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1
Itani, Rafik Y. Lateral capacity of WSDOT bearing anchor bolt details: Final report for Research Project 2620 "Lateral Capacity of WSDOT Bearing Anchor Bolt Details". [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Transportation, Washington State Transportation Commission in cooperation with the U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1992.
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2
Liang, Robert Y. Pressuremeter to predict lateral load capacity of drilled shafts on slope. Akron, Ohio: Dept. of Civil Engineering, the University of Akron, 1997.
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3
Aune, Petter. Lateral load-bearing capacity of nailed joints based on the yield theory: Experimental verification. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1986.
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4
Aune, Petter. Lateral load-bearing capacity of nailed joints based on the yield theory: Experimental verification. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1986.
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5
Aune, Petter. Lateral load-bearing capacity of nailed joints based on the yield theory: Theoretical development. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1986.
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6
Aune, Petter. Lateral load-bearing capacity of nailed joints based on the yield theory: Experimental verification. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1986.
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7
Aune, Petter. Lateral load-bearing capacity of nailed joints based on the yield theory: Theoretical development. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1986.
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8
Aune, Petter. Lateral load-bearing capacity of nailed joints based on the yield theory: Theoretical development. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1986.
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9
Aune, Petter. Lateral load-bearing capacity of nailed joints based on the yield theory: Theoretical development. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1986.
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10
Aune, Petter. Lateral load-bearing capacity of nailed joints based on the yield theory: Experimental verification. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1986.
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11
Aune, Petter. Lateral load-bearing capacity of nailed joints based on the yield theory: Experimental verification. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1986.
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12
Aune, Petter. Lateral load-bearing capacity of nailed joints based on the yield theory: Theoretical development. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1986.
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13
Aune, Petter. Lateral load-bearing capacity of nailed joints based on the yield theory: Theoretical development. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1986.
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14
Aune, Petter. Lateral load-bearing capacity of nailed joints based on the yield theory: Experimental verification. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1986.
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16
Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. Perception and sensation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0012.
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Major features of tetrapod sensory structures are well developed in fish which also have lateral lines, and some have electroreceptors and possibly magnetoreceptors. Receptors may be categorized according to the type of stimulus to which they respond: photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, temperature receptors and nociceptors. Adaptations to aquatic habitats are described for examples from each category. Each type of receptor has the capacity to transduce (transform) its specific sensory stimulus into receptor potentials which initiate or modulate activity in sensory neurons to the brain. Although each type of receptor responds to a specific stimulus type, this is not an attribute of the nerve impulses generated, recognition of stimulus type depending on the area of the brain receiving the neural input. However, variations in stimulus intensity are recognized as change in input impulse frequency.
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Szmukler, George. A law that does not discriminate against people with mental illness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198801047.003.0006.
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To eliminate the discrimination in mental health law, a form of law (‘Fusion Law’) is proposed that is generic, equally applicable across the entire range of medical specialties (and indeed social care), and in all settings—both hospital and community. No distinction is drawn between ‘mental’ and ‘physical’ disorders. The ‘Fusion Law’ proposal is based on ‘decision-making capacity’ and ‘best interests’—notions that are developed later in the book—but also includes detailed provisions for the regulation of detention and the use of force, areas usually absent or insufficiently addressed in capacity-based law but well developed in civil commitment legislation. Involuntary interventions are only justified when a person has impaired ‘decision-making capacity’ and the intervention is in the person’s ‘best interests’. The meanings of ‘capacity’ and ‘best interests’ will require detailed examination.
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Orentlicher, Diane. War Crimes Prosecutions in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190882273.003.0009.
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Little thought was given to the ICTY’s relationship with Bosnian courts when the Tribunal was created. Later, the relationship between the Tribunal and the Bosnian judiciary saw profound change. At the dawn of the millennium, the Tribunal played a key role, along with the Office of the High Representative and Bosnian lawyers, in launching domestic war crimes institutions in Bosnia and bolstering local capacity to mount credible war crimes cases. This chapter chronicles the challenges, successes, and failures of the ICTY’s capacity-building initiatives in Bosnia and mines that experience for lessons that might usefully be applied in other settings. Highlighting the fragility of progress in post-conflict states like Bosnia, the chapter emphasizes the crucial role of external actors in addressing challenges as they arise.
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Tull, Malcolm. A Century of Port Development, 1897 to 1997. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780968128824.003.0006.
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This chapter details the attempts to physically develop the port of Fremantle to keep up with the ever-evolving needs of the shipping industry. An Outer Harbour, following the half-decade old, solid plans of C. Y. O’Connor’s, was established in the 1950s. The harbour was also considerably deepened. An attempt at providing a dry dock, however, was unsuccessful. Tull concludes that these developments extended the capacity of the dock, possibly to levels unnecessary for their trade, at an expense that would later cause considerable financial problems in the 1980s.
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Cullum, Sarah. Management of dementia. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0039.
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The management of dementia discusses the needs of people in both the early and later stages of dementia, focusing on social and environmental aspects as well as physical and psychological. The main management tasks in early dementia are helping the person with dementia and their family come to terms with the diagnosis, optimising quality of life in the present, and planning for the future. In later dementia we deal with maintaining person-hood, the emergence of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, making decisions for a person who no longer has capacity to do so for themselves, and end of life care in people who are increasingly frail and have limited ability to communicate their needs. Underpinning all of these is the need for respect and communication, and to provide person-centred and relationship-centred care for people with dementia and their carers.
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Buchwald, Jed Z. Electrodynamics from Thomson and Maxwell to Hertz. Edited by Jed Z. Buchwald and Robert Fox. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696253.013.20.
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This article examines developments in the field of electrodynamics from William Thomson and James Clerk Maxwell to Heinrich Hertz. It begins with a discussion of Michael Faraday’s work, focusing on his discovery of what was later termed ‘dielectric capacity’ and his role in the birth of field theory. It then considers Thomson’s unification of Faraday’s understanding of both electro- and magnetostatics with energy conservation, along with Maxwell’s extension of Thomson’s structure to cover electrodynamics, which for the first time brought to the fore issues concerning the electric current. It also describes Maxwellian electrodynamics and electromagnetic theory, Hermann Helmholtz’s development of a different form of electrodynamics, and Hertz’s work on electric waves.
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Jordan, Nancy C., Lynn S. Fuchs, and Nancy Dyson. Early Number Competencies and Mathematical Learning. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.010.
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Early number competencies predict later mathematical learning. Weaknesses in number, number relations, and number operations can be reliably identified before school entry in first grade. Income status, associated early home and preschool opportunities, and general cognitive capacity all influence children’s level of numerical knowledge. Interventions based on a developmental progression and targeted to specific areas of number, such as the ability to count and sequence numbers, compare numerical quantities, and add and subtract small quantities, have shown positive, meaningful, and lasting effects on children’s achievement. Guided practice is effective when configured to support efficient counting strategies, frequent correct responding, and meta-cognitive behaviour and when contextualized with a strong focus on number knowledge tutoring.
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Stitzlein, Sarah M. Citizenship Education and Habits of Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190657383.003.0008.
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Issues with legitimacy, publicness, and responsibility collectively lead to a vision of citizen preparation that I lay out in chapter eight. This introduces a cycle to support and maintain democracy through creating citizens who learn about and try it out as kids, practice it well years later, and are committed to supporting the public schools that foster it as adults. The alternative is to allow our current course to continue, a course that jeopardizes the strength of our democracy and erodes our capacity to participate in it. We have the opportunity to reorient that course to not only improve democracy and public schools now, but also to chart an improved course toward the growth and flourishing of democracy and public schools in the future.
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Oliver, David. End of life: Wishes, values and symptoms, and their impact on quality of life and well-being. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757726.003.0013.
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The holistic assessment of the patient with ALS and their family will help to maximize the care as the disease progresses and the end of life approaches. This includes consideration of advance care planning, so that the person’s wishes are known if they lose capacity or communication late in the disease course. Discussion of ventilatory support, either by non-invasive ventilation or tracheostomy ventilation, is particularly important so that decisions are not made in a crisis situation. Although ventilatory support may improve quality of life (QoL) and length of survival, there may be increased dependency and continued disease progression. The recognition of the later stages of disease progression can allow further discussion and anticipation and preparation for end of life care—for patient, family, and professions—so that QoL is maximized until death.
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Fiorino, Daniel J. Ecological Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190605803.003.0004.
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A weakness in the writing about green growth is inattention to governance. This chapter explores the evidence on the role of governance factors on ecological performance among countries. Although some critics doubt the ability of democratic systems to respond to difficult and complex ecological problems like climate change or ecosystem degradation, there are practical and normative reasons to seek more rather than less democracy. Specific institutional factors (federalist versus unitary or parliamentary versus separation of powers) may affect national performance. More influential in supporting effective ecological governance—and by extension a capacity for green growth—is the ability in a political system to build consensus on issues, integrate across policy sectors, and find positive relationships among ecological and economic goals. These lessons are applied to an analysis of the United States in later chapters.
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Franklin, Caroline. The Novel of Sensibility in the 1780s. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199574803.003.0009.
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This chapter studies the novels of sensibility in the 1780s. The philosophy of John Locke, Anthony Ashley Cooper, third Earl of Shaftesbury, Adam Smith, and Francis Hutcheson had influenced the first wave of epistolary novels of sensibility beginning in the 1740s. These explored the interaction between emotion and reason in producing moral actions. Response to stimuli was minutely examined, especially the relationship between the psychological and physiological manifestations of feelings. Later in the century, and, in particular during the late 1780s when the novel enjoyed a surge in popularity, the capacity for fine feeling became increasingly valued for its own sake rather than moralized. Ultimately, sensibility should be seen as a long-lasting literary movement rather than an ephemeral fashion. It put paternal authority and conventional modes of masculinity under question.
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Pravadelli, Veronica. The Male Subject of Noir and the Modern Gaze. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038778.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the transition between the classical war films of the early 1940s and the anticlassical film noirs of the later half of the decade. This period can be roughly described in terms of a dual crisis, seen at the level of representation and at the level of the subject's capacity to act and to know. The chapter then examines noir's visual and narrative regime, especially its ability to express in purely visual terms certain modern tenets such as the psyche's split nature, the notion of embodied subjectivity, and the failure of vision and seeing. Similarly, noir alters the function of verbal language: the protagonist's subjective narration is often the only key to knowledge and truth, and words seem to take up the role previously assigned to vision and action. Meanwhile deep focus photography alters the terms of visuality.
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Allen, Nicholas. Imagining the Rising. Edited by Nicholas Grene and Chris Morash. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198706137.013.11.
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Several of the leaders of the Rising—Patrick Pearse, Thomas McDonagh, and James Connolly—wrote plays, and many were closely engaged in theatrical enterprises (often conceived as alternatives to the Abbey Theatre) in the years leading up to the Easter Rising in 1916. Indeed, there is an argument that Easter 1916 itself was conceived as a public performance, albeit a performance with life-and-death consequences. This chapter considers the theatrical imagination of the Rising and the ways in which the plays of those most directly involved not only engage with issues such as sacrifice, performativity, and utopianism but also reveal a surprising capacity for doubt. This lays the groundwork for a consideration of the best-known theatrical response to the 1916 Rising, Seán O’Casey’sThe Plough and the Stars, which in turn lays down a challenge to later playwrights in staging one of the pivotal events in modern Irish history.
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Alexandrowicz, C. H. The Role of Treaties in the European–African Confrontation in the Nineteenth Century (1975). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198766070.003.0021.
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This chapter discusses the origins and characteristic features of statehood in Africa, in particular the position at the time of the arrival of European agencies. It examines the climate of opinion in which the first treaties were concluded and compares it with the sui generis relationship between the contracting parties that later developed at the height of the European–African confrontation. The rapidity of change resulted in some abnormal legal institutions, including the ‘colonial protectorate’. A number of fundamental questions arise in the analysis of treaties: the legal capacity of the contracting parties, particularly of the African rulers and chiefs; the freedom of consent in the particular African circumstances as emphasised at the Berlin Conference of 1885; and the form of treaties and the application of various treaty rules. Among the particular stipulations, those referring to the establishment of protectorates and to jurisdictional capitulations are singled out for special attention.
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Vernon, Martin J. Advance care planning for an ageing population. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802136.003.0005.
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Population ageing is driven by declining fertility and improved life expectancy. As people survive to later life with multiple long-term conditions, advance care planning ACP) is of increasing importance to those wishing to retain control over their end-of-life care. Understanding disability trajectories for people can assist with advance care planning, mindful that older people living with frailty have increased risk of acute and unexpected health decline. Routine frailty identification by severity in older people can prompt care planning in anticipation of health decline and imminent lost capacity to make important decisions. Recognizing potential professional and organizational barriers to advance carer planning for older people could also improve its uptake. Guided serious illness conversations could assist this process over time for older people and those important to them. In care homes and among people with dementia ACP is also likely to be beneficial.
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Dening, Karen Harrison. Advance care planning and people with dementia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802136.003.0017.
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Advance care planning (ACP) is widely recognised as a process to enable an individual’s preferences and wishes for palliative and end-of-life care to be recognized at a time when they no longer have the capacity to make such ‘real time’ and autonomous decisions. In dementia, it is essential that ACP be offered early in the diagnostic process and supported when the person still has the ability to do so. Often decisions about end-of-life care for a person with dementia are made in the later stages of the illness, at a point of transition or crisis and with the absence of a clear understanding of their wishes. Clinicians may then turn to family members in the assumption that they know what these would be, however, this is often not the case which can add undue pressure to families in distressing circumstances.
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Wedgwood, Ralph. Is Rationality Normative? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802693.003.0002.
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In its original meaning, the word ‘rational’ referred to the faculty of reason—the capacity for reasoning. It is undeniable that the word later came also to express a normative concept—the concept of the proper use of this faculty. Does it express a normative concept when it is used in formal theories of rational belief or rational choice? Reasons are given for concluding that it does express a normative concept in these contexts. But this conclusion seems to imply that we ought always to think rationally. Four objections can be raised. (1) What about cases where thinking rationally has disastrous consequences? (2) What about cases where we have rational false beliefs about what we ought to do? (3) ‘Ought’ implies ‘can’—but is it true that we can always think rationally? (4) Rationality requires nothing more than coherence—but why does coherence matter?
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Basrur, Rajesh. India’s Policy Toward Pakistan. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.27.
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India’s most difficult foreign policy challenge has been Pakistan. At one level, the relationship has been managed reasonably well given the fundamental contradiction between India’s status quo-ist approach on Kashmir and Pakistan’s determination to alter the status quo. At another, Indian policy-makers’ inability to meet the challenge effectively reflects the constraints imposed by major policy choices. Jawaharlal Nehru opted for a set of ‘independent’ strategic and economic policies that congealed into ‘non-alignment’ and ‘self-sufficiency’. This left India militarily and economically weak and unable to counter Pakistan’s sustained bid to wrest Kashmir. A later set of choices encompasses failure to anticipate the consequences of Pakistan’s acquisition of nuclear capability, reluctance to match Islamabad’s asymmetric strategy of pressurizing India, and a tendency to slip back into the autonomy-oriented policy template of the Cold War era. Consequently, India’s capacity to fashion an optimal policy towards Pakistan continues to be significantly constrained.
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Dube, Opha Pauline. Climate Policy and Governance across Africa. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.605.
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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. Please check back later for the full article.Africa, a continent with the largest number of countries falling under the category of Least Developed Countries (LDCs), remains highly dependent on rain-fed agriculture that suffers from low intake of water, exacerbating the vulnerability to climate variability and anthropogenic climate change. The increasing frequency and severity of climate extremes impose major strains on the economies of these countries. The loss of livelihoods due to interaction of climate change with existing stressors is elevating internal and cross-border migration. The continent is experiencing rapid urbanization, and its cities represent the most vulnerable locations to climate change due in part to incapacitated local governance. Overall, the institutional capacity to coordinate, regulate, and facilitate development in Africa is weak. The general public is less empowered to hold government accountable. The rule of law, media, and other watchdog organizations, and systems of checks and balances are constrained in different ways, contributing to poor governance and resulting in low capacity to respond to climate risks.As a result, climate policy and governance are inseparable in Africa, and capacitating the government is as essential as establishing climate policy. With the highest level of vulnerability to climate change compared with the rest of the world, governance in Africa is pivotal in crafting and implementing viable climate policies.It is indisputable that African climate policy should focus first and foremost on adaptation to climate change. It is pertinent, therefore, to assess Africa’s governance ability to identify and address the continent’s needs for adaptation. One key aspect of effective climate policy is access to up-to-date and contextually relevant information that encompasses indigenous knowledge. African countries have endeavored to meet international requirements for reports such as the National Communications on Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerabilities and the National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs). However, the capacity to deliver on-time quality reports is lacking; also the implementation, in particular integration of adaptation plans into the overall development agenda, remains a challenge. There are a few successes, but overall adaptation operates mainly at project level. Furthermore, the capacity to access and effectively utilize availed international resources, such as extra funding or technology transfer, is limited in Africa.While the continent is an insignificant source of emissions on a global scale, a more forward looking climate policy would require integrating adaptation with mitigation to put in place a foundation for transformation of the development agenda, towards a low carbon driven economy. Such a futuristic approach calls for a comprehensive and robust climate policy governance that goes beyond climate to embrace the Sustainable Development Goals Agenda 2030. Both governance and climate policy in Africa will need to be viewed broadly, encompassing the process of globalization, which has paved the way to a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. The question is, what should be the focus of climate policy and governance across Africa under the Anthropocene era?
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Beeghly, Marjorie, Bruce D. Perry, and Edward Tronick. Self-Regulatory Processes in Early Development. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.3.
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In this chapter, we focus on the emergence of self-regulatory processes during infancy, as framed in biopsychosocial context. We begin with a brief review of the neurobiological underpinnings of early self-regulatory processes and how self-regulatory systems develop in early childhood. Next, given that infants come into the world highly dependent on caregiver support for their survival, we argue that the emergence of self-regulation occurs primarily in a relational context, and that the capacity for self-regulation reflects both self- and parent–infant co-regulatory processes. We also provide evidence to show that variations in these early self- and parent–infant regulatory processes are linked to children’s resilient or maladaptive functioning in later life. We illustrate our arguments with findings from developmental research on self-regulation in at-risk populations and in diverse contextual–cultural settings. After a brief discussion of the implications of this literature for practice, we conclude that the Mutual Regulation Model provides a useful framework for practitioners attending to the quality of the parent–infant relationship.
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Cannon Harris, Susan. Mobilising Maurya: J. M. Synge, Bertolt Brecht and the Revolutionary Mother. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424462.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the impact on modern drama of the establishment of the Soviet Union, through in-depth investigation of a special case: Bertolt Brecht’s transformation of J. M. Synge’s 1904 Riders to the Sea into a 1937 Spanish Civil War play called Señora Carrar’s Rifles. Synge and Ireland were not, for their own sakes, important to Brecht; he was drawn to Riders as a model which might help him solve the problem of how to radicalise the working-class mother. After the disastrous 1935 production of Brecht’s The Mother by the New York City-based Theatre Union, Brecht concluded that the technical demands of epic theater were beyond the capacity of these amateur ensembles. Synge’s unusual treatment of maternal grief in Riders helped Brecht envision a means of producing the effects of epic theater while using the techniques of realism. Helene Weigel’s performance as Teresa Carrar was crucial to his later thinking about acting and spectator emotion. Re-presenting Maurya’s refusal to grieve for Bartley in both Senora Carrar’s Rifles and Mother Courage helped Brecht refine his understanding of alienation in ways which made epic theater more pleasurable for spectators without requiring Brecht to acknowledge that pleasure as a desired effect.
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Macnab, Andrew J., Abdallah Daar, and Christoff Pauw, eds. Health in Transition: Translating developmental origins of health and disease science to improve future health in Africa. African Sun Media, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928357759.
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At STIAS, the ‘Health in Transition’ theme includes a programme to address the epidemic rise in the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, coronary heart disease and stroke in Africa. The aim is to advance awareness, research capacity and knowledge translation of science related to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) as a means of preventing NCDs in future generations. Application of DOHaD science is a promising avenue for prevention, as this field is identifying how health and nutrition from conception through the first 1 000 days of life can dramatically impact a developing individual’s future life course, and specifically predicate whether or not they are programmed in infancy to develop NCDs in later life. Prevention of NCDs is an essential strategy as, if unchecked, the burden of caring for a growing and ageing population with these diseases threatens to consume entire health budgets, as well as negatively impact the quality of life of millions. Africa in particular needs specific, focussed endeavors to realize the maximal preventive potential of DOHaD science, and a means of generating governmental and public awareness about the links between health in infancy and disease in adult life. This volume summarizes the expertise and experience of a leading group of international scientists led by Abdallah Daar brought together at STIAS as part of the ‘Health in Transition’ programme.
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Lee, Joonkoo. Global Commodity Chains and Global Value Chains. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.201.
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A commodity chain refers to “a network of labor and production processes whose end result is a finished commodity.” The attention given to this concept has quickly translated into an expanding body of global chains literature. Research into global commodity chains (GCC), and later global value chains (GVC), is an endeavor to explain the social and organizational structure of the global economy and its dynamics by examining the commodity chains of a specific product of service. The GCC approach first emerged in the mid-1980s from world-system research and was reformulated in the early 1990s by development scholars. The development-oriented GCC approach turned the focus of GCC analysis to actor-centered processes in the global economy. One of the initial criticisms facing the GCC approach was its exclusive focus on internal conditions and organizational linkages, lacking systemic attention to the effect of domestic institutions and internal capacity on economic development. Other critics pointed to the narrow scope of GCC research. With the huge expansion in global chains literature in the past decade—not only in volume but also in depth and scope—efforts have been made to elaborate the global chains framework and to render it industry neutral, as partly reflected in the adoption of the term “global value chains.” Three key research themes surround these recent evolutions of global chains literature: GVC governance, “upgrading,” and the social construction of global value chains. Existing literature, however, still has theoretical and methodological gaps to redress.
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Ussishkin, Daniel. Morale. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190469078.001.0001.
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The book charts the institutional, cultural, and political history of morale in modern imperial Britain. First emerging in the nineteenth century as a residual problem in military disciplinary discussions, morale gradually emerged as a central problem in the management of groups, and, during the twentieth century, was diffused to other, civilian spheres of life. By the era of the Second World War, morale had become a ubiquitous and truly British concept. Its management was seen as vital for securing victory in war and, later on, as central to the goals of industrial management in a democratic age. In its name, Britons have generated a host of institutional practices to promote and observe morale, and it served as an important organizing principle for a host of social-psychological and managerial knowledge. Throughout the book, morale is examined both as a disciplinary technology to maximize productivity or collective capacity, and as encompassing a broader political vision for the management of society. Military theorists who feared the prospect of imperial decline, industrial psychologists who lamented the prevalence of social alienation, promoters of the British welfare state who insisted on the relationship between morale, sacrifice, and postwar reconstruction, all articulated their endeavor as a quest for a social emollient, seemingly lost in a disintegrated modern civil society. Morale ends with the transformations in the understanding of morale and the political visions to which it has been linked, against the backdrop of the crumbling of the social-democratic state and the ascendancy of the New Right.
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Macdougall, Iain C. Clinical aspects and overview of renal anaemia. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0123.
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Anaemia is an almost ubiquitous complication of chronic kidney disease, which has a number of implications for the patient. It is associated with adverse outcomes, an increased rate of red cell transfusions, poor quality of life, and reduced physical capacity. Severe anaemia also impacts on cardiac function, as well as on platelet function, the latter contributing to the bleeding diathesis of uraemia. Renal anaemia occurs mainly in the later stages of chronic kidney disease (stages 3B, 4, and 5), and up to 95% of patients on dialysis suffer from this condition. It is caused largely by inappropriately low erythropoietin levels, but other factors such as a shortened red cell survival also play a part. The anaemia is usually normochromic and normocytic, unless concomitant iron deficiency is present. The latter is also common in renal failure, partly due to low dietary iron intake and absorption, and partly due to increased iron losses. Prior to the 1990s, treatment options were limited, and many patients (particularly those on haemodialysis) required regular blood transfusions, resulting in iron overload and human leucocyte antigen sensitization. Correction of anaemia requires two main treatment strategies: increased stimulation of erythropoiesis, and maintenance of an adequate iron supply to the bone marrow. Ever since the introduction of recombinant human erythropoietin, it has been possible to boost erythropoietic activity, and both oral and intravenous iron products are available to provide supplemental iron. In dialysis patients, oral iron is usually poorly absorbed due to upregulation of hepcidin activity, and intravenous iron is often required. The physiological processes relevant to red cell production are described, as well as the prevalence, characteristics, pathogenesis, and physiological consequences of renal anaemia.
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Stubbe, Peter. Legal Consequences of the Pollution of Outer Space with Space Debris. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.68.
Full textAbstract:
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Planetary Science. Please check back later for the full article.Space debris has grown to be a significant problem for outer space activities. The remnants of human activities in space are very diverse; they can be tiny paint flakes, all sorts of fragments, or entirely intact—but otherwise nonfunctional spacecraft and rocket bodies. The amount of debris is increasing at a growing pace, thus raising the risk of collision with operational satellites. Due to the relative high velocities involved in on-orbit collisions, their consequences are severe; collisions lead to significant damage or the complete destruction of the affected spacecraft. Protective measures and collision avoidance have thus become a major concern for spacecraft operators. The pollution of space with debris must, however, not only be seen as an unfavorable circumstance that accompanies space activities and increases the costs and complexity of outer space activities. Beyond this rather technical perspective, the presence of man-made, nonfunctional objects in space represents a global environmental concern. Similar to the patterns of other environmental problems on Earth, debris generation appears to have surpassed the absorption capacity of the space environment. Studies indicate that the evolution of the space object environment has crossed the tipping point to a runaway situation in which an increasing number of collisions―mostly among debris―leads to an uncontrolled population growth. It is thus in the interest of all mankind to address the debris problem in order to preserve the space environment for future generations.International space law protects the space environment. Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty obligates States to avoid the harmful contamination of outer space. The provision corresponds to the obligation to protect the environment in areas beyond national jurisdiction under the customary “no harm” rule of general environmental law. These norms are applicable to space debris and establish the duty not to pollute outer space by limiting the generation of debris. They become all the more effective when the principles of sustainable development are taken into account, which infuse considerations of intra- as well as inter-generational justice into international law. In view of the growing debris pollution and its related detrimental effects, it is obvious that questions of liability and responsibility will become increasingly relevant. The Liability Convention offers a remedy for victims having suffered damage caused by space debris. The launching State liability that it establishes is even absolute for damage occurring on the surface of the Earth. The secondary rules of international responsibility law go beyond mere compensation: States can also be held accountable for the environmental pollution event itself, entailing a number of consequential obligations, among them―under certain circumstances―a duty to active debris removal. While international law is, therefore, generally effective in addressing the debris problem, growing use and growing risks necessitate the establishment of a comprehensive traffic management regime for outer space. It would strengthen the rule of law in outer space and ensure the sustainability of space utilization.