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1
Swenson, Sally. Who is Abigail?: An adopted woman's late discovery of her rich heritage illuminated by the life of Abigail Steinhauer McDougall, 1848-1871. S. Swenson, 1996.
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2
The revisers' Greek text: A critical examination of certain readings, textual and marginal, in the original Greek of the New Testament adopted by the late Anglo-American revisers. Silver, Burdett, 1989.
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3
General Committee for the Relief of the Sufferers by the Late Fires in This City (Québec, Quebec). Resolutions adopted by the General Committee for the Relief of the Sufferers, by the Late Fires in This City: Résolutions adoptées par le Comité général pour le secours des souffrants des dernières incendies dans cette cité. s.n., 1986.
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4
General Committee for the Relief of the Sufferers by the Late Fires in This City (Québec, Québec). Resolutions adopted by the General Committee for the Relief of the Sufferers, by the Late Fires in This City: Resolutions adoptees par le Comite general pour le secours des souffrants des dernières incendies dans cette cité. s.n., 1986.
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5
Stephano, Celine. Adventures of a Greek Lady: The Adopted Daughter of the Late Queen Caroline; Volume 1. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2015.
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6
Alagoz, Esra, Kim Johnson, Andrew Quanbeck, and David Gustafson. Technology-Based Interventions for Late-Life Addiction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392063.003.0011.
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Late-life addiction has been a neglected topic in the field of substance-use disorders research. Research suggests that with the aging baby-boomer generation, decline in fertility rates, and increases in life expectancy, there will be an increasing demand on the substance-abuse treatment systems designed specifically for individuals aged 65 and older in the next decade. Emerging technologies such as electronic health records, dashboards, communication tools, and new-generation monitoring devices offer significant opportunities to advance the treatment and recovery management of substance use disorders. This chapter explains the emerging technologies that are being used in addiction treatment and proposes guidelines for how these systems can be adopted for older adults by drawing on experiences from ElderTree, an interactive health technology designed for older populations.
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Whitney, S. W. Revisers' Greek Text: A Critical Examination of Certain Readings, Textual and Marginal, in the Original Greek of the New Testament Adopted by the Late Anglo-American Revisers. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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8
Siblings in Late Permanent Placements. British Association for Adoption and Fostering (BAAF), 2001.
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9
Army Regulations, Adopted for the Use of the Army of the Confederate States in Accordance with Late Acts of Congress; to Which Is Added, an Act for the Establishment and Organization of the Army of the Confederate States of America; Also, Articles Of... Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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10
Army Regulations, Adopted for the Use of the Army of the Confederate States, in Accordance with Late Acts of Congress. Revised from the Army Regulations of the Old United States Army, 1857; Retaining All That Is Essential for Officers of the Line. To... Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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11
Williams, Paul D. Protecting Civilians. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724544.003.0011.
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Particularly during its first four years, AMISOM had a distinctly ambiguous relationship with civilian protection issues. It was not until late May 2013, for example, that AMISOM adopted a more explicit and proactive approach to civilian protection involving the deliberate application of its resources to reduce civilian harm. The chapter therefore begins by illustrating how the AU and AMISOM disseminated mixed messages on civilian protection issues. The second section then highlights the AU’s lack of experience in this area. The third section then analyses how AMISOM sometimes became a source of civilian harm in Mogadishu, and later beyond the city, while the fourth section summarizes the remedial policies AMISOM adopted to try and alleviate this problem. The conclusion reflects on the main lessons that emerge from AMISOM’s experiences with civilian protection issues.
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Army Regulations, Adopted for the Use of the Army of the Confederate States, in Accordance with Late Acts of Congress. Revised from the Army Regulations of the Old U. S. Army 1857; Retaining All That Is Essential for Officers of the Line. to Which Is... Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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13
Ayoub, Samy A. Law, Empire, and the Sultan. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190092924.001.0001.
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This book is the first study of late Ḥanafism in the early modern Ottoman Empire. It examines Ottoman imperial authority in authoritative Ḥanafī legal works from the Ottoman world of the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries CE, casting new light on the understudied late Ḥanafī jurists (al-mutaʾakhkhirūn). By taking the madhhab and its juristic discourse as the central focus and introducing “late Ḥanafism” as a framework of analysis, this study demonstrates that late Ḥanafī jurists assigned probative value and authority to the orders and edicts of the Ottoman sultan. This authority is reflected in the sultan’s ability to settle juristic disputes, to order specific opinions to be adopted in legal opinions (fatāwā), and to establish his orders as authoritative and final reference points. The incorporation of sultanic orders into authoritative Ḥanafī legal commentaries, treatises, and fatwā collections was made possible by a shift in Ḥanafī legal commitments that embraced sultanic authority as an indispensable element of the lawmaking process.
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Fedriga, Riccardo, and Monika Michałowska. Safeguarding free will : William Ockham, Walter Chatton, and Richard Kilvington on the Will. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788381387415.
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This book features an array of varied issues that made up the much-debated will problem in late medieval philosophy and theology. It discusses concepts of the will produced in the first half of the fourteenth century, whereby its special focus is on the ideas that sprang up and evolved at Oxford in the 1330s. Its aim is to shed some light on the concepts of the will hatched at that time by exploring the themes and approaches adopted by William Ockham, Walter Chatton, and Richard Kilvington.
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Casey, Caitlin. Up against the Wall Motherfucker. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252041051.003.0009.
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By the late sixties, America’s rebellious youth had adopted a multitude of forms – political activists, cultural activists, anti-activism dropouts, and everything in between. Yet, even in this multifaceted subculture, one group stood out, according to activist Susan Stern, as “the downright dirtiest, skuzziest, and loudest group of people I’d ever laid eyes on” – the Motherfuckers, short for Up Against the Wall Motherfucker (UAW/MF), a militant Lower East Side-based activist group rooted in the anarchist tradition and equally devoted to political and cultural activism, to performing and being recognized on a national and local scale. Although a small group, they inspired a substantial following among the denizens of the Lower East Side from late 1967 to mid-1969
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Ludovic, Hennebel, and Tigroudja Hélène. The American Convention on Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.001.0001.
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The American Convention on Human Rights, adopted within the framework of the Organization of American States, is the central and essential instrument of the inter-American human rights law as elaborated by the Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights. This treaty, adopted on November 22, 1969, with twenty-three States Parties, contains eighty-two articles that set out the rights and freedoms that States undertake to respect and protect, and establishes various protection mechanisms, including an individual complaints mechanism. However, the American Convention is much more than an international treaty. The Convention is a complex instrument, which was born in a particular context, and which reflects the inter-American human rights particularism. Of course, it is a political instrument, which was adopted in the difficult context of the revolutionary fever of the late 1960s. It is also, and above all, an instrument of progress and justice, with an unequivocal purpose of emancipation of humankind. The Convention is finally a formidable legal instrument. This treaty, as interpreted and applied by the Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights, has become the legal basis of a creative, sophisticated, and protective inter-American legal regime of human rights. This inter-American human rights law, whether it embodies the hope of access to justice and equality for some, to truth for others, or to the protection of the most vulnerable, is also, for the lawyer, a paradigm for what is and what must be public international law centered on humanist and progressive values.
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Brennan, T. Corey. Sabina’s Death and Deification. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190250997.003.0010.
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The chapter places Sabina’s death firmly in late 137. It first studies a relief depicting Hadrian’s consecration ceremony for her on Rome’s Campus Martius. No literary source mentions her deification, but coinage and inscriptions confirm it. Perhaps Hadrian’s failing health and the intense political conflict following his adoption of Aelius Caesar provide a context for the empress’s death, especially given the ancient tradition that Hadrian forced her into suicide. Divinization came naturally to the deceased empress, even though Hadrian alienated the Senate thoroughly and quashed much of that body’s good will for Sabina’s memory. After Hadrian’s death, his adopted heir Antoninus did complete the late emperor’s Mausoleum and buried the imperial couple there in 139, but before the Senate allowed Hadrian the same divine honors as Sabina’s. The chapter also details how, after Sabina’s deification, Matidia II aggrandized herself in Antoninus Pius’ and Marcus Aurelius’ reigns.
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Madsen, Mikael Rask. The European Court of Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795582.003.0011.
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This chapter studies the transformation of the authority of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) since its genesis. It shows how the ECtHR, until the mid-to-late 1970s, struggled to maintain narrow legal authority. Both the Court’s caseload and civil society engagement changed fundamentally however throughout the late 1980s and the 1990s when the ECtHR gained intermediate and extensive authority in large parts of Europe. During this period, the Court became the de facto Supreme Court of human rights in Europe. Starting around 2000, the Court became increasingly overburdened. It was in the context that a number of member states launched a systematic critique of both the Court’s power over national law and politics and the quality of the Court’s judges and their judgments. This discontent climaxed with the 2012 Brighton Declaration, adopted by all forty-seven member states, which began an institutionalized process that aimed to limit the ECtHR’s power.
19
Tweedie, James. The Hauntology of the Cinematic Image. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190873875.003.0002.
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Beginning with the belated rediscovery and canonization of the work of Walter Benjamin, this chapter considers the close relationship between his writing from the 1920s and 1930s, when he was most active as a critic, and the late twentieth century. It suggests that Benjamin’s standard position in film theory—as one of the most forceful advocates for a radical modernism closely allied with cinema—corresponds to just one of many positions he adopted throughout his career and contradicts the argument that the ruins of modernity remain a source of utopian potential even after their apparent obsolescence, a position advanced in his book on the Baroque mourning play, his fragmentary Arcades Project, and elsewhere. This chapter suggests that Benjamin’s work on the mourning play and allegory constitute the basis for his continued relevance to media studies in the late twentieth century, especially as a belated but prophetic contributor to debates about the end of history or cinema.
20
Owen, Kenneth. The Persistence of Political Community, 1795–1799. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827979.003.0006.
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This chapter analyses Pennsylvanian and American politics in the late 1790s, focusing particularly on the Jay Treaty debates, the Alien and Sedition Acts, the Fries Rebellion, and the Pennsylvania gubernatorial election of 1799 (a key precursor to the Adams–Jefferson election of 1800). In each episode, Pennsylvanians adopted a different set of political practices, all nevertheless predicated on some form of representative action. In all these episodes, Pennsylvanians argued the right of popular political engagement did not end at election time, but instead was a continuous factor that should shape the governmental decision-making process. The outpouring of popular political activism in a variety of forms underscored the importance of a participatory political culture that could be seen to represent the people as a whole.
21
Butler, Gregory. The Choir Loft as Chamber. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040191.003.0005.
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This chapter examines concerted movements written by Johann Sebastian Bach from the mid- to late 1720s and how he adopted a “choir loft as chamber” approach to organ performance—performing different versions of the same concerted instrumental movements for the chamber and for the church. Bach worked as composer and performer not only for the Collegium Musicum in Leipzig, but also for its principal churches. In addition to parodying secular vocal compositions, transforming them into church cantatas, however, Bach was also adapting for church performances preexisting instrumental concerted movements, using obbligato organ as solo melody instrument in various sinfonias, arias, and choruses. Using the Concerto in E Major for harpsichord and strings, BWV 1053, as reference, this chapter demonstrates the connection between two spheres of activity that occurred after late May 1725, when the steady flow of new cantata compositions by Bach ceased: the secular arena of the ordinaire and extraordinaire performances of the Collegium, especially during the Leipzig fairs, and the weekly performances of concerted vocal music at the Haupgottesdienst in Leipzig’s St. Nicholas and St. Thomas Churches.
22
Salverda, Wiemer, and Stefan Thewissen. How Has the Middle Fared in the Netherlands? A Tale of Stagnation and Population Shifts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807032.003.0009.
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This chapter sets out how inequality and real incomes across the distribution evolved in the Netherlands from the late 1970s through the economic Crisis. Inequality grew, though not dramatically, while wages showed remarkably little real increase. This meant that real income increases for households relied for the most part on the growth in female labour-force participation and in dual-income couples. The chapter highlights the major changes in population and household structures that underpinned the observed changes in household incomes at different points in the distribution. It also sets out key features of the institutional structures in the labour market and broader welfare state, and the centrality of the priority given to wage moderation and the maintenance of competitiveness in the growth model adopted throughout the period.
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Booth, Marilyn. Women and the Emergence of the Arabic Novel. Edited by Waïl S. Hassan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199349791.013.7.
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Women’s engagement in producing the early Arabic novel goes beyond authorship: it involves readership, girls’ education, venues, sensitivities, and gender difference as a topic in public discourse. Fiction became one of several genres for articulating female views of self and society amidst the stresses of late colonial modernity. This chapter first considers the venues where women’s fiction was produced and marketed, along with debates over the projected effects of fiction reading and the approach adopted by the first generation of Arab women novelists. It then discusses how women gained experience at fiction writing through translation-adaptation before turning to novels that focus on gender politics and the love plot. It also highlights the work of ‘Afīfa Karam to emphasize the ambiguities or tensions of early Arabic novels as women authors sought to balance gender expectations with the era’s discourses of domestic duty.
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Piatkowski, Marcin. From Black Death to Black Hole. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789345.003.0003.
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In this chapter I explain why Poland and most countries in Eastern Europe have always lagged behind Western Europe in economic development. I discuss why in the past the European continent split into two parts and how Western and Eastern Europe followed starkly different developmental paths. I then demonstrate how Polish oligarchic elites built extractive institutions and how they adopted ideologies, cultures, and values, which undermined development from the late sixteenth century to 1939. I also describe how the elites created a libertarian country without taxes, state capacity, and rule of law, and how this ‘golden freedom’ led to Poland’s collapse and disappearance from the map of Europe in 1795. I argue that Polish extractive society was so well established that it could not reform itself from the inside. It was like a black hole, where the force of gravity is so strong that the light could not come out.
25
Rizzo, Matteo. Public Transport in Dar es Salaam. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794240.003.0002.
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This chapter analyses the changing face of public transport in Dar es Salaam from independence (1961) to the present. It focuses on the structural forces that influenced the demand for, and supply of, public transport over time. The chapter will also show the way in which the trajectory of change and policymaking in public transport in Dar es Salaam mirrors the broader picture of Tanzania, and much of Africa as a whole, in its transition from developmentalism to neoliberalism. The chapter reviews a number of initiatives on urban public transport adopted by the state since the very late 1990s, as they reveal the contradictory stance of the government towards economic deregulation, the tensions that it generated, and the winding down of the socialist agenda that it entailed. As such, they enable appreciation of the politics, tensions, and path dependency of one instance of ‘actually existing neoliberalism’.
26
Como, David R. Rumor Wars. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199541911.003.0012.
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Following military failures in late 1644, long-simmering religious differences burst into public, threatening to sunder parliament’s cause. A formidable presbyterian alliance gathered strength, deploying multiple tactics to pressure parliament to settle the church and crack down on the sects; at the same time, a developing independent coalition adopted equally sophisticated techniques of organization and propaganda to counter this push. This chapter analyzes these practices—including petitioning, lobbying, secret printing, street propaganda, rumormongering, and regular meetings—to reveal a novel environment of energetic partisan politics. These organizational developments were accompanied by ideological shifts, in which presbyterians drew back from earlier militant political commitments, while some independents articulated newly radical political ideas, hinting at social egalitarianism, press freedom, democratization of the polity, or limitations on state power. Moreover, these ideological shifts and religious divisions increasingly dovetailed with disputes over military reorganization, culminating in the creation of the New Model Army.
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Dean, Austin. China and the End of Global Silver, 1873-1937. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501752407.001.0001.
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In the late nineteenth century, as much of the world adopted some variant of the gold standard, China remained the most populous country still using silver. Yet China had no unified national currency; there was not one monetary standard but many. Silver coins circulated alongside chunks of silver and every transaction became an “encounter of wits.” This book focuses on how officials, policy makers, bankers, merchants, academics, and journalists in China and around the world answered a simple question: how should China change its monetary system? Far from a narrow, technical issue, Chinese monetary reform is a dramatic story full of political revolutions, economic depressions, chance, and contingency. As different governments in China attempted to create a unified monetary standard in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the United States, England, and Japan tried to shape the direction of Chinese monetary reform for their own benefit. This book argues convincingly that the silver era in world history ended owing to the interaction of imperial competition in East Asia and the state-building projects of different governments in China. When the Nationalist government of China went off the silver standard in 1935, it marked a key moment not just in Chinese history but in world history.
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Öyken, Ekin, and Çiğdem Dürüsken. Reviving Virgil in Turkish. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810810.003.0013.
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The Turkish reception of Virgil has a colourful history that started mainly during the decline of the multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire in the late nineteenth century. This may seem typical of Virgil’s initial reception by a culture, usually European, that relates primarily to his perceived idealism. However, closer study of this first period alone, which relies largely on French scholarship, reveals that factors other than cultural politics are at play. Right after the 1897 politico-literary ‘classics debate’ over the need for a literary canon for the new Turkish culture and its most suitable source, Öyken and Dürüşken observe a focus on Virgil’s poetics rather than on the political value of his work. Similarly, the first complete translation of Virgil (through an intermediary translation in French), published in 1929 as one of the first books in the newly adopted Latin alphabet, represents the beginning of a new era in more than one sense.
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Shadlen, Kenneth C. Not If but How. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199593903.003.0004.
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This chapter explains early and extreme over-compliance in Mexico. In the 1980s, even while transforming much of the country’s economic strategy, the Executive remained cautious with regard to pharmaceutical patenting. Yet by the end of the decade, external pressures and the promise of a bilateral trade agreement with the United States transformed the Executive’s preferences. The analysis reveals how economic liberalization in the late 1980s and the process of negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement weakened the national pharmaceutical sector both economically and politically, and how Mexico’s export profile and the opportunities presented by a new trade agreement with the United States helped the transnational sector widen the coalition for over-compliance. Examination of the legislative process by which Mexico adopted pharmaceutical patents in 1991 illustrates these stark coalitional asymmetries; we observe a defensive coalition stripped of the will to fight and an expansive and energized coalition for over-compliance.
30
Coletta, Michela. Decadent Modernity. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786941312.001.0001.
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How did Latin Americans represent their own countries as modern? By treating modernity as a ubiquitous category in which ideas of progress and decadence are far from being mutually exclusive, this book explores how different groups of intellectuals, between the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century, drew from European sociological and medical theories to produce a series of cultural representations based on notions of degeneration. Through a comparative analysis of three country case studies − Argentina, Uruguay and Chile − the book investigates four themes that were central to definitions of Latin American modernity at the turn of the century: race and the nation, the search for the autochthonous, education, and aesthetic values. It takes a transnational approach to show how civilisational constructs were adopted and adapted in a postcolonial context where cultural modernism foreshadowed economic modernisation. In doing this, this work sheds new light on the complex discursive negotiations through which the idea of ‘Latin America’ became gradually established in the region.
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Wang, Ban. China in the World. Duke University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478092452.
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In China in the World, Ban Wang traces the evolution of modern China from the late nineteenth century to the present. With a focus on tensions and connections between national formation and international outlooks, Wang shows how ancient visions persist even as China has adopted and revised the Western nation-state form. The concept of tianxia, meaning “all under heaven,” has constantly been updated into modern outlooks that value unity, equality, and reciprocity as key to overcoming interstate conflict, social fragmentation, and ethnic divides. Instead of geopolitical dominance, China’s worldviews stem as much from the age-old desire for world unity as from absorbing the Western ideas of the Enlightenment, humanism, and socialism. Examining political writings, literature, and film, Wang presents a narrative of the country’s pursuits of decolonization, national independence, notions of national form, socialist internationalism, alternative development, and solidarity with Third World nations. Rather than national exceptionalism, Chinese worldviews aspire to a shared, integrated, and equal world.
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Wang, Ban. China in the World. Duke University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478012368.
Full textAbstract:
In China in the World, Ban Wang traces the evolution of modern China from the late nineteenth century to the present. With a focus on tensions and connections between national formation and international outlooks, Wang shows how ancient visions persist even as China has adopted and revised the Western nation-state form. The concept of tianxia, meaning “all under heaven,” has constantly been updated into modern outlooks that value unity, equality, and reciprocity as key to overcoming interstate conflict, social fragmentation, and ethnic divides. Instead of geopolitical dominance, China’s worldviews stem as much from the age-old desire for world unity as from absorbing the Western ideas of the Enlightenment, humanism, and socialism. Examining political writings, literature, and film, Wang presents a narrative of the country’s pursuits of decolonization, national independence, notions of national form, socialist internationalism, alternative development, and solidarity with Third World nations. Rather than national exceptionalism, Chinese worldviews aspire to a shared, integrated, and equal world.
33
Thomson, C. Claire. Somethin’ about Scandinavia: Danish Shorts on the Post-war International Scene. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424134.003.0007.
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Building on the picture of post-war Anglo-Danish documentary collaboration established in the previous chapter, this chapter examines three cases of international collaboration in which Dansk Kulturfilm and Ministeriernes Filmudvalg were involved in the late 1940s and 1950s. They Guide You Across (Ingolf Boisen, 1949) was commissioned to showcase Scandinavian cooperation in the realm of aviation (SAS) and was adopted by the newly-established United Nations Film Board. The complexities of this film’s production, funding and distribution are illustrative of the activities of the UN Film Board in its first years of operation. The second case study considers Alle mine Skibe (All My Ships, Theodor Christensen, 1951) as an example of a film commissioned and funded under the auspices of the Marshall Plan. This US initiative sponsored informational films across Europe, emphasising national solutions to post-war reconstruction. The third case study, Bent Barfod’s animated film Noget om Norden (Somethin’ about Scandinavia, 1956) explains Nordic cooperation for an international audience, but ironically exposed some gaps in inter-Nordic collaboration in the realm of film.
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Bar-Yosef, Ofer, Miryam Bar-Matthews, and Avner Ayalon. 12,000–11,700 cal BP. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0002.
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We take up the question of “why” cultivation was adopted by the end of the Younger Dryas by reviewing evidence in the Levant, a sub-region of southwestern Asia, from the Late Glacial Maximum through the first millennium of the Holocene. Based on the evidence, we argue that the demographic increase of foraging societies in the Levant at the Terminal Pleistocene formed the backdrop for the collapse of foraging adaptations, compelling several groups within a particular “core area” of the Fertile Crescent to become fully sedentary and introduce cultivation alongside intensified gathering in the Late Glacial Maximum, ca. 12,000–11,700 cal BP. In addition to traditional hunting and gathering, the adoption of stable food sources became the norm. The systematic cultivation of wild cereals begun in the northern Levant resulted in the emergence of complex societies across the entire Fertile Crescent within several millennia. Results of archaeobotanical and archaeozoological investigations provide a basis for reconstructing economic strategies, spatial organization of sites, labor division, and demographic shifts over the first millennium of the Holocene. We draw our conclusion from two kinds of data from the Levant, a sub-region of southwestern Asia, during the Terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene: climatic fluctuations and the variable human reactions to natural and social calamities. The evidence in the Levant for the Younger Dryas, a widely recognized cold period across the northern hemisphere, is recorded in speleothems and other climatic proxies, such as Dead Sea levels and marine pollen records.
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Molz, Jennie Germann. The World Is Our Classroom. NYU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479891689.001.0001.
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This is a book about worldschooling and the families who educate their young children while traveling the world. Adopted primarily by white, middle-class parents from the Global North, worldschooling represents a new kind of life strategy, one that starts with seeing the world as their children’s classroom, but extends to the way worldschoolers parent, perform family life, work digitally and remotely, create communities online and on the road, and negotiate a sense of belonging and global citizenship on the move. While worldschooling appears to be a countercultural practice, it is actually emblematic of the mobile lifestyles that are becoming more common in contemporary society as individuals search for the “good life” in uncertain times. Based on a “mobile virtual ethnography” of traveling families, the book illustrates how this mobile lifestyle project is interwoven with the new individualism of late modernity, the new technical and economic arrangements of neoliberal capitalism, and the new uncertainties of life in a risk society. Each chapter details the strategies worldschooling parents deploy to live a good and morally justifiable life under the turbulent conditions of late modernity while preparing their children to thrive in an uncertain future. This analysis reveals that mobile lifestyles do not transcend social hierarchies, but introduce new mechanisms of distinction. Instead of transmitting economic capital to their children, worldschooling parents secure their children’s position of privilege in an uncertain world by equipping them with new forms of social, emotional, and cultural capital derived through mobility.
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Wang, Fei-Hsien. Pirates and Publishers. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691171821.001.0001.
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This book reveals the unknown social and cultural history of copyright in China from the 1890s through the 1950s, a time of profound sociopolitical changes. It draws on a vast range of previously underutilized archival sources to show how copyright was received, appropriated, and practiced in China, within and beyond the legal institutions of the state. Contrary to common belief, copyright was not a problematic doctrine simply imposed on China by foreign powers with little regard for Chinese cultural and social traditions. Shifting the focus from the state legislation of copyright to the daily, on-the-ground negotiations among Chinese authors, publishers, and state agents, the book presents a more dynamic, nuanced picture of the encounter between Chinese and foreign ideas and customs. Developing multiple ways for articulating their understanding of copyright, Chinese authors, booksellers, and publishers played a crucial role in its growth and eventual institutionalization in China. These individuals enforced what they viewed as copyright to justify their profit, protect their books, and crack down on piracy in a changing knowledge economy. As China transitioned from a late imperial system to a modern state, booksellers and publishers created and maintained their own economic rules and regulations when faced with the absence of an effective legal framework. Exploring how copyright was transplanted, adopted, and practiced, the book demonstrates the pivotal roles of those who produce and circulate knowledge.
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El Shamsy, Ahmed. Rediscovering the Islamic Classics. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174563.001.0001.
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Islamic book culture dates back to late antiquity, when Muslim scholars began to write down their doctrines on parchment, papyrus, and paper and then to compose increasingly elaborate analyses of, and commentaries on, these ideas. Movable type was adopted in the Middle East only in the early nineteenth century, and it wasn't until the second half of the century that the first works of classical Islamic religious scholarship were printed there. But from that moment on, as this book reveals, the technology of print transformed Islamic scholarship and Arabic literature. The book tells the story of how a small group of editors and intellectuals brought forgotten works of Islamic literature into print and defined what became the classical canon of Islamic thought. Through the lens of the literary culture of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Arab cities—especially Cairo, a hot spot of the nascent publishing business—the book explores the contributions of these individuals, who included some of the most important thinkers of the time. Through their efforts to find and publish classical literature, the book shows, many nearly lost works were recovered, disseminated, and harnessed for agendas of linguistic, ethical, and religious reform. The book is an examination of the central role printing and its advocates played in the intellectual history of the modern Arab world.
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Regan, Priscilla M. Global Privacy Issues. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.205.
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Despite cultural differences, privacy tends to be rather universally viewed as important in protecting some realms of life that are seen as off limits to society more generally. Yet privacy has also been the cause of significant global issues over the years. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, government agencies and private sector organizations increasingly adopted computers to maintain records, precipitating a concern with the rights of the individuals who were subjects of that data and with the responsibilities of the organizations processing the information. During the 1980s, international and regional bodies recognized that domestic laws could affect the flow of personal information into and out of a country, bringing scholarly and policy attention to the issue of transborder data flows. Somewhat paralleling the principally business dominated debate and analyses over transborder data flows was a broader discussion about privacy issues resulting from global communication and information systems, particularly the internet, during the 1990s. The focus in policy and scholarship was less on variations in national laws and more on two features of networked communication systems: first, the technical infrastructure supporting the flow of information; and second, the globalization of communication systems and information flows. Later on, the privacy landscape and discourse changed dramatically throughout the world after the terrorist attacks in the US on September 11, 2001. Concerns about privacy and civil liberties were trumped by concerns about security and identifying possible terrorists.
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Tudor, Adrian P., and Kristin L. Burr, eds. Shaping Identity in Medieval French Literature. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056432.001.0001.
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Contributors to Shaping Identity in Medieval French Literature consider the multiplicity and instability of identity in medieval French literature, examining the ways in which literary identity can be created and re-created, adopted, refused, imposed, and self-imposed. Moreover, it is possible to take one’s place in a group while remaining foreign to it. Chrétien de Troyes’s Conte du Graal provides the perfect example of the latter. The tale opens with Perceval hunting alone in the forest, absorbed in his own pursuits, world, and thoughts. His “alone-ness” and self-absorption are evident as he moves toward an integration into a society from which he emerges both accepted and yet even more “different.” The ability to exist simultaneously inside and outside of a community serves as the focal point for the volume, which illustrates the breadth of perspectives from which one may view the “Other Within.” The chapters study identity through a wide range of lenses, from marginal characters to gender to questions of religious difference and of voice and naming. The works analyzed span genres—chanson de geste, romance, lyric poetry, hagiography—and historical periods, ranging from the twelfth century to the late Middle Ages. In so doing, they highlight the fluidity and complexity of identity in medieval French texts, underscoring both the richness of the literature and its engagement with questions that are at once more and less modern than they may initially appear.
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Lears, Adin E. World of Echo. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749605.001.0001.
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Between late antiquity and the fifteenth century, theologians, philosophers, and poets struggled to articulate the correct relationship between sound and sense, creating taxonomies of sounds based on their capacity to carry meaning. This book traces how medieval thinkers adopted the concept of noise as a mode of lay understanding grounded in the body and the senses. With a broadly interdisciplinary approach, the book examines a range of literary genres to highlight the poetic and social effects of this vibrant discourse, offering close readings of works by Geoffrey Chaucer and William Langland, as well as the mystics Richard Rolle and Margery Kempe. Each of these writers embraced an embodied experience of language resistant to clear articulation, even as their work reflects inherited anxieties about the appeal of such sensations. A preoccupation with the sound of language emerged in the form of poetic soundplay at the same time that mysticism and other forms of lay piety began to flower in England. As the book shows, the presence of such emphatic aural texture amplified the cognitive importance of feeling in conjunction with reason and was a means for the laity — including lay women — to cultivate embodied forms of knowledge on their own terms, in precarious relation to existing clerical models of instruction. The book offers a deep history of the cultural and social hierarchies that coalesce around aesthetic experience and gives voice to alternate ways of knowing.
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Medhananda, Swami. Swami Vivekananda's Vedāntic Cosmopolitanism. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197624463.001.0001.
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Swami Vivekananda, the nineteenth-century Hindu monk who introduced Vedānta to the West, is undoubtedly one of modern India’s most influential philosophers. Unfortunately, his philosophy has too often been interpreted through reductive hermeneutic lenses. Typically, scholars have viewed him either as a modern-day exponent of Śaṅkara’s Advaita Vedānta or as a “Neo-Vedāntin” influenced more by Western ideas than indigenous Indian traditions. Swami Vivekananda’s Vedāntic Cosmopolitanism rejects both of these prevailing approaches to offer a new interpretation of Vivekananda’s philosophy, highlighting its originality, contemporary relevance, and cross-cultural significance. Vivekananda, the book argues, is best understood as a cosmopolitan Vedāntin who developed novel philosophical positions through creative dialectical engagement with both Indian and Western thinkers. Inspired by his guru Sri Ramakrishna, Vivekananda reconceived Advaita Vedānta as a nonsectarian, life-affirming philosophy that provides an ontological basis for religious cosmopolitanism and a spiritual ethics of social service. He defended the scientific credentials of religion while criticizing the climate of scientism beginning to develop in the late nineteenth century. He was also one of the first philosophers to defend the evidential value of supersensuous perception on the basis of general epistemic principles. Finally, he adopted innovative cosmopolitan approaches to long-standing philosophical problems. Bringing him into dialogue with a galaxy of contemporary philosophers, the book demonstrates the sophistication and enduring value of Vivekananda’s views on the limits of reason, the dynamics of religious faith, and the hard problem of consciousness.
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Charnock, Emily J. The Rise of Political Action Committees. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190075514.001.0001.
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This book explores the origins of political action committees (PACs) in the mid-twentieth century and their impact on the American party system. It argues that PACs were envisaged, from the outset, as tools for effecting ideological change in the two main parties, thus helping to foster the partisan polarization we see today. It shows how the very first PAC, created by the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1943, explicitly set out to liberalize the Democratic Party by channeling campaign resources to liberal Democrats while trying to defeat conservative Southern Democrats. This organizational model and strategy of “dynamic partisanship” subsequently diffused through the interest group world—imitated first by other labor and liberal allies in the 1940s and 1950s, then adopted and inverted by business and conservative groups in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Previously committed to the “conservative coalition” of Southern Democrats and northern Republicans, the latter groups came to embrace a more partisan approach and created new PACs to help refashion the Republican Party into a conservative counterweight. The book locates this PAC mobilization in the larger story of interest group electioneering, which went from a rare and highly controversial practice at the beginning of the twentieth century to a ubiquitous phenomenon today. It also offers a fuller picture of PACs as not only financial vehicles but electoral innovators that pioneered strategies and tactics that have come to pervade modern US campaigns and helped transform the American party system.
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Canny, Nicholas. Imagining Ireland's Pasts. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808961.001.0001.
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The book describes how various authors addressed the history of early modern Ireland over four centuries, and explains why they could not settle on an agreed narrative. It shows how conflicting interpretations broke frequently along denominational lines, but that authors were also influenced by ethnic, cultural, and political considerations, and by whether they were resident in Ireland or living in exile. The book details how each set of authors extolled the merits of their progenitors, offered hope and guidance to the particular audience they addressed, and disputed opposing narratives. The author shows how competing scholars, whether contributing to vernacular histories or empirical studies, became transfixed by the traumatic events of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as they sought to explain either how stability had finally been achieved, or how the descendants of those who had been wronged might secure redress. Humanist, Apocalyptic and Enlightenment authors are treated separately. Greatest attention is given to the nineteenth century when some Protestant authors adopted a nationalist perspective inspired by European liberal ideology. It is explained how this was spurned by Catholic Church leaders no less than by conservative Protestants, and how each set their minds to composing an alternative grand narrative. The publications of Lecky and Froude are given special consideration before attention shifts to authors who, in the late nineteenth century, permitted happenings from the early modern past to flow into the present to produce an outpouring of historical publications that has not been fully appreciated by scholars of Ireland’s literary renaissance.
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Kelly, Debra. Fishes with Funny French Names. Liverpool University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800856868.001.0001.
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The book’s focus is the establishment of the French restaurant in London in the mid- to late-nineteenth century and its subsequent development throughout the twentieth and into the first two decades of the twenty-first century. It is also concerned with the place of food as a form of cultural exchange, and how culinary practices are shared within the wider social, cultural, political and economic contexts of a diverse capital city. What happens when a modern Parisian institution arrives in London, a city with its own long-established food traditions and cultures of eating outside the home? Why is French cuisine so readily adopted by the English upper classes’ dining-out culture? Where else in the city, and by whom and when, was French cooking purveyed and consumed? What sorts of cultural exchanges are generated between the French and Londoners, and between Paris and London, by the development of the restaurant, and how do these evolve over a century and a half? British references to France and to the French are littered with associations with food from the status of haute cuisine and the restaurants and chefs associated with it to contemporary concerns about food poverty and food waste, to dietary habits and the politicisation of food, and at every level in between. Thinking about the place of the French restaurant in London restaurant and food culture over a long time span, in many and varied places and spaces in the capital, creates a more complex picture than that which may appear obvious.
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Corran, Emily. Lying and Perjury in Medieval Practical Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828884.001.0001.
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Thought about lying and perjury became increasingly practical from the end of the twelfth century in Western Europe. At this time, a distinctive way of thinking about deception and false oaths appeared, which dealt with moral dilemmas and the application of moral rules in exceptional cases. It first emerged in the schools of Paris and Bologna, most notably in the Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis of Peter the Chanter. The tradition continued in pastoral writings of the thirteenth century, the practical moral questions addressed by theologians in universities in the second half of the thirteenth century, and in the Summae de Casibus Conscientiae of the late Middle Ages. This book argues that medieval practical ethics of this sort can usefully be described as casuistry—a term for the discipline of moral theology that became famous during the Counter-Reformation. This can be seen in the medieval origins of the concept of equivocation, an idea that was explored in medieval literature with varying degrees of moral ambiguity. From the turn of the thirteenth century, the concept was adopted by canon lawyers and theologians, as a means of exploring questions about exceptional situations in ethics. It has been assumed in the past that equivocation and the casuistry of lying was an academic discourse invented in the sixteenth century in order to evade moral obligations. This study reveals that casuistry in the Middle Ages was developed in ecclesiastical thought as part of an effort to explain how to follow moral rules in ambiguous and perplexing cases.
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Issiyeva, Adalyat. Representing Russia's Orient. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190051365.001.0001.
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This book examines the musical ramifications of Russia’s nineteenth-century expansion to the east and south and explores the formation and development of Russian musical discourse on Russia’s own Orient. It traces the transition from music ethnography to art songs and discusses how various aspects of (music) ethnographies, folk song collections, music theories, and visual representations of Russia’s ethnic minorities, or inorodtsy, shaped Russian composers’ perception and musical representation of Russia’s oriental “others.” Situated on the periphery, minority peoples not only defined the geographical boundaries of the empire, its culture, and its music but also defined the boundaries of Russianness itself. Extensively illustrated with music examples, archival material, and images from long-forgotten Russian sources, this book investigates the historical, cultural, and musical elements that contributed to the formation and creation of Russia’s imperial identity. It delineates musical elements that have been adopted to characterize Russians’ own national hybridity. Three case studies—well-known leader of the Mighty Five Milii Balakirev, lesser known Alexander Aliab’ev, and the late-nineteenth-century composers affiliated with the Music-Ethnography Committee—demonstrate how and why, despite the overwhelming number of pejorative images and descriptions of inorodtsy, these composers decided to disregard their social and political differences and sometimes confused and combined diverse minorities’ identities with that of the Russian “self.” The analysis of the arrangements of folk songs of Russia’s eastern and southern minorities reveals the trajectory of the ways their music was treated, from denigration and “othering” to embracing peoples from all the provinces of the empire.
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Kling, David W. Presbyterians and Congregationalists in North America. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0008.
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John Wesley founded Methodism as an evangelical renewal movement within the Church of England. That structure encouraged both establishment impulses and Dissenting movements within Methodism in the North American context. In Canada, British missionaries planted a moderate, respectable form of Methodism, comfortable with the establishment. In Ontario, however, Methodism drew from a more democratized, enthusiastic revivalism that set itself apart from the establishment. After a couple of generations, however, these poorer outsiders had moved into the middle class, and Canadian Methodism grew into the largest denomination, with a sense of duty to nurture the social order. Methodism in the United States, however, embodied a paradox representative of a nation founded in a self-conscious act of Dissent against an existing British system. Methodism came to embrace the American cultural centre while simultaneously generating Dissenting movements. After the American Revolution, ordinary Americans challenged deference, hierarchy, patronage, patriarchy, and religious establishments. Methodism adopted this stance in the religious sphere, growing as an enthusiastic, anti-elitist evangelistic campaign that validated the spiritual experiences of ordinary people. Eventually, Methodists began moving towards middle-class respectability and the cultural establishment, particularly in the largest Methodist denomination, the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC). However, democratized impulses of Dissent kept re-emerging to animate new movements and denominations. Republican Methodists and the Methodist Protestant Church formed in the early republic to protest the hierarchical structures of the MEC. African Americans created the African Methodist Episcopal Church and African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in response to racism in the MEC. The Wesleyan Methodist Church and the Free Methodists emerged in protest against both slavery and hierarchy. The issue of slavery divided the MEC into northern and southern denominations. The split reflected a battle over which religious vision of slavery would be adopted by the cultural establishment. The denominations remained divided after the Civil War, but neither could gain support among newly freed blacks in the South. Freed from a racialized religious establishment embedded in slavery, former slaves flocked to independent black Methodist and Baptist churches. In the late nineteenth century, Methodism spawned another major evangelical Dissenting movement, the Holiness movement. Although they began with an effort to strengthen Wesleyan practices of sanctification within Methodism, Holiness advocates soon became convinced that most Methodists would not abandon what they viewed as complacency, ostentation, and worldliness. Eventually, Holiness critiques led to conflicts with Methodist officials, and ‘come-outer’ groups forged a score of new Holiness denominations, including the Church of God (Anderson), the Christian Missionary Alliance, and the Church of the Nazarene. Holiness zeal for evangelism and sanctification also spread through the missionary movement, forming networks that would give birth to another powerful, fragmented, democratized movement of world Christianity, Pentecostalism.
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Rapoport-Albert, Ada, and Moshe Rosman. Hasidic Studies: Essays in History and Gender. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764821.001.0001.
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This volume shows the erudition of the author's contribution to rewriting the master-narrative of hasidic history. We now know that eighteenth-century Hasidism evolved in a context of intense spirituality. It developed through a process of differentiation from traditional ascetic-mystical hasidism. Its elite leaders only became conscious of a distinctive group identity after the Ba'al Shem Tov's death, and they subsequently spent the period from the late-eighteenth to the early-nineteenth century experimenting with various forms of doctrine, literature, organization, leadership, and transfer of authority. Surprisingly there was no attempt to introduce any revision of women's status and role; in the examination of this area of Hasidism, the author's contribution has been singularly revealing. Her work has emphasized that the movement has persisted in identifying women with an irredeemable materiality. Gender hierarchy persisted and, formally speaking, for the first 150 years or so of Hasidism's existence, women were not counted as members of the group. Twentieth-century Habad hasidism responded to modernist feminism by re-evaluating the role of women, but just as Habad appropriated modern rhetorical strategies to defend tradition, so it adopted certain feminist postulates in order to create a counter-feminism that would empower women without destabilizing traditional gender roles. The essays in this volume are a fitting statement of the author's importance to the study of Hasidism, to Jewish studies as a whole, and to the academic scrutiny of religion. Written over a period of forty years, they have been updated with regard to significant detail and to take account of important works of scholarship written after they were originally published.
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Chunyan, Ding. Contract Formation under Chinese Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses the law on contract formation in Chinese law which largely follows the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. An objective approach is adopted in determining the parties’ intentions but exceptions are allowed where parties have not accurately expressed their true agreement, the contract is a sham, or one party’s intentional false expression is known to the other. For a contract to be binding, its ‘essential elements’ must be agreed (names of the parties, subject matter, and quantity); other terms may be agreed by the parties after the conclusion of the contract or, failing that, determination by the court. In reality, however, courts use soft laws and the nature of the contract, to augment what is required. A purported acceptance which makes a ‘non-material’ alteration to the content of the offer can bind the offeror unless the offeror timely rejects it, but there is little scope for non-materiality. Nevertheless, even a materially varied acceptance can bind if the original offeror’s performance amounts to acceptance where the usage of transaction or the express terms of the offer allows acceptance by conduct. Furthermore, courts show willingness to recognize an acceptance by conduct of performance beyond these two situations. There is no general requirement of form for a valid contract, although exceptionally, laws or administrative regulations may require writing or approval/registration. There is no general requirement of consideration; gratuitous contracts are enforceable. However, the latter attract far less legal force than onerous contracts. An offer is irrevocable only if it is an option or if the offeree reasonably believes the offer is irrevocable and has made preparations for the performance of the contract. An acceptance takes effect only when it arrives. A late acceptance that is not attributed to the offeree is ineffective unless the offeror gives timely notice of its intention to ratify the acceptance. Electronic means of communication are treated in the same way as paper-based communications with specific rules to determine the time and place of contract formation and the validity of electronic signature. Reliance-based pre-contractual liability may be imposed, on the basis of the requirement of good faith, in the circumstances including negotiating with no intention of concluding a contract, intentional concealment of material facts, or breach of confidentiality.