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Journal articles on the topic 'Lateralized readiness potentials'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Pramme, Lisa, Angelika M. Dierolf, Ewald Naumann, and Christian Frings. "Distractor inhibition: Evidence from lateralized readiness potentials." Brain and Cognition 98 (August 2015): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2015.06.003.

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2

Mattler, Uwe. "Delayed flanker effects on lateralized readiness potentials." Experimental Brain Research 151, no. 2 (July 1, 2003): 272–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1486-5.

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3

Umebayashi, Kaoru, and Tsunetaka Okita. "Asymmetric switch cost: An investigation using lateralized readiness potentials." Japanese journal of psychology 82, no. 1 (2011): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.82.16.

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4

Suzuki, Kunitake, and Kuniyasu Imanaka. "Relationships among Visual Awareness, Reaction Time, and Lateralized Readiness Potential in a Simple Reaction Time Task under the Backward Masking Paradigm." Perceptual and Motor Skills 109, no. 1 (August 2009): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.109.1.187-207.

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The goal of the present study was to examine whether a backward masking paradigm, in which a prime and a mask stimuli were consecutively presented with a short stimulus onset asynchrony affected the time needed for either the perceptual or motor stages of processing and the simple reaction times. The times needed for the perceptual and motor stages were evaluated by measuring the stimulus-locked and response-locked lateralized readiness potentials. The results showed that the onset of the stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potentials under the backward masking paradigm took place earlier than it did under the condition of a mask stimulus presented alone, whereas the onset of the response-locked lateralized readiness potentials did not significantly differ under different stimulus conditions. These results suggested that the participants responded to the masked prime stimulus despite being unaware of the prime stimulus. This may have been mediated by facilitation of the perceptual rather than motor stages.

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5

Lien, Mei-Ching, Eric Ruthruff, Shulan Hsieh, and Yen-Ting Yu. "Parallel central processing between tasks: Evidence from lateralized readiness potentials." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 14, no. 1 (February 2007): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03194040.

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6

Roggeveen, A. B., D. J. Prime, and L. M. Ward. "Lateralized Readiness Potentials Reveal Motor Slowing in the Aging Brain." Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 62, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): P78—P84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.2.p78.

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7

Houlihan, Michael E., Walter S. Pritchard, Thomas D. Guy, and John H. Robinson. "Smoking/Nicotine Affects the Magnitude and Onset of Lateralized Readiness Potentials." Journal of Psychophysiology 16, no. 1 (January 2002): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.16.1.37.

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AbstractSmoking/nicotine improves cognitive performance for a variety of tasks. In most cases, reaction time (RT) is generally shorter after smoking/nicotine. While there may be some slight facilitation of stimulus-evaluation processing, most of the RT effects of nicotine appear to take place following the response-selection stage. This study investigated possible effects (in smokers) of smoking/nicotine on response preparation and execution processes using the lateralized readiness potential (LRP). On each trial, a warning stimulus preceded an imperative stimulus by 1.2s. The warning stimulus completely specified the correct response to the imperative stimulus. The study was completed in two morning sessions in which 4 cigarettes were smoked in each session. The nicotine yield of the cigarettes varied between sessions (0.05mg or 1.1mg). Maximum amplitudes of both the stimulus and response-locked LRPs were larger in the 1.1 mg session. For both stimulus- and response-locked LRPs, smoking the 1.1 mg cigarette (but not the 0.05 mg cigarette) shortened onset latency. However, the magnitude of the effect was much larger for the stimulus-locked LRPs, suggesting that response preparation is facilitated by smoking/nicotine to a greater degree than response execution.

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8

Vath, N., and T. Schmidt. "Tracing sequential waves of rapid visuomotor activation in lateralized readiness potentials." Neuroscience 145, no. 1 (March 2007): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.044.

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9

Rammsayer, Thomas, and Jutta Stahl. "Extraversion-related differences in response organization: evidence from lateralized readiness potentials." Biological Psychology 66, no. 1 (March 2004): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2003.08.003.

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10

Osman, Allen, Cathleen M. Moore, and Rolf Ulrich. "Bisecting RT with lateralized readiness potentials: Precue effects after LRP onset." Acta Psychologica 90, no. 1-3 (November 1995): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(95)00029-t.

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11

Morand-Beaulieu, Simon, Frederick Aardema, Kieron P. O'Connor, and Marc E. Lavoie. "Lateralized readiness potentials and sensorimotor activity in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder." Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 104 (January 2021): 110061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110061.

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12

Touzalin-Chretien, Pascale, and André Dufour. "Motor Cortex Activation Induced by a Mirror: Evidence From Lateralized Readiness Potentials." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 1 (July 2008): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90260.2008.

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Similar motor regions are activated during voluntarily executed or observed movements. We investigated whether observing movements of one's own hand through a mirror will generate activations in the cortical motor regions of both the moving and nonmoving hands. Using the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), an electrophysiological correlate of premotor activation in the primary motor cortex, we recorded evoked responses to movements while subjects were viewing the performing (right) hand through a mirror placed sagittally, giving the impression that the left hand was performing the task. Reliable LRPs were recorded in relation to the seen hand, indicating motor cortex activity in the contralateral hemisphere of the inactive hand while the opposite hand was performing the movement.

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13

Frings, Christian, Christina Bermeitinger, and Henning Gibbons. "Prime retrieval of motor responses in negative priming: Evidence from lateralized readiness potentials." Brain Research 1407 (August 2011): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.037.

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14

Xu, Lu, Werner Sommer, and Hiroaki Masaki. "The structure of motor programming: Evidence from reaction times and lateralized readiness potentials." Psychophysiology 52, no. 1 (August 1, 2014): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12296.

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15

Hsieh, Shulan, and Yen-Ting Yu. "Exploring the nature of switch cost: inferences from P300 and the lateralized readiness potentials." Brain Research Protocols 12, no. 1 (August 2003): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1385-299x(03)00071-0.

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16

van Vugt, Marieke K., Patrick Simen, Leigh Nystrom, Philip Holmes, and Jonathan D. Cohen. "Lateralized Readiness Potentials Reveal Properties of a Neural Mechanism for Implementing a Decision Threshold." PLoS ONE 9, no. 3 (March 13, 2014): e90943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090943.

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17

Gong, Diankun, Jiehui Hu, and Dezhong Yao. "Partial information can be transmitted in an auditory channel: Inferences from lateralized readiness potentials." Psychophysiology 49, no. 4 (December 16, 2011): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01325.x.

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18

Morris, David Jackson, K. Jonas Brännström, and Catherine Sabourin. "Can the Lateralized Readiness Potential Detect Suppressed Manual Responses to Pure Tones?" Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 31, no. 01 (January 2020): 061–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.18069.

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AbstractWillfully not responding to auditory stimuli hampers accurate behavioral measurements. An objective measure of covert manual suppression recorded during response tasks may be useful to assess the veracity of responses to stimuli.To investigate whether the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), an electrophysiological measure of corticomotor response and suppression, may be of use in determining when participants hear but do not respond to pure tones.Within-subject repeated measures with a Go–NoGo paradigm.Five males and five females (mean age = 38.8 years, standard deviation = 8.8) underwent electrophysiology testing. All had normal hearing, except one.Participants were tested in a condition where they consistently responded to tonal stimuli, and in a condition where intensity cued whether they should respond or not. Scalp-recorded cortical potentials and behavioral responses were recorded, along with a question that probed the perceived effort required to suppress responses to the stimuli.Electrophysiology data were processed with independent component analysis and epoch-based artifact rejection. Averaged group and individual LRPs were calculated.Group averaged waveforms show that suppressed responses, cued by NoGo stimuli, diverge positively at approximately 300 msec poststimulus, when compared with performed (Go) responses. LRPs were comparable when Go responses were recorded in a separate condition in which participants responded to all stimuli, and when Go and NoGo trials were included in the same condition. The LRP was not observed in one participant.Subsequent to further investigation, the LRP may prove suitable in assessing the suppression of responses to audiometric stimuli, and, thereby, useful in cases where functional hearing loss is suspected.

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19

van Vugt, Marieke K., Patrick Simen, Leigh Nystrom, Philip Holmes, and Jonathan D. Cohen. "Correction: Lateralized Readiness Potentials Reveal Properties of a Neural Mechanism for Implementing a Decision Threshold." PLOS ONE 10, no. 6 (June 29, 2015): e0132197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132197.

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20

Verleger, Rolf. "Malfunctions of Central Control of Movement Studied with Slow Brain Potentials in Neurological Patients." Journal of Psychophysiology 18, no. 2/3 (January 2004): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.18.23.105.

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Abstract Studies are reviewed that used movement-related EEG potentials to investigate impairments of movement control in neurological patients. The EEG potentials reviewed are the Bereitschaftspotential (BP), Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), and components of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP). Patient groups included in this review are patients with infarction of the middle cerebral artery, Parkinson's disease, cerebellar disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A rich body of evidence has been collected on Parkinson's disease, and somewhat less on cerebellar atrophy, contributing to an understanding of the impairments caused by these diseases. In contrast, not much research has been done in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in infarction patients. The latter is particularly striking since utility of this method for assessing residual capacities of affected motor areas seems rather obvious.

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21

Stahl, Jutta, and Thomas Rammsayer. "Extroversion-Related Differences in Speed of Premotor and Motor Processing as Revealed by Lateralized Readiness Potentials." Journal of Motor Behavior 40, no. 2 (March 2008): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/jmbr.40.2.143-154.

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22

Brush, C. J., Anthony J. Bocchine, Ryan L. Olson, Andrew A. Ude, Simrin K. Dhillon, and Brandon L. Alderman. "Does aerobic fitness moderate age-related cognitive slowing? Evidence from the P3 and lateralized readiness potentials." International Journal of Psychophysiology 155 (September 2020): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.05.007.

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23

Leuthold, Hartmut, and Bruno Kopp. "Mechanisms of Priming by Masked Stimuli: Inferences From Event-Related Brain Potentials." Psychological Science 9, no. 4 (July 1998): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00053.

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A metacontrast procedure was combined with the recording of event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine the mechanisms underlying the priming effect exerted by masked visual stimuli (primes) on target processing. Participants performed spatially arranged choice responses to stimulus locations. The relationship between prime and target locations (congruity) and the mapping between target and response locations (compatibility) were factorially manipulated. Although participants were unaware of prime locations, choice responses were faster for congruent than incongruent conditions irrespective of the mapping. Visual ERP components and the onset of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), an index of specific motor activation, revealed that neither perceptual nor preselection processes contributed to the congruity effect. However, the LRP waveform indicated that primes activated responses that fit the stimulus-response mapping. These results support the view that sensorimotor processing of masked stimuli is functionally distinct from their conscious perception.

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24

Meiran, Nachshon, Maayan Pereg, Yoav Kessler, Michael W. Cole, and Todd S. Braver. "Reflexive activation of newly instructed stimulus–response rules: evidence from lateralized readiness potentials in no-go trials." Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 15, no. 2 (September 13, 2014): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-014-0321-8.

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25

Lavoie, Marc E., and Johannes E. A. Stauder. "How the Brain Process Stimulus-Response Conflict? New Insights from Lateralized Readiness Potentials Scalp Topography and Reaction Times." Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 03, no. 01 (2013): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbbs.2013.31014.

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26

Heil, Martin, Allen Osman, Juliane Wiegelmann, Bettina Rolke, and Erwin Hennighausen. "N200 in the Eriksen-Task: Inhibitory Executive Processes?" Journal of Psychophysiology 14, no. 4 (October 2000): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.14.4.218.

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Abstract Event-related potentials were recorded (N = 18) in a hybrid go/no-go Eriksen flanker task to study the neural correlates of response inhibition. Three letters were assigned to either a left-hand, a right-hand, or a no-go response. These three letters appeared either as targets signaling the assigned response or as flankers surrounding the target. The lateralized readiness potentials revealed erroneous cortical response priming on go trials, in which the target and flankers were assigned to different hands, as well as on no-go trials, in which the flankers primed one of the two hands. Exactly these two conditions were accompanied by a fronto-central amplitude modulation of the N200, suggesting that this ERP component may reflect inhibitory executive functions. The data replicate and extend recent studies by Kopp, Rist, and Mattler (1996) and Kopp, Mattler, Goertz, and Rist (1996) .

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27

Jaśkowski, Piotr, Izabela Szumska, and Edyta Sasin. "Functional Locus of Intensity Effects in Choice Reaction Time Tasks." Journal of Psychophysiology 23, no. 3 (January 2009): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.23.3.126.

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Long reaction times (RT) paradoxically occur with extremely loud auditory stimuli ( Van der Molen & Keuss, 1979 , 1981 ) or with ultrabright and large visual stimuli ( Jaśkowski & Włodarczyk, 2006 ) when the task requires a response choice. Van der Molen and Keuss (1981 ) hypothesized that this effect results from an arousal-driven elongation of response-selection processes. We tested this hypothesis using visual stimuli and chronopsychophysiological markers. The results showed that the latency of both early (P1 recorded at Oz) and late (P300) evoked potentials decreased monotonically with intensity. In contrast, the latency of stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potentials (LRP) abruptly increased for the most intense stimuli, thus mirroring the reaction time–intensity relationship. Response-locked LRPs revealed no dependency on intensity. These findings suggest that the processes responsible for the van der Molen-Keuss effect influence processing stages that are completed before the onset of LRP. The van der Molen-Keuss effect likely occurs later than those represented by early sensory potentials. This is in keeping with the hypothesis of van der Molen-Keuss.

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28

Wohlert, Amy B. "Event-Related Brain Potentials Preceding Speech and Nonspeech Oral Movements of Varying Complexity." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 5 (October 1993): 897–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3605.897.

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Cortical preparation for movement is reflected in the readiness potential (RP) waveform preceding voluntary limb movements. In the case of oral movements, the RP may be affected by the complexity or linguistic nature of the tasks. In this experiment, EEG potentials before a nonspeech task (lip pursing), a speech-like task (lip rounding), and single word production were recorded from scalp electrodes placed at the cranial vertex (Cz) and over the left and right motor strips (C3′ and C4′). Seven right-handed female subjects produced at least 70 repetitions of the three tasks, in each of five repeated sessions. EEG records were averaged with respect to EMG onset at the lip. The word task, as opposed to the other tasks, was associated with greater negative amplitude in the RP waveform at the vertex site. Differences between the waveforms recorded at the rightand left-hemisphere sites were insignificant. Although intersubject variability was high, individuals had relatively stable patterns of response across sessions. Results suggest that the RP recorded at the vertex site is sensitive to changes in task complexity. The RP did not reflect lateralized activity indicative of hemispheric dominance.

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29

Hung, Tsung-Min, Thomas W. Spalding, D. Laine Santa Maria, and Bradley D. Hatfield. "Assessment of Reactive Motor Performance with Event-Related Brain Potentials: Attention Processes in Elite Table Tennis Players." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 26, no. 2 (June 2004): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.2.317.

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Motor readiness, visual attention, and reaction time (RT) were assessed in 15 elite table tennis players (TTP) and 15 controls (C) during Posner’s cued attention task. Lateralized readiness potentials (LRP) were derived from contingent negative variation (CNV) at Sites C3 and C4, elicited between presentation of directional cueing (S1) and the appearance of the imperative stimulus (S2), to assess preparation for hand movement while P1 and N1 component amplitudes were derived from occipital event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to S2 to assess visual attention. Both groups had faster RT to validly cued stimuli and slower RT to invalidly cued stimuli relative to the RT to neutral stimuli that were not preceded by directional cueing, but the groups did not differ in attention benefit or cost. However, TTP did have faster RT to all imperative stimuli; they maintained superior reactivity to S2 whether preceded by valid, invalid, or neutral warning cues. Although both groups generated LRP in response to the directional cues, TTP generated larger LRP to prepare the corresponding hand for movement to the side of the cued location. TTP also had an inverse cueing effect for N1 amplitude (i.e., amplitude of N1 to the invalid cue > amplitude of N1 to the valid cue) while C visually attended to the expected and unexpected locations equally. It appears that TTP preserve superior reactivity to stimuli of uncertain location by employing a compensatory strategy to prepare their motor response to an event associated with high probability, while simultaneously devoting more visual attention to an upcoming event of lower probability.

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30

Nayak, Srishti, Hiba Z. Salem, and Amanda R. Tarullo. "Neural mechanisms of response-preparation and inhibition in bilingual and monolingual children: Lateralized Readiness Potentials (LRPs) during a nonverbal Stroop task." Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 41 (February 2020): 100740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100740.

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31

Rüsseler, Jascha, Erwin Hennighausen, and Frank Rösler. "Response Anticipation Processes in the Learning of a Sensorimotor Sequence." Journal of Psychophysiology 15, no. 2 (April 2001): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.15.2.95.

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Abstract We investigated the contribution of motor processes to implicit and explicit serial learning by means of event-related brain potentials. An otherwise predictable sequence of S-R pairs was occasionally interrupted by stimuli that violated either the stimulus or the response sequence (perceptual or motor deviants). After performing the task, participants were asked to recall as much of the sequence as possible. On the basis of these free recall results, two groups of subjects (explicit and implicit learners) were formed. Reaction time was prolonged for motor deviants but not for perceptual deviants, which violated the predictable sequence of stimulus locations. Early activation in the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) for standard stimuli and an activation of the expected but incorrect response for deviants violating the response sequence indicate the contribution of motor processes to serial learning. ERPs did not show any learning-related changes. Furthermore, in all dependent measures no differences between explicit and implicit learners were observed. The results are at variance with previous claims that serial learning is a purely perceptual process.

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32

Miller, Jeff, and David Navon. "Global precedence and response activation: Evidence from LRPs." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 55, no. 1 (February 2002): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980143000280.

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Lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) were measured in left/right/no-go tasks using compound global/local stimuli. In Experiment 1, participants responded to local target shapes and ignored global ones. RTs were affected by the congruence of the global shape with the local one, and LRPs indicated that irrelevant global shapes activated the responses with which they were associated. In Experiment 2, participants responded to conjunctions of target shapes at both levels, withholding the response if a target appeared at only one level. Global shapes activated responses in no-go trials, but local shapes did not. The results are consistent with partial-output models in which preliminary information about global shape can partially activate responses that are inconsistent with the local shape. They also demonstrate that part of the global advantage arises early, before response activation begins and probably before recognition of the local shape.

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33

Jepma, Marieke, Eric-Jan Wagenmakers, Guido P. H. Band, and Sander Nieuwenhuis. "The Effects of Accessory Stimuli on Information Processing: Evidence from Electrophysiology and a Diffusion Model Analysis." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 5 (May 2009): 847–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21063.

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People typically respond faster to a stimulus when it is accompanied by a task-irrelevant accessory stimulus presented in another perceptual modality. However, the mechanisms responsible for this accessory-stimulus effect are still poorly understood. We examined the effects of auditory accessory stimulation on the processing of visual stimuli using scalp electrophysiology (Experiment 1) and a diffusion model analysis (Experiment 2). In accordance with previous studies, lateralized readiness potentials indicated that accessory stimuli do not speed motor execution. Surface Laplacians over the motor cortex, however, revealed a bihemispheric increase in motor activation—an effect predicted by nonspecific arousal models. The diffusion model analysis suggested that accessory stimuli do not affect parameters of the decision process, but expedite only the nondecision component of information processing. Consequently, we conclude that accessory stimuli facilitate stimulus encoding. The visual P1 and N1 amplitudes on accessory-stimulus trials were modulated in a way that is consistent with multisensory energy integration, a possible mechanism for this facilitation.

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34

Gorman Bozorgpour, Erin B., Rafael Klorman, and Thomas E. Gift. "Effects of subtype of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults on lateralized readiness potentials during a go/no-go choice reaction time task." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 122, no. 3 (2013): 868–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0033992.

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35

Furstenberg, Ariel, Assaf Breska, Haim Sompolinsky, and Leon Y. Deouell. "Evidence of Change of Intention in Picking Situations." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 11 (November 2015): 2133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00842.

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Intending to perform an action and then immediately executing it is a mundane process. The cognitive and neural mechanisms involved in this process of “proximal” intention formation and execution, in the face of multiple options to choose from, are not clear, however. Especially, it is not clear how intentions are formed when the choice makes no difference. Here we used behavioral and electrophysiological measures to investigate the temporal dynamics of proximal intention formation and “change of intention” in a free picking scenario, in which the alternatives are on a par for the participant. Participants pressed a right or left button following either an instructive visible arrow cue or a visible neutral “free-choice” cue, both preceded by a masked arrow prime. The goal of the prime was to induce a bias toward pressing the left or right button. Presumably, when the choice is arbitrary, such bias should determine the decision. EEG lateralized readiness potentials and EMG measurements revealed that the prime indeed induced an intention to move in one direction. However, we discovered a signature of “change of intention” in both the Instructed and Free-choice decisions. These results suggest that, even in arbitrary choices, biases present in the neural system for choosing one or another option may be overruled and point to a curious “picking deliberation” phenomenon. We discuss a possible neural scenario that could explain this phenomenon.

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36

Beste, Christian, Carsten Saft, Jürgen Andrich, Ralf Gold, and Michael Falkenstein. "Stimulus-Response Compatibility in Huntington's Disease: A Cognitive-Neurophysiological Analysis." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 3 (March 2008): 1213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01152.2007.

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The basal ganglia are assumed to be of importance in action/response selection, but results regarding the importance are contradictive. We investigate these processes in relation to attentional processing using event-related potentials (ERPs) in Huntington's disease (HD), an autosomal genetic disorder expressed by degeneration of the basal ganglia, using a flanker task. A symptomatic HD group, a presymptomatic HD group (pHD), and healthy controls were examined. In the behavioral data, we found a general response slowing in HD while the compatibility effect was the same for all groups. The ERP data show a decrease of the N1 on the flanker in HD and pHD; this suggests deficient attentional processes. The N1 on the target was unaffected, suggesting that the attentional system in HD is not entirely deficient. The early lateralized readiness potential (LRP), reflecting automatic response activation due to the flankers, was unchanged, whereas the late LRP, reflecting controlled response selection due to the target information, was delayed in HD. Thus levels of action-selection processes are differentially affected in HD with automatic processes seeming to be more robust against neurodegeneration. The N2, usually associated with conflict processing, was reduced in the HD but not in the pHD and the control groups. Because the N2 was related to the LRP and reaction times in all groups, the N2 may generally not be related to conflict but rather to controlled response selection, which is impaired in HD. Overall, the results suggest alterations in attentional control, conflict processing, and controlled response selection in HD but not in automatic response selection.

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37

Novak, Gerald. "Vector analysis of the lateralized readiness potential." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 102, no. 1 (January 1997): P25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4694(97)86327-4.

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38

Masaki, Hiroaki, Nele Wild-wall, JOrg Sangals, and Werner Sommer. "The functional locus of the lateralized readiness potential." Psychophysiology 41, no. 2 (March 2004): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00150.x.

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39

Praamstra, P., F. Schmitz, H. J. Freund, and A. Schnitzler. "Magneto-encephalographic correlates of the lateralized readiness potential." Cognitive Brain Research 8, no. 2 (July 1999): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6410(99)00008-7.

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40

Minelli, Alessandra, Carlo Alberto Marzi, and Massimo Girelli. "Lateralized readiness potential elicited by undetected visual stimuli." Experimental Brain Research 179, no. 4 (January 10, 2007): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0825-8.

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41

Miller, Jeff, Rolf Ulrich, and Gerhard Rinkenauer. "Effects of stimulus intensity on the lateralized readiness potential." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 25, no. 5 (1999): 1454–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.25.5.1454.

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42

Ray, William J., Semyon Slobounov, J. Toby Mordkoff, J. Johnston, and Robert F. Simon. "Rate of force development and the lateralized readiness potential." Psychophysiology 37, no. 6 (November 2000): 757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3760757.

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Hsieh, Shulan. "The lateralized readiness potential and P300 of stimulus-set switching." International Journal of Psychophysiology 60, no. 3 (June 2006): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.07.011.

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Kappenman, Emily S., Samuel T. Kaiser, Benjamin M. Robinson, Sarah E. Morris, Britta Hahn, Valerie M. Beck, Carly J. Leonard, James M. Gold, and Steven J. Luck. "Response activation impairments in schizophrenia: Evidence from the lateralized readiness potential." Psychophysiology 49, no. 1 (September 8, 2011): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01288.x.

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HACKLEY, STEVEN A., and JEFF MILLER. "Response complexity and precue interval effects on the lateralized readiness potential." Psychophysiology 32, no. 3 (May 1995): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb02952.x.

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Hsieh, Shulan, and Yen-Ting Yu. "Switching between simple response-sets: inferences from the lateralized readiness potential." Cognitive Brain Research 17, no. 2 (July 2003): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6410(03)00110-1.

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Mordkoff, J. Toby, and Marc Grosjean. "The lateralized readiness potential and response kinetics in response-time tasks." Psychophysiology 38, no. 5 (September 2001): 777–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3850777.

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Troche, Stefan J., Rebekka Indermühle, Hartmut Leuthold, and Thomas H. Rammsayer. "Intelligence and the psychological refractory period: A lateralized readiness potential study." Intelligence 53 (November 2015): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.10.003.

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Pope, Paul A., Andrew Holton, Sameh Hassan, Dimitrios Kourtis, and Peter Praamstra. "Cortical control of muscle relaxation: A lateralized readiness potential (LRP) investigation." Clinical Neurophysiology 118, no. 5 (May 2007): 1044–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.02.002.

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Schmitz, Judith, Julian Packheiser, Tim Birnkraut, Nina-Alisa Hinz, Patrick Friedrich, Onur Güntürkün, and Sebastian Ocklenburg. "The neurophysiological correlates of handedness: Insights from the lateralized readiness potential." Behavioural Brain Research 364 (May 2019): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.021.

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