Relevant bibliographies by topics / Late Woodland

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Late Woodland'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Late Woodland"

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Rajnovich, Grace. "A Study of Possible Prehistoric Wild Rice Gathering on Lake of the Woods, Ontario." North American Archaeologist 5, no. 3 (January 1985): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ak95-mgd4-nydy-kg2u.

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Archaeological surveys of Lake of the Woods have located about 200 prehistoric sites including Palaeo, Archaic, Middle Woodland (Laurel) and Late Woodland (Blackduck and Selkirk) components. None have contained direct evidence of wild rice usage prehistorically, but this may be due to the archaeological record rather than a real reflection of non-use of wild rice. This article presents a discussion of the palynological record of the area to determine the advent of wild rice and a settlement pattern study of Middle and Late Woodland components in relationship to known wild rice stands. Both Middle and Late Woodland components tend to cluster around wild rice stands. This factor, along with the palynological record, leads to the hypothesis that wild rice was gathered as early as the Middle Woodland period on Lake of the Woods.
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Lovis, William A., Kathryn C. Egan-Bruhy, Beverley A. Smith, and G. William Monaghan. "Wetlands and Emergent Horticultural Economies in the Upper Great Lakes: A New Perspective from the Schultz Site." American Antiquity 66, no. 4 (October 2001): 615–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694176.

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The Schultz site (20SA2) is a benchmark site for understanding the Woodland adaptations of the Upper Great Lakes, although its older excavation data is not comparable with recent Eastern Woodlands research, which consistently uses fine-grained recovery techniques. The 1991 Schultz-site research collected supplementary and upgraded subsistence and environmental data to address questions about regional transformations from hunting and gathering to horticulture. In addition, questions regarding the role of aquatic and wetland resources, and how environmental change affected the availability and productivity of these alternative resources, were addressed. Results of faunal, floral, and geoarchaeological research reveal that Woodland economies in the Saginaw region of the Upper Great Lakes were keyed to environmental changes affecting wetland availability and productivity. The Early Woodland presence of cucurbits does not appear economically important until later when it is combined with more reliable supplementary food sources. Although chenopod is present during the Middle Woodland and early Late Woodland, wetland plant and animal resources act as surrogates for other starchy and oily seeded annuals common in other portions of the Midwest and in the Mid-South. Maize apparently does not achieve economic significance until the Late Woodland period. A model of this combined northern and southern strategy is developed.
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Jennings, Steven A., and Deborah L. Elliott-Fisk. "Packrat Midden Evidence of Late Quaternary Vegetation Change in the White Mountains, California-Nevada." Quaternary Research 39, no. 2 (March 1993): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1024.

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AbstractPackrat (Neotoma spp.) middens from the White Mountains indicate climatic and plant community conditions for the last 19,000 yr. During full-glacial times (ca. 19,000 yr B.P.) and at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary juniper woodlands were 600 m lower in elevation than at present. Midden assemblages and stable-isotope data suggest lower temperatures and increased precipitation relative to the present into the early Holocene. Two early Holocene middens (ca. 8000 yr B.P.) from lower elevations of the White Mountains contain fragments of pinyon pine and indicate that both pinyon and juniper grew at a site that today supports only a pinyon woodland. Two middle Holocene middens (ca. 5000 yr B.P.) indicate that there was an upward migration of pinyon-juniper woodlands along a high-elevation ecotone, but little change in the middle of the pinyon-juniper woodland. Middens from the late Holocene indicate that present-day plant communities were in place by ca. 2000 yr B.P. or before.
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Solounias, Nikos, Florent Rivals, and Gina M. Semprebon. "Dietary interpretation and paleoecology of herbivores from Pikermi and Samos (late Miocene of Greece)." Paleobiology 36, no. 1 (2010): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373-36.1.113.

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A large sample of the Pikermi and Samos ungulates was examined by microwear analysis using a light stereomicroscope (561 extinct and 809 extant comparative specimens). The results were used to infer the dietary adaptations of individual species and to evaluate the Pikermian Biome ungulate fauna. Many of the bovids have wear consistent with mixed feeding, although a few mesodont taxa apparently enjoyed an exclusive browsing and or grazing diet. The giraffids spanned the entire dietary spectrum of browsing, mixed feeding, and grazing, but most of the three-toed horses (Hippotherium) were hypsodont grazers. The colobine monkey Mesopithecus pentelici displays microwear consistent with a mixed fruit and leaf diet most likely including some hard objects. Similar results were obtained from prior scanning electron microscopy microwear studies at 500 times magnification and from the light microscope method at 35 times magnification for the same species. Results show that diet can differ between species that have very similar gross tooth morphology. Our results also suggest that the Pikermian Biome was most likely a woodland mosaic that provided a diversity of opportunities for species that depended on browsing as well as species that ate grass. The grasses were most likely C3 grasses that would grow in shaded areas of the woodland, glades, and margins of water. The ungulate component of the Pikermi and Samos fauna was more species-rich and more diverse in diet than the ungulates observed in modern African forests, woodlands, or savannas, yet dietarily most similar to the ungulates found in woodland elements of India and to some extent of Africa. It is unlikely that the Pikermi and Samos ungulates inhabited dense forests because we find no evidence for heavy fruit browsing. Conversely, a pure savanna is unlikely because many mixed feeders are present as well as browsers. Extant woodland African species are morphologically and trophically very similar to the African savanna species. Therefore the evolution of grazing and of hypsodont morphology for Africa may have evolved within the Plio-Pleistocene woodlands of Africa. Our results show that major dietary and morphologic ungulate evolution may take place within woodlands rather than as a consequence of species moving into savannas both during the late Miocene of Pikermi and Samos and during the Pleistocene–Recent of Central Africa.
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Woolsey, Cora A. "Shifting priorities apparent in Middle and Late Woodland ceramics from Nova Scotia." North American Archaeologist 39, no. 4 (October 2018): 260–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197693118806070.

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In the Maine–Maritimes Region, the Late Woodland (1350–500 BP) Period is thought to have been accompanied by a decrease in ceramic quality because of less-skilled potters. Although ceramics made during the Late Woodland tend to physically degrade easier than earlier ceramics because of coarser pastes and less well-joined coils, the reasons for the change in manufacturing practices have not been explored. Using the ceramic assemblage from the Gaspereau Lake Reservoir Site Complex in King’s County, Nova Scotia, Canada, this study used simple statistical techniques to suggest that potters increasingly used more expedient manufacture through time. These practices would have enabled potters to turn out pots under tighter deadlines to support large-scale gatherings that probably became more prevalent during the Late Woodland Period.
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Waller, Joseph N. "Late Woodland Settlement and Subsistence in Southern New England Revisited: The Evidence from Coastal Rhode Island." North American Archaeologist 21, no. 2 (April 2000): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/dgvh-cxyy-k3yf-rwjk.

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Archaeological investigations at Woodland sites in the Narragansett Bay drainage have aided in a refinement of Late Woodland settlement and subsistence models. Popular theory holds that intensive maize horticulture and the formation of tribal villages occurred relatively late in the prehistoric period or possibly were the result of European Contact. Archaeological investigations in coastal sections of Rhode Island indicate that village settlements and likely intensive maize horticulture were elements of Late Woodland settlement and subsistence behavior in and around Narragansett Bay and not Contact period phenomena.
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Pagoulatos, Peter. "Late Woodland Settlement Patterns of New Jersey." North American Archaeologist 22, no. 3 (July 2001): 201–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/6y2t-ptwn-mw42-nj8l.

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Johnson, Alfred E. "Late Woodland Adaptive Patterns in Eastern Kansas." Plains Anthropologist 32, no. 118 (November 1987): 390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2052546.1987.11909398.

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Watson, Jessica E. "AN UPDATED HISTORY OF PRE-CONTACT NEW ENGLAND: NEW AMS DATES FOR THE HORNBLOWER II AND FRISBY-BUTLER ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES." Radiocarbon 62, no. 5 (April 3, 2020): 1437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.19.

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ABSTRACTFaunal assemblages from the pre-Contact period sites Frisby-Butler and Hornblower II on Marthaʼs Vineyard, Massachusetts, USA, remain unstudied since excavation during the 1980s. This project establishes radiocarbon (14C) dates from faunal remains and evaluates occupation and abandonment at each site. 14C measurements were collected from 17 specimens and 13 dates from previous analyses were re-examined. Dates were identified from the archaeological time periods Transitional Archaic (2700–3700 BP), Early Woodland (2000–2700 BP), and Late Woodland (450–1200 BP) at Frisby-Butler. Occupation likely represented seasonal visitations during autumn and winter to hunt based on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) demographic profiles. A combined dataset of new and re-calibrated 14C measurements from Hornblower II date to the Late Archaic (3700–6000 BP), Early Woodland, Middle Woodland (1200–2000 BP), and Late Woodland periods. Settlement was focused on gathering warm-weather foods like demersal fish and lakebirds. Together, the sites demonstrate periodic seasonal use of the southwest coast of the island throughout the Late Holocene and fit within an established regional pattern in southern New England.
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Stewart, R. Michael. "The millennia-long use history of triangular bifaces." North American Archaeologist 41, no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 168–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197693120954170.

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Relatively small, triangular bifaces often considered to be projectile points have a demonstrable use history that includes the Middle Archaic, Late Archaic, Early Woodland, late Middle Woodland, Late Woodland, and Contact periods of regional archaeology. Radiocarbon dates and other data are used to document this extensive history using the Upper Delaware Valley of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York as a case study. Observed trends are evaluated in a broader regional context. The degree to which triangles of different ages can be distinguished from one another is addressed and suggestions for future research are made.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Late Woodland"

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Smith, Karen Y. O'Brien Michael J. "Middle and late woodland period cultural transmission, residential mobility, and aggregation in the deep South." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6839.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 24, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Michael J. O'Brien. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Wakeman, Joseph E. "Archaeological Settlement of Late Woodland and Late Prehistoric Tribal Communities in the Hocking River Watershed, Ohio." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1071235963.

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Dickinson, Pamela J. "Late Maritime Woodland (Ceramic) and Paleoindian End Scrapers: Stone Tool Technology." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2001. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/DickinsonPJ2001.pdf.

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Dore, Berek J. "Dietary Bioarchaeology: Late Woodland Subsistence within the Coastal Plain of Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539624384.

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Gilleland, Sarah. "Investigating Late Woodland-Period aquatic catchments through freshwater mussel assemblage composition." Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10141579.

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During the Late Woodland Period in the American Southeast, the amount of space that any individual group could exploit began to shrink, due to the presence of other groups on the landscape. Resource expansion occurred to augment food supplies, resulting in increased exploitation of mussel beds. Because mussels can be extremely sensitive to the characteristics of the waterways they live in, the specific habitat requirements of these animals can be used to reconstruct the environments they were recovered from. In this thesis I use freshwater mussel assemblages to reconstruct hypothetical aquatic catchments and map them onto modern rivers in the Yazoo River Basin and the Tombigbee River Basin. These are used to test ethnographic models of exploited space. I also use detrended correspondence analysis to test if sites exist in mathematical space like they do in physical space along the Yazoo River basin, as observed in the Tombigbee River basin.

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Adams, Andrea Elizabeth. "Investigation of Late Woodland cultural changes at the Bridgeport site (1JA574), Alabama." Thesis, [Tuscaloosa, Ala. : University of Alabama Libraries], 2009. http://purl.lib.ua.edu/91.

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Formica, Tracy H. "THE DOMESTIC ECONOMY AT LOCUS 2 OF THE ALLEN SITE (33AT653): A LATE WOODLAND – LATE PREHISTORIC HOUSEHOLD IN SOUTHEASTERN OHIO." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1154636821.

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Spertzel, Staci Elaine. "Late woodland hunting patterns evidence from facing Monday Creek Rockshelter (33HO414), Southeastern Ohio /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1134579425.

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Spertzel, Staci. "Late Woodland Hunting Patterns: Evidence from Facing Monday Creek Rockshelter (33HO414), Southeastern Ohio." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1134579425.

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Waffen, Chad. "Ohio’s Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Western Basin of Lake Erie During the Transitional Late Woodland and Late Prehistoric Periods (750AD-1450AD): A GIS Analysis." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1321982660.

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Books on the topic "Late Woodland"

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Moeller, Roger W. Analyzing and interpreting late Woodland features. Bethlehem, CT: Archaeological Services, 1992.

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Shorter, George W. The Late Woodland period on the lower Tombigbee River. Mobile, Ala: University of South Alabama, 1999.

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Trinkley, Michael. Middle and late woodland life at Old House Creek, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. Columbia, S.C: Chicora Foundation, 1994.

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J, Hoard Robert, and Illinois State Museum, eds. Middle and late woodland subsistence and ceramic technology in the Central Mississippi River Valley: Selected studies from the Burkemper site, Lincoln County, Missouri. Springfield, Ill: Illinois State Museum, 1996.

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Clark, Wayne E. The Buzzard Rock Site (44RN2): A late woodland dispersed village. Richmond, Va. (2801 Kensington Avenue, Richmond, 23221): Virginia Dept. of Historic Resources, 2005.

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Kreisa, Paul P. Second-order communities in western Kentucky: Site survey and excavations at Late Woodland and Mississippi period sites. Urbana-Champaign, Ill: University of Illinois, Dept. of Anthropology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, 1988.

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Meinkoth, Michael C. The Cunningham Site: An Early Late Woodland occupation in the American Bottom. Champaign: Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, 2001.

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Koldehoff, Brad. Late woodland frontiers: Patrick Phase Settlement along the Kaskaskia Trail, Monroe County, Illinois. Champaign: Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, 2006.

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Boyd, C. Clifford. The Bonham Site (44SM7): A late woodland village complex in Smyth County, Virginia. Richmond, Va. (2801 Kensington Avenue, Richmond, 23221): Virginia Dept. of Historic Resources, 2005.

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Cypress Land: A late archaic/early woodland site in the lower Illinois River floodplain. Kampsville, Ill: Published for the Illinois Dept. of Transportation by the Center for American Archeology, Kampsville Archeological Center, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Late Woodland"

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Christiansen, George. "Late Eastern Woodland." In Encyclopedia of Prehistory, 248–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0523-5_27.

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Snow, Dean. "Northeast Late Woodland." In Encyclopedia of Prehistory, 339–57. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0523-5_38.

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Stewart, R. Michael. "Late Archaic through Late Woodland Exchange in the Middle Atlantic Region." In Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, 73–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6231-0_4.

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Ferris, Neal. "Research Spaces from Borderland Places - Late Woodland Archaeology in Southern Ontario." In Engaging Archaeology, 99–107. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119240549.ch11.

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Bollwerk, Elizabeth A. "An Examination of the Social Dynamics Behind Native Smoking Pipe Variation in the Late Woodland and Early Contact Period Middle Atlantic Region." In Perspectives on the Archaeology of Pipes, Tobacco and other Smoke Plants in the Ancient Americas, 51–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23552-3_4.

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"Late Woodland Period." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology, 744–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0_120143.

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Kehoe, Alice Beck. "Late Woodland, to ad 1600." In America Before the European Invasions, 192–211. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315838243-12.

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Barrier, Casey R., and Megan C. Kassabaum. "Gathering in the Late Woodland." In Investigating the Ordinary. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683400219.003.0013.

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The practice of enclosing open spaces with earthen mounds begins in the Lower Mississippi Valley around 3500 B.C. As the earliest recognized monumentalized landscapes in Eastern North America, these locations are thought to have provided periodic bases for the exploitation of rich natural resources and the maintenance of social relationships. Archaeological work at these early plaza sites has focused on establishing the age and stratigraphy of the associated mounds, leaving little known about the everyday activities that occurred around or between them. In this chapter, two case studies from separate areas of the Late Woodland Southeast are discussed: Feltus and Range sites. Participants in the large-scale rituals occurring in the Feltus plaza spent much of their time spatially separated, but the periodic moments of aggregation quite literally created the personal relationships, social structure, and ritual system in which they lived their daily lives. On the other hand, participants in the daily activities that occurred in the Range courtyards co-resided, but the particular relationships they shared with other individuals were negotiated in outside spaces, and the very presence and structure of the courtyard itself tied them – every day – into a much larger local community around formal, central plazas.
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"Late Woodland, to 1600 CE." In North America before the European Invasions, 120–39. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315712604-13.

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Byers, A. Martin. "The Terminal Late Woodland-mississippian Transition." In Cahokia, 403–48. University Press of Florida, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813029580.003.0015.

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Conference papers on the topic "Late Woodland"

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Sutherland, Adam. "DIET DURING THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND: STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF ABSORBED FOOD RESIDUES IN CERAMICS AT THE APPLE CREEK AND EGAN SITES." In 50th Annual GSA North-Central Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016nc-275656.

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Hereford, Richard, and Jonathan E. Schwing. "MORMON LAKE AND THE POSSIBLE FUTURE CLIMATE OF THE SOUTHWEST COLORADO PLATEAU AND PLATEAU WOODLANDS." In Joint 70th Annual Rocky Mountain GSA Section / 114th Annual Cordilleran GSA Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018rm-313484.

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Reports on the topic "Late Woodland"

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Brooks, M. J., and G. T. Hanson. Late Archaic-Late Woodland adaptive stability and change in the Steel Creek watershed, South Carolina: Final report of the L-Lake prehistoric investigations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6298550.

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Leis, Sherry. Vegetation community monitoring at Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: 2011–2019. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284711.

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Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial celebrates the lives of the Lincoln family including the final resting place of Abraham’s mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Lincoln’s childhood in Indiana was a formative time in the life our 16th president. When the Lincoln family arrived in Indiana, the property was covered in the oak-hickory forest type. They cleared land to create their homestead and farm. Later, designers of the memorial felt that it was important to restore woodlands to the site. The woodlands would help visitors visualize the challenges the Lincoln family faced in establishing and maintaining their homestead. Some stands of woodland may have remained, but significant restoration efforts included extensive tree planting. The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network began monitoring the woodland in 2011 with repeat visits every four years. These monitoring efforts provide a window into the composition and structure of the wood-lands. We measure both overstory trees and the ground flora within four permanently located plots. At these permanent plots, we record each species, foliar cover estimates of ground flora, diameter at breast height of midstory and overstory trees, and tree regeneration frequency (tree seedlings and saplings). The forest species composition was relatively consistent over the three monitoring events. Climatic conditions measured by the Palmer Drought Severity Index indicated mild to wet conditions over the monitoring record. Canopy closure continued to indicate a forest structure with a closed canopy. Large trees (>45 cm DBH) comprised the greatest amount of tree basal area. Sugar maple was observed to have the greatest basal area and density of the 23 tree species observed. The oaks characteristic of the early woodlands were present, but less dominant. Although one hickory species was present, it was in very low abundance. Of the 17 tree species recorded in the regeneration layer, three species were most abundant through time: sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red bud (Cercis canadensis), and ash (Fraxinus sp.). Ash recruitment seemed to increase over prior years and maple saplings transitioned to larger size classes. Ground flora diversity was similar through time, but alpha and gamma diversity were slightly greater in 2019. Percent cover by plant guild varied through time with native woody plants and forbs having the greatest abundance. Nonnative plants were also an important part of the ground flora composition. Common periwinkle (Vinca minor) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) continued to be the most abundant nonnative species, but these two species were less abundant in 2019 than 2011. Unvegetated ground cover was high (mean = 95%) and increased by 17% since 2011. Bare ground increased from less than 1% in 2011 to 9% in 2019, but other ground cover elements were similar to prior years. In 2019, we quantified observer error by double sampling two plots within three of the monitoring sites. We found total pseudoturnover to be about 29% (i.e., 29% of the species records differed between observers due to observer error). This 29% pseudoturnover rate was almost 50% greater than our goal of 20% pseudoturnover. The majority of the error was attributed to observers overlooking species. Plot frame relocation error likely contributed as well but we were unable to separate it from overlooking error with our design.
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Evans, Julie, Kendra Sikes, and Jamie Ratchford. Vegetation classification at Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Mojave National Preserve, Castle Mountains National Monument, and Death Valley National Park: Final report (Revised with Cost Estimate). National Park Service, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2279201.

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Vegetation inventory and mapping is a process to document the composition, distribution and abundance of vegetation types across the landscape. The National Park Service’s (NPS) Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) program has determined vegetation inventory and mapping to be an important resource for parks; it is one of 12 baseline inventories of natural resources to be completed for all 270 national parks within the NPS I&M program. The Mojave Desert Network Inventory & Monitoring (MOJN I&M) began its process of vegetation inventory in 2009 for four park units as follows: Lake Mead National Recreation Area (LAKE), Mojave National Preserve (MOJA), Castle Mountains National Monument (CAMO), and Death Valley National Park (DEVA). Mapping is a multi-step and multi-year process involving skills and interactions of several parties, including NPS, with a field ecology team, a classification team, and a mapping team. This process allows for compiling existing vegetation data, collecting new data to fill in gaps, and analyzing the data to develop a classification that then informs the mapping. The final products of this process include a vegetation classification, ecological descriptions and field keys of the vegetation types, and geospatial vegetation maps based on the classification. In this report, we present the narrative and results of the sampling and classification effort. In three other associated reports (Evens et al. 2020a, 2020b, 2020c) are the ecological descriptions and field keys. The resulting products of the vegetation mapping efforts are, or will be, presented in separate reports: mapping at LAKE was completed in 2016, mapping at MOJA and CAMO will be completed in 2020, and mapping at DEVA will occur in 2021. The California Native Plant Society (CNPS) and NatureServe, the classification team, have completed the vegetation classification for these four park units, with field keys and descriptions of the vegetation types developed at the alliance level per the U.S. National Vegetation Classification (USNVC). We have compiled approximately 9,000 existing and new vegetation data records into digital databases in Microsoft Access. The resulting classification and descriptions include approximately 105 alliances and landform types, and over 240 associations. CNPS also has assisted the mapping teams during map reconnaissance visits, follow-up on interpreting vegetation patterns, and general support for the geospatial vegetation maps being produced. A variety of alliances and associations occur in the four park units. Per park, the classification represents approximately 50 alliances at LAKE, 65 at MOJA and CAMO, and 85 at DEVA. Several riparian alliances or associations that are somewhat rare (ranked globally as G3) include shrublands of Pluchea sericea, meadow associations with Distichlis spicata and Juncus cooperi, and woodland associations of Salix laevigata and Prosopis pubescens along playas, streams, and springs. Other rare to somewhat rare types (G2 to G3) include shrubland stands with Eriogonum heermannii, Buddleja utahensis, Mortonia utahensis, and Salvia funerea on rocky calcareous slopes that occur sporadically in LAKE to MOJA and DEVA. Types that are globally rare (G1) include the associations of Swallenia alexandrae on sand dunes and Hecastocleis shockleyi on rocky calcareous slopes in DEVA. Two USNVC vegetation groups hold the highest number of alliances: 1) Warm Semi-Desert Shrub & Herb Dry Wash & Colluvial Slope Group (G541) has nine alliances, and 2) Mojave Mid-Elevation Mixed Desert Scrub Group (G296) has thirteen alliances. These two groups contribute significantly to the diversity of vegetation along alluvial washes and mid-elevation transition zones.
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