Academic literature on the topic 'Lateral suspension'
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Journal articles on the topic "Lateral suspension"
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Zhou, Hao, Bin Xu, and Jian Wu Zhang. "Sensitivity Analysis of the Elastic Properties of Rail Vehicle Suspensions on Vibration Based on the HXN5 Locomotive Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.201.
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The dynamic performance of suspensions plays direct role in vibration control of railway vehicles and also has great impact on the ride comfort and operation stability. For assessment of the influence, a method of sensitivity analysis was performed, in which a Multi-Body System (MBS) dynamic model for the HXN5 locomotive counting for significant DOFs and nonlinearities was developed in SIMPACK platform and validated by real tests. More than tens of dynamic simulations were performed by a variety of damping and stiffness coefficients of the primary and secondary suspensions. By simulation, it is found that the vertical stiffness and damping of the primary suspension have the most sensitive influence. The lateral stiffness of the primary suspension, the longitudinal and lateral stiffness as well as the longitudinal and vertical damper of the secondary suspension possess the least effect on the railway locomotive vibration characteristics. It is also shown parameters of the longitudinal stiffness of the primary suspension, the vertical stiffness and lateral damper of secondary suspensions are of intermediate influence.
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Cho, D., and J. K. Hedrick. "Pneumatic Actuators for Vehicle Active Suspension Applications." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 107, no. 1 (1985): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3140709.
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The use of actively controlled pneumatic actuators in parallel with conventional passive suspensions to improve vehicle dynamics was investigated. For application on the secondary lateral suspension of AMTRACK passenger cars, it is shown that using 4 in. (10.16 cm) bore pneumatic cylinders with a valve which has a peak flow capability of 40 SCFM (1130 1/min) at 130 psi (896 KPa) can reduce the rms carbody lateral acceleration by 46 percent and the rms secondary lateral suspension stroke by 34 percent with a power requirement of 7.6 hp (5.7 kw) per car.
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Jiang, Hui, Guoyan Xu, Wen Zeng, Feng Gao, and Kun Chong. "Lateral Stability of a Mobile Robot Utilizing an Active Adjustable Suspension." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (2019): 4410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204410.
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Mobile robots are expected to traverse on unstructured terrain, especially uneven terrain, or to climb obstacles or slopes. This paper analyzes one such passively–actively transformable mobile robot that is principally aimed at the above issue. A passive locomotion traverses on a rough and flat terrain; an active reconfiguration with an active suspension. This paper investigates the lateral stability of this mobile robot when it reconfigures itself to adjust its roll angle with the active suspension. The principles and configurations of the robot and its active suspension are presented. To analyze the effects of the suspensions’ inputs on robot stability, a mathematic model of the robot on side slopes is presented. Based on the evaluation method of the stability pyramid theory, an analytical expression representing the relationship between the input of the active suspension (linear actuator length) and stability evaluation index on transverse slopes is obtained. The results show that there is an increase in both the lateral stability and minimum lateral tip-over angle under different ground clearances when adjusting the active inputs. Furthermore, the models presented here provide theoretical references and optimization directions for the design and control of mobile robots with adjustable suspensions.
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Castellani, Alberto, and Pierangelo Felotti. "Lateral Vibration of Suspension Bridges." Journal of Structural Engineering 112, no. 9 (1986): 2169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1986)112:9(2169).
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Lee, S. H., U. K. Lee, and C. S. Han. "Enhancement of vehicle handling characteristics by suspension kinematic control." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 215, no. 2 (2001): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407011525584.
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In this paper, the enhancement of vehicle handling characteristics through the active kinematic control system (AKCS) is investigated. AKCS can improve the stability and ride comfort of a vehicle by automatically controlling suspension geometry in accordance with the running conditions of a vehicle. The variable roll centre suspension concept in a McPherson strut suspension is proposed, and lateral acceleration feedback control is derived to calculate the control input. The independent rear wheel steering system, which controls both rear wheels independently and actively, is also proposed. To achieve this, three suggested positions for controlling the suspension geometry are considered. The first position is between the mounting point of the lower arm of a McPherson front suspension and the vehicle body. The second position is between the mounting point of the strut and the vehicle body. The third position is between the mounting point of the lateral link of the multilink rear suspension and the vehicle body. In order to evaluate the handling performance, a 15 degrees of freedom full vehicle model is constructed using the commercial multibody analysis program ADAMS. The control inputs for integrated control of the front and rear suspensions are defined, and roll centre migration and vehicle behaviour are investigated. In step steering and double lane change manoeuvres, the simulation results demonstrate that integrated kinematic control can adjust the roll centre migration, by which the handling characteristics of the AKCS vehicle such as roll angle, lateral acceleration and yaw rate are much improved.
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Stribersky, A., H. Müller, and B. Rath. "The development of an integrated suspension control technology for passenger trains." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 212, no. 1 (1998): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954409981530661.
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In recent years there has been a growing demand for electronically controlled suspensions in rail vehicles. Active car body tilting as well as active or semi-active suspension control have been implemented successfully by industry. This paper describes the development of a suspension control technology which integrates active tilting, active lateral positioning and semi-active damping of a rail vehicle's car body. The focus is on computer simulation as well as on hardware development.
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Sharma, Rakesh Chandmal, and Sunil Kumar Sharma. "Sensitivity analysis of three-wheel vehicle’s suspension parameters influencing ride behavior." Noise & Vibration Worldwide 49, no. 7-8 (2018): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957456518796846.
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In this article coupled vertical–lateral 9 degree-of-freedom model of a three-wheel vehicle formulated using Lagrangian dynamics is presented in order to determine its vertical and lateral ride. The model is justified by correlating the power spectral density vertical and lateral acceleration results determined from analysis with the same obtained from experimental measurements. The ride comfort of the vehicle is evaluated on the basis of ISO 2631-1 criteria. The sensitivity of vehicle suspension parameters on vertical and lateral ride behavior is analyzed, and it is noticed that rear-suspension damping coefficient, front-tire stiffness, rear-tire stiffness, front-tire damping coefficient, and rear-tire damping coefficient are critical parameters for vertical power spectral density acceleration. Rear-suspension stiffness, rear-suspension damping coefficient, front-tire stiffness, and rear-tire stiffness are critical parameters for lateral power spectral density acceleration.
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Akbaba, Eren, Burak Sezgin, and Ahmet Akın Sivaslıoğlu. "Anatomical and clinical outcomes of vaginally assisted laparoscopic lateral suspension in comparison with laparoscopic lateral suspension." Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology 48, no. 4 (2021): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.31083/j.ceog4804148.
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Dr., Purohit Naresh Kumar, Muruganandam G.M Dr., Jain G. Bhatt Dr., and J.G. Vagadia Dr. "Pelvic Organ Prolapse Suspension (POPS) in a Case of Uterine Prolapse with Rectal Prolapse – A Case Report." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 8, no. 3 (2023): 2027–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7804041.
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Pelvic organ prolapse suspension (POPS) is a recent surgical procedure for one-stage treatment of multi-organ female pelvic prolapse. Laparoscopic lateral suspension (LLS) is a promising option that gives satisfactory anatomical and functional results. We here present a case of 52 year’s female patient with uterine prolapse with rectal prolapse operated with laparoscopic lateral suspension.
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Huang, Xiao Wei, and Yan Ying Zhao. "The Effect of Delayed Feedback Control on Lateral Semi-Active Suspension System for High-Speed Train." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 1795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.1795.
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In order to suppress the lateral vibration of high-speed train caused by track irregularity, the delayed feedback control is employed to suppress the vibration of the semi-active suspension system. The 1/4 vehicle mathematical model of semi-active suspension system is established. The amplitude of the bodys lateral vibration is large at some values of external excitation frequency for the passive suspension system, and it could be suppressed at some values of time delay, while the vibration of the bodys lateral vibration may be deteriorated at other values of time delay. The results show that the amplitude of the bodys lateral vibration could be suppressed about 50% when the suitable values of damping coefficient and time delay are chosen by comparing with the passive suspension system. The analytical results of this paper are in good agreement with the numerical simulation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lateral suspension"
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Consoli, Luciano Ribeiro Pinto. "Análise do comportamento dinâmico lateral de um veículo ferroviário." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3152/tde-08012008-161753/.
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O propósito desta dissertação consiste em realizar um estudo do comportamento dinâmico lateral da caixa de um veículo ferroviário. Inicialmente fez-se uma abordagem do estado da arte referente à utilização de suspensões pneumáticas, sobre o funcionamento de sistemas de nivelamento, flexibilidade de caixas em análise dinâmica e irregularidades de vias férreas. Em seguida, definiu-se um modelo físico de um veículo ferroviário e, após determinadas simplificações, chegou-se a um sistema de nove graus de liberdade composto de uma caixa e dois truques de um rodeiro cada. Uma vez deduzidas as equações diferenciais de movimento, desenvolveram-se duas soluções capazes de fornecer resultados temporais e no domínio da freqüência. Através da primeira delas, a solução analítica, obtêm-se as respostas em freqüência e temporal dos movimentos lateral, roll e yaw da caixa para excitações de rotação longitudinal dos rodeiros. O segundo tipo de solução, por integração numérica, possui como excitações de entrada os deslocamentos verticais e rotacionais dos rodeiros e, como saídas, os movimentos nos nove graus de liberdade definidos para o sistema. Outra propriedade da solução por integração numérica é sua capacidade de simular suspensões secundárias lineares e não lineares. O artigo \"Manchester Benchmarks for rail vehicle simulation\" (IWNICKI, 1999) forneceu os parâmetros que definem o veículo e os princípios de irregularidades da via. Três tipos de comparações foram conduzidas, na primeira delas os resultados da análise modal deste trabalho foram confrontados com os resultados publicados pelos participantes do Benchmark e a proximidade entre eles permite fazer sua validação. O segundo tipo de comparação foi feito entre os resultados temporais das soluções analítica e por integração numérica e, o terceiro, entre simulações por integração numérica utilizando suspensões secundárias lineares e não lineares. Neste último caso, os resultados mostram que a linearização das suspensões secundárias podem ser feitas sem que haja diferenças significativas uma vez que os deslocamentos e ângulos são pequenos. Finalmente, elaborou-se uma análise para verificar a influência da variação da rigidez vertical das suspensões secundárias nas amplitudes, acelerações e no valor médio quadrático da aceleração (rms) dos movimentos laterais da caixa no domínio da freqüência. Os resultados obtidos permitem dizer que para a faixa de freqüência de maior sensibilidade do ser humano às vibrações laterais, entre 0,5 Hz e 2 Hz segundo a norma ISO 2631, há uma redução das vibrações dos movimentos lateral e roll da caixa, quando tais rijezas são reduzidas. Porém, as conseqüências da variação deste parâmetro nos demais modos de vibrar e na estabilidade do veículo constituem um estudo que pode ser realizado em um trabalho futuro.<br>This master\'s thesis aims at studying the lateral dynamic behavior of a railway vehicle\'s bodyshell. First is examined the state of the art related to the use of pneumatic suspensions, to leveling systems\' operation, to carbody flexibility\'s dynamic analysis and to railway\'s irregularities. The definition of the physical modeling of rail vehicle is carried out, followed by a number of simplifications, from which is defined a system with nine degrees of freedom, made up of a carbody and two bogies with one wheelset each. Once the motion\'s differential equations are defined, two solutions are carried out, capable of producing results in both time and frequency domains. The first one enables to display time and frequency responses of the carbody lateral displacement, roll and yaw for longitudinal rotation excitations of the wheelsets. The second type of solution that is obtained through numerical integration, deals with rolling and vertical displacement of the wheelsets as input data, and outputs the movements of the nine degrees of freedom defined for the system. The numerical integration solution also has the advantage of being capable of simulating linear as well as non linear secondary suspensions. The article \"Manchester Benchmarks for rail simulation\" (IWNICKI, 1999) provides the parameters that define the vehicle and the irregularities\' principles of the railway. Three types of comparisons were carried out. In the first, the results of this work\'s modal analysis were confronted to the results published by the participants of the benchmark, and the proximity of them was worth validation. The second type of comparison was made between the time domain results of both analytic and numerical integration solutions, and the third between numerical integration simulations using linear and non linear secondary suspensions. This last comparison show that the linearization of secondary suspensions can be done without afecting the results for small displacements and angles. Finally, an analysis is made up so as to verify how the vertical stiffness of secondary suspension affects the lateral displacement, acceleration and the rootmean-square (rms) accelerations of the carbody in frequency domain. The result of this work allows concluding that in the frequency range of maximal sensibility to the human being to lateral vibrations, that is between 0.5 Hz and 2 Hz according to ISO263-1, a decrease of the lateral and roll vibrations of the carbody occurs when this stifness is reduced. However this parameter\'s variations consequences on other vibration modes and on the vehicle stability could be analyzed in greater depth in a future study.
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Orvnäs, Anneli. "Active Lateral Secondary Suspension in a High-Speed Train to Improve Ride Comfort." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10432.
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<p>Active secondary suspension in trains has been studied for a number of years, showing promising improvements in ride comfort. However, due to relatively high implementation and maintenance costs, active technology is not being used in service operation to a large extent. The objective of this study is to develop an active lateral secondary suspension concept that offers good ride comfort improvements and enables centring of the carbody above the bogies when negotiating curves at unbalanced speed. Simultaneously, the active suspension concept should be a cost-effective solution for future series production. The thesis consists of an introductory part and three appended papers.</p><p>The introductory part describes the concept of active secondary suspension together with different actuator types and control methods. Further, the present simulation model and applied comfort evaluation methods are presented. The introductory part also comprises a summary of the appended papers, an evaluation of track forces and suggestions for further work.</p><p>Paper A presents the initial development of an active lateral secondary suspension concept based on sky-hook damping in order to improve vehicle dynamic performance, particularly on straight tracks. Furthermore, a Hold-Off-Device (HOD) function has been included in the suspension concept in order to centre the carbody above the bogies in curves and hence avoid bumpstop contact. Preparatory simulations as well as the subsequent on-track tests in the summer of 2007 showed that the active suspension provides improved passenger ride comfort and has significant potential to be a cost-effective solution for future implementation.</p><p>In Paper B, measurement results from on-track tests performed in 2008 are presented. The active secondary suspension concept was slightly modified compared to the one presented in the first paper. One modification was the implementation of a gyroscope in order to enable detection of transition curves and to switch off the dynamic damping in these sections. Ride comfort in the actively suspended carbody was significantly improved compared to that in the passively suspended car. The satisfactory results led to implementation of the active suspension system in long-term tests in service operation in the beginning of 2009.</p><p>In Paper C, a quarter-car model in MATLAB has been used to investigate a more advanced control algorithm: <em>H</em><sub>∞</sub> instead of sky-hook. <em>H</em><sub>∞</sub> control provides more flexibility in the design process due to the possibility to control several parameters. In particular, this is done by applying weight functions to selected signals in the system. When comparing the two control strategies through simulations, the results show that <em>H</em><sub>∞</sub> control generates similar carbody accelerations at the same control force as sky-hook; however, the relative displacement displacement is somewhat lower.</p>
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Zhou, Ronghui. "Integrated tilt and active lateral secondary suspension control in high speed railway vehicles." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6964.
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The use of tilting bodies on railway vehicles is increasingly widespread with a number of well-established services using tilt technology already existing around the world. The motivation for tilting railway vehicles is that they give a cost-effective means of achieving a substantial reduction in journey time by increasing the vehicle speed during curves, without the need of building new high speed railtrack infrastructure. A tilting railway vehicle is a dynamically complex structure. Many of the dynamic modes of the system are coupled and the coupling in certain situations, i.e. coupling between the vehicle lateral and roll modes, is very significant which unavoidably causes difficulties in control system design, especially for the local vehicle control strategies. Meanwhile, the high speed results in the worse ride quality on straight track, and an effective solution is to use the active secondary suspension. This research investigated control strategies for the integration of tilt and active lateral secondary suspension. The simulation results showed the efficiency of this research on enhancing local tilting control performance both on straight and curved track. Furthermore, Multi-input and Multi-output system configuration, control and optimization, as well as model-based estimation are also investigated for this tilt and lateral actuators control system aiming to further improve the control system robustness and performance. Finally, a FPGA-based Hardware-In-the-Loop simulation system is set up with the considersion of the controller practical implementation.
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Orvnäs, Anneli. "Active lateral secondary suspension in a high-speed train to improve ride comfort /." Stockholm : Division of Rail Vehicles, Royal Institute of Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10432.
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Vittal, Rao Narahari. "An approach to rollover stability in vehicles using suspension relative position sensors and lateral acceleration sensors." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3071.
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Safety in automobiles is gaining increasing importance. With the increasing trend of
U.S. buyers towards SUVs, appropriate safety measures for SUVs need to be
implemented. Since SUVs, as a vehicle type, have a higher center of gravity and hence
have a greater tendency to rollover at high cornering speeds. The rollover can also occur
due to the vertical road inputs like bumps and potholes which induce a rolling moment.
The proposed rollover identification system would "couple" the two inputs from the
suspension relative position sensors and the lateral acceleration sensor to predict
rollover. The input to the suspension relative position sensors could be either due to the
vehicle cornering, which results in the outer suspension getting compressed and the
inner suspension getting extended, or maybe due to vertical road inputs. The principal
objective is to differentiate the two types of inputs (since they can have opposing
moment values) and further couple the same with the lateral acceleration input to form a
rollover identification system.
The work involves modeling of a semi-car model using the Dymola-vehicle dynamics
simulation software. The semi-car model is developed to simulate values for the two
proposed sensors. Then using NHTSA standard steering procedures and steering angle
as the input, the lateral tire forces are generated. These tire forces serve as input to the
Dymola model which is integrated into a Simulink model. The lateral acceleration and suspension relative position sensor values obtained are then used by LabVIEW to pass
judgments on the type of rollover.
The model was successfully developed in Dymola. The model with steering angle as
input was able to generate values of lateral acceleration and lateral tire forces. The roll
angle induced due to road inputs and vehicle cornering were estimated. Since the
principal objective of modeling was to generate lateral acceleration values, these values
were subsequently used in the LabVIEW Rollover Identification System where rollover
induced either by maneuver or through road inputs were clearly identified.
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Ferreira, André Luís Francioso. "Estudo da estabilidade direcional de um veículo comercial de 2 eixos em situação de regime permanente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-03032017-150103/.
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O trabalho apresentado nesta dissertação consiste do estudo do comportamento direcional de um veículo comercial de 2 eixos, classificando-o quanto a sua estabilidade (Oversteer, Understeer ou Neutral Steer) e predizendo em que condições sua instabilidade torna-se crítica. para esta finalidade, o veículo foi modelado desenvolvendo uma trajetória curvilínea de raio constante em situação de regime permanente e uma rotina de cálculos representa sua dinâmica lateral. O recurso computacional utilizado (software Excel) foi propositadamente escolhido tendo como premissa ser o mais simples possível, para que os custos e tempo envolvidos fossem mínimos. Foram realizadas algumas medições com o veículo em questão e, levando-se em conta todas as simplificações implementadas, os resultados práticos e teóricos demonstraram correlação satisfatória. Desta maneira, então, pode-se dizer que o instrumento desenvolvido neste trabalho pode ser aplicado como um recurso valioso durante a fase inicial de conceituação da suspensão de um veículo de 2 eixos, principalmente tratando-se de uma avaliação comparativa com veículos semelhantes já testados.<br>The work presented consists of a 2 axles light truck directional behavior evaluation, where computational resources applied are very simple and easy hand (software excel). Steady state cornering concept was used to get its stability classification (Oversteer, Understeer or Neutral Steer) and show in which moment its behavior become unstable. Experimental measurements took place and the practical (measured) and theoretical (came from the developed model) results showed theirselves satisfactory, considering all the simplifications. Thus, this procedure might be useful during a two axle light truck suspension development, ultimately if is adopted to compare with another one already known. Costs and time are saved in this way.
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Kulman, Cristiano. "Desenvolvimento de cadeira de rodas com nivelamento lateral e longitudinal." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/140463.
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Pessoas com deficiência motora têm poucas opções na seleção de cadeiras de rodas que atendam suas necessidades de deslocamento, comodidade e segurança para a realização das tarefas da vida diária, principalmente com as tecnologias assistivas disponíveis no Brasil. Com o intuito de auxiliar os cadeirantes, facilitando seus deslocamentos em vias públicas, foi desenvolvido um sistema de simulação numérica e um protótipo para teste de controle de suspensão autonivelante para aplicar em cadeiras de rodas. Baseado nos resultados numéricos obtidos por meio da simulação, a planta de teste de controle foi montada visando ao estudo do desempenho da dinâmica vertical. O sistema de inclinação lateral e frontal é apresentado com o uso de atuadores para controlar os movimentos de arfagem e rolagem de uma cadeira de rodas motorizada. Os sistemas foram expostos a diversas perturbações e os resultados mostram que o controle pode melhorar o conforto e a segurança de cadeirantes em percursos em vias públicas, dependendo da velocidade de aplicação da perturbação.<br>People with disabilities have little choice go select a wheelchairs which meets most of the displacement, comfort and safety requirements to perform their daily life tasks, particularly amid assistive technologies available in Brazil. In order to aid disabled persons, facilitating wheelchairs displacements on public roads courses, it was designed and developed a numeric simulation model and a prototype for the test of a wheelchair self-leveling suspension control system. Based upon the numeric results obtained from the model simulation, the control test platform was created aiming to ascertain the vertical dynamics performance. The lateral and frontal tilting system is presented, using actuators to control the leveling and rolling movements of a motorized wheelchair. The system underwent a variety of perturbations and the results demonstrate the control may improve comfort and safety for the wheelchairs displacements on public roads courses, depending on the velocity of application of the perturbation.
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Mohan, Anant. "Nonlinear Investigation of the Use of Controllable Primary Suspensions to Improve Hunting in Railway Vehicles." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33740.
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Hunting is a very common instability exhibited by rail vehicles operating at high speeds. The hunting phenomenon is a self excited lateral oscillation that is produced by the forward speed of the vehicle and the wheel-rail interactive forces that result from the conicity of the wheel-rail contours and the friction-creep characteristics of the wheel-rail contact geometry. Hunting can lead to severe ride discomfort and eventual physical damage to wheels and rails.
A comprehensive study of the lateral stability of a single wheelset, a single truck, and the complete rail vehicle has been performed. This study investigates bifurcation phenomenon and limit cycles in rail vehicle dynamics. Sensitivity of the critical hunting velocity to various primary and secondary stiffness and damping parameters has been examined.
This research assumes the rail vehicle to be moving on a smooth, level, and tangential track, and all parts of the rail vehicle to be rigid. Sources of nonlinearities in the rail vehicle model are the nonlinear wheel-rail profile, the friction-creep characteristics of the wheel-rail contact geometry, and the nonlinear vehicle suspension characteristics. This work takes both single-point and two-point wheel-rail contact conditions into account.
The results of the lateral stability study indicate that the critical velocity of the rail vehicle is most sensitive to the primary longitudinal stiffness. A method has been developed to eliminate hunting behavior in rail vehicles by increasing the critical velocity of hunting beyond the operational speed range. This method involves the semi-active control of the primary longitudinal stiffness using the wheelset yaw displacement. This approach is seen to considerably increase the critical hunting velocity.<br>Master of Science
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Prado, Marcelo. "Desenvolvimento de um modelo não linear de três graus de liberdade para a análise da dinâmica lateral de um ônibus com suspensão a ar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-20032017-110225/.
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Os modelos simplificados de veículos são importantes em fases iniciais do projeto de um veículo, quando muitas características geométricas ainda não estão definidas. No caso de ônibus com sistema de suspensão a ar, os modelos encontrados na literatura não levam em conta efeitos da válvula niveladora de altura. Dois modelos de um ônibus foram desenvolvidos: um modelo não linear de veículo com três graus de liberdade e um modelo em sistema multicorpos com 109 graus de liberdade. Os dois modelos possuem sistema de suspensão a ar com a modelagem termodinâmica do bolsão com a válvula niveladora de altura. As equações do modelo não linear de três graus de liberdade foram construídas utilizando o conceito de derivativos de estabilidade. Para a validação dos modelos, foram realizados ensaios experimentais com o veículo e as seguintes grandezas foram medidas: aceleração lateral, velocidade em guinada, velocidade lateral, ângulo de escorregamento do veículo e ângulo de rolamento. Os resultados obtidos com os modelos foram validados experimentalmente. O comportamento do ângulo de rolamento do veículo devido ao sistema de suspensão a ar foi reproduzido nos dois modelos. Foi desenvolvida uma interface gráfica dentro do ambiente ADAMS para a geração automática de modelos simplificados. Os dados do veículo são inseridos através de uma interface gráfica com caixas de diálogo. Modelos simplificados de veículos são utilizados no controle da dinâmica do veículo. Neste tipo de aplicação, as equações do modelo não linear de três graus de liberdade são resolvidas em tempo real e podem servir como um modelo de referência para sistemas adaptativos de controle.<br>Simplified vehicle models are very important at the initial stages of vehicle development when all geometric data are not yet available. In the case of a bus with an air suspension system, the models you find in the literature does not taken into account the control leveling valve effects. Two bus models were developed: a nonlinear three degrees of freedom model and a multibody model with 109 degrees of freedom. Both models have thermodynamic air suspension system model with control leveling valve. The three degrees of freedom equations were built using the stability derivative concept. In order to validate the models, experimental tests were carried out and the following variables were measured: lateral acceleration, yaw velocity, sideslip angle and roll angle. The model results were validated against actual data. The roll angle behavior due to air suspension system was reproduced in both models. A graphic user interface for developing simplified vehicle model, based on the nonlinear three degrees of freedom model equations, was built using the ADAMS interface. All the data necessary for the model are introduced via dialog boxes. Simplified vehicle models can be used in vehicle dynamics control. In this kind of application, the three degrees of freedom equations can be solved in real time simulation and can be used as a reference model in adaptive control system, for instance.
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Ghigliotti, Giovanni. "Dynamique et rhéologie d'une suspension de vésicules et globules rouges." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENY071.
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On étudie la dynamique et la rhéologie d'une suspension de vésicules (un modèle pour les globules rouges) dans la limite de faibles nombres de Reynolds en utilisant des simulations numériques, basées sur les méthodes des intégrales au bord et du champ de phase. L'attention est mise sur le lien entre la dynamique microscopique des particules et le comportement d'ensemble de la suspension (c. à d. La rhéologie). On analyse une suspension diluée de vésicules dans un écoulement de cisaillement linéaire et on décrit en détail l'influence des paramètres qui en gouvernent la dynamique. On explique le comportement complexe des grandeurs rhéologiques (viscosité effective et différence des contraintes normales) et on détail le rôle de la membrane de la vésicule. On examine l'influence de la courbure des lignes d'écoulement sur la dynamique des vésicules, et on reporte une migration non-négligeable dans la direction de concavité. L'interprétation donnée reste valable pour la plupart des fluides complexes, comme les émulsions et les suspensions de polymères. De plus, on a investigué le comportement d'une suspension de vésicules dans un apparat de Taylor-Couette microscopique, et une transition vers des états ordonnés a été mise en évidence à des fractions volumiques très faibles. On étudie aussi le comportement d'ensembles de vésicules dans un écoulement parabolique, une situation qui imite les globules rouges dans les capillaires sanguins. Les vésicules, soumises aux seules forces hydrodynamiques, forment des agrégats de taille finie, un fait qui pourrait être d'importance physiologique. La transposition des résultats ci-dessus aux globules rouges est discutée<br>The dynamics and the rheology of a suspension of vesicles (a model for red blood cells) in the limit of small Reynolds number are studied by means of two-dimensional numerical simulations, based on the boundary integral and phase field methods. The focus is on the link between the microscopic dynamics of the particles and the overall behavior of the suspension (i. E. Rheology). A dilute suspension of vesicles in a linear shear flow is analyzed in detail and the influence of the three parameters governing the dynamics of a single vesicle (reduced volume; viscosity contrast; capillary number) is extensively described. The nontrivial behavior of the rheological quantities (effective viscosity and normal stress difference) is explained and the role of the membrane of the vesicle detailed. The influence of the curvature of the flow lines on the dynamics of the vesicles is investigated for the first time, and consistent inward migration is reported. The suggested interpretation remains valid for the flow of the majority of complex fluids, like emulsions and polymer suspensions, and is thus expected to have an impact in other fields. Moreover, the behavior of a suspension of vesicles in a microscopic Taylor-Couette cell is investigated, and a transition to ordered states is reported at very low volume fraction. The behavior of sets of vesicles in a parabolic flow, a setup that mimics red blood cells in the microvasculature, is presented. Vesicles submitted to sole hydrodynamical interactions are found to form aggregates of finite size, a fact that may prove of physiological interest. Finally, the transposition to red blood cells of the results above is discussed
Books on the topic "Lateral suspension"
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Cabrelli, David. 15. Wrongful Dismissal. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198813149.003.0015.
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This chapter examines the legal consequences where an employer lawfully or unlawfully terminates the contract of employment. It considers the competing elective theory of termination and automatic theory of termination, along with statutory intervention in the form of minimum periods of notice set out in section 86 of the Employment Rights Act 1996. Stress is placed on the importance of using the correct terminology in this area of the law and bilateral, unilateral, and non-lateral terminations are defined. Further discussion covers suspension of contract and the conduct of disciplinary hearings. Finally, the remedies available to employees in the case of a wrongful dismissal are addressed, including the circumstances in which a claim for damages is likely to be successful.
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Harriet, Schelhaas. Ch.7 Non-performance, s.1: Non-performance in general, Art.7.1.3. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0130.
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This commentary analyses Article 7.1.3 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the right of a contracting party to withhold or suspend performance. Art 7.1.3 lays down the exceptio non adimpleti contractus and confers on a contracting party the right to withhold or suspend performance if the other party does not comply with its obligations. Where the parties are to perform simultaneously, either party may withhold performance until the other party tenders its performance. Where the parties are to perform consecutively, the party that is to perform later may withhold its performance until the first party has performed. This commentary discusses the requirements for allowing the suspension of performance, including non-performance of the other party. It also considers order of performance, partial performance, and legal consequences of withholding or suspending performance.
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Brower, Virgil W. Sigmund Freud. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423632.003.0026.
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Can Freud be abandoned? Interrelations between sacer, ambivalence, exception, suspension, property, use and civil war around the origin of law are traces of Freud that manifest themselves throughout the development of Agamben’s thought. Most direct engagements are found in early texts,2 best articulated in Stanzas. Here is incipient indication of (a) Freud’s guilt by association with shortcomings of the sociology of religion (S 137).3 Agamben displays (b) lessons learned from Freud in terms of phantasm, fetishism and the unconscious (S 22–3, 31–3, 145–7; IH 48), but overall performs (c) critical discouragement of an alleged Freudian delimitation (under the influence of Schelling) of the Unheimlich in terms of repression (S 144).4 Damage done by repressions return in a later text, The Signature of All Things, specifically Chapter 3, burrowed within its summary of (d) Foucault’s critique of Freud as justification for Agamben’s own idiomatic adoption of the archaeological method (ST 96–107)
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Corzine, Nathan Michael. Epilogue. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039799.003.0008.
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This epilogue reflects on the history of drug and alcohol abuse in baseball, first by recounting the story of Seattle Mariners shortstop Alex Rodriguez. Known as A-Rod, Rodriguez has become the most recognizable face in baseball with regards to the use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs)—possibly in all of sports. In the wake of the Mitchell Report findings, Rodriguez adamantly proclaimed his innocence when he was connected with PED use, later admitted that he lied about his past drug abuses, and then doubled down on the denials when indicted yet again, this time for transgressions related to the 2013 doping scandal involving Biogenesis of America. On January 11, 2014, Rodriguez, after a lengthy period of arbitration, was formally suspended for 162 games—at that point the longest non-lifetime suspension in Major League Baseball (MLB) history. This epilogue considers some of the reasons why people are so bothered by the use of PEDs in baseball and suggests that drug use in baseball could be ascribed as a direct corollary to the American obsession with winning.
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Wills, David. Killing Times. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823283521.001.0001.
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Killing Times starts from the deceptively simple observation— made by Jacques Derrida—that the death penalty mechanically interrupts mortal time, preempting our normal experience of not knowing when we will die. The book examines more broadly what constitutes mortal temporality and how the “machinery of death” exploits and perverts time. It first examines Eighth Amendment challenges to the death penalty in the U.S, from the late nineteenth-century introduction of execution by firing squad and the electric chair to current cases involving lethal injection. Although defining the instant of death emerges as an insoluble problem, all the machines of execution of the post-Enlightenment period presume to appropriate and control that instant, ostensibly in service of a humane death penalty. That comes into particular focus with the guillotine, introduced in France in 1791–92, at the same moment as the American Bill of Rights. Later chapters analyze how the instant of the death penalty works in conjunction with forms of suspension, or extension of time and how its seeming correlation between egregious crime and painless execution is complicated in various ways. The book’s emphasis on time then allows it to expand the sense of the death penalty into suicide bombing, where the terrorist seeks to bypass judicial process with a simultaneous crime and “punishment”; into targeted killing by drone, where the time-space coordinates of “justice” are compressed and disappear into the black hole of secrecy; and into narrative and fictive spaces of crime, court proceedings, and punishment.
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Haw, Richard. Engineering America. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190663902.001.0001.
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John Roebling was one of the nineteenth century’s most brilliant engineers, ingenious inventors, successful manufacturers, and fascinating personalities. Raised in a German backwater amid the war-torn chaos of the Napoleonic Wars, he immigrated to the United States in 1831, where he became wealthy and acclaimed, eventually receiving a carte-blanche contract to build one of the nineteenth century’s most stupendous and daring works of engineering: a gigantic suspension bridge to span the East River between New York and Brooklyn. In between, he thought, wrote, and worked tirelessly. He dug canals and surveyed railroads; he planned communities and founded new industries. Horace Greeley called him “a model immigrant”; generations later, F. Scott Fitzgerald worked on a script for the movie version of his life. Like his finest creations, Roebling was held together by a delicate balance of countervailing forces. On the surface, his life was exemplary and his accomplishments legion. As an immigrant and employer, he was respected throughout the world. As an engineer, his works profoundly altered the physical landscape of America. He was a voracious reader, a fervent abolitionist, and an engaged social commentator. His understanding of the natural world, however, bordered on the occult, and his opinions about medicine are best described as medieval. For a man of science and great self-certainty, he was also remarkably quick to seize on a whole host of fads and foolish trends. Yet Roebling spun these strands together. Throughout his life, he believed in the moral application of science and technology, that bridges—along with other great works of connection, the Atlantic cable, the Transcontinental Railroad—could help bring people together, erase divisions, and heal wounds. Like Walt Whitman, Roebling was deeply committed to the creation of a more perfect union, forged from the raw materials of the continent. John Roebling was a complex, deeply divided, yet undoubtedly influential figure, and his biography illuminates not only his works but also the world of nineteenth-century America. Roebling’s engineering feats are well known, but the man himself is not; for alongside the drama of large-scale construction lies an equally rich drama of intellectual and social development and crisis, one that mirrored and reflected the great forces, trials, and failures of the American nineteenth century.
Book chapters on the topic "Lateral suspension"
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Dubuisson, Jean-Bernard, Jean Dubuisson, and Juan Puigventos. "Lateral Suspension: Focus on." In Laparoscopic Anatomy of the Pelvic Floor. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35498-5_25.
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Dubuisson, Jean-Bernard, Jean Dubuisson, and Juan Puigventos. "Techniques of Laparoscopic Lateral Suspension with Uterus Preservation." In Laparoscopic Anatomy of the Pelvic Floor. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35498-5_22.
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Dubuisson, Jean-Bernard, Jean Dubuisson, and Juan Puigventos. "Final Evaluation of the Correct Technique of Laparoscopic Lateral Suspension." In Laparoscopic Anatomy of the Pelvic Floor. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35498-5_23.
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Li, Yan, Pengbo Sun, Jiawei Chen, and Xinbo Chen. "Design and Development of Dynamic Test Bench for Electric Wheel Load Sensing Suspension." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1876-4_14.
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AbstractBased on the modular design idea, a new type of dynamic test bench for electric wheel load sensing suspension was designed and developed, including load-bearing platform module, vertical force loading module, electric wheel module, spring mass simulation module, etc., and the test bench has the functions of wheel jump simulation, steering simulation and wheel vertical force and lateral force detection. The finite element simulation results show that the strength of the test bench meets the requirements. The results of the virtual prototype simulation show that the test bench can accurately measure the vertical and lateral forces experienced during the dynamic operation of the wheels.
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Bullough, W. A., D. J. Peel, N. D. Sims, and R. Stanway. "ER/MR Flow Mode Damper Design Methodology and Railcar Lateral Suspension Application." In Smart Structures. Springer Vienna, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2686-8_15.
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Yang, Jianwei, Jie Li, and Yanping Du. "Adaptive Fuzzy Control of Lateral Semi-active Suspension for High-Speed Railway Vehicle." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37275-2_138.
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Xu, Xiaozhuo, Xudong Wang, Haichao Feng, and Jikai Si. "Lateral Air-Gap Control of a Novel Detent-Force-Based Magnetic Suspension System." In Electrical, Information Engineering and Mechatronics 2011. Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2467-2_54.
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Patel, Yamika, Vikas Rastogi, and Wolfgang Borutzky. "Effect of Suspension Parameter on Lateral Dynamics Study of High Speed Railway Vehicle." In Modeling, Simulation and Optimization. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0836-1_27.
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Li, Guangjun, Weidong Jin, and Cunjun Chen. "Fuzzy Control Strategy for Train Lateral Semi-active Suspension Based on Particle Swarm Optimization." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34381-0_2.
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Wang, Wei, and Pongsathorn Raksincharoensak. "Influence of Independent Suspension Geometry on Vehicle Lateral Dynamics in Critical Lane Change Maneuvers." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-66968-2_61.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Lateral suspension"
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Shiao, Yaojung, and Tan-Linh Huynh. "New Sky-Hook Control Algorithm for Secondary Lateral Suspension System of Railway Vehicle." In 2024 9th International Conference on Applying New Technology in Green Buildings (ATiGB). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/atigb63471.2024.10717689.
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de Almeida Lima, Vinicius, Leandro Garbin, and Carlos Rodrigues dos Santos Neto. "Lateral Dynamics Simulation of a Truck with Modified Rear Suspension." In 7th International Colloquium SAE Brazil Suspensions and Road Equipment. SAE International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-36-0020.
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Ahmadian, Mehdi, and David E. Simon. "Improving Roll Stability of Vehicles With High Center of Gravity by Using Magneto-Rheological Dampers." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32950.
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The performance of a new semiactive control method for improving roll stability of sport utility vehicles (SUVs) is discussed, using a series of road tests. The new method augments the conventional skyhook control for semiactive suspensions with steering input, in order to account for the suspension requirements during a lateral maneuver. After discussing the formulation for the steering input augmented (SIA) skyhook control, the paper includes the implementation of a semiactive system with magneto-rheological (MR) dampers on a sport utility vehicle. The vehicle is used for a series of road tests that includes lane change maneuvers, with different types of suspensions. The suspensions that are tested include the stock suspension, the uncontrolled MR dampers, skyhook control, and SIA skyhook. The results of the study show that SIA skyhook can improve the suspension travel and lateral forces at the vehicle body during maneuvers, as compared to other suspensions evaluated on the vehicle.
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Strong, Philip M. "Influence of Passenger Car Suspension Design on Carbody Roll and on Wheel Unloading on Curves at Unbalance Speeds." In IEEE/ASME/ASCE 2008 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2008-63038.
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Analytical results indicate that there is a wide variation in roll and lateral behavior on curves at unbalance speeds, for passenger car suspensions in use today. This paper categorizes passenger car types and analyzes behavior under the action of quasi-static lateral forces such as can occur on curves. Understanding this behavior can be important in providing guidelines for developing new designs that operate at relatively high unbalance speeds while still retaining safe operation, good ride quality and other performance related to suspension system design. The approach taken is to develop equations of motion in terms of the physical parameters that must be known in order to determine carbody roll and lateral motions due to lateral loads and laterally offset component weights. These equations are then rearranged in terms of parameters that characterize quasistatic and dynamic performance in a form that facilitates making general statements about the comparative influence of categories of cars on carbody roll and lateral motions, and the resultant increase in wheel unloading, as functions of lateral load. Results are presented for ranges of cars in each category. Roll and lateral motions of existing designs can be estimated by using the physical parameters of the existing design to calculate the parameters used in the equations presented in the paper and then using those equations to calculate estimates of the roll and lateral motions. For contemplated new designs either physical parameters can be selected and motions calculated, or values of the parameters used in the equations presented in the paper that result in desirable levels of roll and lateral motions can be used as trial values for initial and later iterations of the design. The analytical approach has been subjected to limited correlation with static lean test results with good agreement found.
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Baiasu, Dan, Gheorghe Ghita, and Ioan Sebesan. "Magnetorheological Semi-Active Suspension to Improve High Speed Railway Vehicles Performance." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86023.
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The paper presents the opportunity of using a magneto-rheological damper to control the lateral oscillations of a passenger railway vehicle to increase its comfort and speed features. The lateral dynamics of the vehicle is simulated using a multibody model with 17 degrees of freedom considering the lateral, yawing and rolling oscillations. The equations describing the model are integrated by the authors using original software. The mathematical model considers the geometrical nonlinearities of the wheel-track contact. The nonlinear stability of the vehicle running on tangent tracks with irregularities is assessed and it is shown the influence of the construction parameters of the suspensions on the vehicle’s performance. A magneto-rheological device with sequential damping based on balance logic control strategy is introduced in the secondary suspension of the vehicle to reduce the lateral accelerations generated by the track’s irregularities. The system’s response in terms of accelerations is compared for both passive and semi-active cases. It is shown that the magneto-rheological semi-active suspension improves the safety and the comfort of the railway vehicle.
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Wang, Peng, T. X. Mei, and Jiye Zhang. "Towards self-powered lateral active suspension for railway vehicles." In 2014 UKACC International Conference on Control (CONTROL). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/control.2014.6915202.
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Choroman´ski, Włodzimierz, and Jerzy Kisilowski. "Adaptive Mechatronic Suspension of Railway Vehicles: Focus on Lateral Dynamics." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41295.
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The subject of research in this work are models of railway bogies with so-called mechatronic suspension. The author presents concepts of the railway bogies construction in which the suspension parameters are controlled electronically by a computer control unit. The main purpose of the control is to stabilise the motion of the railway vehicle on the straight track and to ensure good guiding features on curved track. In the case of the classic solution for railway bogies a simultaneous fulfilment of both requirements imposes a contradictory requirement on the suspension parameters. It seems that a mechatronic suspension which has adaptively changeable parameters can overcome these difficulties. The authors propose fuzzy controllers to the synthesis of the control unit.
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Qi, Hengmin, Minyi Zheng, Bangji Zhang, and Nong Zhang. "Lateral Dynamics and Suspension Tuning for a Two-Axle Bus Fitted with Roll-Resistant Hydraulically Interconnected Suspension." In WCX World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0831.
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Chang, Jen-Yuan James. "Dynamic Modeling of Tape Head Actuator Lateral Motion With Elastica Suspension." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62396.
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A combined elastica and magnetic modeling is presented in this paper with focus given to understanding effect of flexible printed circuit cable and voice coil motor’s dynamic effect on tape head actuator’s lateral motion in advanced, high capacity tape drives. The flexible printed circuit cable which connects the actuator to printed circuit board is first examined through establishment of analytical model to predict its profile with considerations of boundary conditions and mechanical design parameters. Secondly, equivalent stiffness produced by the flexible printed circuit cable when the linear tape head actuator is positioned along its lateral positions is examined. Finally, effect of tape head actuator’s voice coil motor is studied and modeled as a magnetic suspension, contributing to stability and controllability of the actuator lateral motion dynamics. Validated by calibrated laboratory experiments, the work presented in this paper can add to the literature regarding dynamics and control of LTM in modern LTO drives.
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Oraby, W. A. H., M. A. Aly, S. M. El-Demerdash, and A. M. Selim. "Influence of Active Suspension Preview Control on the Vehicle Lateral Dynamics." In SAE 2007 Noise and Vibration Conference and Exhibition. SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-2347.
Full textReports on the topic "Lateral suspension"
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Amarante, Verónica, Estefanía Galván, and Mijail Yapor. Employment dynamics during COVID-19 in Uruguay. Inter-American Development Bank, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18235/0013355.
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This paper provides novel insights into labor market dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent recovery period in Uruguay. Using social security administrative records, we focus on the gender-differentiated patterns of labor market transitions following the pandemic outbreak, compared to a previous period. Furthermore, we evaluate the role of unemployment insurance (UI) as an instrument for employment protection during the pandemic-induced recession. The analysis reveals that womenparticularly those with children and earning low wagesexperienced greater employment and wage losses compared to men at the pandemics onset, though they showed signs of recovery in later periods. Moreover, women were more likely to transition from UI to formal employment during the pandemic, diverging from previous trends, largely due to the suspension modality (similar to a temporary lay-off) of the Uruguayan UI program. Through a regression discontinuity (RD) approach, the study identifies positive local effects of the beneficiaries of the UI suspension program on the probability of being employed and earning higher wages for both men and women, eight and twelve months after entering the program. These findings carry significant policy implications, underlying the importance of maintaining and potentially expanding UI programs with temporary suspension schemes, and the necessity of adapting social protection systems to respond quickly to crises. Our results underscore the potential of temporary layoff unemployment insurance schemes in developing countries as effective tools to address unexpected crises or shocks like COVID-19, preserving employment relationships and facilitating faster economic recovery.
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Kloepper, Joseph W., and Ilan Chet. Endophytic Bacteria of Cotton and Sweet Corn for Providing Growth Promotion and Biological Disease Control. United States Department of Agriculture, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613039.bard.
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Endophytes were isolated from 16.7% of surface-disinfested seeds and 100% of stems and roots of field-growth plants. Strains from Israel with broad-spectrum in vitro antibiosis were mainly Bacillus spp., and some were chitinolytic. Following dipping of cut cotton roots into suspensions of these strains, endophytes were detected up to 72 days later by isolation and by autoradiograms of 14C-labelled bacteria. Selected endophytes exhibited biological control potential based on significant reductions in disease severity on cotton inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani or Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum as well as control of Sclerotium rolfsii on bean. Neither salicylic acid nor chitinase levels increased in plants as a result of endophytic colonization, suggesting that the observed biocontrol was not accounted for by PR protein production. Some biocontrol endophytes secreted chitinolytic enzymes. Model endophytic strains inoculated into cotton stems via stem injection showed only limited movement within the stem. When introduced into stems at low concentrations, endophytes increased in population density at the injection site. After examining several experimental and semi-practical inoculation systems, seed treatment was selected as an efficient way to reintroduce most endophytes into plants.