Journal articles: 'Late Helladic'

1

Fortenberry, Diane. "Single Greaves in the Late Helladic Period." American Journal of Archaeology 95, no. 4 (October 1991): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/505895.

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Ghembaza, Therese, and David Windell. "The Mysteries of Lake Copais and the Island Fortress of Gla." Open Journal for Studies in History 4, no. 1 (August 20, 2021): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsh.0401.03025g.

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The Bronze Age drainage of Lake Copais, Boeotia, is unique within Europe as the largest and most complex work of engineering of the period. Comprising large dams, polder dykes, canals, massive levees, cuttings and tunnels, it made at least 95km² of drained lake bed available for agricultural production. The first polders were established in the Middle Helladic period with great extensions in the Late Helladic. During the latter period the largest of all the Mycenaean citadels was constructed at Gla which had been a rocky island in the lake prior to the drainage. But exactly what type of settlement it was still remains something of a mystery. This paper draws together the history of research on the citadel of Gla.

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Mason, David J. "THE DATE OF THE TOMB OF CLYTEMNESTRA." Annual of the British School at Athens 108 (July 18, 2013): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245413000014.

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The construction date of the Tomb of Clytemnestra at Mycenae is disputed, opinion being divided over whether the tomb was erected at the end of Late Helladic IIIA or towards the end of Late Helladic IIIB. The article attempts to resolve this debate by examining all of the dating evidence for the tomb. It stresses that the most valuable clues to the date of the tomb come from the excavations that were carried out in 1952 and 1953 on either side of the Great Poros Wall, the retaining wall that supported the eastern side of the earthen mound above the tomb. Several trenches of these excavations are discussed in detail, specifically V and M, both of which were sunk into the earthen mound behind the wall, and L, P, III and IV, all of which were located immediately in front of the wall. The information on these trenches is drawn not only from the published reports, but also from the original excavation notebooks. The pottery from them is used to determine the date of the tomb. What emerges is that the Tomb of Clytemnestra was, in fact, built at the beginning of Late Helladic IIIB.

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Demakopoulou, Katie, Nicoletta Divari-Valakou, Joseph Maran, Hans Mommsen, Susanne Prillwitz, and Gisela Walberg. "Clay paste characterization and provenance determination of Middle and Late Helladic vessels from Midea." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 10 (November 2017): 7–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-10-02.

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Results of the Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) of 61 pottery samples of Middle and Late Helladic date from recent excavations in Midea are presented. Chronologically, the sampled pieces fall into two groups, the first of Middle Helladic and Late Helladic I/II, the second of LH III date, with most samples dating to LH IIIB or IIIC. The analyses suggest an Argive/North-eastern Peloponnesian provenance for the majority of the sampled pottery, since 26 of the samples are assigned to the NAA group Mycenae-Berbati (MYBE) and 15 to the NAA group Tiryns (TIR), including their subgroups. In addition to the two main groups the analyses include three other categories: “non-Argive”, unlocated, and singles. The differentiation into a small number of distinct chemical patterns is much more evident in the second chronological group of sampled pottery than in the earlier one which comprises a variety of chemical patterns in a small number of samples. Evidently, during the Mycenaean Palatial period several specialized workshops operated in the wider region of the North-eastern Peloponnese for the production of fine and coarse ware pottery in large quantities.

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Thomas, Patrick M. "A Deposit of Late Helladic IIIB1 Pottery from Tsoungiza." Hesperia 74, no. 4 (December 2005): 451–573. http://dx.doi.org/10.2972/hesp.74.4.451.

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Patrick M. Thomas. "A DEPOSIT OF LATE HELLADIC IIIA2 POTTERY FROM TSOUNGIZA." Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 80, no. 2 (2011): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.2972/hesperia.80.2.0171.

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7

Wiener, Malcolm H. "The absolute chronology of Late Helladic III A2 revisited." Annual of the British School at Athens 98 (November 2003): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400016865.

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Recent dendrological and dendro/radiocarbon research has raised questions concerning dates previously proposed for the end of LH III A2 and the transition to LH III B. Moreover, further examination of the Mycenaean and Levanto-Mycenaean pottery from Kamid el-Loz in Syria has added relevant information, as has examination of the material from the Uluburun shipwreck and the Miletus excavation. Analysis suggests that the transition from LH III A1 to III A2 pottery takes place between 1390 and 1375 BC; the transition from LH III A2 to III B1 begins around 1330 BC at the earliest and ends around 1290 BC at the latest, with the main transition in many areas occurring no earlier than 1315–1305 BC.

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Stockhammer, Philipp W. "Late Helladic Imported Pottery at Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath." Near Eastern Archaeology 80, no. 4 (December 2017): 296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5615/neareastarch.80.4.0296.

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9

Musgrave, J. H., and M. Popham. "The Late Helladic IIIC Intramural Burials at Lefkandi, Euboea." Annual of the British School at Athens 86 (November 1991): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400014969.

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The aim of this paper is to describe and assess the intramural burials from the Lefkandi Settlement (Xeropolis). In all 20 individuals were inhumed within the walls, comprising 3 adult males, 2 adult females, one possible adolescent female and 14 children. The last ranged in age from birth to 9 years. Routine matters such as child mortality, adult stature, pathology and oral hygiene are discussed, with special reference to both the Settlement burials and to the inhumed material scattered throughout the Cemeteries.

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10

Rutter, Jeremy B. "A Group of Late Helladic IIA Pottery from Tsoungiza." Hesperia 62, no. 1 (January 1993): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/148250.

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11

Cavanagh, W., C. Mee, J. Renard, N. Brodie, F. Froehlich, P. A. James, M. Kousoulakou, and A. Karabatsoli. "‘Sparta before Sparta’: report on the intensive survey at Kouphovouno 1999–2000." Annual of the British School at Athens 99 (November 2004): 49–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400017032.

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This is the final report on the intensive survey at Kouphovouno, the prehistoric settlement just south of Sparta, in 1999–2000. As well as a total collection of the artefacts on the surface, there was a magnetometer survey of the site and a programme of environmental studies, for which a series of cores was taken. The site was first occupied in the 6th millennium and covered 4–5 ha in the Middle, Late/Final Neolithic and Early Helladic periods. Occupation continued in the Middle and Late Helladic periods and there is also evidence of Classical-Hellenistic and Roman activity. As well as pottery, the artefacts included chipped and polished stone tools. An analytical programme has investigated the source of the raw materials used for the latter.

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Lindblom, Michael, Rebecca Worsham, and Claire Zikidi. "Preliminary report of the Malthi Archaeological Project, 2015–2016." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 11 (November 2018): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-11-02.

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This article offers preliminary results and tentative interpretations of new work at the previously excavated settlement of Malthi in Messenia, south-west Pelopponese. The work included an intensive survey of the site architecture, as well as test excavations of spaces within and outside of the fortification wall. We propose updated observations on the chronology and phasing of the site based on pottery dates from the new excavation and comment on the preserved architecture as it compares to other settlements of the period. The settlement appears to have been first inhabited in the second half of the Middle Helladic period. Little, if any, architecture from this phase can be securely identified today. At the beginning of the Late Helladic period a fortification was erected, and the entire layout of the site was transformed. The construction likely took place as a single project, as argued by the original excavator, and so indicates a significant investment of labor and capital. Such an undertaking speaks not only to local access to wealth at this time, but also compares well with changes in other Early Mycenaean communities. For yet unknown reasons, the settlement was abandoned no later than in Late Helladic IIIA1.

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13

Morero, Elise. "MYCENAEAN LAPIDARY CRAFTSMANSHIP: THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF STONE VASES." Annual of the British School at Athens 110 (April 28, 2015): 121–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245415000039.

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The first substantial corpus of developed and complex stone vases emerged on the Greek mainland in the shaft graves of Mycenae (Middle Helladic III – Late Helladic I) and was certainly, in large part, of Minoan origin. However, a Mycenaean industry appeared in the Late Helladic III period, which suggests a link with Minoan technology. Indeed, there is an extremely strong possibility that expatriate craftsmen had gradually transmitted their knowledge to local Mycenaean apprentices. A technological study of a corpus of 24 stone vases from Mycenae, dated to the Late Helladic I/II–III, enables the identification and reconstruction of the manufacturing processes and techniques involved in mainland production. It appears to be the case that a great part of the Mycenaean know-how derives from contact with Minoan craftsmanship. However, if a large number of technical elements (use of tubular drilling for the hollowing process, production of the vessels in several parts) may come from a Minoan heritage, the Mycenaeans seem to have quickly developed their own approach – with their own technological emphases, serving purely Mycenaean forms. The vase, based on separately made elements, was a Minoan approach but became properly a mainland concept, which appeared far less commonly in other regions of the eastern Mediterranean. Similarly, the single-tool approach developed for the drilling process (for hollowing the interior of the vessels and for cutting the inlay decoration of the exterior), entirely based on the use of the tubular drill, is purely a native one and is uncommon among eastern Mediterranean vessel traditions. A technological study indicates also the possible coexistence of different types of organisation in the Mycenaean workshops. Thus, the manufacturing processes used, as well as the organisation of the production, are distinct from those of other eastern Mediterranean centres, including Crete.

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Demakopoulou, Katie, Nicoletta Divari-Valakou, Monica Nilsson, Ann-Louise Schallin, and Kalliopi Nikita. "Excavations in Midea 2006." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 1 (November 2008): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-01-02.

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Excavations in Midea continued in 2006 as a Greek-Swedish programme under the direction of Dr. Katie Demakopoulou in collaboration with Dr. Ann-Louise Schallin. In the Upper Acropolis remains of an Early Helladic II defensive system were uncovered. East of this and at a lower level, a floor deposit was excavated with abundant pottery of Early Helladic I date including typical examples of the Talioti Ware. In the West Gate area excavation continued in the west part of the building complex adjacent to the fortification wall. Abundant Late helladic IIIB2 pottery was recovered from the exploration of two more rooms of the complex. A new trench was opened on the lower west terrace of the Acropolis in order to expose the line and the entire width of the fortification wall, which is almost completely covered by accumulated deposits in this area. Excavation was resumed in the East Gate area with the removal of a wide baulk and the investigation of the space associated with the series of rooms abutting the northeast section of the fortification wall. From the Mycenaean deposits removed, pottery including some pictorial sherds was recovered, as well as two human figurines.

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15

Sarah C. Murray. "Imported Exotica and Mortuary Ritual at Perati in Late Helladic IIIC East Attica." American Journal of Archaeology 122, no. 1 (2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.122.1.0033.

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16

Dickinson, Oliver. "THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY OF LEFKANDI PHASES IV–VI: AN INTRODUCTION." Annual of the British School at Athens 115 (September 14, 2020): 133–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245420000076.

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This paper presents a more detailed account of the pottery of Phases IV–VI in the Middle Helladic (MH) sequence at Lefkandi: Xeropolis than is available in the preliminary report. It is based essentially on an unfinished draft compiled by Roger Howell (the Howell manuscript). After an introduction on the background, there is discussion of the Howell manuscript, and then an analysis of the stratigraphy of Trench CC, the basis for the phasing of the pre-Mycenaean phases of Lefkandi; brief comments are also provided on those trial trenches that produced relevant material. The pottery of the three phases is then set out in detail, with attention to the relative popularity of wares and the shapes within those wares, and to possible imports, and they are argued to be classifiable as later ‘MH I’ (Phase IV), advanced ‘MH II’ (Phase V), and the early Mycenaean period, quite possibly starting in ‘MH III’ but continuing well into Late Helladic II (Phase VI). A summary sets out some distinctive characteristics of the Lefkandi sequence, as deducible from this material, and some general conclusions.

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17

Day, Leslie Preston, and Yannos B. Lolos. "The Late Helladic I Pottery of the South-Western Peloponnesos and Its Local Characteristics." American Journal of Archaeology 94, no. 3 (July 1990): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/505814.

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18

Broodbank, Cyprian. "Kythera Survey: preliminary report on the 1998 season." Annual of the British School at Athens 94 (November 1999): 191–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400000575.

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This article is a preliminary report on the first (1998) season of the Kythera Survey, an intensive fiels survey concentrating on the central-eastern part of the island. This survey forms part of a wider projecr, whose aim is to explore the long-term insular dynamics of Kythera as a stepping stone, filter, and island with its own identy. Another central aim of this project, expanding on excavations at Kastri and the peak sancturary of Agios Georgios, is to shed new light on minoanisation as a spatial phenomenon in the island's landscape. In 1998 c. 13 sq. km were investigated, revealing 26 archaelogical sites. The peak periods of settlement in the surveyed area are the Early Bronze Age. Second Palace Period, Classical-Roman periods, and the last few centuries before the present. Poorly represented, or absent, are sites of later Neolithic, First Palace Period, Third Palace Period, Post-Palatial to Archaic, and Late Roman to Medieval date. Early Bronze Age sites are of Early Helladic character, whilst the Second Palace Period sites follow the minoanised culture of Kastri; together with a few finds of early minoanising material on Early Helladic sites, and the absence of evidence for the First Palace Period, these results provide new perspectives on the process of minoanisation on Kythera.

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Kardamaki, Eleftheria. "The Late Helladic IIB to IIIA2 Pottery Sequence from the Mycenaean Palace at Ayios Vasileios, Laconia." Archaeologia Austriaca 1 (2017): 73–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/archaeologia101s73.

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20

Fantalkin, Alexander, Israel Finkelstein, and Eli Piasetzky. "Late Helladic to Middle Geometric Aegean and Contemporary Cypriot Chronologies: A Radiocarbon View from the Levant." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 373 (May 2015): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.373.0025.

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21

Galanakis, Yannis. "The Construction of the Aegisthus Tholos Tomb at Mycenae and the ‘Helladic Heresy’." Annual of the British School at Athens 102 (November 2007): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400021481.

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The article examines the importance of the Aegisthus tholos tomb in the formation of the tripartite chronological scheme of the Mycenae tholos tombs by A. J. B. Wace. The scheme is assessed in the light of the epistemological debate between Wace and Evans concerning the nature and extent of Minoan influence on mainland Greece in the early Late Bronze Age. It is here suggested that the two-phase construction identified by Wace in the Aegisthus tholos contributed significantly to the establishment of the structural development of the Mycenae tholoi, an important point against Evans's views on the subject. The two-phase construction is re-visited with a view to highlight its importance in Wace's scheme but more significantly to shed light on the planning and execution of the Aegisthus tomb. While the two-phase construction cannot altogether be dismissed, it is suggested that the ashlar façade of the Aegisthus tomb was not an afterthought, as is largely maintained, but a preplanned action and part of the tomb's original design.

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22

Fischer, Peter M., Teresa Bürge, L. Franz, and R. Feldbacher. "The New Swedish Cyprus Expedition 2011. Excavations at Hala Sultan Tekke. Preliminary results." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 5 (November 2012): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-05-04.

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The main objective of the excavations of the Late Cypriote city of Hala Sultan Tekke is the investigation and determination of the complete occupational sequence of the pre-12th century levels. The groundpenetrating radar survey (GPR) led to the discovery and excavation of numerous rooms of a large Late Cypriote complex. During the second year of excavations at the site the expedition exposed a third phase of occupation (Stratum 3). A Stratum 2 compound, with extraordinarily wide walls was uncovered in the eastern part of the excavations. Intact vessels include Base-ring I and II, and White Painted VI, and Late Helladic imports. Other wares include: White Painted Pendant/Cross Line Style, Red-on-Black/Red, Bichrome Wheel-made, White Slip I and II, Monochrome, Base-ring I and II, Red Lustrous Wheel-made, White Painted/Plain-White Wheel-made, and White Shaved. Unique discoveries amongst the small finds are a haematite cylinder seal and a stone pendant figurine. The numerous tools related to textile production point to the manufacture of fabric on a larger scale.

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Liritzis, Ioannis, George S. Polymeris, Asimina Vafiadou, Athanasios Sideris, and Thomas E. Levy. "Luminescence dating of stone wall, tomb and ceramics of Kastrouli (Phokis, Greece) Late Helladic settlement: Case study." Journal of Cultural Heritage 35 (January 2019): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.07.009.

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Baziotis, Ioannis, Stamatis Xydous, Sofia Manimanaki, and Ioannis Liritzis. "An integrated method for ceramic characterization: A case study from the newly excavated Kastrouli site (Late Helladic)." Journal of Cultural Heritage 42 (March 2020): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.08.003.

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Mommsen, H., T. Beier, D. Heimermann, A. Hein, D. Ittameier, and Ch Podzuweit. "Neutron Activation Analysis of Selected Sherds from Prophitis Ilias (Argolid, Greece): a Closed Late Helladic II Settlement Context." Journal of Archaeological Science 21, no. 2 (March 1994): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1994.1019.

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26

Seguin, Joana, Pavlos Avramidis, Annette Haug, Torben Kessler, Arndt Schimmelmann, and Ingmar Unkel. "Reconstruction of palaeoenvironmental variability based on an inter-comparison of four lacustrine archives on the Peloponnese (Greece) for the last 5000 years." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 69, no. 2 (October 13, 2020): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-69-165-2020.

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Abstract. A high quantity of well-dated, high-resolution, continuous geoarchives is needed to connect palaeoenvironmental reconstructions with socio-environmental and cultural transformations in a geographically heterogeneous region such as southern Greece. However, detailed and continuous palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental archives from the NE Peloponnese are still sparse. Here, we present two new palaeolake archives of Pheneos and Kaisari covering the last 10 500 and 6500 years, respectively. For the last 5000 years, we compare them with sediment records from adjacent Lake Stymphalia and the Asea valley by applying the same set of sedimentological, geochemical, and statistical analyses to all four lacustrine archives. Continuous geochemical X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanning records provide evidence for hydrological variations and environmental changes since the Early Helladic period (5050 BP), the beginning of the Bronze Age in Greece. We hereby focus on different spatial scales to estimate the validity range of the proxy signals. Ten elements were selected (Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Rb, Sr, Zr) for a principal component analysis. The clr(Ca∕Ti) was chosen as the most meaningful proxy, reflecting varying input of carbonaceous vs. clastic input, which may be linked to changes in the hydrological conditions. Our results show phases when permanent lake water bodies existed (ca. 5000–3600 cal BP) as well as phases with periodic desiccation of the lakes during younger times. While Pheneos and Kaisari show a drying trend during the transition phase from the Late Helladic period to the Proto-Geometric period (ca. 3200–2800 cal BP), Stymphalia and Asea show a rather short dry peak around 3200 cal BP followed by a wetter phase. Although all our geoarchives show evidence for drier phases, their timing and duration display considerable site-to-site differences which may be explained by site-specific responses in individual ecosystems. Age uncertainties, however, may likewise explain some deviations, as the dating is based on bulk sediment samples including potential unknown reservoir effects. The high regional geographical diversity within the Peloponnese combined with the dating challenges in the limestone-rich area and the variation in our data testify that any hypothetical mono-causal connection between palaeoenvironmental changes in a single geoarchive and contemporaneous societal transformations across the Peloponnese would be an oversimplification.

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Hiller, Stefan. "Michael Lindblom: Marks and Markers. Appearance, Distribution and Function of Middle and Late Helladic Manufacturers’ Marks on Aeginetan Pottery." Gnomon 76, no. 3 (2004): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/0017-1417_2004_3_247.

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Xanthopoulou, Vayia, Ioannis Iliopoulos, and Ioannis Liritzis. "Mineralogical and Microstructure Analysis for Characterization and Provenance of Ceramic Artifacts from Late Helladic Kastrouli Settlement, Delphi (Central Greece)." Geosciences 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11010036.

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The present study deals with the characterization of a ceramic assemblage from the Late Mycenaean (Late Helladic III) settlement of Kastrouli, at Desfina near Delphi, Central Greece using various analytical techniques. Kastrouli is located in a strategic position supervising the Mesokampos plateau and the entire peninsula and is related to other nearby coeval settlements. In total 40 ceramic sherds and 8 clay raw materials were analyzed through mineralogical, petrographic and microstructural techniques. Experimental briquettes (DS) made from clayey raw materials collected in the vicinity of Kastrouli, were fired under temperatures (900 and 1050 °C) in oxidizing conditions for comparison with the ancient ceramics. The petrographic analysis performed on thin sections prepared from the sherds has permitted the identification of six main fabric groups and a couple of loners. The aplastic inclusions recognized in all fabric groups but one confirmed the local provenance since they are related to the local geology. Fresh fractures of representative sherds were further examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDS) helping us to classify them into calcareous (CaO > 6%) and non-calcareous (CaO < 6%) samples (low and high calcium was noted in earlier pXRF data). Here, the ceramic sherds with broad calcium separation are explored on a one-to-one comparison on the basis of detailed mineralogical microstructure. Moreover, their microstructure was studied, aiming to estimate their vitrification stage. The mineralogy of all studied samples was determined by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), permitting us to test the validity of the firing temperatures revealed by the SEM analysis. The results obtained through the various analytical techniques employed are jointly assessed in order to reveal potters’ technological choices.

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Yiannouli, Evyenia. "Kat'Akrotiri on Amorgos: surface pottery from an Early Cycladic acropolis." Annual of the British School at Athens 97 (November 2002): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400017329.

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This is a study of surface ceramic evidence (c. 5,000 sherds) from an Early Cycladic acropolis on Amorgos. A fairly diversified group of domestic ware has been identified, including ‘Amorgos’ and rare types, possibly a tankard and a marble beaker or cup. Compared to stratified evidence from the Cyclades and elsewhere, the chronological range of types falls within EC I/II-EC III A, EC II being the period most heavily represented. In discussing the material with reference to the Cycladic, Helladic and Aegean contexts, attention is drawn to the role of mainland Greece in shaping the local repertory. Noteworthy are the similarities and differences between Tsountas's excavation results and the surface collection of finds retrieved from the same site. Mandres seems to have been sparsely used from the Archaic to the Byzantine periods. Panagitsa, the alluvial formation at its foothills, has yielded traces dating mainly to late antiquity.

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Voskos, Ioannis. "Constructing ‘Traditions’: Aspects of Identity Formation in the Southern Ionian Islands during the Late Helladic Period and the Iron Age." Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 32, no. 1 (July 9, 2019): 88–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jma.39329.

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Dorais, Michael J., Michael Lindblom, and Christine M. Shriner. "Evidence for a single clay/temper source for the manufacture of Middle and Late Helladic Aeginetan pottery from Asine, Greece." Geoarchaeology 19, no. 7 (2004): 657–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gea.20017.

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Weiberg, Erika. "Contrasting Histories in Early Bronze Age Aegean: Uniformity, Regionalism and the Resilience of Societies in the Northeast Peloponnese and Central Crete." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 27, no. 3 (April 4, 2017): 479–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095977431700018x.

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Late Early Bronze Age (EB IIB–III, 2500–2000 bc) evidence from the northeast Peloponnese and central Crete present two coeval sequences of events with very different societal outcomes. By drawing on resilience theory and the model of adaptive cycles, this article explores when and why the paths of mainland Greece and Crete diverged around 2200 bc, leading to an eventually destabilizing change on the mainland and a more sustainable one on Crete. It is argued that the two EB II societal structures were more similar than current discourse generally allows. However, during some hundred years leading up to the end of the EB II period, an increased societal uniformity and a decrease of social arenas on northeast Peloponnese may in the end have circumscribed the Early Helladic communities’ room to manoeuvre. Conversely, through strong regionalism and greater multiplicity of social arenas, Early Minoan societies seem to have retained a greater level of socio-economic variability that enabled proactiveness and sustained expansion through ideological change.

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Sampson, Adamantios. "Late Neolithic remains at Tharrounia, Euboea: a model for the seasonal use of settlements and caves." Annual of the British School at Athens 87 (November 1992): 61–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400015057.

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Systematic excavation from 1986 to 1990 in the Skoteini cave indicated that it was heavily used during LN I–II (5300/5200–3300/3200 BC); Early Helladic, Mycenaean, and later finds were insignificant. The abundance of Neolithic pottery and the detailed study of the stratigraphy have elucidated the LN pottery sequence. A trial excavation was carried out in the immediate vicinity of the cave, where remains of a Neolithic settlement exist. In spite of the erosion of ground, parts of the Neolithic buildings and an amount of LN II pottery were found. The work was completed with the excavation of a Neolithic cemetery 300 m from the settlement. Thanks to a systematic survey in the surrounding area, the location of many Neolithic sites was made possible.The use of the cave was multi-purpose (for brief residence, cult, and burial practices, and particularly for storage). The finds and the ethnoarchaeological research suggest that during the Neolithic period two different models of residence occurred in the area. The settlement was in seasonal use, from spring to autumn, while during the winter the local residents were living in south-facing sheltered sites. At the same time, a number of more or less specialized herdsmen from the Tharrounia or Aliveri area are likely to have driven their flocks up to the mountainous grazing lands of Delphi and Xerovouni.

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Alberti, Gianmarco. "Radiocarbon Evidence from the Middle Bronze Age Settlement At Portella (Aeolian Islands, Italy): Chronological and Archaeological Implications." Radiocarbon 53, no. 1 (2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200034317.

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This paper deals with radiocarbon determinations from the Middle Bronze Age site of Portella on the island of Salina (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy). The available14C evidence is taken into account, in a simple Bayesian model, in order to explore the issue of the absolute chronology of both the settlement and the stage of the local cultural sequence to which Portella belongs. A high date is proposed for the start of the Aeolian (and Sicilian) Middle Bronze Age: 1556–1422 cal BC (95.4% confidence), with a a most likely (modal) date of about 1450 cal BC. Further, the analysis suggests that the Portella phase is likely to have been a very short one, with a span of 0–65 yr (68.2%) or 0–131 yr (95.4%). The archaeological implications are explored. The relation of these results to the evidence of ceramic phasing is also considered. Since Aegean datable ceramic imports are documented in Aeolian/Sicilian Middle Bronze Age contexts, the connection between Portella's chronology and the absolute dating of one of the Aegean phases (namely, Late Helladic IIIA1) is also investigated.

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Hielte, Maria. "SEDENTARY VERSUS NOMADIC LIFE-STYLES: The 'Middle Helladic People' in southern Balkan (late 3rd & first Half of the 2nd Millennium BC)." Acta Archaeologica 75, no. 2 (December 2004): 27–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0065-001x.2004.00012.x.

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Mountjoy, P. A. "The Late Minoan II–III and Mycenaean Pottery from the 1911 Excavations at Phylakopi on Melos." Annual of the British School at Athens 104 (November 2009): 73–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400000216.

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This article presents the Late Minoan II–III B and the Late Helladic I–III C pottery from the 1911 excavations of J. Dawkins and J. Droop at Phylakopi on Melos.The material from the 1911 excavations fills gaps in the corpus of pottery provided by the 1896–9 excavations and the 1974–7 excavations. It fills out our knowledge of the LH III A2 pottery and adds a considerable amount of LH III A1 and LH III C material. A small group of vessels caught in a LM I B/LH II A destruction confirms the supposition that full Marine Style was circulating together with open ground Marine Style and Alternating Style vases. The LH III C pottery adds some more parallels to the pottery from Koukounaries on Paros and also has one or two parallels to pottery from the east Aegean and pottery exported from there to the Levant.Σε αυτό το άρθρο παρουσιάζεται η Υστερομινωική II–III B και η Υστεροελλαδική I–III Γ κεραμική από τις ανασκαφές των J. Dawkins και J. Droop το 1911 στη Φυλακωπή της Μήλου.Το υλικό από τις ανασκαφές του 1911 συμπληρώνει τα κενά των δημοσιεύσεων της κεραμικής από τις ανασκαφικές περιόδους 1896–99 και 1974–77. Συμπληρώνει τη γνώση μας για την YE III A2 κεραμική και προστέτει μία σημαντική ποσόθητα υλικού της YE III A1 και YE III Γ. Ένας μικρός αριθμός αγγείων, που εντοπίστηκε στην YM I B / YE II A καταστροφή, επιβεβαιώνει την υπόθεση ότι ο πλήρης θαλάσσιος ρυθμός ήταν διαδεδομένος συγχρόνως με το θαλάσσιο ρυθμό επί ανοικτού βάθους και με τα αγγεία του εναλλασόμενου στυλ. H YE III Γ κεραμική προσθέτει ορισμένα ακόμη παράλληλα στην κεραμική από τις Κουκουναριές της Πάρου. Επιπλέον παρουσιάζει ένα ή δύο παράλληλα με την κεραμική του ανατολικού Αιγαίου, όπως και με την εξαγόμενη από εκεί κεραμική προς τη Συροπαλαιστίνη.

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Demakopoulou, K., and S. Aulsebrook. "THE GOLD AND SILVER VESSELS AND OTHER PRECIOUS FINDS FROM THE THOLOS TOMB AT KOKLA IN THE ARGOLID." Annual of the British School at Athens 113 (November 2018): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245418000084.

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The Late Helladic IIB–IIIA1 tholos in the Kokla necropolis is a particularly important and intriguing tomb that can provide us with interesting insights into the wider social landscape of the Argolid just prior to the emergence of the Mycenaean palaces. Architecturally, the tomb itself is a unique mix of features derived from tholoi and chamber tombs; its entrance is adorned with what must be one of the earliest-surviving Mycenaean frescoes. This tholos tomb had not been looted, a rare phenomenon for such tombs, and the precious finds, that is to say the gold, silver and ivory objects, are presented here in detail. These artworks include both Minoan and Mycenaean influences. The group of metal vessels is significant as it is one of the largest assemblages of metalware found from the post-Shaft Grave period on the Mycenaean Greek mainland. It appears that some of these objects were used for funerary ritual activity in conjunction with the bench in the tholos, whereas other objects seem to have been part of an assemblage of grave-goods. As no human remains were discovered, it is difficult to piece together the sequence of use for the tomb. Nevertheless, the publication of this material from the Kokla tholos is an important contribution to our knowledge of the Argolid during this period.

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Joseph Maran and Aleydis Van de Moortel. "A Horse-Bridle Piece with Carpatho-Danubian Connections from Late Helladic I Mitrou and the Emergence of a Warlike Elite in Greece During the Shaft Grave Period." American Journal of Archaeology 118, no. 4 (2014): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.118.4.0529.

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Smith, David. "Mainland Greece (Prehistoric)." Archaeological Reports 59 (January 2013): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0570608413000070.

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The absence of the prehistoric Peloponnese and central Greece from last year's new format Archaeology in Greece has provided a slightly larger volume of data for this year's report than might otherwise have been expected, although the ongoing financial difficulties faced by Greece and the recent uncertainty over the status of the Archaeological Service itself continue to have a substantial impact on archaeological research and its dissemination through traditional channels; a problem which e-publication and webcasting is going some way toward addressing. In light of this, the decennial volume of the former Ministry of Culture and Tourism (www.yppo.gr/0/anaskafes), the appearance of which was noted in last year's AG, represents a welcome summary of excavation undertaken by the service between 2000 and 2010 to add to the newly-published volume of ADelt covering the Peloponnese. Some of this work has previously been reported in AG, although this is certainly not true of all.Several other publications have appeared since 2011 which offer new data or new perspectives on the prehistory of the Greek mainland, several of which are discussed below. Of particular note are two volumes which will go some considerable way toward furthering our understanding of the Early Bronze Age in southern Greece: Daniel Pullen's The Early Bronze Age Village on Tsoungiza Hill (2011) and Elizabeth Banks' The Architecture, Settlement and Stratigraphy of Lerna IV (2013), the companion piece to Jeremy Rutter's 1995 volume detailing the pottery from the Early Helladic III settlement. Banks' volume, unfortunately, has appeared too late to be properly incorporated into this year's AG.

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Yioutsos, Nektarios-Peter. "The last occupation of Asine in Argolis." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 10 (November 2017): 164–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-10-08.

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Kastraki Hill on the eastern Argolic Gulf, with visible remains of impressive fortifications, has been identified since the mid-19th century as the position occupied by the acropolis of ancient Asine. The first systematic excavations were carried out by the Swedish Institute in the 1920s and revealed the continuous habitation of the site from the Early Helladic period (3rd millennium BC) up to the late 4th-early 5th century AD. Many additions and repairs on the acropolis were made during the Byzantine period and the 2nd Venetian Occupation of the Peloponnese (1686–1715). However, the most destructive interventions in the area are the works carried out by the Italians during World War II. Fearing an invasion of the Allies on this side of the Peloponnese, the Italians fortified the acropolis by making additions to the ancient walls and constructing auxiliary buildings, pillboxes, observation posts and trenches around the rocky outcrop using materials from buildings of the Lower Town. Their departure after the war revealed the extent of the destruction of the antiquities. During the past few decades we have seen interest in approaching sites of recent conflict using archaeological methods that could help researchers understand these transformations of matter in a deeper way. Such is the case of Asine, a palimpsest landscape with archaeological and historical remains of human activity extending from prehistoric to modern European times. This article will attempt to reveal this hidden side of contemporary history and offer a glimpse into the lives of the last inhabitants of the ancient city.

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Mountjoy, P. A., H. Mommsen, and A. Özyar. "Neutron activation analysis of Aegean-style IIIC pottery from the Goldman excavations at Tarsus-Gözlükule." Anatolian Studies 68 (2018): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154618000030.

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AbstractThe appearance of Aegean-style IIIC pottery at Tarsus occured at a time of unrest and of movement of peoples resulting in part from the collapse of the Mycenaean palaces on the Greek mainland. Mycenaean Late Helladic IIIB pottery exports from mainland Greece to Cyprus and the Levant disappeared and were gradually replaced by local imitations. Eventually Aegean-style IIIC pottery appeared in the East Aegean-West Anatolian Interface, in Cyprus and at various sites on the southern coast of Turkey and in the Levant. It was not exported from the Greek mainland, but seems to have been locally made at each site. A first series of neutron activation analysis (NAA) was carried out on pottery from Tarsus to determine how much of the Aegean-style 12th-century BC pottery was locally produced, how much was imported and, if imported, from whence it came. The favourable results of this first analysis gave rise to a second NAA of more Aegean-style pottery from Tarsus, bringing the total number of pieces analysed to 67. It has confirmed the local production of the pottery; the chemical group TarA is the dominant local group at Tarsus, comprising a third of the samples. A smaller group, TarB, may also be local. The analysis revealed a large number of Aegean-style IIIC imports from Cyprus from several different sites; these make up a quarter of the samples. There are a few imports from other areas, including the East Aegean-West Anatolian Interface. Influence from both Cyprus and the Interface can also be seen at Tarsus in the use of some shapes and motifs. A comparison with 12th-century BC imports identified by NAA at the site of Tell Kazel (ancient Simyra) in Syria directly east of Cyprus shows imports from the same two areas.

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Tomlinson, R. A. "Late Helladic Houses - Gerhard Hiesel: Späthelladische Hausarchitektur: Studien zur Architekturgeschichte der griechischen Festlandes in der späten Bronzezeit. Pp. ix + 269; 172 text figures, 8 pages of plans, 1 map. Mainz: Von Zabern, 1989. DM 135." Classical Review 41, no. 2 (October 1991): 435–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x00280840.

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Kravchenko, E. A. "THE CASE STUDY OF ONE SIGN ON UCH-BASH POTTERY." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.01.02.

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Pottery of Uch-Bash settlement (the end of the 12th — beginning of the 7th century BC) has a variety of decors. Ornamentation on ceramics is represented by different methods of decoration — channeled, cut or pressedlines, stripes formed by various shaped stamps, as well as a variety of appliques. Most of the «negatives» and «positives» are part of the compositions that form the motif of the ornament. But there are a number of images that do not fit into these compositions existing separately even on ornamented vessels. There are traditional solar symbols — crosses, swastikas, anthropomorphous, as well as several images in the form of an inverted crescent moon with a shoot in the middle or a bird’s paw. The paper deals with one of the signs on a ceramic ware found on the fortified settlement of Uch-Bash in South-West Crimea. This is the image of inverted crescent moon or a three-edged symbol generally referring to anthropomorphic images. Chronologically the artefacts are divided into two groups: the early (Ithaca, Troy) and the late (Sborianovo, Sergen-Yurt, Uch-Bash, Kyzyl-Koba, Bulakhivka, Bystrica). The early group generally dates to the final of the Late Helladic period, the later one dates since the 10th till the 8th century BC. Cumulatively the early artefacts in their region (Mediterranean basin) as the late ones in their (the Black Sea basin) coincide with the change of epochs — transition to the iron production and use. The presence of pottery with a three-edged symbol in the necropolises with innovations in custom such as in Sborianovo and Ferigele (Bystrica) testifies to certain changes in the ideology of the population linked with these sites. According to the researchers numerous finds of items with anthropomorphic features are found on the sites where pottery with the three-edged symbol have been found and the three-edged symbol itself is an anthropomorph. Given the fact that such sign on artefacts is not combined with solar symbols, and in the structure of ornamentation the oddness (unlike the parity in the previous horizons) prevails, we can assume that the process of disseminating knowledge and skills in the manufacture of iron and use of iron objects was underway with certain innovations in ideology. However, the fact of such ideological transformations cannot be overlooked because just the Iron Age was the time which eventually formed the main monotheistic concepts and world religions. Absolutely spontaneously this conclusion coincided with the concept of «Axial Age» (Gem. — Achsenzeit) by the German existentialist philosopher K. Jaspers. He defined the beginning of the Iron Age (as a historical era) as the so-called axial time which was marked by the change of outlook that led to the formation of a new ideology of the modern world. In general, the conceptualisation of existential searches is directed at the humanitarian, anthropocentric definition of social order, so, the object and subject of these searches is a human. Considering the absolute difference between the methods and sources used by archaeologists and philosophers we anyway note the quite not coincidental coincidence of the philosophical concept and the conclusion made on the basis of the analysis of the sign system — the most abstract source that has come to us since that time.

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Stiros, S. C. "Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Heraion–Vouliagmeni Lake coast since Early Helladic times." Annual of the British School at Athens 90 (November 1995): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400016051.

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The morphology of the Vouliagmeni Lake and Perachora coasts is the result of seismic uplifts with a cumulative amplitude of 3–4 m in the last 6,000 years; there is also evidence of a transient seismic subsidence at around 5,000 BP. These results are consistent with excavation data indicating a seismic destruction of an EH I site followed by land subsidence. This led to the abandonment of the site, which was reoccupied when the land was uplifted again.

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French, Elizabeth. "(Y. B.) Lólos The Late Helladic I pottery of the Southwestern Peloponnesos and its local characteristics. 2 vols. [Diss.] (Studies in Mediterranean archaeology and literature, pocketbook, 50.) Göteborg: P. Åström, 1987. Pp. xv + 611; Pp. [li], 674 illus. (some folding, incl. plates, text figs, maps, plans). Price not stated." Journal of Hellenic Studies 109 (November 1989): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/632121.

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Vött, Andreas, Timo Willershäuser, Björn R. Röbke, Lea Obrocki, Peter Fischer, Hanna Hadler, Kurt Emde, Birgitta Eder, Hans-Joachim Gehrke, and Franziska Lang. "Major flood events recorded in the Holocene sedimentary sequence of the uplifted Ladiko and Makrisia basins near ancient Olympia (western Peloponnese, Greece)." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 62, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 143–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg_suppl/2018/0499.

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Detailed palaeoenvironmental studies were conducted in the Ladiko and Makrisia basins near the Alpheios River and ancient Olympia (western Peloponnese, Greece) to assess major landscape changes during the Holocene. Previous studies and literature data document that the area experienced crust uplift of minimum 13 m to 30 m since the mid-Holocene. Geological archives were sampled along a vibracore transect connecting the Ladiko and Makrisia basins. Sediment cores were analyzed using sedimento-logical, geochemical and micropalaeontological methods. Geochronological reconstruction of major landscape changes is based on a set of 24 radiocarbon dates. Geophysical studies were carried out using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and Direct Push-Electrical Conductivity (DP-EC) measurements to detect stratigraphic changes and subsurface bedrock structures. The stratigraphic record of the uplifted lake basins of Ladiko and Makrisia revealed two major lithostratigraphic units. Unit I, predominantly composed of clay, silt and silty fine sand, reflects prevailing low-energy sedimentary conditions typical of quiescent (fluvio-)limnic waterbodies. Unit II is made out of fine to coarse sand and documents repeated interferences of unit I associated with abrupt and temporary high-energy flood type (= heft) events. We found signals of four different heft events (H1 to H4) showing strong stratigraphic and geochronological consistencies along the vibracore transect. The following age ranges were determined: H1 – between 4360 – 4330 cal BC and 4320 – 4080 cal BC; H2 – be- tween 2830 – 2500 cal BC and 2270 – 2140 cal BC; H3 – between 1220 –1280 cal AD and 1290 –1390 cal AD; H4 – between 1640 –1800 cal AD and 1650 –1800 cal AD. Different hypotheses concerning the characteristics, potential trigger mechanisms and causes of the flood events were tested against the background of strong Holocene crust uplift and using a variety of different methodological approaches: Geomorphological and granulometric aspects, micropalaeontological contexts, geochronological data sets, numerical simulation of flooding events, local tectonic uplift, and the palaeoclimate background were taken into account. We hypothesize that, during the mid-Holocene, the study area was affected by tsunami events, namely between 4360 – 4330 cal BC and 4320 – 4080 cal BC (H1) and between 2830 – 2500 cal BC and 2270 – 2140 cal BC (H2). These ages are very well consistent with the supra-regional and regional tsunami event signal retrieved from many coastal archives in large parts of western Greece. The timing of flood events H1 and H2 is highly consistent with ages of (supra-)regional tectonic events known from literature and is not consistent with increased flood indices of palaeoclimate data available for western Greece. Tsunami inundation scenarios based on numerical simulation are highly consistent with vibracoring and geophysical (ERT, DP-EC) data. In contrast, heft events H3 and H4 are possibly related to phases of increased precipi- tation and flooding activity in the Mediterranean or to land-based geomorphological processes triggered by regional tectonic events (RTE). Neolithic, Chalcolithic as well as Early and Middle Helladic human activities documented at ancient Olympia were most probably affected by tsunami heft events H1 and H2. Sandy deposits of tsunami event H2, covering the prehistorical tumulus, seem to have been used as a higher and dry base to construct the apsidal houses in the center of the later sanctuary at Olympia. The site, already abandoned, must have again been subject to major flood events during the 13/14th cent. AD and the 17–19th cent. AD associated with heft events H3 and H4.

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Vasilenko, A. B., N. V. Polshchikova, O. I. Marceniuk, and А. V. Namchuk. "DEVELOPMENTANDESTABLISHMENTTHEARCHITECTURE OF THE HELLENIC THEATER FROM FOIKDANCE TO THEATER BUILDINGS, VII-II beforec.b." Problems of theory and history of architecture of Ukraine, no. 20 (May 12, 2020): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2519-4208-2020-20-140-148.

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The tradition of the holidayswhich dedicatedtotheendof the grape harvest, was born in Hellada in ancient times, in the countryside and gradually moved to the cities. This process began in the VIII century BC. Holidays were dedicated to God Dionysus, he was responsible about the natural forces of the earth and vegetation, the mastery of viticulture and winemaking. The holiday started to name Dionysuy. One of the most important action –dance around a circle. Then it becamenational, it conducted in cities, where was taken the new forms. Actors or other free citizens of the city performed on the level of the round plan as a symbol (similar to the village dance in a circle) citywide holiday, the audience were also residents of the city, seats for which came down to the playground of actors in the form of a semicircular funnel. Initially, such places were arranged on artificial sub-constructions of wood. Such structures were prefabricated and were used many times. There have been cases of their collapse. Only after being in Athens to the second part of VI century BC such structures collapsed during the performance, it was decided more of this type of sub-exercise not to be used. From the end of the VI century BC, places for spectators were cut downin the natural hills. And the theaters themselves turned into stationary facilities, which contributed to many spectacular innovations and conveniences of actors -all this increased the visual efficiency of performances. From a simple place of national celebration gradually theaters turned into city-wide centers of state-political information (where the words of the actors conveyed to the audience the general provisions of state policy). For example, in the time of Pericles (444-429 BC), the poor free citizens of Athens were given theatrical money from the state treasury, which they had the right to spend solely on watching theatrical productions. Taking into account the fact that the theaters gathered several thousand spectators at the same time, the performances contributed to the dissemination of state information at a time for a large number of residents of the city. The Theatre of Deonis in Athens under the acropolis of the Acropolis accommodated 17,000 spectators from the total number of citizens in the heyday of 100,000. In addition, it was noticed that certain performances contribute to the optimistic mood of the ISSN 2519–4208. ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТЕОРИИ И ИСТОРИИ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ УКРАИНЫ.2020. No 20142audience, and this has a beneficial effect on their health. Therefore, it is no coincidence that theatrical productions (late classics of Hellas) were provided among the medical and recreational procedures in the “Asclepius” treatment and health procedures at VI C. in B.C.). The “Asclepius” architectural ensemble has a theatre as part of a medical and recreational center.Theatrical actions carried to the masses the state lines of ideology and politics, increased the general culture of the population while influencing the audience as wellness procedures. Theatrical performances were more effective than temple services. This is the need for the construction of theaters throughout Hellenism, where there was no city within Hellenistic borders, where there would be no theater. By the end of the III century BC, when the entire East Mediterranean world was subordinated to the Roman Republic, the type of theatrical construction of Hellas was completely formed. This was accepted by the Romans for their theatrical productions, gradually adapting it to the features of their mass-entertainment culture.

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Hummler, Madeleine. "Mediterranen archaeology - OLIVER Dickinson. The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age: Continuity and change between the twelfth and eighth centuries BC. xvi+298 pages, 57 illustrations, 2 tables. 2006. Abingdon: Routledge; 978-0-415-13589-4 hardback; 978-0-415-13590-0 paperback £16.99; 978-0-203-96836 e-book. - D. Evely (ed.). LefkandiIV. The Bronze Age: The Late Helladic IIIC Settlement at Xeropolis (British School at Athens Supplementary Volume 39). xviii+332 pages, 104 figures, 103 plates, CD-ROM. 2006. London: British School at Athens; 0-904887-51-0 hardback £98 + p&p. - CATIE Mihalopoulos. Corpus of Cypriote Antiquities 29: Cypriote Antiquities in Collections in Southern California (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology XX, 29). 64 pages, 54 plates. 2006. Savedalen: Paul Astrom; 978-91-7081-220-0 paperback. - Peter Attema, Albert Nijboer & Andrea Zifferero (ed). Papers in Italian Archaeology VI. Communities and Settlements from the Neolithic to the Early Medieval period (Proceedings of the 6th Conference ofItalian Archaeologyheldat the University ofGroningen, Groningen Institute ofArchaeology, The Netherlands, April 15-17, 2003) (British Archaeological Report International Series 1452 I & II). xx+1080 pages, numerous illustrations & tables. 2005. Oxford: Archaeopress; 1-84171-888-2 paperback £120 (both volumes). - Stephan Steingräber, translated by Russell Stockman. Abundance of Life: Etruscan Wall Painting from the Geometric period to the Hellenistic period (published in Italian as Pittura murale etrusca by Arsenale, Verona 2006). 328 pages, 250 colour illustrations. 2006, Los Angeles (CA): J. Paul Getty Museum; 978-0-89236-865-5 hardback £80. - John R. Patterson. Landscapes & Cities: Rural Settlement and Civic Transformations in Early Imperial Italy. xiv+348 pages, 17 illustrations. 2006. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 978-0-19-8140887 hardback £60. - Richard Hodges. Eternal Butrint: A UNESCO World heritage Site in Albania. xiv+256 pages, numerous b&w & colour illustrations. 2006. London: Butrint Foundation//General Penne; 978905680-01-6 hardback. - Arthur Evans. Ancient Illyria: An Archaeological Exploration (first published as Antiquarian Researches in Illyricum in Archaeologia 1885 & 1886; other paper in Numismatic Chronicle 1880 and introduction by John Wilkes in Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, London 1976). xxii+340 pages, 143 illustrations. 2006. London; I.B. Tauris/Centre for Albanian Studies; 978-84511-167-0 hardback £45. - Branko Kirigin, Nikša Vujnović, Slobodan Čače, Vincent Gaffney, Tomaž Podobnikar, Zoran Stančič & Josip Burmaz (ed. by Vincent Gaffney & Branco Kirigin). The AdriaticIslands Project Volume 3. The Archaeological Heritage of Vis, Biševo, Svetac, Palagruža and Štolta (British Archaeological Reports International Series 1492). iv+240 pages, 24 figures, 3 tables. 2006. Oxford: Archaeo-press; 1-84171-923-4 paperback £38. - Dominique Pieri. Le commerce du vin oriental ài l’époque Byzantine (Vè-VIIèsiècles): le temoignage des amphores en Gaule (Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique 174). vi+350 pages, 199 illustrations, 9 tables. 2005. Beyrouth; Institut Francais du Proche-Orient; 2-912738-30-X paperback €40." Antiquity 81, no. 311 (March 1, 2007): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00120186.

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Thomas, Patrick. "Catalogue of Late Helladic IIIA2 Pottery from Tsoungiza." Hesperia The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2972/hesperia.80.2.0171.app.

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Bloedow, Edmund F. "The Trojan War and Late Helladic III C." Praehistorische Zeitschrift 63, no. 1-2 (1988). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prhz.1988.63.1-2.23.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Late Helladic'

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