Academic literature on the topic 'Late 19th century'

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Journal articles on the topic "Late 19th century"

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Mulligan, Roark. "Late-19th-Century Literature." American Literary Scholarship 2020, no. 1 (2022): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00659142-9580554.

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Mulligan, Roark. "Late-19th-Century Literature." American Literary Scholarship 2019, no. 1 (2021): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00659142-8839231.

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Witschi, N. S. "Late-19th-Century Literature." American Literary Scholarship 2009, no. 1 (2011): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00659142-1264810.

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Witschi, N. S. "Late-19th-Century Literature." American Literary Scholarship 2010, no. 1 (2012): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00659142-1546865.

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Oggel, Terry. "Late-19th-Century Literature." American Literary Scholarship 1998, no. 1 (2000): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00659142-1998-1-235.

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Oggel, T. "Late-19th-Century Literature." American Literary Scholarship 1999, no. 1 (2001): 259–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00659142-1999-1-259.

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Kiskis, M. J. "Late-19th-Century Literature." American Literary Scholarship 2000, no. 1 (2002): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00659142-2000-1-253.

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Kiskis, M. J. "Late-19th-Century Literature." American Literary Scholarship 2001, no. 1 (2003): 281–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00659142-2001-1-281.

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Nordloh, D. J. "Late-19th-Century Literature." American Literary Scholarship 2002, no. 1 (2004): 237–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00659142-2002-1-237.

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Kiskis, M. J. "Late-19th-Century Literature." American Literary Scholarship 2003, no. 1 (2005): 275–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00659142-2003-1-275.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Late 19th century"

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Zhao, Hui. "Rethinking Constitutionalism in Late 19th and Early 20th Century China." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10631.

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In the tenets of Western political science, “limited government” is usually seen as the touchstone of modern constitutionalism. Yet significant issues can arise when one applies this framework to East Asia. By studying the origin of constitutionalism in China and Japan, my dissertation reexamines the idea that “limited government” is the core of modern constitutionalism. I argue that constitutionalism, as it was introduced in Meiji Japan and late Qing China, focused on strengthening the government rather than limiting it. Many might feel this affirms the popular belief in an inherent affinity for authoritarianism in the Chinese mind, but this dissertation disagrees, finding such a conclusion to be unfairly reductive, and dangerous to achieving a true cross-cultural understanding. It argues instead that Chinese constitutionalism’s desire to strengthen the state was not the manifestation of a cultural predisposition toward authoritarianism, but was instead consciously adopted and constructed in response to the chaotic realities of late 19th and early 20th century China. By studying the constitutional thought of Aristotle, Cicero, Machiavelli, Hobbes, the early English constitutionalists, Locke, Montesquieu, the American founding fathers, and others, I shine light on a dilemma that was as critical to late Qing China constitutionalism as it was to Aristotle’s ancient Greece, Machiavelli’s Renaissance Florence, and Lincoln’s splitting 19th century America: to achieve the delicate balance between a strong state and the limiting principles of a Republic. My argument calls for a reevaluation not only of Chinese constitutional thought, but also of current liberal constitutional theory, which tends to define the goal of constitutionalism simply as the limiting of governmental power. My research shows that the essential goal of constitutionalism, whether it takes place in the East or the West, in the present or the past, is not to move closer to one pole of authoritarianism or the other of limited government, but to strike an ideal balance between the two, depending on the specific context of a state’s time and place in history.<br>East Asian Languages and Civilizations
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Kent, Neil. "Light and nature in late 19th century nordic art and literature /." Uppsala : Universitätet, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35408280q.

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Galán, del Castillo Elena. "Socio Ecological Transition of Organic Agricultures in Catalonia (late 19th-20th century)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/288378.

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The main motivation of this dissertation is to add the environmental dimension to the Economic History of the changes in agriculture in Catalonia since the late 19th century. According to this, we speak in terms of Socio-Ecological Transition instead of agrarian development, which considers only the variable of productivity. That allows us to focus in fertility (first and second waves of the transition) and in a last step, in the use of fossil fuels (direct and indirect) in agriculture (third wave). Therefore, this thesis seeks to bring to light the ways followed by Mediterranean organic agricultures to overcome its yield ceilings (not necessary Malthusian ceilings) in order to be adapted to the structural changes of the economy in the late 19th. Indeed, as the rest of Spain, Catalonia was strongly hit by the end-of-century crisis, when the cheap grain from North America flooded European market due to improvements in transport technologies and the use of fossil fuels. The grain was cheap because the never ploughed deep organic horizons of the North American prairies accumulated high amounts of nutrient, consequently, their mining had not effects in the short run. Accordingly, North American farmers could produce without compensating the nutrients extracted by harvests, something completely opposite to the case of European agricultures with old soils and agricultural systems that relied strongly in the circulation of organic matter. In addition, the phylloxera plague, which destroyed all vineyards and the introduction of new kinds of vegetable oils, changed the market conditions for wine and olive oil, important crops in Catalonia. Moreover this thesis also aims to answer the question of whether there was or not a room for further organic improvements before the arrival of the second and third waves of the Socio- Ecological Transition. That is, when they finally outstripped all previous yield ceilings thanks to the spread of the use of fossil fuels, directly or indirectly in the form of chemical fertilisers, concentrated feed, and use of adapted seeds, etc. Following the previous works in Spain we use the analytical perspective of the social metabolism and agro-ecology applied to Environmental History to study the Socio-Ecological Transition of Spanish agriculture to an industrial mode of agriculture. We focus on the study on the driving forces by reconstructing two sets of flows in agricultural systems of Catalonia, energy and nutrients. The thesis is organised in the following structure. In the first block we make an analytical proposal to study and compare different energy efficiencies of agroecosystems and we apply it to a case study in the centre of Catalonia c.1860 and in 1999 (chapter 1 and 2). The second block is centred on the nutrient balances of the cropland areas of Catalan agriculture, hence, chapters 4 and 5 show two moments of time, c.1860 and c.1920. While chapter 4 analyses one municipality (Sentmenat) chapter 5 makes a regional analysis thus using provincial sources. This allows for the comparison among regions with different features. In the last chapter (3 and 6) of both blocks, we clarify the relations between the two chapters of each block, making joined questions and conclusions. In addition, we interpret the results in the framework of Socio-Ecological Transitions and explore the limitations of the methodology. Finally, in chapter 7 we summarize the conclusions of both blocks.<br>La principal motivación de esta tesis es reconstruir la dimensión ambiental, un trabajo pendiente dentro del campo de la Historia Económica, de los cambios que experimentaron las agriculturas de base orgánica en Cataluña a partir de finales del siglo XIX. Para ello, en vez de usar la narrativa de desarrollo agrícola (que sólo distingue entre agriculturas avanzadas y el resto en términos únicos de productividad) utilizamos la narrativa de la Transición Socio- Ecológica aplicada a la agricultura. Así podemos aplicar herramientas del Metabolismo Social, como la contabilidad de flujos energéticos y de materiales. Al igual que el resto del Estado Español, Cataluña, nuestro caso de estudio, fue fuertemente golpeada por la crisis agraria finisecular. Debido a mejoras tecnológicas en el transporte y al uso de combustibles fósiles, hacia 1870 el grano barato producido en Norte América inundó los mercados europeos. La gran cantidad de materia orgánica acumulada en los profundos horizontes orgánicos que nunca antes habían sido cultivados, permitió a los agricultores norteamericanos cosechar con una elevada productividad sin necesidad de asumir los costes de la reposición de nutrientes, al menos en el corto plazo. Fue todo lo contrario para los viejos agroecosistemas europeos, cuya fertilidad dependía fuertemente de la capacidad campesina para poner de nuevo en circulación la biomasa generada por el agroecosistema. Además, la plaga de la filoxera, que destruyó todos los viñedos catalanes, y la generalización de nuevos aceites vegetales cambiaron totalmente las condiciones de mercado de vino y aceite de oliva a la entrada del siglo XX. La tesis se divide en dos bloques en el primero estudiamos los flujos energéticos en el agroecosistema de un mismo conjunto de municipios del Vallès (Cataluña) a un extremo y otro de la Transición Socio-Ecológica. En el segundo tenemos como objetivo estudiar la primera oleada de la Transición Socio-Ecológica, es decir, los efectos de la Primera Globalización sobre la fertilidad de los agroecosistemas catalanes. Para ello escogemos un caso de estudio previo a la transición y uno que debería estar entre la primera y la segunda oleada de la transición. Una vez sorteados las limitaciones impuestas por la utilización de fuentes históricas, los resultados de esta tesis arrojan luz sobre puntos clave para una agricultura más sostenible.
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Mathien, Julie. "Children, families, and institutions in late 19th and early 20th century Ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ58891.pdf.

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Silbert, Ariel. "Late 19th century German-Jewish Korperkultur and its philosophical and aesthetic sources." Waltham, Mass. : Brandeis University, 2009. http://dcoll.brandeis.edu/handle/10192/23320.

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Ihara, Chie. "Indian Ocean climate : the state from the late 19th throughout the 20th century." Saarbrücken VDM, Müller, 2007. http://d-nb.info/987722662/04.

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鄭秀儀 and Sau-yi Joan Cheng. "Women in China and Japan from the late 19th century to the 1930s." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42574821.

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Cheng, Sau-yi Joan. "Women in China and Japan from the late 19th century to the 1930s." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42574821.

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Pashby, Michele. "Charting Contagions: Data Visualization of Disease in Late 19th-Century San Francisco Chinatown." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2185.

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In the late 1800s in San Francisco, Chinese immigrants faced racism and were blamed for the city’s public health crisis. To the rest of San Francisco, disease originated from Chinese people. However, through data visualization we can see that this was not the case. This paper maps cases of disease against the city’s sanitation system and shows how the lack of adequate infrastructure contributed to high rates of disease. Data visualization is an increasingly important tool that historians need to utilize to uncover new insights.
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Hong, Wansheng. "Li Shanlan the impact of Western mathematics in China during the late 19th century /." online access from Digital dissertation consortium, 1991. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9130325.

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Books on the topic "Late 19th century"

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Kerry, Sue. Late 18th & 19th century textiles. Francesca Galloway in association with the Antique Collectors' Club, 2007.

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Witherell, Brian L. Late 19th century furniture by Berkey & Gay. Schiffer Pub., 1998.

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O'Rourke, Kevin H. Tariffs and growth in the late 19th century. University College Dublin, Department of Economics, Centre for Economic Research, 1997.

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101 Ismaili heroes: (late 19th century to present age). Islamic Book Publisher, 2003.

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Richard, Gartley, ed. Chinas: Hand-painted marbles of the late 19th century. Muskingum Valley Archaeological Survey, 1990.

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Lightning Literature & Composition: American literature: mid-late 19th century. 3rd ed. Hewitt Educational Resources, 2003.

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O'Rourke, Kevin H. Open economy forces and late 19th century Scandinavian catch-up. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.

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O'Rourke, Kevin H. Open economy forces and late 19th century Scandinavian catch-up. University College Dublin, Department of Economics, 1995.

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W, Simpson Fronia, and Portland Museum of Art, eds. Paris and the countryside: Modern life in late-19th-century France. Portland Museum of Art, 2006.

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England), Priory Gallery (Cheltenham. Recent acquisitions of late 19th & early 20th century British paintings & watercolours. The Gallery, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Late 19th century"

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Neill, Catherine A., and Edward B. Clark. "Late 19th to early 20th century." In Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8514-9_4.

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Wible, James R. "Questionable Research Practices in Late 19th Century America." In The Economics of Scientific Misconduct. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003009252-8.

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Flor, João de Almeida. "Publishing translated literature in late 19th century Portugal." In Translation in Anthologies and Collections (19th and 20th Centuries). John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.107.11alm.

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Henning, Barbara. "A Passionate Ottoman in late 19th Century Damascus." In Imperial Subjects. Böhlau Verlag, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/9783412502539-010.

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Takayuki, Hioki. "Notable Spectacles in the Late 19th-Century Kabuki Stage." In Performance Spaces and Stage Technologies. transcript Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839461129-006.

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Villamayor, Julián. "Atlantic Control of the Late 19th Century Sahel Humid Period." In Influence of the Sea Surface Temperature Decadal Variability on Tropical Precipitation: West African and South American Monsoon. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20327-6_7.

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Yu, Jung-hwa. "Interpreter and translator training in late 19th-century Korea 1." In Translating and Interpreting in Korean Contexts. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429491580-3.

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Kozák, Jan. "First Macroseismic Maps in Southern Poland in the Late 19th Century." In Studies of Historical Earthquakes in Southern Poland. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15446-6_2.

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Thomas, Margaret. "Words and concepts for child language learning in late 19th versus late 20th century America." In Studies in the History of the Language Sciences. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.112.27tho.

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Messner, Donna A. "AZT and Drug Regulatory Reform in the Late 20th-Century US." In Ways of Regulating Drugs in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137291523_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Late 19th century"

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Morozov, Evgeny. "Northeast Africa In International Relations Of The Late 19th Century." In International Scientific and Practical Conference «MAN. SOCIETY. COMMUNICATION». European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.05.02.114.

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Elbuzdukaeva, Tamara Umarovna, Zara Alaudinovna Gelaeva, and Sotsita Abuevna Gaitamirova. "Sociocultural Development Of Grozny In The Late 19Th - Early 20Th Century." In International Conference on Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.258.

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Nashchokina, Maria. "Urban Development of Kostroma in the Late 19th – Early 20th Century." In 4th International Conference on Architecture: Heritage, Traditions and Innovations (AHTI 2022). Athena International Publishing B.V., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55060/s.atssh.221230.017.

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Bian, Jiasheng, and Qiao Jiang. "The Development Course and Reflection of Japanese Direct Teaching Method From Late 19th Century to Mid 20th Century." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccese-19.2019.274.

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Chalioris, C., M. Favvata, V. Alexandri, and C. Karayannis. "REHABILITATION OF A PARTIALLY COLLAPSED MASONRY TRADITIONAL TOBACCO WAREHOUSE OF THE LATE 19TH CENTURY." In 4th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research School of Civil Engineering National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Greece, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120113.4601.c1596.

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Iloliev, A. "Scribal culture in late 19th century Badakhshan: a case study of Mubarak-i Wakhani." In International scientific conference " Readings in memory of B.B. Lashkarbekov dedicated to the 70th anniversary of his birth". Yazyki Narodov Mira, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/978-5-89191-092-8-2020-0-0-326-332.

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Ariani, A., I. Santosa, A. Destiarmand, and A. Sachari. "Understanding Karo People's Culture in the Late 19th Century through Photographs by Kristen Feilberg." In Proceedings of the First Lekantara Annual Conference on Public Administration, Literature, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education, LePALISSHE 2021, August 3, 2021, Malang, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.3-8-2021.2315060.

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Tleubekova, G. "Late 19th – early 20th century European travelers account of the nomadic people of Central Asia." In Scientific dialogue: Questions of philosophy, sociology, history, political science. ЦНК МОАН, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/spc-01-07-2020-05.

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KAFUUMA, GILBERT, ESTHER MUHWEZI, and MARK R. O. OLWENY. "HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE OF LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY BUILDINGS IN THE BUGANDA KINGDOM, UGANDA." In STREMAH 2019. WIT Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/str190071.

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E. Anagnastopol, Bogdan. "The Organization and Merchants Ethnicity of the Greek Companies in Transylvania in the Late 18th Century and Early 19th Century." In 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research in Social Sciences and Humanities. GLOBALK, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/3rd.icarsh.2020.10.11.

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Reports on the topic "Late 19th century"

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Bassino, Jean-Pascal, Marion Dovis, and John Komlos. Biological Well-Being in Late 19th Century Philippines. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21410.

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O'Rourke, Kevin, and Jeffrey Williamson. Open Economy Forces and Late 19th Century Scandinavian Catch-Up. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5112.

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Lehmann, Sibylle, and Kevin O'Rourke. The Structure of Protection and Growth in the Late 19th Century. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14493.

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Gross, Daniel. Collusive Investments in Technological Compatibility: Lessons from U.S. Railroads in the Late 19th Century. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26261.

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Rosenberg, Nathan, and Manuel Trajtenberg. A General Purpose Technology at Work: The Corliss Steam Engine in the late 19th Century US. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8485.

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Choi, Jeong. A Study on the Characteristics of Joseon Doll Costume in MOA as Cultural Product in Late 19th Century. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-1719.

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Blaxter, Tamsin, and Tara Garnett. Primed for power: a short cultural history of protein. TABLE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/ba271ef5.

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Protein has a singularly prominent place in discussions about food. It symbolises fitness, strength and masculinity, motherhood and care. It is the preferred macronutrient of affluence and education, the mark of a conscientious diet in wealthy countries and of wealth and success elsewhere. Through its association with livestock it stands for pastoral beauty and tradition. It is the high-tech food of science fiction, and in discussions of changing agricultural systems it is the pivotal nutrient around which good and bad futures revolve. There is no denying that we need protein and that engaging with how we produce and consume it is a crucial part of our response to the environmental crises. But discussions of these issues are affected by their cultural context—shaped by the power of protein. Given this, we argue that it is vital to map that cultural power and understand its origins. This paper explores the history of nutritional science and international development in the Global North with a focus on describing how protein gained its cultural meanings. Starting in the first half of the 19th century and running until the mid-1970s, it covers two previous periods when protein rose to singular prominence in food discourse: in the nutritional science of the late-19th century, and in international development in the post-war era. Many parallels emerge, both between these two eras and in comparison with the present day. We hope that this will help to illuminate where and why the symbolism and story of protein outpace the science—and so feed more nuanced dialogue about the future of food.
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Tyson, Paul. Sovereignty and Biosecurity: Can we prevent ius from disappearing into dominium? Mέta | Centre for Postcapitalist Civilisation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55405/mwp3en.

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Drawing on Milbank and Agamben, a politico-juridical anthropology matrix can be drawn describing the relations between ius and bios (justice and political life) on the one hand and dominium and zoe (private power and ‘bare life’) on the other hand. Mapping movements in the basic configurations of this matrix over the long sweep of Western cultural history enable us to see where we are currently situated in relation to the nexus between politico-juridical authority (sovereignty) and the emergency use of executive State powers in the context of biosecurity. The argument presented is that pre-19th century understandings of ius and bios presupposed transcendent categories of Justice and the Common Good that were not naturalistically defined. The very recent idea of a purely naturalistic naturalism has made distinctions between bios and zoe un-locatable and civic ius is now disappearing into a strangely ‘private’ total power (dominium) over the bodies of citizens, as exercised by the State. The very meaning of politico-juridical authority and the sovereignty of the State is undergoing radical change when viewed from a long perspective. This paper suggests that the ancient distinction between power and authority is becoming meaningless, and that this loss erodes the ideas of justice and political life in the Western tradition. Early modern capitalism still retained at least the theory of a Providential moral order, but since the late 19th century, morality has become fully naturalized and secularized, such that what moral categories Classical economics had have been radically instrumentalized since. In the postcapitalist neoliberal world order, no high horizon of just power –no spiritual conception of sovereignty– remains. The paper argues that the reduction of authority to power, which flows from the absence of any traditional conception of sovereignty, is happening with particular ease in Australia, and that in Australia it is only the Indigenous attempt to have their prior sovereignty –as a spiritual reality– recognized that is pushing back against the collapse of political authority into mere executive power.
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Tweet, Justin S., Vincent L. Santucci, Kenneth Convery, Jonathan Hoffman, and Laura Kirn. Channel Islands National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2278664.

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Channel Island National Park (CHIS), incorporating five islands off the coast of southern California (Anacapa Island, San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island), has an outstanding paleontological record. The park has significant fossils dating from the Late Cretaceous to the Holocene, representing organisms of the sea, the land, and the air. Highlights include: the famous pygmy mammoths that inhabited the conjoined northern islands during the late Pleistocene; the best fossil avifauna of any National Park Service (NPS) unit; intertwined paleontological and cultural records extending into the latest Pleistocene, including Arlington Man, the oldest well-dated human known from North America; calichified “fossil forests”; records of Miocene desmostylians and sirenians, unusual sea mammals; abundant Pleistocene mollusks illustrating changes in sea level and ocean temperature; one of the most thoroughly studied records of microfossils in the NPS; and type specimens for 23 fossil taxa. Paleontological research on the islands of CHIS began in the second half of the 19th century. The first discovery of a mammoth specimen was reported in 1873. Research can be divided into four periods: 1) the few early reports from the 19th century; 2) a sustained burst of activity in the 1920s and 1930s; 3) a second burst from the 1950s into the 1970s; and 4) the modern period of activity, symbolically opened with the 1994 discovery of a nearly complete pygmy mammoth skeleton on Santa Rosa Island. The work associated with this paleontological resource inventory may be considered the beginning of a fifth period. Fossils were specifically mentioned in the 1938 proclamation establishing what was then Channel Islands National Monument, making CHIS one of 18 NPS areas for which paleontological resources are referenced in the enabling legislation. Each of the five islands of CHIS has distinct paleontological and geological records, each has some kind of fossil resources, and almost all of the sedimentary formations on the islands are fossiliferous within CHIS. Anacapa Island and Santa Barbara Island, the two smallest islands, are primarily composed of Miocene volcanic rocks interfingered with small quantities of sedimentary rock and covered with a veneer of Quaternary sediments. Santa Barbara stands apart from Anacapa because it was never part of Santarosae, the landmass that existed at times in the Pleistocene when sea level was low enough that the four northern islands were connected. San Miguel Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island have more complex geologic histories. Of these three islands, San Miguel Island has relatively simple geologic structure and few formations. Santa Cruz Island has the most varied geology of the islands, as well as the longest rock record exposed at the surface, beginning with Jurassic metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks. The Channel Islands have been uplifted and faulted in a complex 20-million-year-long geologic episode tied to the collision of the North American and Pacific Places, the initiation of the San Andreas fault system, and the 90° clockwise rotation of the Transverse Ranges, of which the northern Channel Islands are the westernmost part. Widespread volcanic activity from about 19 to 14 million years ago is evidenced by the igneous rocks found on each island.
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10

Goh, Geok Yian, and John Miksic. The Istana Kampung Gelam (IKG) Site: A Preliminary Report. National University of Singapore Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56159/sitereport10.

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Abstract:
Archaeological research at the Kampong Gelam site began in March 2000 and was concluded on 21 September 2000. The database accompanying this report, however, contains data entries for artefacts from later excavations that have found their way into the collection which the authors and their team analysed and processed. The finds were mostly 19th and 20th century ceramics and earthenware.
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