To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Later functioning.
Books on the topic 'Later functioning'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 44 books for your research on the topic 'Later functioning.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse books on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Colombo, John. Infant cognition: Predicting later intellectual functioning. Sage Publications, 1993.
Find full text
2
Elte, Ronald. Van het toezicht op het onderwijs: Over de inrichting en het functioneren van de Inspectie in het algemeen voortgezet onderwijs en het lager beroepsonderwijs = On the inspection of the Dutch educational system : a study on structuring and functioning of the Inspectorate of secondary schools in the Netherlands. Academisch Boeken Centrum, 1988.
Find full text
3
Infant Cognition Predicting Later Intellectual Functioning. Sage Publications (CA), 1993.
Find full text
4
Brugha, Traolach S. Development of behaviour and functioning (with hindsight). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796343.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter begins with sections covering several different perspectives on early psychological development ranging from the phenomenological perspective to underpinning laboratory research. Research methods and designs used are described briefly. Theories of abnormal psychological development discussed include underlying cognitive theories, including theory of mind, central coherence, and executive functioning abilities, followed by underpinning biological science including neurobiology. Concepts mentioned include the idea of disability, neurodiversity versus disability, leading to the introduction of the need for reasonable adjustments to such disabilities. This will be expanded in later chapters. Also introduced are the topics of cause—genetic and environmental. The chapter then details what has been said of autism as an atypical (abnormal) variant on typical (normal) development, in order to provide a basic understanding of the nature of autism. Early signs of typical and atypical development are listed in order to set the basis for assessment methods described in later chapters.
5
Nelson, William E. The Well-Functioning Empire of the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190850487.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
The governmental institutions of the British Empire functioned effectively in the mid-eighteenth century in the interests of royal officials, merchants, and others in Great Britain as well as in the interests of the inhabitants of most of its thirteen colonies. Of course, there were some difficulties—some disputes went unresolved, some taxes unpaid, and some criminals never punished. The main work of the legal system was debt collection, and despite many inefficiencies, the system functioned well enough for the flow of lending and credit to continue. From the perspective of 1750, it was inconceivable that the empire would come apart a quarter of a century later.
6
Perez-Rodriguez, M. Mercedes, Nicole E. Derish, Nerea Palomares, Sukhbir Kaur, Armando Cuesta-Diaz, and Stefanie Lis. Attachment in Personality Disorders. Edited by Christian Schmahl, K. Luan Phan, Robert O. Friedel, and Larry J. Siever. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199362318.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
Attachment theory suggests that early relationships with significant others play a critical role in later interpersonal relationships. Attachment styles have a significant impact on social functioning. Since personality disorders are characterized by abnormal social-interpersonal functioning, it is surprising that attachment abnormalities in personality disorders remain mostly unexplored. This chapter describes definitions and measures of attachment and briefly reviews the neurobiology of attachment. Then it describes the evidence demonstrating abnormalities in attachment in personality disorders. Finally, the psychotherapeutic implications of different attachment styles are reviewed and attachment-focused treatments for personality disorders are described. A conclusion and future directions end the chapter.
7
Kropf, Nancy P., and Sherry M. Cummings. Introduction to the Aging Population. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190214623.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 1, “Introduction: The Aging Population,” discusses the prevalent mental health disorders experienced by older adults, including depression, dementia, substance abuse, and severe mental illness. This chapter also sets the context for practice with older clients by examining the factors that influence psychological well-being in late life. As individuals age, they become increasingly diverse. Gender and race differentials found throughout life are accompanied and heightened by disparities in later-life health, physical functioning, and cognitive status. Variations in older adult cohorts, from those who were raised during the Great Depression to baby boomers who came to age during a period of growing prosperity and substance use, are also discussed. Finally, elements of practice with a diverse population of adults are presented.
8
Meca, Alan, Lauren G. Reinke, and Lawrence M. Scheier. Acculturation and Tobacco/Illicit Drug Use in Hispanic Youth. Edited by Seth J. Schwartz and Jennifer Unger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215217.013.20.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explores the incipient role of acculturation in cigarette smoking, tobacco use, and use of illicit drugs in Hispanic youth in the United States. It first examines the conceptual foundations of acculturation, including early unidimensional models and later bidimensional and multicomponent perspectives of acculturation. It then reviews empirical studies linking acculturation with cigarette/tobacco and, separately, illicit drug use among Hispanic youth. The cumulative body of evidence is reviewed in terms of methodological strengths and weaknesses and how they sharpen our focus on acculturation in development. The chapter also examines three key developmental mechanisms that may account for the underlying relations between acculturation and drug use: (1) cultural stress, (2) family functioning, and (3) change in cognitive functioning related to drug use. The chapter closes with several recommendations that may help clarify the developmental linkages between acculturation and Hispanic youth drug use and should be addressed by future research.
9
O'Connor, Meredith, Ann V. Sanson, John W. Toumbourou, et al. Positive Development and Resilience in Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.19.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, calls have been made for an increased focus on successful development in young people and how optimal developmental pathways can be promoted. The concept of healthy functioning or positive development is particularly relevant to the emerging-adulthood period because of the significant potential for positive change and redirection of life pathways observed during this time. This chapter focuses on one empirically tested model of positive development in emerging adulthood developed with data from the Australian Temperament Project. Positive development is conceptualized as comprising the dimensions of civic action and engagement, trust and tolerance of others, trust in authorities and organizations, social competence, and life satisfaction. A growing body of research suggests that positive development in emerging adulthood is an important asset for young people, with distinct developmental antecedents and consequences for later functioning. The findings provide possible targets for interventions to promote healthy developmental pathways into adulthood.
10
Doyle, Lauren R., and Sarah N. Mattson. Behavioral Teratogenic Effects of Alcohol: Focus on Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.39.
Full textAbstract:
Prenatal exposure to teratogens may alter fetal development and significantly impact later life. Perhaps the best known teratogen is alcohol; prenatal alcohol exposure causes a broad range of effects that can cause lifelong impairment. Of greatest significance are the functional impairments in behavior and cognition. Recognition of these impairments led to the inclusion of the neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE) in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders under “conditions for further study.” This proposed diagnosis captures the significant neurodevelopmental and mental health impacts associated with prenatal alcohol exposure and requires impairment in neurocognitive functioning, self-regulation, and adaptive functioning. This chapter reviews clinical impacts of prenatal alcohol exposure, with particular focus on ND-PAE. Methods for comprehensively assessing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, specifically ND-PAE, are discussed as well as preliminary evidence for implementing effective interventions with these individuals.
11
Kropf, Nancy P., and Sherry M. Cummings. Reminiscence and Life Review. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190214623.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 12, “Reminiscence and Life Review: Evidence-Based Practice,” examines meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and RCTs of these two related therapeutic approaches, which are commonly used to enhance well-being, promote cognitive functioning, and mitigate emotional difficulties of later life. All studies reported some positive outcome of reminiscence and life review interventions. The greatest evidence exists for reduction in geriatric depression, as this outcome was evaluated in the largest number of reviews. Stronger support was found for the use of life review with older adults who have higher levels of cognitive functioning. Although a subset of reviews favored life review over reminiscence, this difference was not reported across the board. Study results suggest that both approaches are useful and that group and individual interventions are effective. Variations in administration of these interventions, however, were extensive and make interpretation of the efficacy of a particular approach or style of reminiscence and life review difficult.
12
Brunelle, Sarah, Ipsit V. Vahia, and Dilip V. Jeste. Late-onset schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0046.
Full textAbstract:
Although schizophrenia with onset in middle or late-life is a relatively uncommon, a considerable proportion of patients do experience the first manifestations of the disease after the age of forty. The current nomenclature utilizes terminology based on age at onset: late-onset schizophrenia (LOS) for illness with onset between ages 40 and 60, and very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis (VLOSLP) for onset after age 60. Recent evidence suggests more similarities than differences in epidemiology, etiology or risk factors and clinical presentation between these clinical entities, although a later onset seems to be associated with better premorbid functioning and female gender. Relatively stable cognitive deficits are observed in patients regardless of age at onset and LOS is generally not associated with a dementia, although VLOSLP are more likely to be associated with neurodegenerative processes. Antipsychotic medication is the mainstay of treatment and some psychosocial interventions may prove beneficial, but there is a lack of clinical trials focused on patients with onset in late-life. Response to treatment and outcomes tend to be better than among those with earlier onset, but special consideration should be given to biological and psychosocial factors related to the older age of patients
13
Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. Physical, Social, and Economic Contexts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Demographic patterns and trends in different parts of Scotland arose directly from their economic, social, and cultural histories. They were significantly influenced by climate, topography, accessibility, and natural resources. This diversity produced very different agrarian systems in different areas. By the later nineteenth century, Scotland was, after England, the most industrialized and urbanized country in Europe. There was a growing focus on mining and heavy industry, but these were subject to periodic severe depressions and went into serious decline in the twentieth century. New industries were slow to develop and unemployment was high, even though financial and other services grew rapidly. For long periods, housing was poor and often seriously overcrowded, sanitary infrastructure weak, and there were ongoing problems with the structure and functioning of local government.
14
Odin, Steve. Whitehead’s Perspectivism as a Basis for Environmental Ethics and Aesthetics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456320.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
There exist parallels between the Buddhist concept of Indra’s Net and the notion of moral perspective-taking. According to Alfred North Whitehead’s process metaphysics, the aesthetic continuum of nature is an organization of perspectives, whereby each occasion is akin to a Leibnizian monad, or metaphysical point, each functioning as a living mirror that reflects the entire universe from its own unique standpoint as a microcosm of the macrocosm. The metaphysical perspectivism underlying Whitehead’s ecological concept of nature along with a brief consideration of how Whitehead’s perspectivism illuminates the Japanese aesthetic concept of nature can be visualized by the poetic metaphor of Indra’s Net. Whitehead’s Leibnizian perspectivism was reformulated by George Herbert Mead, and later by Lawrence Kohlberg and Jürgen Habermas and can be integrated into an ethical procedure for moral perspective-taking, whereby free moral agents learn to put themselves into the perspectives of others in the community.
15
Kropf, Nancy P., and Sherry M. Cummings. Motivational Interviewing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190214623.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 7, “Motivational Interviewing: Theory and Practice,” provides the theoretical and practice foundation for motivational interviewing (MI). MI employs a client-centered counseling style for achieving behavior change by facilitating exploration and resolution of ambivalence. The trans-theoretical model of change is discussed, as is the “spirit of motivational interviewing,” which highlights the practitioner’s way of being with clients. The chapter presents skills and techniques to enhance older adults’ ability to work through ambivalence and develop a sustainable plan for action. In addition, later-life problems in functioning that benefit from the use of motivational interviewing are summarized, including substance abuse/misuse, chronic disease management, smoking cessation and diet, exercise and weight control. Contextual issues related to clinical practice, and special considerations for use of MI with older clients, are discussed. The chapter includes a case example of motivational interviewing with an older woman with alcohol misuse issues.
16
Nevin, Remington L., and Elspeth Cameron Ritchie. Toxic Exposures from Service in the US Military. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190461508.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Exposure of military personnel to known and plausible reproductive toxicants may pose a risk of reproductive harm. Such exposures also may contribute to sexual dysfunction, either by direct organic effects or because of reasonable concerns among the exposed over risking conception and consequent reproductive harm through sexual intercourse. Intimacy among military personnel returning from deployment may be prominently impaired by these concerns, which may persist despite efforts at good health risk communication. This chapter reviews common military toxic exposures with known or perceived reproductive toxicity or effects on sexual health. Recommendations are made for assessing such exposures when evaluating military personnel or veterans suffering impaired intimacy or sexual functioning. This chapter concludes with a recommendation that military specific exposure guidelines consider not only the existing evidence base regarding sexual and reproductive toxicity but also the valid concerns of military personnel about such effects and the possibility of their later confirmation.
17
Studlar, Donley. E. E. Schattschneider,. Edited by Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page, and Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.39.
Full textAbstract:
E. E. Schattschneider’s short book,The Semi-Sovereign People: A Realist’s View of Democracy in America(1960), is an analysis of the functioning of US democracy, especially the struggle between “privatization” and “socialization” of issues as well as the competition for space on a crowded political agenda. Its major contribution was to develop the concept of agenda-setting, the “conflict of conflicts,” as an essential dimension of the policy process. Intended as a “defense of parties” manifesto against the then-popular group theories of politics, Schattschneider’s book was part of the elitist–pluralist debate in its time as well as leading to a variety of later, more empirical studies on various dimensions of the policy process. Schattschneider’s ideas have inspired many subsequent studies on agenda-setting, both in the US and abroad. This chapter examines the longer-term impact of these ideas as well as the book’s shortcomings, such as lack of attention to the media.
18
Beeghly, Marjorie, Bruce D. Perry, and Edward Tronick. Self-Regulatory Processes in Early Development. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.3.
Full textAbstract:
In this chapter, we focus on the emergence of self-regulatory processes during infancy, as framed in biopsychosocial context. We begin with a brief review of the neurobiological underpinnings of early self-regulatory processes and how self-regulatory systems develop in early childhood. Next, given that infants come into the world highly dependent on caregiver support for their survival, we argue that the emergence of self-regulation occurs primarily in a relational context, and that the capacity for self-regulation reflects both self- and parent–infant co-regulatory processes. We also provide evidence to show that variations in these early self- and parent–infant regulatory processes are linked to children’s resilient or maladaptive functioning in later life. We illustrate our arguments with findings from developmental research on self-regulation in at-risk populations and in diverse contextual–cultural settings. After a brief discussion of the implications of this literature for practice, we conclude that the Mutual Regulation Model provides a useful framework for practitioners attending to the quality of the parent–infant relationship.
19
Hughes, Jessica. Tiny and Fragmented Votive Offerings from Classical Antiquity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614812.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter addresses tiny and fragmented votive offerings from the ancient Greco-Roman world. The first half of the chapter surveys different kinds of votive fragmentation, ranging from objects that were physically ruptured before dedication, to conceptually ‘partial’ offerings like tithes and first fruits. I argue that the deliberate or accidental breakage of votives often paradoxically increased the value and meaning of the offering in the eyes of the community and recipient deity. I also introduce the possibility that all votives might be seen as fragments, insofar as they constitute part of a worshiper’s property or converted wealth (an idea inherent in the ancient concepts of dekatē and aparchē). The second half of the chapter then focuses on one particular type of fragmented votive—the model body part. Tiny body parts made in clay and metal began to be dedicated in the Middle Minoan and then the Archaic Greek periods, and continued to appear alongside the life-sized (or near life-sized) anatomical votives that were a feature of later Hellenistic and Roman ritual. I explore some of the possible resonances of these votives’ tiny sizes, emphasizing how far these miniature objects facilitate (or even demand) intimate touch and handling. Finally, I explore the possibility that the miniature votives in Hellenistic and Roman times may have harkened back to the diminutive offerings of earlier periods, thus functioning as symbols of cultural memory, and tiny generators of nostalgia.
20
Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Beyond Concepts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book weaves together themes from natural ontology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language and information, areas of inquiry that have not recently been treated together. The sprawling topic is Kant’s how is knowledge possible? but viewed from a contemporary naturalist standpoint. The assumption is that we are evolved creatures that use cognition as a guide in dealing with the natural world, and that the natural world is roughly as natural science has tried to describe it. Very unlike Kant, then, we must begin with ontology, with a rough understanding of what the world is like prior to cognition, only later developing theories about the nature of cognition within that world and how it manages to reflect the rest of nature. And in trying to get from ontology to cognition we must traverse another non-Kantian domain: questions about the transmission of information both through natural signs and through purposeful signs including, especially, language. Novelties are the introduction of unitrackers and unicepts whose job is to recognize the same again as manifested through the jargon of experience, a direct reference theory for common nouns and other extensional terms, a naturalist sketch of uniceptual—roughly conceptual— development, a theory of natural information and of language function that shows how properly functioning language carries natural information, a novel description of the semantics/pragmatics distinction, a discussion of perception as translation from natural informational signs, new descriptions of indexicals and demonstratives and of intensional contexts and a new analysis of the reference of incomplete descriptions.
21
Ferraro, Kenneth F. Ageism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190665340.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Negative views of aging are pervasive and pernicious, and arise, in part, from a failure to recognize the heterogeneity of the older adult population. Many people, at various ages, view the aging process pejoratively, thereby exaggerating the declines associated with growing older, Ageism also may entail unfair treatment toward older people, often manifest as neglect and exclusion. The consequences of ageism are notable, including accelerated declines in biological, psychological, and social functioning as well as ignoring or minimizing the intellectual and creative potential of older adults. To counter negative views of growing older, examples of late life genius and creative endeavor are profiled.
22
Flentye, Laurel. The Art and Archaeology of the Giza Plateau. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.29.
Full textAbstract:
The pyramid complexes of kings Khufu, Khafra, and Menkaura of the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom period with their surrounding cemeteries at the Giza Necropolis contribute to our understanding of the development of a royal necropolis. Although there is evidence for pre-Fourth Dynasty settlement and burial, Khufu’s pyramid complex of the early Fourth Dynasty included a decorative program with reliefs and presumably statuary; while the decoration of the mastabas ranges from slab stelae and reserve heads to fully decorated chapels. Khafra’s and Menkaura’s pyramid complexes of the mid to late Fourth Dynasty probably focused more on statuary reflecting an evolving ideology of kingship. The quarrying of local limestone provided the necessary core blocks for the pyramids and mastabas, creating areas for the Sphinx and rock-cut tombs of the late Fourth Dynasty into the Fifth. The Heit el-Ghurab settlement (HeG), a center of production, and the tombs of the pyramid builders also contribute to our understanding of the necropolis’ functioning and its hierarchical structure. Giza continued to be used for burial through the Late Period.
23
Boudreau, J. Donald, Eric J. Cassell, and Abraham Fuks. Person-Centeredness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199370818.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
The historical roots of the term patient-centeredness are presented. The point is made that, although the term possesses considerable rhetorical power, in reality many institutions that wave the banner of patient-centeredness remain resolutely disease focused. This has been the case since the early nineteenth century, when clinicopathologic correlation became an imperative of medical practice. That the doctor’s primary mandate is to ferret out disease remains a tenacious precept in contemporary medical practice as well as in medical education. This chapter argues that a medicine anchored in a new and bold definition of sickness, one with a laser-sharp focus on a person’s functioning, necessarily opens many avenues for a practice centered on the person.
24
Henderson, Lorna K., Brian J. Nankivell, and Jeremy R. Chapman. Chronic allograft dysfunction. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0286.
Full textAbstract:
Despite improvements in short-term renal allograft survival, long-term survival has not appreciably changed. Excepting death with a functioning graft, most late graft loss results from chronic allograft dysfunction. Immune and non-immune-mediated injuries contribute to graft dysfunction over time, ultimately leading to a non-specific and irreversible histological end-point of fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and glomerulosclerosis. Screening and early identification of pathology is crucial to allow timely intervention in order to prevent permanent nephron damage and graft loss. This chapter outlines assessment of renal dysfunction following transplantation, defines the causes of chronic allograft failure, and their pathophysiology, and evaluates current therapeutic strategies used to improve or stabilize chronic allograft dysfunction.
25
Fitter, Chris. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806899.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Introducing the relatively recent discovery by the ‘new social history’ of an intelligent and sceptical Tudor popular politics, incorporated into the functioning of the state only precariously and provisionally, often insurgent in the sixteenth century, and wooed by discontented elites inadvertently creating a nascent public sphere, this chapter discusses the varied types and fortunes of plebeian resistance. It also surveys the leading ideas of the new historiography, and suggests the need to rethink the politics of Shakespeare’s plays in the light of their exuberant or embittered penetration by plebeian perspectives. Finally, it examines Measure for Measure in the light of its resistance to the polarizing, anti-populist climate of the late Elizabethan ‘reformation of manners’.
26
Steinberg, Martin, and Paul B. Rosenberg. Cognitive Impairment and Depression in Older Patients. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199959549.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Depression, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in the elderly can present with similar features such as cognitive complaints, loss of initiative, and difficulties with psychosocial functioning. These can be difficult to distinguish in the office setting, especially when mild in severity. The relationships between the three syndromes remains incompletely understood. Patients with MCI are at high risk for conversion to dementia. Depression may be either a risk factor for or early manifestation of MCI. Depression in late life is associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias, but the causal relationship remains controversial. Depression may also increase the risk of conversion from MCI to dementia and be more strongly associated with conversion to Vascular dementia (VaD) than to AD. This book will provide guidance to clinicians in the diagnosis and management of these complex conditions in the office setting.
27
Steinberg, Martin, and Paul B. Rosenberg. Cognitive Impairment and Depression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199959549.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Depression, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in the elderly can present with similar features such as cognitive complaints, loss of initiative, and difficulties with psychosocial functioning. These can be difficult to distinguish in the office setting, especially when mild in severity. The relationships between the three syndromes remains incompletely understood. Patients with MCI are at high risk for conversion to dementia. Depression may be either a risk factor for or early manifestation of MCI. Depression in late life is associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias, but the causal relationship remains controversial. Depression may also increase the risk of conversion from MCI to dementia and be more strongly associated with conversion to Vascular dementia (VaD) than to AD. This book will provide guidance to clinicians in the diagnosis and management of these complex conditions in the office setting.
28
Hems, T. E. J. Reconstruction after nerve injury. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.006009.
Full textAbstract:
♦ Late reconstructive procedures may improve function if there is persisting paralysis after nerve injury♦ Transfer of a functioning musculotendinous unit to the tendon of the paralysed muscle is the most common type of procedure♦ Passive mobility must be maintained in affected joints before tendon transfer can be performed♦ The transferred muscle should be expendable, have normal power, and have properties appropriate to the function it is required to restore♦ Tendon transfers can provide reliable improvement in function after isolated radial nerve palsy♦ A number of procedures have been described for reconstruction of thumb opposition but impaired sensation after median nerve injury may limit gain in function♦ Tendon transfers are possible to improve clawing of fingers and lateral pinch of the thumb after ulnar nerve palsy or other cases of intrinsic paralysis.
29
Bekou, Olympia. National Implementation of the ICC Statute to Prosecute International Crimes in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810568.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter provides a comparative overview of how states from the African continent have sought to implement action against the crimes contained in the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). It first explores the importance of national implementing legislation for the effective functioning of the ICC and then focuses on some key aspects of the domestic incorporation of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. In doing so, emphasis is placed on those states that follow the wording of the Statute, but also on those that go beyond the text of the various articles in the ICC Statute. Regarding the latter, whether an expansive approach is desirable is also discussed. In addition, the chapter explores those national provisions that are narrower than the Statute and briefly discusses what the implications might be for domestic investigations and prosecutions in respect of core international crimes.
30
Warren J, Newman. Part VI Constitutional Theory, D The Role of Constitutional Principles in Canadian Constitutional Law, Ch.48 The Rule of Law, the Separation of Powers and Judicial Independence in Canada. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0048.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter considers the meaning, scope, and application of three constitutional principles of surpassing importance in Canada. The rule of law is foundational to Canada’s constitutional framework and may properly be characterized as the first principle of Canadian constitutional law. It is linked to, and in some respects, forms the underpinning for other fundamental principles, including constitutionalism, federalism, democracy, and parliamentary sovereignty. As the latter principles are the focus of chapters by other commentators in this Handbook, this chapter will examine the rule of law primarily in relation to the separation of powers and judicial independence. The principle of judicial independence is also essential to the functioning and structure of the Constitution, given the role the courts are called upon to play in policing the constitutional limits of legislative power and administrative action. The separation of powers is still an emerging principle in Canada, but also increasingly viewed as fundamental.
31
Tracy, Derek K., and Fiona Gaughran. Treatment with medication: Side effects, adherence, and risk. Edited by Alec Buchanan and Lisa Wootton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738664.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
Antipsychotic medications revolutionized the care of psychosis, but they have brought with them significant side effects and issues around adherence; these latter factors, and informed co-working with patients, are primary drivers for specific medication choices. The data remain limited for polypharmacy and above-maximum dose prescribing, though there may be individuals for whom this is considered. Long-acting injectables (LAIs or ‘depots’) have a good evidence base, and are probably underutilized, though clozapine remains our drug of choice in refractory illness. Forensic-population data show that medications significantly reduce recidivism, including of violent crime. Whilst side effect data are disheartening for both patient and clinician, there are rational management strategies for them all. Novel future therapies being evaluated include acetylcholinergic and glutamatergic enhancers, anti-inflammatory drugs, and the neural peptide oxytocin, to improve negative and cognitive functioning; neuromodulation through rTMS and tDCS are also showing early promise.
32
Silvers, Anita, and Leslie Francis. Reproduction as a Civil Right. Edited by Leslie Francis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199981878.013.9.
Full textAbstract:
In calling for access to health care needed to achieve reproductive goals, defenders of reproductive freedom typically appeal to rights. Behind these appeals lie important differences about rights: Are they human rights or civil rights? Rights to protection from interference, to legal process, or to some further distribution of resources? This chapter develops a civil rights approach to reproduction. It first explains foundational differences between human rights claims and civil rights claims. The former rest on conceptions of what it is to be human and thus risk rendering rightless those individuals who do not fit the specified idea. The latter ground rights in claims of both typical and atypical individuals to inclusion in given social circumstances. Civil rights claims thus challenge unequal treatment of atypical people’s reproductive functioning, whether the issue is involuntary sterilization, lack of access to reproductive care, or threatened termination of parental rights.
33
Lee, Hyo-Dong. Ren and Causal Efficacy: Confucians and Whitehead on the Social Role of Symbolism. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429566.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Confucians in East Asia have always dreamed of holding human communities together and constructing well-functioning polities in and through the binding and harmonizing power of rituals. Underlying their trust in the power of rituals is the notion that rituals constitute symbolic articulation and enchancement of our affective responses to the conditions of embodied relationality and historicity in which we always already find ourselves. This Confucian theory of rituals resonates with Whitehead’s theory of symbolism, insofar as the latter advances a primordially relational ontology of the subject by highlighting the hitherto neglected epistemological notion of perception in the mode of causal efficacy. As such, the Confucian theory of rituals offers a fresh cross-cultural perspective to understand Whitehead’s implied critique of the modern liberal social theories that are based on a view of human beings as atomized individuals who rationally consent to enter society.
34
Mauguière, François, and Luis Garcia-Larrea. Somatosensory and Pain Evoked Potentials. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0043.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses the use of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and pain evoked potentials for diagnostic purposes. The generators of SEPs following upper limb stimulation have been identified through intracranial recordings, permitting the analysis of somatosensory disorders caused by neurological diseases. Laser activation of fibers involved in thermal and pain sensation has extended the applications of evoked potentials to neuropathic pain disorders. Knowledge of the effects of motor programming, paired stimulations, and simultaneous stimulation of adjacent somatic territories has broadened SEP use in movement disorders. The recording of high-frequency cortical oscillations evoked by peripheral nerve stimulation gives access to the functioning of SI area neuronal circuitry. SEPs complement electro-neuro-myography in patients with neuropathies and radiculopathies, spinal cord and hemispheric lesions, and coma. Neuroimaging has overtaken SEPs in detecting and localizing central nervous system lesions, but SEPs still permit assessment of somatosensory and pain disorders that remain unexplained by anatomical investigations.
35
Muldrew, Craig. Happiness and the Theology of the Self in Late Seventeenth-Century England. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748267.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Muldrew traces the integration of Aristotelian into Christian thinking about happiness, by Thomas Aquinas and during the Renaissance but more particularly in the thinking of late seventeenth-century ‘Latitudinarian’ divines. He argues that they were seeking an alternative way to achieve peace and tranquillity to that offered by Hobbes, who had stressed the need for strong authority. Their alternative drew on a variety of classical ideas about self-cultivation and self-discipline, but built upon and further developed relatively hedonistic versions of these. The pursuit of moderate sensual gratification was legitimized as an appropriate use of human faculties implanted by God. Although this was an erudite tradition, it was presented to a less erudite audience in sermons: these writers often transposed ideas from a classical to an English-language setting. In that context, the word ‘happiness’ came to loom large, appearing frequently and functioning as a key motif in latitudinarian thought.
36
Woodberry, Kristen A., Emily Kline, and Anthony J. Giuliano. Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.17.
Full textAbstract:
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) are among the most serious and complicated psychiatric disorders, particularly in children and adolescents. They have a major impact on all aspects of functioning, including family and social relationships, school, work, and self-care. While schizophrenia tends to develop in late adolescence and early adulthood, nonspecific abnormalities, prodromal symptoms, and a significant proportion of its incidence unfold before age 18. It behooves child and adolescent clinicians to be knowledgeable about and alert to the range of SSD clinical presentations. The chapter reviews the current state of the literature regarding the phenomenology, epidemiology, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of SSD within a developmental and systems framework. Although both evidence-based and promising practices are presented, these are all too often drawn from the adult literature, underscoring the pressing need for progress in developmentally sensitive assessment and treatment research with this population. Practice implications and future directions are briefly discussed.
37
Levy, David. Psychological problems. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766452.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Psychological disturbances occur throughout Type1 diabetes, from diagnosis to the experience of late tissue complications. Serious life events may precipitate diabetes onset. All parents of newly diagnosed children report stress. Poor glycaemic control is associated with suboptimal school performance, but children do not consider their own quality of life to be poor. Depression during adolescence is no more common than in the background population. Single parenthood and minority ethnicity are associated with worse glycaemic outcomes. Poor glycaemia associated with poor family functioning can be helped by family-based interventions. Eating disorders are not more frequent in diabetes, but disordered eating and insulin omission are prevalent, the last associated with increased mortality. Depression is common, often severe, undiagnosed, and associated with maternal depression. Non-pharmacological treatment is more effective than antidepressants. Diabetic complications increase the risk of depression 2- to 3-fold, and all depressive disorders may increase mortality in people with foot ulceration.
38
Hosking, Geoffrey. Power and the People in Russia. Edited by Simon Dixon. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236701.013.003.
Full textAbstract:
Whereas many European states sought to dominate corporate associations in order to exploit their resources, the Russian monarchy had to create them in the late eighteenth century in order to transmit its own authority. Both before and after that, however, the Tsars mediated authority downwards through persons rather than institutions. This chapter highlights the paradoxes of a system which compensated for under-institutionalization through the workings of competing elite patron-client networks and small-scale popular communities of joint responsibility which survived long beyond 1917. Communists may have transformed and modernized society in appearance, but in reality that modernization perpetuated or even restored some of the archaic practices of pre-revolutionary society. The Soviet state, like the Tsarist one, depended on archaic social arrangements which lubricated its everyday functioning, but frustrated its ultimate purposes. Even at the start of the twenty-first century Russian politics were still in thrall to personalized power factions.
39
Kapczinski, Flávio, Michael Berk, and Pedro Vieira da Silva Magalhães, eds. Neuroprogression in Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198787143.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Psychiatric disorders are characterized by an overlapping set of pathophysiological pathways that include monoamines but also neurotrophins, apoptotic and mitochondrial pathways, epigenetics, and dysregulation of immunity and redox balance, counterbalanced by cellular resilience and defence pathways and the effects of treatment. These conspire in a subset of individuals to cause changes in brain function and, over time, the activity of these pathways in chronic psychiatric disorders can lead to cognitive sequelae and changes in brain structure. This can lead to differences between early and late stages of illness. These biological underpinnings could explain why late-stage patients are more prone to treatment refractoriness, progressive brain changes, and consequent cognitive and functioning impairment. This process is understood under the construct of neuroprogression, which refers to the pathological rewiring of the brain underlying the clinical and cognitive changes that underpin the staged progression of the illness, caused by activities of the aforementioned biological pathways. It is important to note that the brain can adapt to the challenges of the environment and respond to medications to ameliorate this process. Understanding the process of neuroprogression provides a window into the core biology of the disorder and opens the door to therapeutic approaches addressing these pathways. This book is an account of the state of the art in the field of neuroprogression in different psychiatric disorders.
40
Shome, Raka. Cosmopolitan Healing. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038730.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines what it calls the “spiritual fix” of white femininity. More specifically, it looks at a particular kind of borderlessness of white femininity—one that is organized around a discourse of spirituality, well-being, and healing—by focusing on Princess Diana's representations. The chapter first considers some examples of celebrity white women embodying the logics of interiority to highlight a larger millennial trend within which to situate Diana's turn to interiority. It then explores how a particular relation among white femininity, inner wellness, transcendence, and citizenly belonging is being forged in contemporary culture since the mid-to-late 1990s. The discussion proceeds by turning to Diana, New Britain, and the emergence of a “reflexive self” in British culture. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the implications of transnational/multicultural reworking of white female interiorities. It suggests that spirituality is increasingly functioning as cultural capital and a site of consumption through which a new kind of gendered white national transcendence is being imagined today in popular and consumer culture.
41
Ruse, Michael. Darwinian Theory Comes of Age. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867577.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
As professional science, Darwinian theory is now a fully functioning paradigm. Darwinism as religion continues and war continues as a good confirmatory case study. There is now, thanks both to fossil finds and to refined molecular techniques, a much better understanding of human evolution and its history. This is new; the interpretations are not. There is much talk about killer apes, owing as much to Augustine as to Darwin, with speculations by Konrad Lorenz backed by dramatic writings by the film-script-writer-turned-amateur-anthropologist Robert Ardrey. Starting to play a major role are sophisticated studies of the great apes, notably Jane Goodall on wild chimpanzees and Frans de Waal on caged chimpanzees, the former moving more toward the innate nature of ape violence and the latter rather the other way. Major clashes about nature versus nurture occurred with anthropologist Ashley Montagu on the one side and biologist Edward O. Wilson on the other. There are an increasing number of naysayers, especially the Quaker bird-song specialist, William Thorpe, but the traditional picture persists. War is part of our biological heritage; it had to be a good thing inasmuch as it led progressively upward to humans, but it is now outdated and dangerous, and we can and should eliminate it.
42
Smith, Daniel M. Dynasties and Democracy. Stanford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503605053.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Democracy is supposed to be the antithesis of hereditary rule by family dynasties. And yet “democratic dynasties” continue to persist in democracies around the world. They have been conspicuously prevalent in Japan, where more than a third of all legislators and two-thirds of all cabinet ministers in recent years have come from families with a history in parliament. Such a high proportion of dynasties is unusual and has sparked concerns over whether democracy in Japan is functioning properly. This book introduces a comparative theory to explain the causes and consequences of dynasties in democracies like Japan. Members of dynasties enjoy an “inherited incumbency advantage” in all three stages of a typical political career: selection, election, and promotion. However, the nature and extent of this advantage, as well as its consequences for elections and representation, varies by the institutional context of electoral rules and candidate selection methods within parties. In the late 1980s, roughly half of all new candidates in Japan’s long-ruling Liberal Democratic Party were political legacies. However, electoral system reform in 1994 and subsequent party reforms have changed the incentives for party leaders to rely on dynastic politics in candidate selection. A new pattern of party-based competition is slowly replacing the old pattern of competition based on localized family fiefdoms.
43
van Hinsbergh, Victor W. M. Physiology of blood vessels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter covers two major fields of the blood circulation: ‘distribution’ and ‘exchange’. After a short survey of the types of vessels, which form the circulation system together with the heart, the chapter describes how hydrostatic pressure derived from the heartbeat and vascular resistance determine the volume of blood that is locally delivered per time unit. The vascular resistance depends on the length of the vessel, blood viscosity, and, in particular, on the diameter of the vessel, as formulated in the Poiseuille-Hagen equation. Blood flow can be determined in vivo by different imaging modalities. A summary is provided of how smooth muscle cell contraction is regulated at the cellular level, and how neuronal, humoral, and paracrine factors affect smooth muscle contraction and thereby blood pressure and blood volume distribution among tissues. Subsequently the exchange of solutes and macromolecules over the capillary endothelium and the contribution of its surface layer, the glycocalyx, are discussed. After a description of the Starling equation for capillary exchange, new insights are summarized(in the so-called glycocalyx cleft model) that led to a new view on exchange along the capillary and on the contribution of oncotic pressure. Finally mechanisms are indicated in brief that play a role in keeping the blood volume constant, as a constant volume is a prerequisite for adequate functioning of the circulatory system.
44
McShane, Tony, Peter Clayton, Michael Donaghy, and Robert Surtees. Neurometabolic disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0213.
Full textAbstract:
Various disorders result from genetically determined abnormalities of enzymes, the metabolic consequences of which affect the development or functioning of the nervous system. The range of metabolic disturbances is wide, as is the resultant range of clinical syndromes. Although most occur in children, some can present in adult life, and increasing numbers of affected children survive into adult life. In some, specific treatments are possible or are being developed. The last 20 years has seen a considerable expansion in our understanding of the genetic and metabolic basis for many neurological conditions. Particular clinical presentations of neurometabolic disorders include ataxias, movement disorders, childhood epilepsies, or peripheral neuropathy. Detailed coverage of the entire range of inherited metabolic diseases of the nervous system is available in other texts (Brett 1997; Scriver et al. 2001; Menkes et al. 2005).Treatment is possible for some metabolic diseases. For instance, the devastating neurological effects of phenylketonuria have been recognized for many years. Neonatal screening for this disorder and dietary modification in the developed world has removed phenylketonuria from the list of important causes of serious neurological disability in children. This success has led to new challenges in the management of the adult with phenylketonuria and unexpected and devastating effect of the disorder on the unborn child of an untreated Phenylketonuria mother. More recently Biotinidase deficiency has been recognized as an important and easily treatable cause of serious neurological disease usually presenting with early onset drug resistant seizures. This and some other neurometabolic diseases can be identified on neonatal blood screening although a full range of screening is not yet routine in the United Kingdom. More disorders are likely to be picked up at an earlier asymptomatic stage as the sophistication of screening tests increases (Wilcken et al. 2003; Bodamer et al. 2007).Although individual metabolic disorders are rare, collectively such disorders are relatively common. In reality most clinicians will see an individual condition only rarely in a career. Furthermore, patients with certain rare conditions are often concentrated in specialist referral centres, further reducing the exposure of general and paediatric neurologists to these disorders. A recent study into progressive intellectual and neurological deterioration, PIND, gives some information about the relative frequency and distribution of some childhood neurodegenerative diseases in the United Kingdom (Verity et al. 2000; Devereux et al. 2004). Although primarily designed to identify any childhood cases of variant Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease, the study also provided much information about the distribution of neurometabolic disease in children in the United Kingdom. The commonest five causes of progressive intellectual and neurological deterioration over 5 years were Sanfilippo syndrome, 41 cases, adrenoleukodystrophy, 32 cases, late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuschinosis, 32 cases, mitochondrial cytopathy, 30 cases, and Rett syndrome, 29 cases. Notably, geographical foci of these disorders were also found and correlate with high rate of consanguinity in some local populations.