filaments. We report here a new role for α-actinin in inside-out integrin activation. To explore the role of α-actinin in inside-out signaling, platelets were stimulated with protease-activated receptor (PAR) - activating peptides (AP) under non-stirring condition for up to 20 min. Immunoprecipitation with anti-αIIbβ3 followed by immnoblotting with anti-α-actinin revealed that in resting platelets α-actinin was constitutively associated with αIIbβ3. When platelets were stimulated by PAR1-AP, α-actinin was dissociated from αIIbβ3 as an initial step. Interestingly α-actinin re-bound to αIIbβ3 at 20 min after PAR1-AP stimulation. In contrast to PAR1-AP stimulation, the α-actinin dissociation from αIIbβ3 induced by PAR4-AP was long-lasting. To reveal the dynamic changes in αIIbβ3 activation, we recently developed initial velocity analysis for PAC1 binding. In brief, FITC-PAC1 was added to the activated platelets at indicated time points after stimulation and incubated for only 30 seconds to get the PAC1 binding velocity at the time points in question. The velocity of PAC1 binding reflects the relative numbers of activated αIIbβ3 at the time points. This initial velocity analysis more clearly revealed that PAR1-AP stimulation induced only transient αIIbβ3 activation, whereas PAR4-AP induced long-lasting αIIbβ3 activation. Moreover, the dissociation of α-actinin from αIIbβ3 appears to correlate with the time-dependent changes in the number of activated αIIbβ3. The kinetics of α-actinin-αIIbβ3 interaction was synchronized with tyrosine phosphorylation of α-actinin. When stimulated with PAR1-AP, α-actinin was de-phosphorylated rapidly and re-phosphorylated in late phase. PAR4-AP induced more prolonged de-phosphorylation of α-actinin than PAR1-AP. Thus, these results suggest that the interaction between α-actinin and αIIbβ3 may correlate with inside-out signaling induced by PAR1-AP and PAR4-AP. In platelets from a patient with Glanzmann thrombasthenia the phosphotyrosine profile of α-actinin was almost the same as that of control platelets in both PAR1-AP and PAR4-AP stimulation, confirming that these changes are not mediated αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling. In sharp contrast PAR4-AP stimulation failed to induce the sustained de-phosphorylation of α-actinin in P2Y12-ADP receptor deficient platelets. The blockade of P2Y12 with AR-C69931MX impaired the levels of activated αIIbβ3 induced by PAR4-AP, which correlated with the re-association of α-actinin. To further examine the role for α-actinin in integrin activation, α-actinin was overexpressed in human megakaryoblastic CMK cells and PAR1- AP induced PAC-1 binding to αIIbβ3 was assessed. Initial velocity analysis on CMK cells showed that overexpressed α-actinin inhibited PAR1-AP induced αIIbβ3 activation. These data imply that the binding of α-actinin to αIIbβ3 may regulate the levels of αIIbβ3 activation. Our observations may provide a new molecular framework for understanding the functions of β3 integrins in platelets.
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De Marco, Massimo, Josef Krása, Jakub Cikhardt, Fabrizio Consoli, Riccardo De Angelis, Miroslav Pfeifer, Miroslav Krůs, et al. "Multi probes measurements at the PALS Facility Research Centre during high intense laser pulse interactions with various target materials." EPJ Web of Conferences 167 (2018): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201816703009.
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During the interaction of high intense laser pulse with solid target, a large amount of hot electrons is produced and a giant Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) is generated due to the current flowing into the system target–target holder, as well as due to the escaping charged particles in vacuum. EMP production for different target materials is investigated inside and outside the target chamber, using monopole antenna, super wide-band microstrip antenna and Moebius antenna. The EMP consists in a fast transient magnetic field lasting hundreds of nanosecond with frequencies ranging from MHz to tens of GHz. Measurements of magnetic field and return target current in the range of kA were carried out by an inductive target probe (Cikhardt J. et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85 (2014) 103507).
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Barata, Ricardo Andrade, Erika Monteiro Michalsky, Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara, João Carlos França-Silva, Marília Fonseca Rocha, and Edelberto Santos Dias. "Assessment of sand fly (Diptera, Psychodidae) control using cypermethrin in an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais State, Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 27, no. 11 (November 2011): 2117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2011001100005.
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Montes Claros in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, was considered an intense transmission area for visceral leishmaniasis. This study evaluated sand fly fauna after insecticide application. Captures were performed in 10 districts from September 2005 to August 2006 with CDC light traps inside and outside each residence. Cypermethrin was sprayed in two cycles during November/2005 and May/2006. The 636 specimens collected, belonging to 10 species, were predominantly Lutzomyia longipalpis (79%), and most frequently males (70%). The highest percentage of specimens were captured in areas surrounding domiciles (85.8%). The main species were observed to be sensitive to treatment with the insecticide. The results showed a reduction in the number of sand flies collected after use of cypermethrin in homes and annexes, and with residual effect lasting from two to four months.
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Jussila, Kirsi, Sirkka Rissanen, Kai Parkkola, and Hannu Anttonen. "Evaluating Cold, Wind, and Moisture Protection of Different Coverings for Prehospital Maritime Transportation–A Thermal Manikin and Human Study." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 29, no. 6 (October 31, 2014): 580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x14001125.
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AbstractIntroductionPrehospital maritime transportation in northern areas sets high demands on hypothermia prevention. To prevent body cooling and hypothermia of seriously-ill or injured casualties during transportation, casualty coverings must provide adequate thermal insulation and protection against cold, wind, moisture, and water splashes.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the thermal protective properties of different types of casualty coverings and to evaluate which would be adequate for use under difficult maritime conditions (cold, high wind speed, and water splashes). In addition, the study evaluated the need for thermal protection of a casualty and verified the optimum system for maritime casualty transportation.MethodsThe study consisted of two parts: (1) the definition and comparison of the thermal protective properties of different casualty coverings in a laboratory; and (2) the evaluation of the chosen optimum protective covering for maritime prehospital transportation. The thermal insulations of ten different casualty coverings were measured according to the European standard for sleeping bags (EN 13537) using a thermal manikin in a climate chamber (-5°C) with wind speeds of 0.3 m/s and 4.0 m/s, and during moisture simulations. The second phase consisted of measurements of skin and core temperatures, air temperature, and relative humidity inside the clothing of four male test subjects during authentic maritime prehospital transportation in a partially-covered motor boat.ResultsWind (4 m/s) decreased the total thermal insulation of coverings by 11%-45%. The decrement of thermal insulation due to the added moisture inside the coverings was the lowest (approximately 22%-29%) when a waterproof reflective sheet inside blankets or bubble wrap was used, whereas vapor-tight rescue bags and bubble wrap provide the most protection against external water splashes. During authentic maritime transportation lasting 30 minutes, mean skin temperature decreased on average by 0.5°C when a windproof and water-resistant rescue bag was used over layered winter clothing.ConclusionThe selected optimum rescue bag consisted of insulating and water-resistant layers providing sufficient protection against cold, wind, and water splashes during prehospital transportation lasting 30 minutes in the uncovered portion of a motor boat. The minimum thermal insulation for safe maritime transportation (30 minutes) is 0.46 m2K/W at a temperature of -5°C and a wind speed of 10 m/s.JussilaK, RissanenS, ParkkolaK, AnttonenH. Evaluating cold, wind, and moisture protection of different coverings for prehospital maritime transportation–a thermal manikin and human study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(6):1-9.
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Kokkalis, Panagiotis, Ourania Soupiona, Christina-Anna Papanikolaou, Romanos Foskinis, Maria Mylonaki, Stavros Solomos, Stergios Vratolis, et al. "Radiative Effect and Mixing Processes of a Long-Lasting Dust Event over Athens, Greece, during the COVID-19 Period." Atmosphere 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030318.
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We report on a long-lasting (10 days) Saharan dust event affecting large sections of South-Eastern Europe by using a synergy of lidar, satellite, in-situ observations and model simulations over Athens, Greece. The dust measurements (11–20 May 2020), performed during the confinement period due to the COVID-19 pandemic, revealed interesting features of the aerosol dust properties in the absence of important air pollution sources over the European continent. During the event, moderate aerosol optical depth (AOD) values (0.3–0.4) were observed inside the dust layer by the ground-based lidar measurements (at 532 nm). Vertical profiles of the lidar ratio and the particle linear depolarization ratio (at 355 nm) showed mean layer values of the order of 47 ± 9 sr and 28 ± 5%, respectively, revealing the coarse non-spherical mode of the probed plume. The values reported here are very close to pure dust measurements performed during dedicated campaigns in the African continent. By utilizing Libradtran simulations for two scenarios (one for typical midlatitude atmospheric conditions and one having reduced atmospheric pollutants due to COVID-19 restrictions, both affected by a free tropospheric dust layer), we revealed negligible differences in terms of radiative effect, of the order of +2.6% (SWBOA, cooling behavior) and +1.9% (LWBOA, heating behavior). Moreover, the net heating rate (HR) at the bottom of the atmosphere (BOA) was equal to +0.156 K/d and equal to +2.543 K/d within 1–6 km due to the presence of the dust layer at that height. On the contrary, the reduction in atmospheric pollutants could lead to a negative HR (−0.036 K/d) at the bottom of the atmosphere (BOA) if dust aerosols were absent, while typical atmospheric conditions are estimated to have an almost zero net HR value (+0.006 K/d). The NMMB-BSC forecast model provided the dust mass concentration over Athens, while the air mass advection from the African to the European continent was simulated by the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model.
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Bavassano Cattaneo, M. B., M. F. Marcucci, Y. V. Bogdanova, H. Rème, I. Dandouras, L. M. Kistler, and E. Lucek. "Global reconnection topology as inferred from plasma observations inside Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 893–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-893-2010.
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Abstract. During a long lasting period of northward interplanetary magnetic field and high solar wind speed (above 700 km/s), the Cluster spacecraft go across a number of very large rolled-up Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) vortices at the dusk magnetopause, close to the terminator. The peculiarity of the present event is a particular sequence of ions and electrons distribution functions observed repeatedly inside each vortex. In particular, whenever Cluster crosses the current layer inside the vortices, multiple field-aligned ion populations appear, suggesting the occurrence of reconnection. In addition, the ion data display a clear velocity filter effect both at the leading and at the trailing edge of each vortex. This effect is not present in the simultaneous electron data. Unlike other KH studies reported in the literature in which reconnection occurs within the vortices, in the present event the observations are not compatible with local reconnection, but are accounted for by lobe reconnection occurring along an extended X-line at the terminator in the Southern Hemisphere. The reconnected field lines "sink" across the magnetopause and then convect tailward-duskward where they become embedded in the vortices. Another observational evidence is the detected presence of solar wind plasma on the magnetospheric side of the vortices, which confirms unambiguously the occurrence of mass transport across the magnetopause already reported in the literature. The proposed reconnection scenario accounts for all the observational aspects, regarding both the transport process and the kinetic signatures.
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Rajić, Ivona, Emi Govorčin Bajsić, and Tamara Holjevac Grgurić. "Application of polyurethane in the production of shoe soles." Koža & obuća 69, no. 1 (2021): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34187/ko.69.1.2.
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Good footwear should be comfortable, long-lasting and fit for purpose, polyurethanes allow designers to meet all of these objectives. Polyurethanes are used in the footwear industry to make insoles and shoe soles.There are two types of PU soles a polyether and polyester based PU sole. Polyether based PU soles have a high resistance against hydrolysis and low oil resistance while polyester based PU soles have a low resistance against hydrolysis and high oil resistance. In this work thermal and mechanical properties of PU elastomers with polyether and polyester polols with different hard segment content were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated partial crystalinity structure of the PU elastomers. PU elastomers based on polyether type polyol show the higher degree of crystalization. Based on DMAresults , Tgvalues of the PU increases and broadened with increasing hard segment content in the PU elastomers based on polyester polyol, due to the interaction between the urethane groups and the ester carbonyl groups. Mechanical studies indicated that the tensile strength of PU elastomers increased with hard segment.
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Massoglia, Michael, and Brianna Remster. "Linkages Between Incarceration and Health." Public Health Reports 134, no. 1_suppl (May 2019): 8S—14S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354919826563.
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The dramatic expansion of the US penal system during the past 4 decades has led to an increase in adverse health conditions that affect an unprecedented number of individuals. This article first provides an overview of the literature on the immediate and lasting associations between incarceration and physical health, highlighting the diverse health conditions linked with incarceration, including health functioning, infectious disease, chronic conditions, and mortality. Next, we discuss potential explanations for the associations between incarceration and these health conditions, focusing on stress, contagion, social integration, and reintegration challenges. We then consider how medical and social science research can be combined to advance our understanding of these health conditions and suggest ways to reduce the negative association between incarceration and health, such as by improving prison conditions and medical care both inside prisons and after release.
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Favela, Alejandra. "Lasting Lessons from Oaxaca: Teachers as Luchadores Sociales: An Inside Account of the Historic 2006 Oaxacan Teachers’ Movement and Why It Is Still Relevant Today." Radical Teacher 88, no. 1 (2010): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rdt.2010.0005.
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Bennett, Kate M., and Gillian Bennett. "“And there's Always this Great Hole Inside that Hurts”: An Empirical Study of Bereavement in Later Life." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 42, no. 3 (May 2001): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/c4la-41f9-71gb-kr61.
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Stage theoretical approaches to bereavement have long been used in both academic and clinical work. Their impact has been so great that they have permeated lay understanding of bereavement, to become, as Tony Walter puts it, the “clinical lore” of bereavement. This paper examines this clinical lore from the perspective of older women's narratives of widowhood. We suggest that, though these widows experience the sorts of emotions stage theories predict, there is little evidence to support the notion of steady progression from one stage to another. Nor is there evidence to support the idea that widows “recover” from their loss in the sense of surrendering their attachment to the dead, nor that “renewal” equates with a fully restored sense of wellbeing. The widows themselves argue cogently that the idea of “recovery” is an inappropriate (and indeed insensitive) aim for them to strive for. They feel uncomfortable with the pathologizing of lasting grief; they also express strong views about those who try to “help” them. It concludes that, though stage theories are useful in identifying some of the physical effects and emotions associated with bereavement, they do not adequately reflect the experiences of women widowed in later life.
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Joseph, Sunil V., G. K. Madhavilatha, R. Ajay Kumar, and Sathish Mundayoor. "Comparative Analysis of Mycobacterial Truncated Hemoglobin Promoters and thegroEL2Promoter in Free-Living and Intracellular Mycobacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 18 (July 6, 2012): 6499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01984-12.
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ABSTRACTThe success ofMycobacterium tuberculosisdepends on its ability to withstand and survive the hazardous environment inside the macrophages that are created by reactive oxygen intermediates, reactive nitrogen intermediates, severe hypoxia, low pH, and high CO2levels. Therefore, an effective detoxification system is required for the pathogen to persistin vivo. The genome ofM. tuberculosiscontains a new family of hemoproteins named truncated hemoglobin O (trHbO) and truncated hemoglobin N (trHbN), encoded by theglbOandglbNgenes, respectively, important in the survival ofM. tuberculosisin macrophages. Mycobacterial heat shock proteins are known to undergo rapid upregulation under stress conditions. The expression profiles of the promoters of these genes were studied by constructing transcriptional fusions with green fluorescent protein and monitoring the promoter activity in both free-living and intracellular milieus at different time points. WhereasglbNshowed an early response to the oxidative and nitrosative stresses tested,glbOgave a lasting response to lower concentrations of both stresses. At all time points and under all stress conditions tested,groEL2showed higher expression than both trHb promoters and expression of both promoters showed an increase while inside the macrophages. Real-time PCR analysis of trHb andgroEL2mRNAs showed an initial upregulation at 24 h postinfection. The presence of theglbOprotein imparted an increased survival toM. smegmatisin THP-1 differentiated macrophages compared to that imparted by theglbNandhsp65proteins. The comparative upregulation shown by both trHb promoters while grown inside macrophages indicates the importance of these promoters for the survival ofM. tuberculosisin the hostile environment of the host.
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Maito, Fabio Luiz Dal Moro, Ana Paula Duarte de Souza, Luciana Pereira, Megan Smithey, David Hinrichs, Archie Bouwer, and Cristina Bonorino. "Intratumoral TLR-4 Agonist Injection Is Critical for Modulation of Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor Rejection." ISRN Immunology 2012 (July 25, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/926817.
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The tumor microenvironment shelters a complex network of mechanisms that enables local Immunosuppression to support tumor growth. In this study we found that, B16F10 melanoma growth is inversely correlated with peritumoral infiltrate cell number and with cell numbers in draining lymph nodes. Tumor growth ensued even when a foreign antigen was expressed by B16F10 cells in the presence of naïve specific CD8+ T cells. Treatment with TLR agonists has shown to sometimes result in tumor regression, however, not always with long-lasting effects. We compared the relevance of different injection regimens of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Tumor growth was arrested only by intratumoral LPS injection after the tumor was already established. This result was accompanied by a dramatic change in DC activation inside the tumor. Intratumoral LPS also enhanced antigen presentation and tumor-specific CD4+ T cell production of IFN-γ. Injection of LPS before tumor challenge or codelivery of tumor cells and LPS did not have any effect on tumor progression. Our results suggest that an efficient antitumor immune response leading to tumor regression can be achieved with proper TLR4 activation inside the tumor tissue, impacting the tumor microenvironment. These findings are relevant for the design of treatment for patients with malignant melanomas.
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Colovic, Radoje, Marko Kaitovic, and Stojan Latincic. "Pancreatic tail pseudocyst of type II treated with resection of the tail of the pancreas and splenectomy." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 139, no. 11-12 (2011): 812–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1112812c.
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Introduction. Pancreatic pseudocysts of type II are postnecrotic cysts that appear during an acute-on-chronic pancreatitis. In case that surgical treatment is necessary, as a rule it is performed using internal drainage operations. Pancreatic resections are rarely indicated. Case Outline. The authors present a 34 year-old man with a long-lasting history of moderate alcohol consumption in whom an episode of drinking caused an acute-on-chronic pancreatitis so that a 7 cm in diameter cyst was developed inside the tail of the pancreas causing left subcostal pain, mild pleural effusion and pain in the left shoulder. At operation almost entirely inside the tail of the pancreas a cyst of type II unsuitable for internal drainage operation was found so that a spared resection of the tail of the pancreas and splenectomy were carried out. The post-operative recovery was prolonged due to recurrent left pleural effusion requiring punctions, mild suppurative secretion from the splenic fossa and transient postsplenectomy thrombocytosis. Six months after surgery the patient is in good condition and with normal findings. Conclusion. Although rare, pancreatic cysts of type II may be unsuitable for internal drainage operations so that resection of the effected part of the pancreas could be a much better solution than external drainage.
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Lebaron, Frédéric, and Didier Georgakakis. "The field of European economic governance and austerity policies: Exploratory elements (2002–2012)." Political Anthropological Research on International Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 47–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25903276-bja10021.
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Abstract In this paper, we establish the theoretical topography of a sample of these actors, their dispositions and their resources to grasp the relational dynamics (including the dynamics of inertia and of change) at work in the translation of the economic, social and political inputs into policy choices. This way of doing seems to us a good means to contribute to the current debate on the unexpected resilience of austerity policies and the need for ‘structural reforms’ at the EU level. How to explain, indeed, that whereas many observers thought after the first Obama election that the end of 2000 would mark a ‘lasting paradigm change’ to neo-Keynesianism the advisability of pursuing a new policy was so rapidly shut down? How to sociologically contribute to explain the strong continuity of the former paradigm inside European institutions and simultaneously the rather marginal adjustments it underwent?
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BRYANT, STACY. "Examining the Adoption and Diffusion of Ecclesiastical Gallicisms in Old Spanish." Bulletin of Hispanic Studies: Volume 98, Issue 8 98, no. 8 (September 1, 2021): 717–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/bhs.2021.43.
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The presence of multiple loanwords in the Ibero-Romance of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries demonstrates language contact. Teasing out the nature of the relationships that resulted in the adoption and spread of these borrowings is difficult due to the limitations of the evidence, found only in written registers produced by those with access to education. This helps explain the catalogue nature of most historical borrowing studies about Spanish. This paper argues, however, that an inferential network analysis of the extant data on ecclesiastical loanwords that entered the lexicon through contact with Gallo-Romance speakers elucidates their adoption and spread, moving beyond the list. Using five borrowings as illustrations (capiscol, chantre, fraile, maestre, and monje), it asserts that their diffusion was facilitated and influenced by both the strong and the weak ties that developed inside and outside religious institutions, which left a lasting mark on the Spanish lexicon.
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Carnevale, Pierre, and Sylvie Manguin. "Review of Issues on Residual Malaria Transmission." Journal of Infectious Diseases 223, Supplement_2 (April 27, 2021): S61—S80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab084.
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Abstract Residual malaria transmission is the actual maintained inoculation of Plasmodium, in spite of a well-designed and implemented vector control programs, and is of great concern for malaria elimination. Residual malaria transmission occurs under several possible circumstances, among which the presence of exophilic vector species, such as Anopheles dirus, or indoor- and outdoor-biting vectors, such as Anopheles nili, or specific behavior, such as feeding on humans indoors, then resting or leaving the house the same night (such as Anopheles moucheti) or also changes in behavior induced by insecticides applied inside houses, such as the well-known deterrent effect of permethrin-treated nets or the irritant effect of DDT. The use of insecticides may change the composition of local Anopheles populations, such as A. arabiensis taking up the place of A. gambiae in Senegal, A. aquasalis replacing A. darlingi in Guyana, or A. harrisoni superseding A. minimus in Vietnam. The change in behavior, such as biting activity earlier than usually reported—for example, Anopheles funestus after a large-scale distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets—or insecticide resistance, in particular the current spread of pyrethroid resistance, could hamper the efficacy of classic pyrethroid-treated long-lasting insecticidal nets and maintained transmission. These issues must be well documented in every situation to elaborate, implement, monitor, and evaluate tailored vector control programs, keeping in mind that they must be conceived as integrated programs with several well and appropriately coordinated approaches, combining entomological but also parasitological, clinical, and social methods and analyses. A successful integrated vector control program must then be designed to reduce transmission and incidence rates of malaria morbidity and overall mortality.
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Martinotti, Giovanni, Cristina Merino Del Villar, Andrés Garcia Cordoba, Lluís Andrés Tubau, Ivan Castro Sánchez, Francesco Di Carlo, Stefania Chiappini, Mauro Pettorruso, Fabrizio Schifano, and Massimo Di Giannantonio. "Club Drugs and Psychiatric Sequelae: An Issue of Vulnerability and Previous Psychiatric History." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 6944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136944.
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The pursuit of pleasure among clubbers and disco-goers often involves drug use. However, whether substance use may represent a relevant risk factor contributing to the development of psychiatric symptoms and of mental illness remains debated. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the percentage of subjects who developed long-lasting psychiatric symptoms in a sample of subjects reporting use of substances in nightclubs, and to evaluate the role of a previous psychiatric diagnosis in these subjects. Data were collected during three consecutive years in dedicated nursing units inside all the nightclubs of Ibiza, in emergency hospital rooms at the Can Misses Hospital and inside the psychiatric ward. A total of 10,163 subjects required medical assistance inside discos in the medical-nursing units, of which 223 required transfers to hospital emergency rooms. Of these, 110 required subsequent psychiatric hospitalization. Ninety-one (82.7%) of these patients had a positive psychiatric history, which was also found in thirty-one of the 113 subjects (27.4%) not requiring psychiatric hospitalization. Negative psychiatric history was negatively associated with hospitalization (Coefficient = −2.574; p = 0.000) and for subjects with a negative psychiatric history the odds to be hospitalized changed by a factor of 0.076. Gender, age, civil status and nationality were not significant predictors of hospitalization. Overall, the number of subjects who developed major psychiatric disorders appeared to be limited. However, the presence of a psychiatric history here played a crucial role. Club drugs are therefore able to induce psychiatric sequelae requiring hospitalization mainly in subjects who are already vulnerable from a psychopathological point of view.
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Moura, Nádya dos Santos, Bárbara Brandão Lopes, João Joadson Duarte Teixeira, Mônica Oliveira Batista Oriá, Neiva Francenely Cunha Vieira, and Maria Vilani Cavalcante Guedes. "Literacy in health and self-care in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 72, no. 3 (June 2019): 700–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0291.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of educational intervention in the adherence to self-care activities and functional health literacy and numeracy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study conducted in two units of the Brazilian Family Health Strategy, involving people with diabetes. Educational interventions occurred in three meetings, weekly, lasting 60 minutes on average. Data were collected using the Questionário de Autocuidado com o Diabetes, before and after the interventions. Results: 55 people participated in the study. After the interventions, the greatest difference for a better adherence to self-care was the item “inspecting the inside of the shoes before putting them on”, with 3.29 days in the week delta at analytical level. The worst was “taking insulin shots as recommended”, with 0.00 days a week delta at basic level. Conclusion: Educational interventions had a positive effect on adherence to self-care and functional literacy in health.
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Castellani, Daniele, Redi Claudini, Luca Gasparri, Alessandro Branchi, Maria Pia Pavia, and Marco Dellabella. "Is complete anatomical endoscopic laser enucleation of the prostate always necessary? Yes, it is!" Urologia Journal 86, no. 2 (November 20, 2018): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0391560318812302.
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Introduction: Thulium laser enucleation of the prostate is gaining popularity due to its short learning curve and low postoperative morbidity. The aim of Thulium laser enucleation of the prostate is the complete endoscopic enucleation of the adenoma. We report an unusual case of bladder outlet obstruction developed 6 weeks after Thulium laser enucleation of the prostate. Case description: A 74-year-old man complained of severe voiding phase symptoms lasting 2 weeks, starting 6 weeks after Thulium laser enucleation of the prostate. He underwent a transrectal ultrasound, which showed a wide prostatic fossa. A cystoscopy revealed that the prostatic fossa was filled with whitish tissue arising from two tiny residual adenomas. The obstructing tissue was resected with the aid of Thulium laser and the histopathology report showed necrotic prostatic glands. Conclusion: Partially enucleated and left inside adenoma may become necrotic and cause bladder outlet obstruction several weeks after Thulium laser enucleation of the prostate. Transrectal ultrasound control at the end of enucleation may help reduce this complication.
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Cohen, Geoffrey L., and Julio Garcia. "Educational Theory, Practice, and Policy and the Wisdom of Social Psychology." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1, no. 1 (October 2014): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732214551559.
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The power of psychologically based interventions has garnered much interest in the general public and in the social sciences, especially in social psychology. Among the lessons that such social-psychological interventions provide are two of special importance for educational practice and social policy. The first is that different students can perceive the same classroom differently and that these perceptions can lead to substantial differences in outcomes. The second is that timely and well-placed interventions, almost irrespective of their duration, can change students’ perceptions of school and the classroom for the better. Randomized double-blind experiments show that such change is possible and can trigger lasting improvements in students’ academic trajectories. In the context of closing achievement gaps, these insights offer practical solutions and a better understanding of motivation. This article focuses on how wise interventions and insights from social psychology can further apply to improve human affairs, both inside and outside the classroom.
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Jakubs, Deborah Lynn. "Trust me: the keys to success in cooperative collections ventures." Library Management 36, no. 8/9 (November 9, 2015): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lm-08-2015-0058.
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Purpose – Cooperation among research libraries is a venerable pursuit with a long history. The purpose of this paper is to examine three collaborative tools and programs ranging from the late 1970s to the present to identify the promise of each as well as the challenges, the factors that both facilitate and interfere with true cooperation, highlighting the lessons learned. Design/methodology/approach – The author analyzes the development and functions of the Conspectus of the Research Libraries Group, the Global Resources Program of the Association of Research Libraries, and the Triangle Research Libraries Network in the state of North Carolina, USA. Findings – While the goals of collaborative collections initiatives are laudable, it is often difficult to accomplish true, balanced, and lasting cooperation that results in both expanded access and financial reallocation. Originality/value – The study is a first-hand, inside look at the methods and mechanisms of cooperative collection development that offers suggestions for future partnerships on either a small or a large scale.
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De Keyser, J., M. Echim, and M. Roth. "Cross-field flow and electric potential in a plasma slab." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 1297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1297-2013.
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Abstract. We consider cross-field plasma flow inside a field-aligned plasma slab embedded in a uniform background in a 1-dimensional geometry. This situation may arise, for instance, when long-lasting reconnection pulses inject plasma into the inner magnetosphere. The present paper presents a detailed analysis of the structure of the interfaces that separate the slab from the background plasma on either side; a fully kinetic model is used to do so. Since the velocity shear across both interfaces has opposite signs, and given the typical gyroradius differences between injected and background ions and electrons, the structure of both interfaces can be very different. The behaviour of the slab and its interfaces depends critically on the flow of the plasma transverse to the magnetic field; in particular, it is shown that there are bounds to the flow speed that can be supported by the magnetised plasma. Further complicating the picture is the effect of the potential difference between the slab and its environment.
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Zab Un Nisa, Gul e Zahra, and Syed Waqas Ali Bokhari. "The Syrian Peace Process: How Syria Can attain Perpetual Peace?" Global Strategic & Securities Studies Review V, no. III (September 30, 2020): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(v-iii).09.
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The Civil wars only can end by the total victory of one party against the other or through the table-talks. The progress about the political settlement of the Syrian crisis has stalled, and the Syrian regime did not show preparedness to accompanying its opponents. The regime cannot provoke directly with turkey and United States to asserts its influence in the north and eastern part of Syria. There is no political peace process to bring the fruits to date. As laid out under the United Nations Security Council UNSC in pursuance of 2254 resolution, the Geneva process has stuck. The mediation process under the United Nations is centrally focusing on establishing the legally bounded committee with the equal presentation of all stakeholders in this legal body or committee, significantly the regime, the opposition and the civil society inside Syria. The resolution was passed totally in December 2015, the said resolution drawn on four steps to ensuring the long-lasting resolution of the Syrian conflict.
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Stephens, Michael B. "Chapter 8 Outboard-migrating accretionary orogeny at 1.9–1.8 Ga (Svecokarelian) along a margin to the continent Fennoscandia." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 50, no. 1 (2020): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m50-2019-18.
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AbstractAn intimate lithostratigraphic and lithodemic connection between syn-orogenic rock masses inside the different lithotectonic units of the 2.0–1.8 Ga (Svecokarelian) orogen, Sweden, is proposed. A repetitive cyclic tectonic evolution occurred during the time period c. 1.91–1.75 Ga, each cycle lasting about 50–55 million years. Volcanic rocks (c. 1.91–1.88 Ga) belonging to the earliest cycle are host to most of the base metal sulphide and Fe oxide deposits inside the orogen. Preservation of relict trails of continental magmatic arcs and intra-arc basins is inferred, with differences in the depth of basin deposition controlling, for example, contrasting types of base metal sulphide deposits along different trails. The segmented geometry of these continental magmatic arcs and intra-arc basins is related to strike-slip movement along ductile shear zones during transpressive events around and after 1.88 Ga; late orogenic folding also disturbed their orientation on a regional scale. A linear northwesterly orogenic trend is suggested prior to this structural overprint, the strike-slip movement being mainly parallel to the orogen. A solely accretionary orogenic model along an active margin to the continent Fennoscandia, without any trace of a terminal continent–continent collision, is preferred. Alternating retreating and advancing subduction modes that migrated progressively outboard and southwestwards in time account for the tectonic cycles.
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Bekar, Lane K., and Wolfgang Walz. "Evidence for Chloride Ions as Intracellular Messenger Substances in Astrocytes." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.1.248.
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Cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes were used to investigate the mechanism underlying the suppression of Ba2+-sensitive K+ currents by GABAAreceptor activation. Muscimol application had two effects on whole cell currents: opening of the well-known Cl− channel of the GABAA receptor and a secondary longer-lasting blockade of outward K+ currents displaying both peak and plateau phases. This blockade was independent of both Na+ (inside and outside) and ATP in the pipette. It also seemed to be independent of muscimol binding to the receptor because picrotoxin application showed no effect on the K+ conductance. The effect is blocked when anion efflux is prevented by replacing Cl−with gluconate (both inside and out) and is enhanced with more permeant anions such as Br− and I−. Moreover, the effect is reproduced in the absence of muscimol by promoting Cl− efflux via lowering of extracellular Cl−levels. These results, along with the requirement for Cl−efflux in muscimol experiments, show a strong dependency of the secondary blockade on Cl− efflux through the Cl− channel of the GABAA receptor. We therefore conclude that changes in the intracellular Cl−concentration alter the outward K+ conductances of astrocytes. Such a Cl−-mediated modulation of an astrocytic K+ conductance will have important consequences for the progression of spreading depression through brain tissue and for astrocytic swelling in pathological situations.
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Helmig, Detlev, Daniel Liptzin, Jacques Hueber, and Joel Savarino. "Impact of exhaust emissions on chemical snowpack composition at Concordia Station, Antarctica." Cryosphere 14, no. 1 (January 23, 2020): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-199-2020.
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Abstract. The chemistry of reactive gases inside the snowpack and in the lower atmosphere was investigated at Concordia Station (Dome C), Antarctica, from December 2012 to January 2014. Measured species included ozone, nitrogen oxides, gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), and formaldehyde, for study of photochemical reactions, surface exchange, and the seasonal cycles and atmospheric chemistry of these gases. The experiment was installed ≈1 km from the station main infrastructure inside the station clean air sector and within the station electrical power grid boundary. Ambient air was sampled continuously from inlets mounted above the surface on a 10 m meteorological tower. In addition, snowpack air was collected at 30 cm intervals to 1.2 m depth from two manifolds that had both above- and below-surface sampling inlets. Despite being in the clean air sector, over the course of the 1.2-year study, we observed on the order of 50 occasions when exhaust plumes from the camp, most notably from the power generation system, were transported to the study site. Continuous monitoring of nitrogen oxides (NOx) provided a measurement of a chemical tracer for exhaust plumes. Highly elevated levels of NOx (up to 1000 × background) and lowered ozone (down to ≈50 %), most likely from reaction of ozone with nitric oxide, were measured in air from above and within the snowpack. Within 5–15 min from observing elevated pollutant levels above the snow, rapidly increasing and long-lasting concentration enhancements were measured in snowpack air. While pollution events typically lasted only a few minutes to an hour above the snow surface, elevated NOx levels were observed in the snowpack lasting from a few days to ≈ 1 week. GEM and formaldehyde measurements were less sensitive and covered a shorter measurement period; neither of these species' data showed noticeable concentration changes during these events that were above the normal variability seen in the data. Nonetheless, the clarity of the NOx and ozone observations adds important new insight into the discussion of if and how snow photochemical experiments within reach of the power grid of polar research sites are possibly compromised by the snowpack being chemically influenced (contaminated) by gaseous and particulate emissions from the research camp activities. This question is critical for evaluating if snowpack trace chemical measurements from within the camp boundaries are representative for the vast polar ice sheets.
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Lotshaw, D. P., and F. Li. "Angiotensin II activation of Ca(2+)-permeant nonselective cation channels in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 271, no. 5 (November 1, 1996): C1705—C1715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1996.271.5.c1705.
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A Ca(2+)-permeant, nonselective cation channel was observed in cell-attached and inside-out membrane patches from rat adrenal glomerulosa cells maintained in primary cell culture. In cell-attached patches under near physiological ionic conditions, single-channel currents exhibited a reversal potential near -10 mV, inward rectification, a nearly linear slope conductance between 0 and -80 mV of 17.4 pS, and voltage-dependent block at potentials more negative than -80 mV. Channels exhibiting identical conductance and gating properties were observed in inside-out patches; however, channel gating ran down within minutes in this configuation. In the inside-out configuration, channel gating did not require cytosolic Ca2+ (Ca2+ < 10(-9) M), and inward rectification was relieved by removal of intracellular Mg2+. Relative ionic permeability was calculated using reversal potential measurements from inside-out patches under bi-ionic conditions. The channel discriminated poorly among monovalent cations (PLi > PK > PCs > PNa) and was not significantly permeable to anions. The channel was permeable to Ca2+, exhibiting a relative permeability ratio of 0.29 PCa/PNa) when measured with 110 mM Ca2+ on the intracellular face and a permeability ratio of 4.38 (PCa/PNa) with 110 mM Ca2+ on the extracellular face. Channel gating behavior was episodic with open times ranging from milliseconds to tens of seconds and closed times lasting up to several minutes or longer. Channel gating appeared to be relatively voltage independent except that mean channel open time and open probability were reduced by membrane hyperpolarization. In cell-attached patches, bath application of 1 nM angiotensin II (ANG II) increased the channel open probability, primarily affecting channels exhibiting a low open probability, primarily affecting channels exhibiting a low open probability before stimulation. With the use of nystatin perforated-patch current clamp to measure membrane potential, ANG II was observed to induce large transient membrane depolarizations, consistent with activation of an inward current. We hypothesize that this channel is an important component of ANG II-induced membrane depolarization and Ca2+ influx during stimulation of aldosterone secretion.
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Shroyer, E. L., J. N. Moum, and J. D. Nash. "Energy transformations and dissipation of nonlinear internal waves over New Jersey's continental shelf." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 17, no. 4 (August 3, 2010): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-17-345-2010.
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Abstract. The energetics of large amplitude, high-frequency nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) observed over the New Jersey continental shelf are summarized from ship and mooring data acquired in August 2006. NLIW energy was typically on the order of 105 Jm−1, and the wave dissipative loss was near 50 W m−1. However, wave energies (dissipations) were ~10 (~2) times greater than these values during a particular week-long period. In general, the leading waves in a packet grew in energy across the outer shelf, reached peak values near 40 km inshore of the shelf break, and then lost energy to turbulent mixing. Wave growth was attributed to the bore-like nature of the internal tide, as wave groups that exhibited larger long-term (lasting for a few hours) displacements of the pycnocline offshore typically had greater energy inshore. For ship-observed NLIWs, the average dissipative loss over the region of decay scaled with the peak energy in waves; extending this scaling to mooring data produces estimates of NLIW dissipative loss consistent with those made using the flux divergence of wave energy. The decay time scale of the NLIWs was approximately 12 h corresponding to a length scale of 35 km (O(100) wavelengths). Imposed on these larger scale energetic trends, were short, rapid exchanges associated with wave interactions and shoaling on a localized topographic rise. Both of these events resulted in the onset of shear instabilities and large energy loss to turbulent mixing.
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Strong, WR, RC Murphy, BD Bruce, and DR Nelson. "Movements and associated observations of bait-attracted White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias: A preliminary report." Marine and Freshwater Research 43, no. 1 (1992): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9920013.
Full textAbstract:
Basic population parameters and behaviours of great white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, were studied during four expeditions to Spencer Gulf, South Australia. In all, 58 white sharks were observed, ranging in length from about 2.2 to 5.5 m TL (X= 3.7 m TL � 0.7 s.d.); of these sharks, 32 were subsequently tagged. Many sharks were observed repeatedly, the most frequently resighted individual being seen on 22 days over a 197-day period spanning two expeditions. Sharks in the study area were segregated by sex but not by size. Females were most abundant at 'inshore' islands, whereas males occurred mainly at 'offshore' islands. Further, there were no marked differences in abundance between summer and winter. Nine ultrasonic trackings, lasting a maximum of 27.5 h, revealed three general horizontal movement patterns: downstream circling, island patrolling, and inter-island cruising. Average rate of movement was 3.2 km h-1 (n = 145 time intervals of 15 min each). Sharks generally remained near the surface or along the bottom (about 20 m), spending relatively little time in midwater. Daytime swimming depths were significantly shallower than those at night.
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Jędrzejuk, Hanna, and Joanna Dojnikowska. "On some aspects of modernisation of a wooden house with special cultural value." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900050.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents specification of the scope of modernization of a wooden house built in 1950 in the village of Nowoberezowo in the Podlaskie voivodship (eastern Poland). It was constructed in traditional technology that is specific for this area and which dates back to the 19th century. It was considered that due to special cultural values it is necessary to preserve the exterior appearance of the building. For this reason, the idea of insulating its external walls from the outside was abandoned. In connection with planned interior remodelling and the selected variant of insulation of external walls from the inside, a hydrothermal analysis was carried out. On this basis, the maximum acceptable thickness of the thermal insulation layer was determined given the need to protect wood against degradation resulting from long-lasting moisture. The necessity to ensure adequate air exchange in rooms was emphasized and a mechanical ventilation system was proposed. Next, the impact of the proposed treatments on the change of energy performance was evaluated. An economic assessment was also made and a simple payback time was determined.