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1
Pease, Neal. "Poland and the Holy See, 1918-1939." Slavic Review 50, no. 3 (1991): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2499849.
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From 1918 to 1939, a diplomatic partnership between the Holy See and Poland appeared extremely likely. Since 1870 the Vatican had sought to restore the temporal status it had lost during Italian unification. The Lateran accords of 1929 resolved the Roman question and confirmed the disputed sovereignty of the papal enclave. This achievement, however, was only part of the Apostolic See's determined efforts to fortify its international standing in a continent dominated by Protestant, anticlerical, or atheist states. The Vatican seemed to be a natural match for revived Poland, a nation renowned for its fealty to Rome and menaced by Germany and Russia, traditional antagonists of the papacy and champions of totalitarian doctrines that the church regarded as inimical.
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Kent, Peter C. "The Catholic Church in the Italian Empire, 1936‑1938." Historical Papers 19, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030921ar.
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Résumé Les accords du Lateran de 1929 inaugurèrent une période d'étroite collaboration entre l'Eglise catholique romaine et l'Etat italien sous Mussolini. Cependant la politique italienne en Abyssinie, après la conquête de ce pays en 1936, exacerba les tensions qui avaient résulté à la fois des politiques intérieures et de l'appui de l'Italie aux activités antirelig ieuses en A llemagne .Cet exposé traite de V évolution de la politique italienne en Abyssinie et du désenchantement graduel de l'Eglise face aux résultats de ces accords. En matière d'affaires intérieures, l'ère du Vatican portait sur le manifeste du gouverne- ment Mussolini (1938) sur la pureté de la race, et sur la législation antisémitique qui en découla. La hiérarchie ecclésiastique d'Italie avait présumé que son appui à i interven- tion italienne en Afrique entraînerait l'adoption, par le gouvernement, d'une politique de christianisation. Pour maintenir une certaine stabilité intérieure, le gouvernement choisit de suivre une stratégie de tolérance religieuse, d'ailleurs défendue par le ministère de la colonisation. Cette approche aliéna le Saint-siège qui, contrairement à la hiérarchie italienne, n'avait jamais été en faveur d'une guerre impériale. Cette politique de tolérance était contraire aux plans de l'Eglise pour la conversion au catholicisme de ce territoire, et gênait ses activités missionnaires. Les musulmans étaient particulièrement favorisés car, de l'avis du ministère de la colonisation, leur appui était essentiel au maintien du contrôle impérial. On croyait également que cette coopération aiderait les Italiens dans leurs relations avec d'autres puissances islami- ques du Moyen-orient. Il n'y a pas que l'Eglise qui s'opposait aux actions du ministère de la colonisation; le ministère des affaires étrangères croyait qu'on devait utiliser l'Eglise comme instrument de l expansion italienne. Cependant, la position du ministère de la colonisation préva- lut. Peu importe leur religion, les missionnaires qui s'opposaient aux désirs de l'Italie pour la nouvelle colonie étaient punis. Lorsque les affaires extérieures tentèrent d'inter- venir en faveur des missionnaires britanniques, Mussolini appuya la politique du ministère de la colonisation, et même l'élargit; désormais, aucun étranger ne pouvait enseigner dans l'Empire. Le ministère de la colonisation consolida son emprise, ordonnant au Saint-siège de remplacer les missionnaires catholiques Français par des Italiens. Réagissant, le Vatican créa une commission pontificale qui, en dernière analyse, se plia à la plupart des exigences du ministère. Sur les questions litigieuses, le ministère demeurait inébranlable; le Pape envoya alors en Abyssinie un visiteur apostolique qui, il l'espérait, améliorerait la position de l'Eglise. Finalement, le ministère de la colonisation accéda à la demande de l'Eglise pour la création d'une hiérarchie ecclésiastique distincte pour la colonie; peu après, l'Eglise reconnut Victor Emmanuel comme empereur a"Abyssinie. Cependant, malgré cette entente, la politique de tolérance de VEtat Italien avait causé des dommages irréparables à la coopération entre ce dernier et l'Eglise catholique romaine. L'hostilité du gouvernement face aux prétentions de l'Eglise au sein de l'Empire constituent un fondement essentiel de l'attaque du Pape sur la politique raciale italienne de 1938.
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Bolton, Brenda. "‘A Faithful and Wise Servant’? Innocent III (1198–1216) Looks at his Household." Studies in Church History 50 (2014): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400001649.
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Arriving at the Lateran on 8 January 1198, officials conducted Innocent III (born Lotari dei Conti di Segni) ceremonially to his apartments within the palace, there to rest, pray and dine.’ Foremost amongst his concerns was the household, last reformed by Gregory I (590–604). Whilst Innocent clearly adopted Gregory as his model, both for the shaping of his personal life as pope and for his understanding of the papal office, the young pope’s efforts to make his household as exemplary as that of his great predecessor have not received the attention they undoubtedly deserve. Gregory’s finest Life, composed c.875 by John, a Roman deacon, uses material from the early vitae, thus avoiding the ‘scrappy and grudging’ biography of the Liber pontificalis. Instead, John draws extensively on Gregory’s letters and the crumbling but then still extant papyrus volumes of the Registrum to demonstrate how this pope transformed his household into monastery, hospice and refuge. Three centuries later, the author of the Gesta Innocentii or Deeds of Innocent III could do no better than to adapt portions of John’s Life to highlight reforms not evidenced since the sixth century Like Gregory, Innocent wished to restore the ideas of the apostolic age to the Church. And where better to begin the spiritual renewal than within a reformed household? His inaugural sermon as pope on St Matthew’s faithful and wise servant accords perfectly with John the Deacon’s view of Gregory as paterfamilias Domini, head of the Lord’s household. Innocent, therefore, regarded the household not only as a metaphor for the congregation of the faithful but also, like Gregory before him, as a model to be used by missionaries to plant and nurture the faith throughout Christendom. Whilst the ongoing conversion of Livonia would provide Innocent with a rare opportunity to inculcate the Christian household within a pagan society, in the Patrimony of St Peter he diverged from Gregory’s path by purposeful itineration with his familia, thus initiating a public role for the household.
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D'Rosario, Michael, and John Zeleznikow. "Compliance with International Soft Law." International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 9, no. 3 (July 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsds.2018070101.
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The present article considers the importance of legal system origin in compliance with ‘international soft law,' or normative provisions contained in non-binding texts. The study considers key economic and governance metrics on national acceptance an implementation of the first Basle accord. Employing a data set of 70 countries, the present study considers the role of market forces and bilateral and multi-lateral pressures on implementation of soft law. There is little known about the role of legal system structure-related variables as factors moderating the implementation of multi-lateral agreements and international soft law, such as the 1988 accord. The present study extends upon research within the extant literature by employing a novel estimation method, a neural network modelling technique, with multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network (MPANN). Consistent with earlier studies, the article identifies a significant and positive effect associated with democratic systems and the implementation of the Basle accord. However, extending upon traditional estimation techniques, the study identifies the significance of savings rates and government effectiveness in determining implementation. Notably, the method is able to achieve a superior goodness of fit and predictive accuracy in determining implementation.
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Brage, Michael E., Matthew Rockett, Robert Vraney, Robert Anderson, and Alicia Toledano. "Ankle Fracture Classification: A Comparison of Reliability of Three X-ray Views Versus Two." Foot & Ankle International 19, no. 8 (August 1998): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079801900809.
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Our hypothesis was that malleolar ankle fractures could be classified with two radiographic views as reliably as with three views. Four different observers independently evaluated 99 sets of ankle radiographs. The examiners classified the ankle fractures by using both the Lauge-Hansen and Danis-Weber systems. The interobserver and intraobserver variations were analyzed by kappa statistics. With regard to intraexaminer reliability, the examiners demonstrated excellent accord in classifying the fractures in the Danis-Weber system with either three views or two views. The kappa values were comparable. In the Lauge-Hansen system, three examiners demonstrated excellent accord and one examiner demonstrated good accord in classifying the fractures. Similar kappa values were generated when examiners classified fractures with either three views or two views. With regard to interexaminer reliability, good to excellent accord was demonstrated overall among the four examiners when they used the Danis-Weber system with either three views or two views. The examiners were in good agreement when they used the Lauge-Hansen system. Similar kappa values were generated whether the examiners used three views or two views. Three radiographic views are usually ordered for evaluation of an acute ankle injury. Previous studies have shown that only two views are needed for diagnosis of a malleolar ankle fracture. This study demonstrates that malleolar ankle fractures can be classified with two views, lateral or mortise, with a reliability as good as that achieved with three views. The best agreement is achieved with lateral and mortise views.
6
Carlquist, Sherwin. "Pentaphragma: A Unique Wood and its Significance." IAWA Journal 18, no. 1 (1997): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001453.
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Qualitative and quantitative data are given for wood anatomy of three species of Pentaphragma (Pentaphragmataceae); the woods of the three species are very similar. Pentaphragma is rayless, but eventually develops rays in at least one of the species studied. This is interpreted as related to secondary woodiness or upright habit within a predominantly herbaceous phylad. The vessel elements of Pentaphragma have features universally interpreted as primitive in dicotyledons: scalariform perforation plates with numerous bars; pit membrane remnants in perforations; scalariform lateral wall pitting; the genus also has fiber-tracheids with prominently bordered pits. These character states accord with the basal position in Campanulales accorded Pentaphragmataceae by Cosner et al. (1992), and suggests that order may have begun with more numerous primitive features than generally recognized. The presence of occasional scalariform perforation plates, often aberrant, in secondary xylem of families of Asterales sensu lato - Campanulaceae, Pentaphragmataceae, Valerianaceae, and even Asteraceae (e.g., certain Lactuceae) - can be attributed to paedomorphosis, extending these plates into secondary xylem from primary xylem. Raylessness in Pentaphragma can be described in terms of secondary woodiness or paedomorphosis. The fact that fiber-tracheids are shorter than vessel elements in Pentaphragma is believed related to raylessness also, because some fiber-tracheids are produced from 'potential' ray areas.
7
Du, Chuang, Xi Kang Yan, and Hai Long Zhao. "The Finite Element Model Improvement on Shear Behavior of RC Frame Columns under Lateral Bevel Load." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 2609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.2609.
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The finite element models of biaxial shear capacity of RC frame columns are investigated.The calculation results and experimental results are compared using the different models.It is shown that different finite element models are effectively used to simulate the RC frame column. However, the simplified model may save computer time and be more convenient for the numerical simulation. Finally, the bilateral shear correlation of RC frame column is investigated using the simplified model. The results indicate that the bilateral shear correlation of the RC frame columns with different quantity of stirrups in two directions accords with the ellipse law and the fitting formula is presented.
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Pang, Gui Bing, Xieeryazidan Adayi, Ning Ma, Wen Ji Xu, and Jin Jin Zhou. "Modeling and Experiment of Anodic Smoothening in Electrochemical Finishing Based on Lateral Direction Dissolution." Advanced Materials Research 53-54 (July 2008): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.53-54.21.
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From the viewpoint of the change of the anodic surface microtopography in the process of Electrochemical Finishing (ECF), this paper studies the anodic smoothening mechanism of ECF and puts forward the directional issue of the dissolution of anodic surface in the microtopography sense. On condition that the anodic material is dissolved along with the normal direction of the micro-profile on the anodic surface, the influence of wave length of the micro-profile on the smoothening effect is discussed in detail and the mathematical model based on the “lateral direction dissolution” is established. Finally, ECP is taken as the example and the experiment is carried out, the result shows that the smoothening rule obtained by experiment accords with that by calculation.
9
Di Taranto, Enrico. "Il co-branding nell'industria alberghiera: un caso di studio." ECONOMIA E DIRITTO DEL TERZIARIO, no. 2 (December 2010): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ed2010-002003.
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Il presente lavoro si colloca all'interno del filone di studi che approfondisce le potenzialitŕ e i rischi degli accordi di co-branding nel settore turistico-alberghiero. La formazione di tali accordi č generalmente finalizzata ad allargare il raggio d'azione delle marche coinvolte, ad incrementarne la reputazione al fine di entrare in nuovi mercati, comprendere e presidiare nuove frontiere tecnologiche, ridurre i costi attraverso le economie di scala e/o di condivisione nonché rinnovare l'immagine aziendale (Collesei e Checchinato, 2007; Busacca e Bertoli, 2006). Se fino ad anni relativamente recenti tali accordi hanno riguardato soprattutto le relazioni di tipo verticale e orizzontale, negli ultimi tempi sono andati invece acquisendo rilevanza gli accordi di tipo laterale, in cui la relazione per la condivisione della marca s'instaura fra imprese che operano in settori merceologici differenti: i partner sono cioč aziende che, pur collaborando in alcune attivitŕ, mantengono la propria vocazione a competere in ambiti distinti (Bertoli, 1995; Della Corte e Sciarelli, 2003). In particolare, obiettivo del lavoro sarŕ quello di presentare una iniziativa di cobranding laterale sviluppata da due imprese di grande tradizione e operanti in settori differenziati: l'Hotel "Il San Pietro" di Positano - tra gli alberghi piů prestigiosi al mondo - e la Ceramica Stingo - antica manifattura di maioliche artistiche protagonista del panorama proto-industriale dell'area napoletana. Due imprese, dunque, lontane per settore di attivitŕ, ma vicine per allure, tradizione e qualitŕ, hanno dato vita ad una efficace simbiosi che testimonia come marchi di eccellenza possano interagire, potenziarsi a vicenda e, per quanto riguarda il settore turistico, rappresentare un peculiare fattore di attrattivitŕ di cui l'impresa ricettiva deve dotarsi per posizionarsi in una situazione di vantaggio rispetto ai concorrenti.
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Wu, Han Heng, Tian Hua Zhou, and Yu Shi. "Research on Cooperative Working Performance of Cold-Formed Steel Stud Wall - Steel Frame Structure." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 2501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.2501.
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Research on cooperative working performance of cold-formed steel stud wall(CFSW) and steel frame(SF) was carried out by analytical method and finite element method. The practical calculation methods of shear force and horizontal displacement for CFSW - SF structure under horizontal load were presented. The superposition principle between CFSW and SF in elastic stage was verified in terms of strength and stiffness. The investigation by FEM indicates that the shear force distribution in elastic stage is in accord with lateral stiffness of CFSW and SF, the shear force distribution rate of CFSW declines along with the increasing of horizontal displacement while thar of SF increases because lateral stiffness of SF degenerates more slowly than that of CFSW.
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Liu, Ying Chun, Wen Fu Zhang, Jing Ji, Dan Xie, and Juan Du. "The Static Stability Analysis of Single-Story Steel Frames with I-Section Columns." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.626.
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Static stability analysis to 12 kinds single-story steel frames with I-section columns is analyzed based upon bilinear lateral force versus displacement framework curve and finite element method, then ultimate displacements are obtained. In comparison, the framework curves and ultimate displacement calculated by modified stiffness and cross-section plastic moment theory accord with that calculated by finite element method. This provides the referential basis for the static stability analysis to a single-story steel frame.
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Hou, Xu Yan, De Ming Zhao, Jin Sheng Cui, Ting Wu Tang, Qi Quan Quan, Xiang Wu, Zong Quan Deng, Sheng Yuan Jiang, and De Wei Tang. "Analysis and DEM Simulation on the Interaction Characteristics between Lunar Soil and Coring Drill." Applied Mechanics and Materials 373-375 (August 2013): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.373-375.65.
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The interaction characteristic between lunar soil and coring drill is studied in this paper. According to the failure forms of lunar soil, the stress area is divided into two parts, central failure area and lateral failure area. The impacts of different drill parameters on cutting force are obtained by a rotary cutting model. And the process of lunar soil coring is simulated basing on a special built DEM (discrete element method) model, which accord to the special mechanical properties of lunar soil. By analyzing the simulation results, the correctness of the cutting model is proved.
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Kerr, A. D., and M. A. El-Sibaie. "On the New Equations for the Lateral Dynamics of a Rail-Tie Structure." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 109, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3143837.
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The accuracy of the new equations for the rail-tie structure, derived by Kerr and Zarembski and recently generalized for dynamic problems by Kerr and Accorsi, is studied. This is done by comparing the natural frequencies based on the new equations with those calculated using a finite element method for a range of fastener stiffness values and a variety of rail spacings. The comparison revealed very close agreement. The findings confirm the suitability of the new equations for dynamic analyses of cross-tie tracks in the lateral plane.
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Wang, Ji Xin, Xun Yang, and Xiang Jun Yu. "Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis and Test of Lateral Loading for Two-Post ROPS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 16-19 (October 2009): 866–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.16-19.866.
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According to the structural characteristic and the test requirement of tow-post ROPS, a nonlinear finite element model of ROPS based on large-strain shell element was established, and the influence of elastic-plastic deformation of ROPS was taken into consideration. Then the computer simulation of ROPS was performed in lateral loading case, which obtained the deformation mode and the distribution law of equivalent plastic stress of ROPS followed by the discussion of deformation mechanism of ROPS. The simulation results accorded with test results. This paper can provide theoretical basis for the structural design of two-post ROPS.
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Zhao, Shou Gang, Jun Xia Zhang, and Rui She Qiao. "Analysis of Deformation and Stress-Strain Monitoring for Changma Dam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 36 (October 2010): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.36.151.
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In order to supervise the safe operation of the Changma dam, to test design, to validate construction quality and run behavior, to monitor accidents as well as the accumulation of information on evaluation of the dam's future behavior and so on, the deformation and stress-strain of reservoir dam are carried out safety monitoring. Monitoring results show that the development of settlement deformation is still increasing, and have not yet reached a relatively stability according to the development trend of the settlement process. Lateral deformation of the dam isn’t abnormal phenomenon, and accords with the general laws of dam deformation. The compressive stress of dam increases with the increase of the overlay soil layer thickness, the vertical stress is bigger than horizontal or diagonal stress, the measured value and the change process are in line with general law. At present, Changma dam is safe and stable operation.
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Liu, Qi, James G. Hay, and James G. Andrews. "Body Roll and Handpath in Freestyle Swimming: An Experimental Study." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 9, no. 3 (August 1993): 238–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.9.3.238.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of (a) body roll, and (b) the motion of the arm relative to the trunk, on the medial-lateral component of the path followed by the hand during the pull phase in freestyle swimming. Ten male swimmers swam three trials of freestyle at a long-distance workout pace. Three-dimensional (3D) underwater videography was used to record the body roll angle-time history and the path followed by the hand during the pull phase. A mathematical model was used to characterize the motion of a swimmer's right upper limb in accord with 3D data from the videotape images, and to determine what the path of the hand would have been as a result of body roll alone. The contribution of body roll to the actual handpath was found to be nearly equal to the contribution of medial-lateral motions of the hand relative to the trunk.
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Jin, Chun Fu, Peng Niu, Yong Sheng Zhao, and Xuan Wang. "Analysis and Control of Layer Deformation Induced by the Densely Arranged Large Diameter Underground Steel Tubes Jacking with NTR Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 1010–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.1010.
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Combined with the finite element method (FEM) and the field data of Shenyang Metro NTR engineering for pipe jacking process, the variation of surface deformation and influence factors of NTR construction are systematically analyzed. The result is shown that the curves of the lateral surface subsidence produced by pipe jacking process are accord with the normal distribution curves put forward by Peck .When the top steel pipes are jacked , the surface subsidence develops rapidly and the rate of deformation is larger. In addition , grouting behind the wall and the sequence of the pipe jacking all have a greater impact on the deformation of the layer.
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Mayer, Andrei, Gabriela Lewenfus, Ruben Ernesto Bittencourt-Navarrete, Francisco Clasca, and João Guedes da Franca. "Thalamic Inputs to Posterior Parietal Cortical Areas Involved in Skilled Forelimb Movement and Tool Use in the Capuchin Monkey." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 12 (March 19, 2019): 5098–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz051.
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Abstract The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is a central hub for the primate forebrain networks that control skilled manual behavior, including tool use. Here, we quantified and compared the sources of thalamic input to electrophysiologically-identified hand/forearm-related regions of several PPC areas, namely areas 5v, AIP, PFG, and PF, of the capuchin monkey (Sapajus sp). We found that these areas receive most of their thalamic connections from the Anterior Pulvinar (PuA), Lateral Posterior (LP) and Medial Pulvinar (PuM) nuclei. Each PPC area receives a specific combination of projections from these nuclei, and fewer additional projections from other nuclei. Moreover, retrograde labeling of the cells innervating different PPC areas revealed substantial intermingling of these cells within the thalamus. Differences in thalamic input may contribute to the different functional properties displayed by the PPC areas. Furthermore, the observed innervation of functionally-related PPC domains from partly intermingled thalamic cell populations accords with the notion that higher-order thalamic inputs may dynamically regulate functional connectivity between cortical areas.
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Bajracharya, Manju. "Comparison of Maxillary and Mandibular Incisor Inclination in Class II Division 1 Malocclusion among Chinese Children." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v3i2.10074.
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Objective: To determine maxillary and mandibular incisor inclination in Class II Division 1 malocclusion among different vertical skeletal type Chinese children.
Materials & Method: Lateral cephalograms of Class II Division I malocclusion cases of 120 Chinese children (male-55, female-65) of the age range 12-14 years were divided into three vertical skeletal types (low angle, average angle, high angle) based on Sella-Nasion to Mandibular plane angle. To determine incisor inclination, lateral cephalometric radiographs were measured and analyzed using factorial analysis. All angular parameters were processed using ANOVA and t-test. Maxillary and mandibular incisor inclinations were discussed in detail among three vertical facial skeletal types.
Result: The maxillary and mandibular incisors of low angle individuals were found to be proclined more than those with high and average angle individuals.
Conclusion: Different vertical facial types of Class II Division I malocclusion in early permanent dentition accord to establish discriminate values to set up the cephalometric standards for diagnosis and treatment planning for the clinicians.
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Liu, Wen Bai, Li Juan Su, Zi Yi Chen, and Hong Ming Jiang. "Use of PFC2D for Simulation of Triaxial Compression Test for Reinforced Earth and Analysis of Sand Particle’s Movement." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 1846–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.1846.
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The simulation of triaxial compression test for reinforced earth is carried out under application of the numerical analysis software PFC2D. Several groups of reinforced earth samples are tested by simulation under same enclosed pressure but different arrangement of reinforcement and vice versa in the state of shear failure and the results of the test is compared with that from macroscopic experiment. The test shows that reinforcement in earth mass leads to remarkable improvement in shear strength and inhibition of movement of particles around reinforcement medium. The tendency of motion between particles grows as enclosed pressure rises but decreases with the increase of reinforcement layer in number. The reinforcement constrains the lateral deformation of sand sample and enhances shear strength. And the effect of enhancement caused by three-layer reinforcement is remarkably better than that by one-layer. Besides if there’s only a single reinforcement layer, the strengthening effect of a layer in the middle of sample height is better than that of a layer at 1/4 height or 3/4 height, which accords with the results from macroscopic experiment.
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Zhang, Wei, and Yandong Yu. "Closed-die Forging Technology and Numerical Simulation of Aluminum Alloy Connecting Rod." Open Physics 17, no. 1 (September 21, 2019): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0051.
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Abstract In order to improve quality and reveal the law of precision forging, closed-die forging technology is used in this paper to conduct a numerical analysis of the forming process of aluminum alloy connecting rod by the DEFORM software. Forming effects under different loading modes were acquired, and forming process, blank flow characteristics, stress-strain distribution and load-stroke curve characteristics were analyzed. Study results indicate that the forming effect under the loading mode featuring first movement of lateral punch and then movement of upper and lower punches is good with high quality forge piece and no defect, the closed-die forging technology of aluminum alloy connecting rod is reasonable and feasible. Under a certain deformation velocity and deformation mode, aluminum alloy connecting rod forming load firstly reduces and then increases, the forming load is in direct proportion to deformation velocity. When the forming process is finished, forming load reaches 130T, it accords with the production practice. The study results provide a certain reference for guiding the formulation of closed-die forging production technology of aluminum alloy connecting rods.
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Reeve, Matthew M., and Olivia Horsfall Turner. "Mapping Space, Mapping Time: the Thirteenth-century Vault Paintings at Salisbury Cathedral." Antiquaries Journal 85 (September 2005): 57–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500074370.
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This paper provides a new interpretation of the date, form, meanings and theological sources of the former painted cycle on the vaults of Salisbury Cathedral. As the cycle is now known predominantly from antiquarian evidence, we begin with a discussion of the nature and significance of that evidence, namely the series of sketches, drawings and notes produced by Jacob Schnebbelie in the late eighteenth century before the whitewashing of the medieval paintings. Through consideration of the archaeological and stylistic evidence, we propose a date for the cycle between c 1235 and 1245, thus contemporary with the new building campaign begun in 1220. Two connected interpretations of the cycle are offered: first, we argue that the painted cycle was designed to function as a map of the major liturgical sites of the eastern arm; second, we suggest that the imagery was designed to structure an allegory of religious experience and personal salvation in accord with reform-minded thinking in the post-Lateran period.
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Sharke, Paul. "No Hunting." Mechanical Engineering 123, no. 05 (May 1, 2001): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2001-may-2.
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This article reviews that wheels riding along parallel tracks have to balance diameters by “hunting.” Hunting wears down both wheels and rails, because a wheel must move sideways to find balance. The wheels, much like a pup chasing the phantom tip of a cropped tail, seek an accord they can never reach. Auto manufacturers might say all that energy used to go toward metal forming of the unwanted variety. American freight lines carry heavier loads than their counterparts in Europe. In Europe, passenger rail exerts more influence over railroad infrastructure than it does in the United States. Abc-Naco designed a variant of its domestic swing motion truck for European rail. Dubbed Axle Motion, the truck incorporates the same design philosophy of decoupling lateral forces from the car body that inspired the swing frame.
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Hu, Ming Hao, Pu Yang, and Daniel McCrum. "A Deployable Brace Model with Joint Clearance and Strut Eccentricity in Seismic Design." Materials Science Forum 972 (October 2019): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.972.123.
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The paper discusses seismic performance of deployable brace member as well as its application in single-story single-bay frame by using finite element method in OpenSees Navigator. Even though deployable structure has wide applications in engineering area, it is almost blank for earthquake (seismic) engineering. A finite element deployable brace model consisting two identical struts and a revolute joint is built in this paper. The model considers joint clearance and initial eccentricity to accord practical situation. Hysteresis analysis has been done on the brace model as well as its application. The results show deployable structure provides sufficient lateral stiffness and ductility. Strut eccentricity is the key factor affecting the capacity of the strut and buckling strength, while joint clearance also has influence on the strut capacity and energy dissipation.
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Wang, Xiu Li, and Qiong Li. "Seismic Performance on Dumbbell-Shape Connection between Steel Beams and Rectangular Concrete-Filled Tubular Column." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 4546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.4546.
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Referancing to the connection characteristic and mechanical behavior as well as the defects in application of joints on concrete-filled steel tube between columns and beams, a new connection type of steel beam throughout joints model is proposed. The inner force transfer mechanism and stress distribution situation of the joint under the monotonous load and hysteretic behavior, ductility, energy dissipation under cyclically lateral load are analyzed using the software ANSYS. The result indicated that the stress of steel pipe is reduced effectively when continious web plate joint is used. Meanwhile, the rigidity of the joint is enhancedand. It is also accord with the seismic design concepts, that is “strong column-weak beam“. During this process of the jiont working, plastic hinge occurs out of joint area on the beam. The hysteretic curves of all the specimens are of a plump shuttle shape .The curves don’t show strength deterioration and stiffness degradation obviously. All these show that this type of joint is effective.
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Brook, Martin S., Vince E. Neall, Robert B. Stewart, Rob C. Dykes, and Derek L. Birks. "Recognition and paleoclimatic implications of late-Holocene glaciation on Mt Taranaki, North Island, New Zealand." Holocene 21, no. 7 (July 19, 2011): 1151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683611400468.
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Evidence for the timings of inter-hemispheric climate fluctuations during the Holocene is important, with mountain glacier moraine systems routinely used as a proxy for climate. In New Zealand such evidence for glacier expansion during the late Holocene is fragmentary and is limited to glaciers in a narrow zone within the Southern Alps. Here, we present the first evidence for late-Holocene glacier expansion on the North Island of New Zealand in the form of two unconsolidated debris ridges on the south side of the stratovolcano, Mt Taranaki/Mt Egmont, at ~1920 m a.s.l. The two ridges are aligned north–south along the western and eastern sides of a small basin (Rangitoto Flat), which is formed between the main Taranaki cone (to the north), and the parasitic cone of Fanthams Peak (to the south). The approximate age of the ridges is constrained by dated eruptive events and the relationship between ridge locations and the spatial positioning of adjacent volcanic landforms. We propose the ridges formed as two lateral moraines on the margins of a cirque glacier during the final construction phase of Fanthams Peak between 3.3 and 0.5 ka BP, during late-Holocene time. This time interval accords with published cosmogenic 10Be dating of moraine-building episodes in the Southern Alps, indicating the Mt Taranaki moraines are a response to the same regional climatic forcings.
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Schultheiss, T. M., S. Xydas, and A. B. Lassar. "Induction of avian cardiac myogenesis by anterior endoderm." Development 121, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 4203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.12.4203.
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An experimental system was devised to study the mechanisms by which cells become committed to the cardiac myocyte lineage during avian development. Chick tissues from outside the fate map of the heart (in the posterior primitive streak (PPS) of a Hamburger & Hamilton stage 4 embryo) were combined with potential inducing tissues from quail embryos and cultured in vitro. Species-specific RT-PCR was employed to detect the appearance of the cardiac muscle markers chick Nkx-2.5 (cNkx-2.5), cardiac troponin C and ventricular myosin heavy chain in the chick responder tissues. Using this procedure, we found that stage 4–5 anterior lateral (AL) endoderm and anterior central (AC) mesendoderm, but not AL mesoderm or posterior lateral mesendoderm, induced cells of the PPS to differentiate as cardiac myocytes. Induction of cardiogenesis was accompanied by a marked decrease in the expression of rho-globin, implying that PPS cells were being induced by anterior endoderm to become cardiac myocytes instead of blood-forming tissue. These results suggest that anterior endoderm contains signaling molecules that can induce cardiac myocyte specification of early primitive streak cells. One of the cardiac muscle markers induced by anterior endoderm, cNkx-2.5, is here described for the first time. cNkx-2.5 is a chick homeobox-containing gene that shares extensive sequence similarity with the Drosophila gene tinman, which is required for Drosophila heart formation. The mesodermal component of cNkx-2.5 expression from stage 5 onward, as determined by in situ hybridization, is strikingly in accord with the fate map of the avian heart. By the time the myocardium and endocardium form distinct layers, cNkx-2.5 is found only in the myocardium. cNkx-2.5 thus appears to be the earliest described marker of avian mesoderm fated to give rise to cardiac muscle.
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Clynes, M. A., C. Parsons, M. H. Edwards, K. A. Jameson, N. C. Harvey, A. Aihie Sayer, C. Cooper, and E. M. Dennison. "Further evidence of the developmental origins of osteoarthritis: results from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 5, no. 6 (August 22, 2014): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174414000373.
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Investigators have suggested a link between birth weight and both hand and lumbar spine osteoarthritis (OA). In this study, we sought to extend these observations by investigating relationships between growth in early life, and clinical and radiological diagnoses of OA at the hand, knee and hip, among participants from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Data were available for 222 men and 222 women. Clinical OA was defined based on American College of Rheumatology criteria. Radiographs were taken of the knees and hips, and graded for the presence of osteophytes and overall Kellgren and Lawrence (KL) score. Lower weight at year one was associated with higher rates of clinical hand OA (OR 1.396, 95% CI 1.05, 1.85, P=0.021). Individuals with lower birth weights were more likely to have hip osteophytes (OR 1.512, 95% CI 1.14, 2.00, P=0.004) and this remained robust after adjustment for confounders. Furthermore, a low weight at one year was also associated with a higher osteophyte number in the lateral compartment of the knee, after adjustment for confounders (OR 1.388, 95% CI 1.01, 1.91, P=0.043). We have found further evidence of a relationship between early life factors and adult OA. These findings accord with previous studies.
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Janvier, Philippe, and Michael J. Newman. "On Cephalaspis magnifica Traquair, 1893, from the Middle Devonian of Scotland, and the relationships of the last osteostracans." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 95, no. 3-4 (September 2004): 511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300001188.
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The large Middle Devonian osteostracan Cephalaspis magnifica Traquair, 1893a, from the Late Eifelian Upper Caithness Flagstone Group of Caithness, Scotland, is redescribed on the basis of the holotype and a second, hitherto undescribed specimen. This species is assigned to a new genus, Trewinia gen. nov. and, on account of its probable lack of lateral cephalic fields, is regarded as a possible member of the Escuminaspididae, which are hitherto only known from the Late Devonian of Quebec, Canada. Other characters of the head shield of T. magnifica also accord with the structure of the largest known escuminaspidid Escuminaspis. The morphology, relationships and biogeography of the few other Middle and Late Devonian osteostracans are discussed. North American osteostracans are generally quite distinctive from European ones throughout the Devonian, and only few taxa seem common to the two areas. The Escuminaspididae could be one of these, and this would agree with similar distributions met with in other Middle and Late Devonian vertebrates from similar environments. The question of the possible causes of the decline and extinction of the various ‘ostracoderm’ groups after the end of the Early Devonian is briefly discussed, and environmental factors are favoured to account for their decline in abundance and diversity.
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Harrison, Alexander, Alfred M. Moyle, Marcus Hanson, and Jerry Y. Harrington. "Levitation Diffusion Chamber Measurements of the Mass Growth of Small Ice Crystals from Vapor." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 7 (June 24, 2016): 2743–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0234.1.
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Abstract A levitation diffusion chamber designed to examine the mass growth from the vapor of small ice particles (diameter < 100 μm) at ambient pressure (≃970 hPa) and low temperature (T < −30°C) is presented. The diffusion chamber is unique in that charged ice particles are levitated by an opposing voltage on the lower copper plate with lateral stability provided by button quadrupole electrodes attached to the upper copper plate. The button electrodes are far from the ice particle growth region, allowing ice particles to grow free of substrate influences. Experiments have been conducted for temperatures from −30° to −35.7°C, ice supersaturations from 2.5% to 28.6%, and over growth times ranging from 5 to 15 min. The experiments indicate that mass varies nonlinearly in time and exhibits a dependence on initial particle radius and ice supersaturation in accord with expectations from theory. In contrast to expectations from spherical capacitance theory, the derived mass growth rates do not scale linearly with radius, and derived effective shape factors (capacitance normalized with radius) are approximately 0.5. Fitting the growth data with a theoretical model indicates that growth is limited by surface kinetics with deposition coefficients ranging from 0.003 to 0.02.
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Grohn, Jan, Urs Schüffelgen, Franz-Xaver Neubert, Alessandro Bongioanni, Lennart Verhagen, Jerome Sallet, Nils Kolling, and Matthew F. S. Rushworth. "Multiple systems in macaques for tracking prediction errors and other types of surprise." PLOS Biology 18, no. 10 (October 30, 2020): e3000899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000899.
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Animals learn from the past to make predictions. These predictions are adjusted after prediction errors, i.e., after surprising events. Generally, most reward prediction errors models learn the average expected amount of reward. However, here we demonstrate the existence of distinct mechanisms for detecting other types of surprising events. Six macaques learned to respond to visual stimuli to receive varying amounts of juice rewards. Most trials ended with the delivery of either 1 or 3 juice drops so that animals learned to expect 2 juice drops on average even though instances of precisely 2 drops were rare. To encourage learning, we also included sessions during which the ratio between 1 and 3 drops changed. Additionally, in all sessions, the stimulus sometimes appeared in an unexpected location. Thus, 3 types of surprising events could occur: reward amount surprise (i.e., a scalar reward prediction error), rare reward surprise, and visuospatial surprise. Importantly, we can dissociate scalar reward prediction errors—rewards that deviated from the average reward amount expected—and rare reward events—rewards that accorded with the average reward expectation but that rarely occurred. We linked each type of surprise to a distinct pattern of neural activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Activity in the vicinity of the dopaminergic midbrain only reflected surprise about the amount of reward. Lateral prefrontal cortex had a more general role in detecting surprising events. Posterior lateral orbitofrontal cortex specifically detected rare reward events regardless of whether they followed average reward amount expectations, but only in learnable reward environments.
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Wang, Yong. "Type door rigid frame - pile arch system characteristics and disaster prevention application in thermodynamics." Thermal Science 23, no. 5 Part A (2019): 2749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci181125188w.
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The construction of mountain roads often promotes the occurrence of landslides, and poses a serious threat to the safety of driving and the geological environment. This paper introduces a new type of road landslide area anti-sliding structure based on thermal factors. The type door rigid frame-pile arch system, it is mainly composed of three parts: the gate type anti-slide pile, the reinforced concrete arch plate, and the mouth shaped guard pier. Its characteristics are: door-type anti-slide pile role is to resist the landslide thrust and the main road as a support structure; reinforced concrete arch between the plate as the door-type anti-slide pile and pile retaining force transmission member, active play arch structure compression high strength, can change the mechanical properties of stress paths, so that the lateral landslide sliding force to reduce; shaped mouth guard pier to control the deformation and solid slope, and enhance the overall stability of the system. The FLAC3D simulation results show that the stress distribution of arch plate is more uniform, with the increase of the sliding force, the stress in the arch foot and the lower part of the arch plate increases rapidly, which accords with the principle of soil arching. At the same time, the contact beam gradually works, The landslide thrust is transmitted to the front row of piles. The stress of the rear row of piles increases more than that of the front row of piles. The stress of the upper part of the beam increases more than that of the lower part of the beam. The overall trend is more and more gentle.
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Rehfield, Lawrence W., Ali R. Atilgan, and Dewey H. Hodges. "Nonclassical Behavior of Thin‐Walled Composite Beams with Closed Cross Sections." Journal of the American Helicopter Society 35, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/jahs.35.42.
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This paper focuses on two nonclassical effects in the behavior of thin‐walled composite beams: elastic bending‐shear coupling and restrained torsional warping. These nonclassical effects are clarified and analyzed in some simple examples involving cantilevered beams. First, elastic bending‐transverse shear coupling is shown to be important in the analysis of beams designed for extension‐twist coupling. It is found that the lateral deflections ran be off by more than a factor of two if this coupling is ignored. This coupling stems from plies with off‐axis fibers in the beam. The presence of these plies affects significantly the modeling approach (i.e., determination of the constitutive equations) in that transverse shear must appear in the kinematics so that its coupling with bending will he exhibited in the elastic constants. This finding is in accord with “exact” beam theories which develop the beam displacement and cross sectional orientation in terms of six kinematical variables instead of the three or four found in some previously published works on composite blade modeling. A second nonclassical effect, torsional warping rigidity, is shown to be important far certain box beams having a thin‐walled, closed cross section. The importance of including these nonclassical phenomena in a complete theory is discussed in light of the magnitude of their effects for various values of configuration parameters.
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Colgin, Laura Lee, Enikö A. Kramár, Christine M. Gall, and Gary Lynch. "Septal Modulation of Excitatory Transmission in Hippocampus." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 4 (October 2003): 2358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00262.2003.
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Application of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine to conventional hippocampal slices caused a significant reduction of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) elicited by single pulse stimulation to the medial perforant path. Similar but smaller effects were obtained in the lateral perforant path and other excitatory pathways within hippocampus. The reductions were blocked by atropine, were not accompanied by evident changes in the EPSP waveform, and were eliminated by lesions to the cholinergic septo-hippocampal projections. Antidromic responses to mossy fiber stimulation, recorded in stratum granulosum, were not affected by the drug. However, paired-pulse facilitation was reliably increased, indicating that the depressed synaptic responses were secondary to reductions in transmitter release. The absence of cholinergic axo-axonic connections in the molecular layer suggests that physostigmine reduces presynaptic release by increasing retrograde signaling from the granule cells. In accord with this, an antagonist of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor eliminated the effects of physostigmine on synaptic responses, while an antagonist of the presynaptically located m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor did not. This is in contrast to previously reported effects involving application of cholinergic agonists, in which presynaptic inhibition likely results from direct activation of presynaptically located muscarinic receptors. In summary, it is proposed that the cholinergic inputs from the septum to the middle molecular layer modulate, via endocannabinoid release, the potency of the primary excitatory afferent of hippocampus.
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Natu, Vaidehi S., Fang Jiang, Abhijit Narvekar, Shaiyan Keshvari, Volker Blanz, and Alice J. O'Toole. "Dissociable Neural Patterns of Facial Identity across Changes in Viewpoint." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 7 (July 2010): 1570–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21312.
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We examined the neural response patterns for facial identity independent of viewpoint and for viewpoint independent of identity. Neural activation patterns for identity and viewpoint were collected in an fMRI experiment. Faces appeared in identity-constant blocks, with variable viewpoint, and in viewpoint-constant blocks, with variable identity. Pattern-based classifiers were used to discriminate neural response patterns for all possible pairs of identities and viewpoints. To increase the likelihood of detecting distinct neural activation patterns for identity, we tested maximally dissimilar “face”–“antiface” pairs and normal face pairs. Neural response patterns for four of six identity pairs, including the “face”–“antiface” pairs, were discriminated at levels above chance. A behavioral experiment showed accord between perceptual and neural discrimination, indicating that the classifier tapped a high-level visual identity code. Neural activity patterns across a broad span of ventral temporal (VT) cortex, including fusiform gyrus and lateral occipital areas (LOC), were required for identity discrimination. For viewpoint, five of six viewpoint pairs were discriminated neurally. Viewpoint discrimination was most accurate with a broad span of VT cortex, but the neural and perceptual discrimination patterns differed. Less accurate discrimination of viewpoint, more consistent with human perception, was found in right posterior superior temporal sulcus, suggesting redundant viewpoint codes optimized for different functions. This study provides the first evidence that it is possible to dissociate neural activation patterns for identity and viewpoint independently.
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Rescan, Pierre-Yves, Bertrand Collet, Cecile Ralliere, Chantal Cauty, Jean-Marie Delalande, Geoffrey Goldspink, and Benoit Fauconneau. "Red and white muscle development in the trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as shown by in situ hybridisation of fast and slow myosin heavy chain transcripts." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 12 (June 15, 2001): 2097–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.12.2097.
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SUMMARY The axial muscle of most teleost species consists of a deep bulk of fast-contracting white fibres and a superficial strip of slow-contracting red fibres. To investigate the embryological development of fast and slow muscle in trout embryos, we carried out single and double in situ hybridisation with fast and slow myosin heavy chain (MyHC)-isoform-specific riboprobes. This showed that the slow-MyHC-positive cells originate in a region of the somite close to the notochord. As the somite matures in a rostrocaudal progression, the slow-MyHC-positive cells appear to migrate radially away from the notochord to the lateral surface of the myotome, where they form the superficial strip of slow muscle. Surprisingly, the expression pattern of the fast MyHC showed that the differentiation of fast muscle commences in the medial domain of the somite before the differentiation and migration of the slow muscle precursors. Later, as the differentiation of fast muscle progressively spreads from the inside to the outside of the myotome, slow-MyHC-expressing cells become visible medially. Our observations that the initial differentiation of fast muscle takes place in proximity to axial structures and occurs before the differentiation and migration of slow muscle progenitors are not in accord with the pattern of muscle formation in teleosts previously described in the zebrafish Danio rerio, which is often used as the model organism in fishes.
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Patterson, Bruce D., Carl W. Dick, and Katharina Dittmar. "Sex biases in parasitism of neotropical bats by bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24, no. 4 (July 2008): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467408005117.
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AbstractWe describe levels of parasitism of ectoparasitic bat flies (Hippoboscoidea: Streblidae) on male and female bats from an extensive Neotropical survey. The collection resulted from coordinated vertebrate-parasite surveys undertaken by the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project (SVP) from 1965–1968, which sexed 24 978 bats of 130 species. Streblid parasites were recovered from 6935 individuals of 87 bat species, but only 47 species were captured frequently enough (≥ 20 infested individuals) to permit reliable estimates of streblid parasitism on males and females. Well-sampled species included 39 phyllostomids, four mormoopids, two noctilionids, one natalid and one molossid. Prevalence of streblid parasitism (proportion of individuals infested) of male and female bats was generally not significantly different, and averaged 0.34 across infested species. In species-level analyses assessed against captures, significant sex differences in infestation levels were noted in six species; all had mean prevalence below 0.5 and females were parasitized disproportionately in each. Sex differences in total numbers of flies were noted in 21 species, and in 16 of these, females carried disproportionately heavy loads. Sex differences were also found for eight species of bat in the number of fly species infesting an individual; seven of eight showed heavier female parasitism. In analyses weighted by infestation levels, sex differences in total number of flies were found in only 12 species, with seven showing excessive parasitism of females, and no species showed sex differences in the number of fly species infesting them. These significant biases were not associated with sexual size dimorphism among the bat species. Generally higher levels of parasitism among female bats accords with theory, given their generally higher survivorship and enhanced probabilities of lateral and vertical transmission of host-specific parasites, but contrasts with patterns shown by many other parasitic arthropods. Future analyses should target social groupings of bats, not passively sampled foragers, to better address the mechanisms responsible for this pattern.
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Gibson, Gary A. P. "EVIDENCE FOR MONOPHYLY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF CHALCIDOIDEA, MYMARIDAE, AND MYMAROMMATIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: TEREBRANTES)." Canadian Entomologist 118, no. 3 (March 1986): 205–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent118205-3.
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AbstractTwenty-three characters or character systems of adults and larvae of Terebrantes are analyzed for evidence of monophyly and phyletic relationships of Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae, and Mymarommatidae. The taxa are considered to be a monophyletic group based on 3 hypothesized synapomorphies: mesotrochanteral depressor without fu2-tr2 or mesoscutal portion of t2-tr2; axillar phragma as site of origin for all or part of t,-tr2 muscle; and independent basal ring absent from male genitalia. The family Mymaridae is considered to be monophyletic based on at least 3 apomorphies: fore wing with hypochaeta; head with frontal, median, and supraorbital sulci; and toruli distinctly closer to inner margin of eye than to each other. Chalcidoidea, including Mymaridae, is considered to be a monophyletic taxon based on 3 apomorphies: prepectus externally visible, at least dorsally adjacent to lateral edge of mesoscutum; mesothoracic spiracle positioned at exposed lateral edge of mesoscutum; and multiporous plate sensilla of antenna with unique structure, as described in text. Mymarommatidae is considered to be the monophyletic sister group of Chalcidoidea based on several apomorphies, including 4 autapomorphies: head composed of frontal and occipital sclerites, which are connected by pleated membrane along hyperoccipital region; hind wing stalk-like, without membrane and terminated in bifurcation that clasps fore wing; fore wing with reticulate pattern formed by raised lineations of membrane; and axillar portion of t2-tr2 muscle absent. Phyletic relationship of Serphitidae with Mymarommatidae is deemed inconclusive because relevant internal character states of amber fossil serphitids cannot be determined. It is suggested that mymarommatids be accorded family status, but not be assigned to superfamily until phyletic relationships are more accurately determined in Terebrantes. A matrix summarizes character-state distribution of most characters analyzed for Terebrantes, and a cladogram illustrates hypotheses of character-state evolution and proposed relationships.
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Gent, A. N., and S. Y. Kaang. "Pull-Out and Push-Out Tests for Rubber-to Metal Adhesion." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 4 (September 1, 1989): 757–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536273.
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Abstract A study has been carried out of adhesive failure forces for a steel rod embedded in and bonded to a rubber block. Emphasis has been placed on comparing tension (pull-out) and compression (push-out) forces. A fractional contribution to the pull-out force appeared to be significant for rods having a diameter greater than about 0.5 mm in the present experiments. Indeed, it became a large fraction of the total force when the rod diameter was 1 mm or more. On the other hand, it was negligibly small in push-out experiments. They would therefore be preferred on this basis for measuring the strength of adhesion. But experimental difficulties in carrying out compression tests are considerable. Tall blocks become unstable under large compressive loads, and short ones are markedly stiffer than long ones, due to restraints on their lateral expansion, which are difficult to specify and control. Thus, although measurements of push-out force for a wide variety of samples have been shown to be in good accord with a simple theoretical treatment of debonding, ignoring friction, it is recommended that pull-out tests be retained for assessing the strength of adhesive bonds. Caution is necessary to minimize the effect of friction. The theoretical treatment indicates that the product aL of the rod radius a and the embedded length L should be held smaller than the cross-sectional area of the block in which the rod is embedded.
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Johnson, R. D., J. S. Taylor, L. M. Mendell, and J. B. Munson. "Rescue of motoneuron and muscle afferent function in cats by regeneration into skin. I. Properties of afferents." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 651–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.2.651.
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1. In this study we investigate the peripheral receptive field properties and spinal cord connections of low-threshold muscle afferent fibers cross-regenerated into the skin to determine whether a cutaneous target can rescue physiological functions lost after chronic axotomy. 2. In adult cats the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle nerve was coated with the distal cut end of either the caudal or lateral cutaneous sural nerves and allowed to regenerate into the hairy skin (postoperative period 6-30 mo). During terminal acute experiments we made recordings of single MG afferent fibers in dorsal root filaments and peripheral nerve. Conduction velocity and receptive field characteristics were determined for each fiber. In addition, the MG nerve was stimulated to elicit cord dorsum potentials and monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in heteronymous motoneurons. As controls, studies were carried out after MG nerve axotomy (postoperative period 2.5-12 mo). 3. After innervation of the skin, MG muscle afferent fibers exhibited firing characteristics and proximal segment conduction velocities like those of normal MG afferents. Responses to skin and hair stimulation consisted primarily of slowly adapting, stretch-sensitive, and steady discharge patterns, all common in normal muscle afferents but not in cutaneous afferents. These properties were observed despite the innervation of touch domes and single hairs, suggesting that the peripheral physiology of muscle afferents is a function of the axonal membrane and is not respecified by a cutaneous target and/or receptors. 4. Cord dorsum potentials were characteristic of those elicited by intact muscle afferents rather than skin afferents and showed recovery of configurations lost after chronic axotomy. 5. The monosynaptic EPSPs elicited in lateral gastrocnemius-soleus motoneurons also recovered from the reduction in amplitude observed after chronic axotomy. The configurations of these EPSPs were characteristic of muscle afferents rather than skin afferents. 6. These experiments demonstrate that the peripheral and central physiological properties of muscle afferents are rescued from the axotomy state if the afferents are allowed to reinnervate skin. We found no evidence that respecification had occurred to bring the function of muscle afferents into accord with the new cutaneous target.
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Balmer, John M. T. "Corporate marketing myopia and the inexorable rise of a corporate marketing logic." European Journal of Marketing 45, no. 9/10 (September 20, 2011): 1329–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090561111151781.
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PurposeThis article outlines the nature of corporate marketing myopia and details the salient characteristics of a corporate marketing logic. The notion of identity‐based views of the firm is held to be highly meaningful to the comprehension of corporate marketing. In addition, the paper aims to broaden the understanding of the antecedents of corporate marketing by making reference to earlier, integrative endeavours (sensory integration, design integration, communications integration, branding integration and identity integration).Design/methodology/approachThe commentary explains the nature, antecedents, and benefits of an organisation‐wide corporate marketing logic.FindingsA corporate marketing logic characterises those organisations which realise their institutions and corporate brands can be important sources of differentiation. Moreover, it is held that organisations need to be involved in multi‐lateral relationships vis‐à‐vis customers, other stakeholders and with society at large. It is also mindful that an organisational marketing orientation should accord sensitivity to CSR/ethical concerns. A key precept of the corporate marketing logic is that it is institution‐wide ethos which is enacted via an organisation's culture. A long and a short definition of corporate marketing are enumerated.Practical implicationsPerceiving organisational marketing via the prism of identity‐based views of the firm and utilising the new corporate marketing mix (the 8Cs of corporate marketing) affords a practical and pragmatic means by which senior managers can foster and maintain a corporate marketing ethos and culture.Originality/valueA corporate marketing framework is introduced which is informed by: identity‐based views of the firm perspective and by key corporate‐level constructs.
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Isono, Shiroh, Natsuko Nozaki-Taguchi, Makoto Hasegawa, Shinichiro Kato, Shinsuke Todoroki, Shigemi Masuda, Norihito Iida, Toshiaki Nishimura, Masatoshi Noto, and Yasunori Sato. "Contact-free unconstraint respiratory measurements with load cells under the bed in awake healthy volunteers: breath-by-breath comparison with pneumotachography." Journal of Applied Physiology 126, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 1432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00730.2018.
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Rate of respiration is a fundamental vital sign. Accuracy and precision of respiratory rate measurements with contact-free load cell sensors under the bed legs were assessed by breath-by-breath comparison with the pneumotachography technique during two different dynamic breathing tasks in 16 awake human adults resting on the bed. The subject voluntarily increased and decreased the respiratory rate between 4 and 16 breaths/min ( n = 8) and 10 and 40 breaths/min ( n = 8) at every 2 breaths in 6 different lying postures such as supine, left lateral, right lateral, and 30, 45, and 60° sitting postures. Reciprocal phase changes of the upper and lower load cell signals accorded with the respiratory phases indicating respiratory-related shifts of the centroid along the long axis of the bed. Bland-Altman analyses revealed 0.66 and 1.59 breaths/min standard deviation differences between the techniques (limits of agreement: −1.22 to 1.36 and −2.96 to 3.30) and 0.07 and 0.17 breaths/min fixed bias differences (accuracy) (confidence interval: 0.04 to 0.10 and 0.12 to 0.22) for the mean respiratory rates of 10.5 ± 3.7 and 24.6 ± 8.9 breaths/min, respectively, regardless of the body postures on the bed. Proportional underestimation by this technique was evident for respiratory rates >40 breaths/min. Sample breath increase up to 10 breaths improved the precision from 1.59 to 0.26 breaths/min. Abnormally faster and slower respirations were accurately detected. We conclude that contact-free unconstraint respiratory rate measurements with load cells under the bed legs are accurate and may serve as a new clinical and investigational tool. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Four load cells placed under the bed legs successfully captured a centroid shift during respiration in human subjects lying on a bed. Breath-by-breath comparison of the breaths covering a wide respiratory rate range by pneumotachography confirmed reliability of the contact-free unconstraint respiratory rate measurements by small standard deviations and biases regardless of body postures. Abnormally faster and slower respirations were accurately detected. This technique should be an asset as a new clinical and investigational tool.
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Mingotti, Nicola, and Andrew W. Woods. "On the transport of heavy particles through an upward displacement-ventilated space." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 772 (May 7, 2015): 478–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.204.
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We explore the transport of heavy particles through an upward displacement-ventilated space. The space incorporates a localised source of buoyancy which generates a turbulent buoyant plume. The plume fluid is contaminated with a small concentration of particles, which are subject to gravitational settling. A constant flow of uncontaminated fluid is supplied at a low level into the space, while an equal amount of fluid is vented from the space at a high level. At steady state, a two-layer density stratification develops associated with the source of buoyancy. New laboratory experiments are conducted to explore how particles are transported by this flow. The experiments identify that the upper layer may either become well-mixed in particles or it may develop a vertical stratification in particle concentration, with the particle concentration decreasing with height. We develop a quantitative model which identifies that such stratification develops for larger particle setting speeds, or smaller ventilation rates. In accord with our experiments, the model predicts that the number of particles extracted from the space through the high-level vent is controlled by the magnitude of the particle stratification in the upper layer, and this in turn depends on the particle settling speed relative to the ventilation speed and also the cross-sectional area and height of the space. We compare the predictions of the model with measurements of the flux of particles vented from the space for a range of operating conditions. We explore the relevance of the model for the removal of airborne contaminants by displacement ventilation in hospital rooms, and we discuss how contamination is propagated in the room as a result of lateral mixing of pathogens in the upper layer.
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Rowe, D. M., and E. J. Denton. "The physical basis of reflective communication between fish, with special reference to the horse mackerel, Trachurus trachurus." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1353 (May 29, 1997): 531–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0037.
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Some properties of reflecting structures in the external surfaces of Trachurus trachurus and some other fish are described. These are related to the hypothesis that such structures are useful, especially to schooling fish, for communicating information on relative positions, orientations, and movements between neighbours. In addition to the silvery layers on the main body surfaces, there are: (a) highly silvered patches on the tail, the pectoral fins and the jaws which, in the sea, will become much brighter or darker with any movement such as a tailbeat or mouth opening which changes their orientations in the ambient lightfield, and (b) structures such as the dorsal lateral line which, in the sea, will only appear bright from certain directions. To us, the colours of the ventral flanks change from bright red to blue with direction orientations and have special reflectivity curves close to those predicted by A.F. Huxley for interference reflectors which are ‘ideal’ λ/4 stacks of guanine crystals and cytoplasm. The wavebands best reflected by such platelets move to shorter wavelengths with increasing angle of incidence, also in accord with these equations. At normal incidence, the outer layer of platelets reflects maximally for far–red light which penetrates only a short distance in the sea. Such layers can, however, be useful at oblique angles where they reflect maximally in the yellow and blue. The inner layer of reflectors reflects very strongly in the blue at normal incidence, but reflects in the ultra–violet at oblique angles. Some theoretical studies are made on the ways in which the patterns of reflectivity by single and superposed layers of λ/4 stacks could signal a fish's movements or its position relative to its neighbours.
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Tanaka, Hirokazu, Itaru Matsumura, Kazuki Nakao, Takumi Era, and Yuzuru Kanakura. "Canonical NF-κ B Pathway Is Required for Early Mesodermal Differentiation from the Murine Embryonic Stem Cells." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.1144.1144.
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Abstract NF-κB family of transcription factors play important roles in cell growth and survival as well as stress and immune responses through the target gene expression. We previously reported that NF-κB family proteins participate in both primitive and definitive hematopoiesis by preventing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis. However, their functions in mesodermal development, which is the earlier process to produce hematopoietic cells, has not been elucidated. So, in the present study, we inducibly expressed IκBSR with a Tet-off system in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells and evaluated its effects on mesodermal differentiation. In this system, IκBSR can inhibit the function of canonical NF-κB pathway as a dominant negative mutant in response to tetracycline removal from the culture medium. After 4.0–4.5-day cultures on the OP9 cell layer with differentiation medium deprived of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), about 30% of cultured cells developed into the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)+ lateral mesodermal cells, which have the potential to differentiate into endothelial cells, hematopoietic cells, and cardiomyocytes. When Tet was deprived from the culture medium, the induced IκBSR inhibited the development of VEGFR2+ cells by inducing apoptosis via the ROS accumulation. However, even if this apoptosis was prevented by the anti-oxidants, the cultured cells did not express VEGFR2. As for this mechanism, we found that although the VEGFR2 promoter was activated by p65, c-Rel, and p50 in response to LIF deprivation in ES cells, IκBSR suppressed this induction almost completely using luciferase assays and ChIP assays. These results suggest that IκBSR blocks the development of lateral mesodermal cells from undifferentiated ES cells through the down-regulated expression of VEGFR2 in concurrence with the induction of apoptosis. To further analyze the effects of IκBSR on mesodermal development, we performed cDNA microarray analysis using differentiated ES cells deprived of Tet for 2 days. Among 4,277 genes, 123 genes were significantly down-regulated and 105 were up-regulated by induction of IκBSR. Among known essential genes for mesodermal development, the expression of platelet derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα), which is induced in paraxial mesoderm, was also suppressed by IκBSR significantly. Furthermore, in the prolonged cultures, we found that, although the development of E-cadherin (ECD)+/PDGFRα+ bi-potent mesendodermal cells at day 3.0–3.5 was not affected by IκBSR, it inhibited the subsequent development of ECD−/PDGFRα+ paraxial mesodermal cells at day 5.0–6.0. In accord with this result, we found that IκBSR sustained the expression of Mixl1, one of the intrinsic mesendodermal markers in differentiated ES cells, by semi-quantitive RT-PCR analysis. Together, these results suggest that the canonical NF-κB pathway is required for early mesodermal differentiation from mesendoderm stage through the expression of various essential molecules, thereby regulating their morphogenetic behaviors and cell-fate decisions. We are now evaluating the in vivo effects of IκBSR on the mesodermal development using the tetraploid chimeric mice model, and would like to further disclose the role of NF-κB pathway in our presentation.
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Bedingham, W., and W. G. Tatton. "Kinematic representation of imposed forearm movements by pericruciate neurons (areas 4 and 3a) in the awake cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 53, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 886–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.53.4.886.
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In eight awake cats, elbow flexion movements were imposed by a computer-controlled torque motor using three different classes of angular displacement inputs: force step-load displacements; sinusoidal displacements; and constant-velocity ramp displacements. Microelectrode recordings were obtained from 309 pericruciate neurons in areas 4 and 3a. Average response histograms for single-unit activity coupled with computer simulation of the imposed movements have shown in a neuronal population (n = 81), selected for receptive fields that were directly related to elbow movements, that both the magnitude and temporal features of the responses can be characterized by the coefficients of a third-order differential equation describing the movement's angular kinematics (i.e., position, velocity, acceleration, and jerk). To compare the responses of different neurons the coefficients were normalized to the angular velocity coefficient, which was assigned a weighted value of 1.0. The neurons' average responses were "predictable" by the normalized coefficients regardless of the imposed movements' temporal characteristics. Two distinct and spatially separate pericruciate areas containing neurons that responded to the imposed forearm movements were located: 1) one within area 4 at the lateral extent of the cruciate sulcus, which contained neurons that responded with predominant jerk and acceleration coefficients, exhibited either cutaneous or deep receptive fields, and demonstrated low microstimulation current thresholds to activate forelimb muscles; 2) a second, more laterally located area near the 3a/4 border in the postsygmoid gyrus, which contained neurons that responded with predominant velocity coefficients, and comparatively small jerk acceleration, and position coefficients, exhibited either cutaneous or deep receptive fields, and demonstrated high microstimulation thresholds (greater than 20 microA). Due to the sensitivity of the higher derivatives to changes in motion, the relative magnitude and time course of the average firing probability of area 4 neurons with prominent acceleration and jerk coefficients were dominated by these kinematic features during the more rapidly imposed movements. The findings are in accord with a hypothesis proposing that motor cortical neurons in area 4 form a sufficient substrate for a "predictive" feedback organization, and may constitute an essential component of a system capable of regulating errors in angular joint movements despite the relatively long conduction delays and the slow time course of muscle tension production inherent to mammalian neuromuscular systems.
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Curlewis, J. D., I. J. Clarke, and A. S. McNeilly. "Dopamine D1 receptor analogues act centrally to stimulate prolactin secretion in ewes." Journal of Endocrinology 137, no. 3 (June 1993): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1370457.
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ABSTRACT It is well known that prolactin secretion is inhibited by dopamine acting via the pituitary dopamine D2 receptor. Dopamine D1 receptor analogues also affect prolactin levels although the mechanisms and physiological significance are poorly understood. The present study of the ewe was undertaken to characterize the effects of the D1 receptor agonist SKF 38393 and antagonist SCH 23390 on prolactin in this species and to determine whether the prolactin response to both drugs requires an intact hypothalamo-pituitary axis. Ovariectomized ewes were injected intravenously with vehicle, 0·2, 2 or 20 mg SKF 38393 (D1 agonist) or SCH 23390 (D1 antagonist). At the 20 mg dose, plasma prolactin concentrations were significantly (P <0·01) increased by each drug and returned within an hour to control levels. When injected directly into the lateral ventricles of the brain (intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection), a 100-fold lower dose of SKF 38393 (0·2 mg; P <0·05) was sufficient to stimulate prolactin secretion. In contrast, i.c.v injection of SCH 23390 (0·02 and 0·2 mg) had no effect on prolactin levels and at no dose was there evidence for suppression of prolactin levels. These results are in accord with earlier studies in the rat which suggested that the D1 agonist stimulated prolactin secretion via a direct effect on central dopamine D1 receptors whereas the D1 antagonist interacted with the pituitary dopamine D2 receptor to increase prolactin secretion. In a further experiment this hypothesis was tested in hypothalamo-pituitary disconnected ewes which were infused with dopamine (0·5 μg/kg per min) for 3 h. After 2 h of the dopamine infusion, animals were challenged with intravenous injections of the vehicle, 20 mg SKF 38393, 20 mg SCH 23390 or 2 mg domperidone (dopamine D2 antagonist). Infusion of dopamine was followed by a significant (P <0·05) decline in prolactin concentrations so that after 2 h prolactin levels were 40% of the preinfusion value. Following injection of the vehicle, SCH 23390 or SKF 38393, prolactin levels continued to decline for the remainder of the experiment. As expected, injection of domperidone was followed by a significant (P <0·05) increase in prolactin to reach peak levels after 30 min. These results demonstrate that peripheral injections of the dopamine D1 agonist SKF 38393 or antagonist SCH 23390 increase prolactin secretion in the ewe. The prolactin response to either drug requires an intact hypothalamo-pituitary axis indicating that SKF 38393 and SCH 23390 act at some central site(s) which is linked with hypothalamic secretion of prolactin-releasing or -inhibiting factors. Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 137, 457–464
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Nishimura, H., R. D. Johnson, and J. B. Munson. "Rescue of neuronal function by cross-regeneration of cutaneous afferents into muscle in cats." Journal of Neurophysiology 70, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.70.1.213.
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1. This study investigates the relation between the peripheral innervation of low-threshold cutaneous afferents and the postsynaptic potentials elicited by electrical stimulation of those afferents. 2. In cats deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, cord dorsum potentials (CDPs) and postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) in spinal motoneurons were elicited by stimulation of the caudal cutaneous sural nerve (CCS), the lateral cutaneous sural nerve (LCS), and the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle nerve. We tested 1) unoperated cats, and cats in which CCS has been 2) chronically axotomized and ligated, 3) cut and self-reunited, 4) cut and cross-united with LCS, or 5) cut and cross-united with the MG. Terminal experiments were performed 3-36 mo after initial surgery. 3. In cats in which the CCS had been self-reunited or cross-united distally with LCS, tactile stimulation of the hairy skin normally innervated by the distal nerve activated afferents in the CCS central to the coaptation, indicating that former CCS afferents had regenerated into native or foreign skin, respectively. 4. In cats in which the CCS had been cross-united distally with the MG, both stretch and contraction of the MG muscle activated the former CCS afferents. 5. In unoperated cats, CDPs elicited by stimulation of CCS and of LCS exhibited a low-threshold N1 wave and a higher-threshold N2 wave. These waves were greatly delayed and appeared to merge after chronic axotomy of CCS. Regeneration of CCS into itself, into LCS, or into MG restored the normal latencies and configurations of these potentials. 6. In unoperated cats, stimulation of CCS, of LCS, and of MG each produced PSPs of characteristic configurations in the various subpopulations of motoneurons of the triceps surae. CDPs and PSPs elicited by the CCS cross-regenerated into LCS or MG were typical of those generated by the normal CCS, i.e., there was no evidence of respecification of central synaptic connections to bring accord between center and periphery after cross-regeneration. 7. Chronic axotomy of CCS increased the latencies of PSPs from CCS; regeneration of CCS into the CCS, LCS, or MG restored normal latencies. 8. In summary, CDPs and PSPs in motoneurons from the cutaneous sensory nerve CCS are altered by chronic axotomy of CCS, thus indicating their target dependency. These alterations are restored by regeneration of CCS into not only a native or foreign cutaneous target, but also into skeletal muscle. We conclude that muscle as well as skin is capable of providing trophic support for cutaneous afferents.
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Jung, Thomas, and Peter B. Rhines. "Greenland’s Pressure Drag and the Atlantic Storm Track." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 4004–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2216.1.
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Abstract Some effects of Greenland on the Northern Hemisphere wintertime circulation are discussed. Inviscid pressure drag on Greenland’s slopes, calculated from reanalysis data, is related to circulation patterns. Greenland lies north of the core of the tropospheric westerly winds. Yet strong standing waves, which extend well into the stratosphere, produce a trough/ridge system with jet stream lying close to Greenland, mean Icelandic low in its wake, and storm track that interacts strongly with its topography. In the lower troposphere, dynamic height anomalies associated with strongly easterly pressure drag on the atmosphere are quite localized in space and relatively short-lived compared to upper levels, yet they involve a hemispheric-scale dislocation of the stratospheric polar vortex. It is a two-scale problem, however; the high-pass time-filtered part of the height field, responsible for 73% of the pressure drag, is quite different, and expresses propagating cyclonic development in the Atlantic storm track. Eliassen–Palm flux (EP flux) analysis shows that the atmospheric response is (counterintuitively) an acceleration of the westerly winds. The hemispheric influence is consistent with the model results of Junge et al. suggesting that Greenland affects the stationary waves in winter. This discussion shows that Greenland is not a simple “stirring rod” in the westerly circulation, yet involvement of Greenland’s topography with the shape, form, and intensity of the storm track is strong. Interaction of traveling storms, the jet stream, and the orographic wake frequently leads to increase of the lateral scale such that cyclonic system expands to the size of Greenland itself (∼2500 km). Using the global ECMWF general circulation model, the authors explore the effect of model resolution on these circulations. Statistically, in two case studies, and in higher-resolution global models at TL255 to TL799 resolution, intense tip jet, hydraulic downslope jet, and gravity wave radiation appear in strong flow events, in accord with the work of Doyle and Shapiro. Three-dimensional particle trajectories and vorticity maps show the nature and intensity of the summit-gap flow. Cyclonic systems in the lee of Greenland are strongly affected by the downslope jet. Penetration of the Arctic Basin by cyclonic systems arises from this source region, and the amplitude of the pressure drag is enhanced at high resolution. At the higher resolutions, storm-track analysis verifies the splitting of the storm track by Greenland with a substantial minority of storms moving northward through Baffin Bay. Finally, analysis of 20 winters of 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) reforecasts shows little evidence that negative pressure-drag events are followed by anomalously large forecast errors over Europe, throughout the forecast. Forecast skill for the pressure drag is surprisingly good, with a correlation of 0.65 at 144 h.
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Elshani, Besnik, Salih Krasniqi, and Rexhep Gjyliqi. "Herniated Lumbar Disc and Nursing Care." Winter 2018 6, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ijbte.2018.6.2.01.
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Spinal disc herniation, also known as a slipped disc, is a medical condition affecting the spine in which a tear in the outer, fibrous ring of an intervertebral disc allows the soft, central portion to bulge out beyond the damaged outer rings. Disc herniation is usually due to age-related degeneration of the outer ring, known as the anulus fibrosus, although trauma, lifting injuries, or straining have been implicated as well. Tears are almost always postero-lateral (on the back of the sides) owing to the presence of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the spinal canal. Disc herniations are normally a further development of a previously existing disc protrusion, a condition in which the outermost layers of the anulus fibrosus are still intact, but can bulge when the disc is under pressure. In contrast to a herniation, none of the central portion escapes beyond the outer layers. Most minor herniations heal within several weeks. Anti-inflammatory treatments for pain associated with disc herniation, protrusion, bulge, or disc tear are generally effective. Severe herniations may not heal of their own accord and may require surgery. The condition is widely referred to as a slipped disc, but this term is not medically accurate as the spinal discs are firmly attached between the vertebrae and cannot "slip" out of place. Lumbar disc herniations occur in the lower back, most often between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebral bodies or between the fifth and the sacrum. Symptoms can affect the lower back, buttocks, thigh, anal/genital region (via the perineal nerve), and may radiate into the foot and/or toe. The sciatic nerve is the most commonly affected nerve, causing symptoms of sciatica. The femoral nerve can also be affected[25]and cause the patient to experience a numb, tingling feeling throughout one or both legs and even feet or even a burning feeling in the hips and legs. A hernia in the lumbar region often compresses the nerve root exiting at the level below the disk. Thus, a herniation of the L4/5 disc will compress the L5 nerve root. With the patient and doctor, plan a pain control regimen. Encourage the patient to express his concerns about the disorder. Urge the patient to perform as much self-care as his immobility and pain allow. Use antiembolism stockings, as prescribed, and encourage the patient to move his legs, as allowed. Assess the patient’s pain status and his response to the pain-control regimen. Perform neurovascular checks of the patient’s legs such as color, motion, temperature, and sensation. Monitor vital signs, and check for bowel sounds and abdominal distention. Teach the patient about treatments, which include bed rest and pelvic traction. Urge the patient to maintain an ideal body weight to prevent lordosis caused by obesity. Discuss all prescribed medications with the patient. If surgery is required, explain all preoperative and postoperative procedures and treatments to the patient and his family.