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1
Doyle, Michael. Measurement and analysis of lateral flame spread using the bench-scale cone calorimeter. [S.l: The Author], 1994.
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2
Florin, Bo, Patrick Vonderau, and Yvonne Zimmermann. Advertising and the Transformation of Screen Cultures. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462989153.
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Advertising has played a central role in shaping the history of modern media. While often identified with American consumerism and the rise of the 'Information Society', motion picture advertising has been part of European visual culture since the late nineteenth century. With the global spread of ad agencies, moving image advertisements became a privileged cultural form to make people experience the qualities and uses of branded commodities, to articulate visions of a 'good life', and to incite social relationships. Abandoning a conventional delineation of fields by medium, country, or period, this book suggests a lateral view. It charts the audiovisual history of advertising by focussing on objects (products and services), screens (exhibition, programming, physical media), practices (production, marketing), and intermediaries (ad agencies). In this way, the book develops new historical, methodological, and theoretical perspectives.
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Arcangeli, Letizia, and Marco Gentile, eds. Le signorie dei Rossi di Parma tra XIV e XVI secolo. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-684-6.
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This volume is devoted to one of the major aristocratic lineages of northern Italy in the later middle ages. The Rossi, whose political and social eminence dates back to the communal age, built in the Parmense a powerful lordship, based both on their estates and fortresses and on a vast patronage network spread over the territory and in the town: and the power of the family, though diminished after the crisis in the relations with the Sforza in 1482, was restored on partially different foundations during the Italian Wars. The essays collected in this book explore the complexity of the Rossi "little seignorial state", focusing on its internal constitution, on its exterior relations and on its artistic and cultural features between the mid-fourteenth and the early sixteenth century.
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Lin, Chia Shiang (Sean). Ganglion Impar Block: Fluoroscopy and Ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0036.
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Blockade of the ganglion impar (also known as ganglion of Walther or sacrococcygeal ganglion) is indicated for evaluating and managing visceral or sympathetic-maintained pain in the coccygeal and perineal area. Ganglion impar neurolysis has been reported in the palliative treatment for malignancies of the pelvis with cancer pain in the perineal area. Ultrasound can be successively used to locate the sacrococcygeal joint (SCJ) and facilitate the performance of ganglion impar block. However, ultrasound can also complement fluoroscopy, as lateral fluoroscopy is still needed to establish safe depth and monitor the spread of the injectate, especially with neurolytic injections.
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Tumber, Paul Singh, and Philip W. H. Peng. Peripheral Nerve Blocks in Chronic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0037.
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Ultrasound-guided nerve blockade for chronic pain offers advantages over blind landmark-based and fluoroscopic techniques. It allows visualization of soft-tissue structures and spread of the injectate while limiting ionizing radiation exposure. Interventionalists must have both a clear understanding of the anatomy that is being visualized on the ultrasound image and the ability to safely place a needle to the desired target site. Neural blockade of the suprascapular nerve can be useful in the management of chronic shoulder pain such as adhesive capsulitis, frozen shoulder, rotator cuff tear, and glenohumeral arthritis. Intercostal nerve blocks can be helpful for painful conditions that affect the thorax or upper abdomen. The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve local anesthetic block may provide analgesia for procedures involving the region, such as skin harvesting. The pudendal nerve block may be useful for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes in certain cases of chronic pelvic pain involving pudendal neuralgia.
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Nugent, Christopher M. B. Manuscript Culture. Edited by Wiebke Denecke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199356591.013.5.
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This chapter examines issues of manuscript culture as they apply to China prior to the spread of print. The discussion is centered around questions of how literary texts were produced, circulated, and changed in contexts in which every reproduction of a text was done by hand and the oral and the written remained closely intertwined. In addition to accounts of how texts were circulated and altered during circulation, the chapter discusses the implications of these aspects of manuscript culture for our understanding of how this literature was experienced by audiences in a context in which texts were more fluid and every instance of textual reproduction entailed individual decisions. Many of the issues discussed here are relevant to later periods as well, as even after the wide spread of printing, texts continued to be produced by hand (and orally) in a range of contexts up through the twentieth century.
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Talbot, Ian, and Tahir Kamran. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190642938.003.0001.
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The introduction discusses the pre-colonial development of Lahore. In the Mughal era, the city’s strategic location at the junction of roads to Kabul, Multan and Kashmir made it a seat of power to which poets, artists and traders flocked. Its wealth brought European merchant travellers that spread its fame. The city later expanded under the Sikhs with the growth of the Kashmir shawl industry. During Ranjit Singh’s rule, such ex-officers from Bonaparte’s army as Jean-Francois Allard, Jean-Baptiste Ventura and Paolo Avitabile were employed in military and administrative roles. Lahore’s long and continuous history of transregional and transnational connections was overlooked by colonial writers.
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Whitehead, James. Balaam and Bedlam. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733706.003.0004.
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This chapter shows how contemporary reviews of Romantic poetry, and the hostile rhetoric of insanity they used, both stigmatized and popularized the Romantic mad poet. A forensic rhetoric, drawing directly on medical ideas of partial insanity and critical ‘moral management’, was deployed by the periodical press in the first quarter of the nineteenth century—first the quarterlies like the Edinburgh Review and the Quarterly Review, then later new capricious and aggressive magazines such as Blackwood’s, and more quotidian or staid journals—against all of the major Romantic poets. The chapter shows, moreover, how the polemical terms in which Romantic poets were dismissed also held the seeds of their later canonization. The periodical critics, while they used slurs of meaningless insanity to dismiss poetry for political and reactionary ends, also spread the fame of ‘mad genius’, turning a marginalized opinion on the link between creativity and disorder into a cultural phenomenon.
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Rieth, Timothy, and Ethan E. Cochrane. The Chronology of Colonization in Remote Oceania. Edited by Ethan E. Cochrane and Terry L. Hunt. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199925070.013.010.
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Colonization of Remote Oceania resulted in the discovery of thousands of islands spread across an enormous area of the Pacific Ocean. Beginning as early as approximately 3500 cal. B.P. in Western Micronesia, populations began an expansion westward eventually settling East Polynesia over two millennia later. Although this general pattern is well-established, the reliability of colonization chronologies for particular islands and island groups varies significantly. This chapter synthesizes and critiques current interpretations of radiocarbon and other dating estimates for colonization of the major islands across the region and provides recommendations for future research and chronology building, highlighting the potential for Bayesian analyses. Estimates for the colonization of Hawai'i are presented as a case study.
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Korpiola, Mia. Customary Law and the Influence of the Ius Commune in High and Late Medieval East Central Europe. Edited by Heikki Pihlajamäki, Markus D. Dubber, and Mark Godfrey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.013.50.
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Secular law remained largely customary and uncodified in east central Europe. While much of south-eastern Europe had remained Christian ever since Roman times, most of east central Europe was Christianized during the high Middle Ages. The Baltic region came later, Lithuania only being converted after 1387. South-eastern Europe was influenced first by Byzantine and then Italian law. In much of east central Europe secular law was based on Slavic customs, later influenced by canon law and German law. The Sachsenspiegel, Schwabenspiegel, and German town law spread to the whole region alongside the German colonization of east central Europe. Towns functioned as conduits of German and learned law. Certain territorial rulers actively promoted Roman law and (partial) codification, while the local nobility preferred uncodified customary law. In addition to foreign university studies, the fourteenth-century universities of Prague and Krakow, cathedral chapters, and notaries helped disseminate the ius commune into the region.
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Elbourne, Elizabeth. Africa. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199644636.003.0012.
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Anglicanism had a limited institutional presence in Africa in the long eighteenth century, not least because the British were largely confined to slave forts before the acquisition of the Cape Colony and Sierra Leone at the end of the period. The relationship between Anglicanism and certain regions of Africa was shaped from the outset by slavery and the slave trade. This chapter focuses on the coastal regions of West Africa and to a more limited extent southern Africa, and includes discussion of African–British educational networks, the growing British abolitionist movement, and the foundation of Sierra Leone as an abolitionist and putatively Anglican colony beset by contradictions. Where Anglicanism did spread it was done by Africans, foreshadowing later developments, ironically often through networks created by colonialism and the slave trade.
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Deahl, Lora, and Brenda Wristen. Technique and the Small-Handed Pianist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190616847.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 explores the three main areas of technical challenge for small-handed pianists: fatigue, power, and reach. Building on the examination of fundamental principles of movement in Chapter 2, this chapter equips readers with the analytical tools to critically evaluate the adaptive strategies discussed later in the book, tools which pianists may then use to develop additional approaches tailored to their own needs. Common maladaptive tendencies are discussed. A lexicon of facilitative techniques follows, delineating important strategies such as timing muscular release, choosing appropriate levers, cultivating alignment, combining basic movements into larger gestures, reducing the amplitude of movements and gestures, maximizing key speed, transmitting force through skeletal structures, using arm impulses, using the arm to navigate distances, using passive spread, and using vertical spans. The chapter concludes with a discussion of boundaries that should be respected.
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Keevak, Michael. How Did East Asians Become Yellow? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465285.003.0011.
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This chapter offers a brief historical intervention explaining the rise of the term yellow for racial thinking about Asians. Using his binomial nomenclature species-naming system, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus separated Homo sapiens into four continental types, with distinct colors assigned to each. Over two decades later the German anatomist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach also classified Asians as yellow in his five-race scheme. Although some early twentieth-century anthropologists claimed to have proven that Mongolians (Asians) were physically yellow in an attempt to place Asians lower than Europeans, the initial categorization of yellow had no visual or biological basis. As Asians continued to refuse to take part in Western systems (Christianity, international trade), Europeans' perceptions of Asians' skin color darkened. Moreover in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the yellow idea began to spread to East Asian cultures themselves.
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White, Eryn. Protestant Dissent in Wales. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702245.003.0009.
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Wales was once perceived as a ‘nation of Nonconformists’, but immediately after the Glorious Revolution, Dissenters represented a tiny minority of the Welsh population. One of the roots of later Dissenting success can be found in the disproportionate contribution that Welsh Dissenters made to Welsh-language print culture in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In addition, the growth of a ‘circulating’ school system helped spread literacy (and the Word) to the younger generation. Although begun by Griffith Jones, rector of Llanddowror, the episcopal hierarchy remained sceptical of movements that crossed parish boundaries. This was also true of Methodism. The impact of revival in Wales was considerable. Initially, much of the support was derived from Methodists, although Calvinistic Methodism was initially much stronger than Wesleyan Methodism in the country—it was only in the early nineteenth century that Wesleyan Methodism began to enjoy more success.
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van Rooy, Bertus. English in South Africa. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.017.
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South African English (SAfE) traces its roots to the 1820 British settlers. From here, it spread to the descendants of Indian indentured labourers, who later shifted to English as home language. English diffused as second language to the indigenous African population and speakers of Afrikaans, and today occupies an important position as language of government, education, business, and the media. SAfE has borrowed vocabulary from Afrikaans, ancestral Indian languages, and in recent years also from other South African languages. Phonetically, SAfE has raised front vowels, the short front /i/ has allophones that range from high front in KIN to centralized in PIN, and a back vowel realization of START. Non-native varieties display various degrees of vowel contrast reduction. The modal must is used more extensively than in other varieties of English, while Black SAfE also uses the progressive aspect for a wider timespan than just temporariness.
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Como, David R. Secret Printing and the Crisis of 1640. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199541911.003.0003.
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This chapter outlines of the history of a secret press that appeared in London in 1640–1. Growing out of earlier radical propaganda networks, and created to provide an outlet for the dispersal of pro-Covenanter Scottish propaganda in England, the press distributed incendiary politico-religious tracts, which challenged Caroline policy at multiple levels. The chapter analyzes the ideas presented in these works, including contract theory, resistance theory, pleas for the demolition of the existing Church of England, extreme separatist propaganda, tolerationist arguments, and challenges to clerical monopolies. It traces personnel involved in the enterprise (including the future Leveller, Richard Overton) and assesses the impact of the propaganda dispersed by the press. The secret press provides a crucial vehicle for understanding the changing dynamics of print in the 1640s, the emergence of novel arguments against press censorship, and the later spread and development of radical political and religious ideas.
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Pihlajamäki, Heikki, Markus D. Dubber, and Mark Godfrey, eds. The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History charts the landscape of contemporary research and the shift from national legal histories to comparative methods, which have profoundly affected the way we understand legal transformation at the local, national, regional, European, and global level. The Handbook shows legal change in terms of continuous flow and exchange of influences, which take place within complicated combinations of cultural, political, and social networks. The present Handbook captures this revised conception of European legal history; it not only merely reflects the state of the discipline, but also aims to shape it. As the chapters of this Handbook show, ancient Roman law owed much to the Near Eastern legal orders. Later on, from the fifteenth century onwards, the major European legal orders gradually spread to all continents. Indeed, most of the globalization of law has taken place by way of European legal systems turning global.
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Stogicza, Agnes, Bartha Peter Tohotom, Edit Racz, Andrea Trescot, and Alan Berkman. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome of the Upper and Lower Extremity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0011.
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Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic debilitating pain condition of the extremities; it can affect, less commonly, other areas of the body (face, pelvis, abdomen). Its early presentation—pain disproportionate to the injury, skin temperature changes, hyperalgesia, allodynia—is often not recognized, delaying treatment. In later phases, with sympathetic nervous system involvement, it presents with skin and muscle atrophy, hair loss, allodynia, loss of function, and decreased range of motion. In severe cases, it can spread from one area to the other. Imaging findings (X-ray, MRI, bone scintigraphy) are nonspecific. They are used to support the diagnosis, and to exclude conditions that can present similarly. Treatment is challenging and includes physical therapy, psychologic support, medication management, and minimally invasive interventions to decrease pain, to positively influence the sympathetic nervous system, and to preserve function. A multidisciplinary approach is likely to be the most beneficial.
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Tounsel, Christopher. Chosen Peoples. Duke University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478013105.
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On July 9, 2011, South Sudan celebrated its independence as the world's newest nation, an occasion that the country's Christian leaders claimed had been foretold in the Book of Isaiah. The Bible provided a foundation through which the South Sudanese could distinguish themselves from the Arab and Muslim Sudanese to the north and understand themselves as a spiritual community now freed from their oppressors. Less than three years later, however, new conflicts emerged along ethnic lines within South Sudan, belying the liberation theology that had supposedly reached its climactic conclusion with independence. In Chosen Peoples, Christopher Tounsel investigates the centrality of Christian worldviews to the ideological construction of South Sudan and the inability of shared religion to prevent conflict. Exploring the creation of a colonial-era mission school to halt Islam's spread up the Nile, the centrality of biblical language in South Sudanese propaganda during the Second Civil War (1983--2005), and postindependence transformations of religious thought in the face of ethnic warfare, Tounsel highlights the potential and limitations of deploying race and Christian theology to unify South Sudan.
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Venkat, Bharat Jayram. At the Limits of Cure. Duke University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478022022.
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Can a history of cure be more than a history of how disease comes to an end? In 1950s Madras, an international team of researchers demonstrated that antibiotics were effective in treating tuberculosis. But just half a century later, reports out of Mumbai stoked fears about the spread of totally drug-resistant strains of the disease. Had the curable become incurable? Through an anthropological history of tuberculosis treatment in India, Bharat Jayram Venkat examines what it means to be cured, and what it means for a cure to come undone. At the Limits of Cure tells a story that stretches from the colonial period—a time of sanatoria, travel cures, and gold therapy—into a postcolonial present marked by antibiotic miracles and their failures. Venkat juxtaposes the unraveling of cure across a variety of sites: in idyllic hill stations and crowded prisons, aboard ships and on the battlefield, and through research trials and clinical encounters. If cure is frequently taken as an ending (of illness, treatment, and suffering more generally), Venkat provides a foundation for imagining cure otherwise in a world of fading antibiotic efficacy.
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Whyman, Susan E. The Useful Knowledge of William Hutton. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797838.001.0001.
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The Useful Knowledge of William Hutton shows the rapid rise of a self-taught workman and of the city of Birmingham during the two major events of the eighteenth century—the Industrial Revolution and the Enlightenment. Hutton achieved wealth, land, status, and literary fame, but later became a victim of violent riots. The book boldly claims that an understanding of the Industrial Revolution requires engaging with the figure of the ‘rough diamond’, a person of worth and character, but lacking in manners, education, and refinement. A cast of unpolished entrepreneurs is brought to life as they drive economic and social change, and improve their towns and themselves. The book also contends that the rise of Birmingham cannot be understood without accepting that its vibrant cultural life was a crucial factor that spurred economic growth. Readers are plunged into a hidden provincial world marked by literacy, bookshops, printing, authorship, and the spread of useful knowledge. We see that ordinary people read history and wrote poetry, whilst they grappled with the effects of industrial change. Newly discovered memoirs reveal social conflict and relationships in rare detail. They also address problems of social mobility, income inequality, and breathtaking technological change that perplex us today.
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Weninger, Bernhard, and Lee Clare. 6600–6000 cal BC Abrupt Climate Change and Neolithic Dispersal from West Asia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0003.
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Recent advances in palaeoclimatological and meteorological research, combined with new radiocarbon data from western Anatolia and southeast Europe, lead us to formulate a new hypothesis for the temporal and spatial dispersal of Neolithic lifeways from their core areas of genesis. The new hypothesis, which we term the Abrupt Climate Change (ACC) Neolithization Model, incorporates a number of insights from modern vulnerability theory. We focus here on the Late Neolithic (Anatolian terminology), which is followed in the Balkans by the Early Neolithic (European terminology). From high-resolution 14C-case studies, we infer an initial (very rapid) west-directed movement of early farming communities out of the Central Anatolian Plateau towards the Turkish Aegean littoral. This move is exactly in phase (decadal scale) with the onset of ACC conditions (~6600 cal BC). Upon reaching the Aegean coastline, Neolithic dispersal comes to a halt. It is not until some 500 years later—that is, at the close of cumulative ACC and 8.2 ka cal BP Hudson Bay cold conditions—that there occurs a second abrupt movement of farming communities into Southeast Europe, as far as the Pannonian Basin. The spread of early farming from Anatolia into eastern Central Europe is best explained as Neolithic communities’ mitigation of biophysical and social vulnerability to natural (climate-induced) hazards.
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Noorlander, D. Heaven's Wrath. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9780801453632.001.0001.
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Heaven’s Wrath explores the religious thought and religious rites of the early Dutch Atlantic world. The book argues that the Reformed Church and the West India Company forged and maintained a close union, with considerable consequences. Merchants, officers, sailors, and soldiers found in their faith an ideology and justification for mercantile, martial activities. The company, on the other hand, supported the church financially in Europe and helped spread Calvinism to other continents. Calvinist employees and colonists both benefitted from the familiar, comforting aspects of religious instruction and public worship. But the church-company union had a destructive side, too: Calvinists became the instruments of divine wrath in fighting Catholic enemies and punishing sinners and non-conformers in colonial courts, all of which imposed costs that the small Dutch Republic and its people-strapped colonies could not afford. At the same time, the Reformed Church in the Netherlands contributed to problems later blamed on the West India Company because the church kept an iron grip on colonial hires, publications, and organization. Heaven’s Wrath shows that the expense of the Calvinist-backed war and the church’s meticulous, worried management of colonial affairs hampered the mission and reduced the size and import of the Dutch Atlantic world.
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Poo, Mu-chou, H. A. Drake, and Lisa Raphals, eds. Old Society, New Belief. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190278359.001.0001.
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In the first century of the Common Era, two new belief systems entered long-established cultures with radically different outlooks and values: in that century, missionaries started to spread the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth in the Roman empire and the Buddha in China. Both were not only ancient cultures but also cultures whose elites felt no particular urgency to adopt a new religion. Yet a few centuries later, the two new faiths had become so well established that their names were virtually synonymous with the polities they had entered as strangers. This book brings together specialists in the history and religion of Rome and China with a twofold aim. First, it wishes to explore in detail some of the similarities and differences in the processes by which each religion merged into its new cultural environment. Second, by juxtaposing the two cases, it aims to reveal aspects of these processes that are often overlooked when studying the history of just the one or the other. The approach of this volume is thematic as well as comparative. It provides a series of essays focusing on key questions and specific aspects of the very complex, multifaceted processes of accommodation, assimilation, and contestation that played out in each society. The chapters also showcase methods from different disciplines including history, philology, economic history, and religious studies.
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Patterson, Sara M. Pioneers in the Attic. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190933869.001.0001.
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This book argues that as the Latter-day Saint community globalized in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, its relationship to space transformed. Initially, nineteenth-century Mormons believed that they must literally gather together in their new Salt Lake Zion—their center place. They believed that Zion was a place you could point to on a map, a place you should dwell in to live a righteous life. Later Mormons had to reinterpret these central theological principles as their community spread around the globe. They began to make such claims as “We should spiritually gather together” and “Zion is wherever the people of God are.” But to say that they simply spiritualized concepts that had once been understood literally is only one piece of the puzzle. Contemporary Mormons still want to touch and to feel these principles. And so they mark and claim the landscapes of the American West with versions of their history carved in stone. They develop rituals that allow them not only to learn the history of the nineteenth-century journey West but also to engage it with all of their senses. This book examines the ways contemporary Mormons first spiritualized and then reliteralized and concretized several central theological concepts in order to emphasize and make meaningful a center place even as they become an increasingly place-less community.
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Como, David R. Radical Parliamentarians and the English Civil War. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199541911.001.0001.
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This book charts the way the English Civil War of the 1640s mutated into a revolution (paving the way for the later execution of King Charles I and the abolition of the monarchy). Focusing on parliament’s most militant supporters, the book reconstructs the origins and nature of the most radical forms of political and religious agitation that erupted during the war, tracing the process by which these forms gradually spread and gained broader acceptance. Drawing on a wide range of manuscript and print sources, the study situates these developments within a revised narrative of the period, revealing the emergence of new practices and structures for the conduct of politics. In the process, the book illuminates the appearance of many of the period’s strikingly novel intellectual currents, including ideas and practices we today associate with western representative democracy—notions of retained natural rights, religious toleration, freedom of the press, and freedom from arbitrary imprisonment. The book also chronicles the way the civil war shattered English Protestantism—leaving behind myriad competing groupings, including congregationalists, baptists, antinomians, and others—while examining the relationship between this religious fragmentation and political change. Finally, the book traces the gradual appearance of openly anti-monarchical, republican sentiment among parliament’s supporters. Radical Parliamentarians provides a new history of the English Civil War, enhancing our understanding of the dramatic events of the 1640s, and shedding light on the long-term political and religious consequences of the conflict.
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Muessig, Carolyn. The Stigmata in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795643.001.0001.
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Francis of Assisi’s reported reception of the stigmata on Mount La Verna in 1224 is often considered to be the first account of an individual receiving the five wounds of Christ. The thirteenth-century appearance of this miracle, however, is not as unexpected as it first seems. Interpretations of Galatians 6:17—I bear the stigmata of the Lord Jesus Christ in my body—had been circulating in biblical commentaries since late antiquity. These works explained stigmata as wounds that martyrs received, like the apostle Paul, in their attempt to spread Christianity in the face of resistance. By the seventh century, stigmata were described as marks of Christ that priests received invisibly at their ordination. In the eleventh century, monks and nuns were perceived as bearing the stigmata in so far as they lived a life of renunciation out of love for Christ. By the later Middle Ages holy women like Catherine of Siena (d. 1380) were more frequently described as having stigmata than their male counterparts. With the religious upheavals of the sixteenth century, the way stigmata were defined reflected the diverse perceptions of Christianity held by Catholics and Protestants. This study traces the birth and evolution of religious stigmata as expressed in theological discussions and devotional practices in Western Europe from the early Middle Ages to the early seventeenth century. It also contains an introductory overview of the historiography of religious stigmata beginning in the second half of the seventeenth century to its treatment and assessment in the twenty-first century.
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Wilshire, Howard G., Richard W. Hazlett, and Jane E. Nielson. The American West at Risk. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142051.001.0001.
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The American West at Risk summarizes the dominant human-generated environmental challenges in the 11 contiguous arid western United States - America's legendary, even mythical, frontier. When discovered by European explorers and later settlers, the west boasted rich soils, bountiful fisheries, immense, dense forests, sparkling streams, untapped ore deposits, and oil bonanzas. It now faces depletion of many of these resources, and potentially serious threats to its few "renewable" resources. The importance of this story is that preserving lands has a central role for protecting air and water quality, and water supplies--and all support a healthy living environment. The idea that all life on earth is connected in a great chain of being, and that all life is connected to the physical earth in many obvious and subtle ways, is not some new-age fad, it is scientifically demonstrable. An understanding of earth processes, and the significance of their biological connections, is critical in shaping societal values so that national land use policies will conserve the earth and avoid the worst impacts of natural processes. These connections inevitably lead science into the murkier realms of political controversy and bureaucratic stasis. Most of the chapters in The American West at Risk focus on a human land use or activity that depletes resources and degrades environmental integrity of this resource-rich, but tender and slow-to-heal, western U.S. The activities include forest clearing for many purposes; farming and grazing; mining for aggregate, metals, and other materials; energy extraction and use; military training and weapons manufacturing and testing; road and utility transmission corridors; recreation; urbanization; and disposing of the wastes generated by everything that we do. We focus on how our land-degrading activities are connected to natural earth processes, which act to accelerate and spread the damages we inflict on the land. Visit www.theamericanwestatrisk.com to learn more about the book and its authors.
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Kennedy, Thomas C. Quakers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0004.
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Unitarianism and Presbyterian Dissent had a complex relationship in the nineteenth century. Neither English Unitarians nor their Presbyterian cousins grew much if at all in the nineteenth century, but elsewhere in the United Kingdom the picture was different. While Unitarians failed to prosper, Presbyterian Dissenting numbers held up in Wales and Ireland and increased in Scotland thanks to the Disruption of the Church of Scotland. Unitarians were never sure whether they would benefit from demarcating themselves from Presbyterians as a denomination. Though they formed the British and Foreign Unitarian Association, its critics preferred to style themselves ‘English Presbyterians’ and Presbyterian identities could be just as confused. In later nineteenth-century Scotland and Ireland, splinter Presbyterian churches eventually came together; in England, it took time before Presbyterians disentangled themselves from Scots to call themselves the Presbyterian Church of England. While Unitarians were tepid about foreign missions, preferring to seek allies in other confessions and religions rather than converts, Presbyterians eagerly spread their church structures in India and China and also felt called to convert Jews. Missions offered Presbyterian women a route to ministry which might otherwise have been denied them. Unitarians liked to think that what was distinctive in their theology was championship of a purified Bible, even though other Christians attacked them as a heterodox bunch of sceptics. Yet their openness to the German higher criticism of the New Testament caused them problems. Some Unitarians exposed to it, such as James Martineau, drifted into reverent scepticism about the historical Jesus, but they were checkmated by inveterate conservatives such as Robert Spears. Presbyterians saw their adherence to the Westminster Confession as a preservative against such disputes, yet the Confession was increasingly interpreted in ways that left latitude for higher criticism. Unitarians started the nineteenth century as radical subversives of a Trinitarian and Tory establishment and were also political leaders of Dissent. They forfeited that leadership over time, but also developed a sophisticated, interventionist attitude to the state, with leaders such as H.W. Crosskey and Joseph Chamberlain championing municipal socialism, while William Shaen and others were staunch defenders of women’s rights and advocates of female emancipation. Their covenanting roots meant that many Presbyterians were at best ‘quasi-Dissenters’, who were slower to embrace religious voluntaryism than many other evangelical Dissenters. Both Unitarians and Presbyterians anguished about how to reconcile industrial, urban capital with the gospel. Wealthy Unitarians from William Roscoe to Henry Tate invested heavily in art galleries and mechanics institutes for the people but were disappointed by the results. By the later nineteenth century they turned to more direct forms of social reform, such as domestic missions and temperance. Scottish Presbyterians also realized the importance of remoulding the urban fabric, with James Begg urging the need to tackle poor housing. Yet neither these initiatives nor the countervailing embrace of revivalism banished fears that Presbyterians were losing their grip on urban Britain. Only in Ireland, where Home Rule partially united the Protestant community in fears for its survival, did divisions of space and class seem a less pressing concern.
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Morgan, D. Densil. Spirituality, Worship, and Congregational Life. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0022.
Full textAbstract:
The chapters in this volume concentrate on the Dissenting traditions of the United Kingdom, the British Empire, and the United States. The Introduction weaves together their arguments, giving an overview of the historiography on Dissent while making the case for seeing Dissenters in different Anglophone connections as interconnected and conscious of their genealogical connections. The nineteenth century saw the creation of a vast Anglo-world which also brought Anglophone Dissent to its apogee. Yet any treatment of the subject must begin by recognizing the difficulties of spotting ‘Dissent’ outside the British Isles, where church–state relations were different from those that had originally produced Dissent. The chapter starts by emphasizing that if Dissent was a political and constitutional identity, then it was a relative and tactical one, which was often only strong where a strong Church of England existed to dissent against. It also suggests that in most parts of the world the later nineteenth century saw a growing enthusiasm for the moral and educational activism of the state, which plays against the idea of Dissent as a static, purely negative identity. The second section of the Introduction suggests identifying a fixation on the Bible as the watermark of Dissent. This did not mean there was agreement on what the Bible said or how to read it: the emphasis in Dissenting traditions on private judgement meant that conflict over Scripture was always endemic to them. The third section identifies a radical insistence on human spiritual equality as a persistent characteristic of Dissenters throughout the nineteenth century while also suggesting it was hard to maintain as they became aligned with social hierarchies and imperial authorities. Yet it also argues that transnational connections kept Dissenters from subsiding into acquiescence in the powers that were. The fourth section suggests that the defence and revival of a gospel faith also worked best when it was most transnational. The final section asks how far members of Dissenting traditions reconciled their allegiance to them with participation in high, national, and imperial cultures. It suggests that Dissenters could be seen as belonging to a robust subculture, one particularly marked by its domestication of the sacred and sacralization of the domestic. At the same time, however, both ‘Dissenting Gothic’ architecture and the embrace by Dissenters of denominational and national history writing illustrate that their identity was compatible with a confident grasp of national and imperial identities. That confidence was undercut in some quarters by the spread of pessimism among evangelicals and the turn to premillennial eschatology which injected a new urgency into the world mission. The itinerant holiness evangelists who turned away from the institutions built by mainstream denominations fostered Pentecostal movements, which in the twentieth century would decisively shift the balance of global Christianity from north to south. They indicate that the strength and global reach of Anglophone Dissenting traditions still lay in their dynamic heterogeneity.