Academic literature on the topic 'Lateral convexity'

The surface anatomies of the face and neck and their supporting structures that can be palpated have been described in Chapter 20. It is now time to move to the structures that lie under the skin but which cannot be identified by touch starting with the neck and moving up on to the face and scalp. The cervical vertebral column comprises the seven cervical vertebrae and the intervening intervertebral discs. These have the same basic structure as the thoracic vertebrae described in Section 10.1.1. Examine the features of the cervical vertebra shown in Figure 23.1 and compare it with the thoracic vertebra shown in Figure 10.3. You will see that cervical vertebrae have a small body and a large vertebral foramen. They also have two distinguishing features, a bifid spinous process and a transverse foramen, piercing each transverse process; the vertebral vessels travel through these foramina. The first and second vertebrae are modified. The first vertebra, the atlas, has no body. Instead, it has two lateral masses connected by anterior and posterior arches. The lateral masses have concave superior facets which articulate with the occipital condyles where nodding movements of the head take place at the atlanto-occipital joints. The second cervical vertebra, the axis, has a strong odontoid process (or dens because of its supposed resemblance to a tooth) projecting upwards from its body. This process is, in fact, the body of the first vertebra which has fused with the body of the axis instead of being incorporated into the atlas. The front of the dens articulates with the back of the anterior arch of the atlas; rotary (shaking) movements of the head occur at this joint. The seventh cervical vertebra has a very long spinous process which is easily palpable. The primary curvature of the vertebral column is concave forwards and this persists in the thoracic and pelvic regions. In contrast, the cervical and lumbar parts of the vertebral column are convexly curved anteriorly. These anterior curvatures are secondary curvatures which appear in late fetal life. The cervical curvature becomes accentuated in early childhood as the child begins to support its own head and the lumbar curve develops as the child begins to sit up.

Vertebral endplates of the lumbosacral spine have various degrees of concavity and/or convexity. Little information is available in the literature on accurate measurement of morphometry of the vertebral endplates of the lumbosacral spine and on biomechanical significance of the curvature. In this study, lumbar vertebral endplate curvatures in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions were measured. Human males-females, chimpanzees and canine lumbar endplates were scanned and quantified. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was performed on endplates and the effects of location of maximum curva

The paper begins with a brief overview of historical building coverings. Thermadapt™ thermally adaptive buildings are introduced as a completely new class of shingles, siding and roofing. These elements physically change shape in response to thermal loading. In hot weather with high solar loading, the panels curl up and away from the building. As the temperature cools and the sun sets, the Thermadapt™ elements lie close to the building. In cool temperatures, the elements lie flat agains the building transferring solar energy. In extremely cold temperatures, high convexity inherently forms in t

Knowledge of the movements of the whole spine and lumbosacral joint is important for evaluating clinical pathologic conditions that may potentially produce unstable situations in human body movements. At present there are few studies that report systematic three-dimensional (3D) movement and force analysis of the whole spine. In this paper, a fully discretized bio-fidelity 3D musculoskeletal simulation model for biomechanical (kinematic) analysis of scoliosis for a patient with right thoracolumbar scoliosis is presented. It is important to note that this method can be used for modeling various

The vertebral endplates of the lumbosacral spine have various degrees of concavity and/or convexity. Several investigators including Seenivasan G., Goel, V. K., 1994, Liebschner et al, 2003, etc have performed finite element analysis on the vertebral bones, but the endplate curvatures are not included. Therefore, the effect of morphological details of the endplate curvatures on the stress distribution is unknown. Differences in these curvatures will increase stress in some regions and decrease stress elsewhere as the spine is compressed. In our previous study [Kale et al, 2003], lumbar vertebr

Abstract In this paper, we propose an MPC-based motion planning algorithm, including a decision-making module, an obstacle-constraints generating module, and an MPC-based planning module. The designed decision module effectively distinguishes between structured and unstructured roads and processes them separately, so that the algorithm is more robust in different environments. Besides, the movement of obstacles is considered in the decision-making and obstacle constraints generating module. By processing obstacles with lateral and longitudinal speed separately, obstacle avoidance can be done i

In this paper, we verify the enhancement of IREC, which is a computer algorithm for interactive design support system, to support global design features as design attributes. IREC (Interactive Reduct Evolutional Computation) is a method to evolve designs based on users’ personal preferences. The method works through an interaction between the user and a computer system. The computer system with IREC generates design samples consisting of random attributes and the user evaluates and scores each samples depending on his/her psychological preferences. The system estimates the design attributes th