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Journal articles on the topic 'Laterite'
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1
Nguyen, Hoang Phuong Thao, Thi Hoang Ha Nguyen, and Thi Kim Anh Bui. "Sorption of heavy metals by laterite from Vinh Phuc and Hanoi, Vietnam." Journal of Vietnamese Environment 8, no. 4 (January 17, 2017): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jve.vol8.no4.pp235-239.
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This study was carried out to evaluate the sorption capacity of Pb, As, Cd, Zn, and Mn by laterite from Tam Duong District (Vinh Phuc Province) and Thach That District (Hanoi City). Laterite sam- ples were exposed to different initial concentrations of heavy metals in solutions (2.5, 5.0, 10, 20, and 50 mg/l) at pH = 5.5 during 24 hours. The results demonstrated that sorption capacity of heavy metals was in the following order: Pb> As> Cd> Zn>Mn. The highest sorption capacity of Pb, As, Cd, Zn, and Mn of laterite from Tam Duong was 1553, 756, 397, 281, and 143 mg/kg, respectively and the highest removal efficiency was 94, 76, 70, 56 and 37%. The results indicated that laterite from Tam Duong District showed lower sorption capacity than that from Thach That District. The disparity sorption capacity of Pb, As, Cd, Zn, Mn between laterite from Thach That and Tam Duong was 10.3–11.6, 11.9–17.9, 11.5–13.7, 9.5–17.6, and 11.1–14.3%, respectively. Laterites from Tam Duong and Thach That are a promising environmental material which can be used in the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.
Nghiên cứu này được thực hiện nhằm đánh giá khả năng hấp phụ Pb, As, Cd, Zn, và Mn bởi laterit đá ong khu vực huyện Tam Dương (Vĩnh Phúc) và huyện Thạch Thất (Hà Nội). Mẫu đá ong được tiến hành thí nghiệm trong các dung dịch có hàm lượng kim loại nặng ban đầu khác nhau (2,5; 5,0; 10; 20 và 50 mg/l) tại pH=5,5 trong 24 giờ. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy mức độ hấp phụ kim loại nặng bởi laterit đá ong lần lượt là Pb> As> Cd> Zn>Mn. Dung lượng hấp phụ Pb, As, Cd, Zn và Mn cao nhất của laterit Tam Dương lần lượt là 1553, 756, 397, 281 và 143 mg/kg và hiệu suất hấp phụ cao nhất lần lượt là 94, 76, 70, 56 và 37%. Dung lượng hấp phụ kim loại nặng của laterit huyện Tam Dương thấp hơn khu vực huyện Thạch Thất. Sự chênh lệch về dung lượng hấp phụ Pb, As, Cd, Zn và Mn giữa laterit Thạch Thất và laterit Tam Dương lần lượt là 10,3–11,6; 11,9–17,9; 11,5– 13,7; 9,5–17,6 và 11,1–14,3%. Kết quả nghiên cứu bước đầu cho thấy đá ong khu vực huyện Tam Dương và Thạch Thất là vật liệu hấp phụ tiềm năng phục vụ ứng dụng trong xử lý nước thải bị nhiễm kim loại nặng.
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González-Jiménez, José María, Cristina Villanova-de-Benavent, Lola Yesares, Claudio Marchesi, David Cartwright, Joaquín A. Proenza, Luis Monasterio-Guillot, and Fernando Gervilla. "Metal Mobility in Embryonic-to-Proto-Ni-Laterite Profiles from Non-Tropical Climates." Minerals 13, no. 7 (June 22, 2023): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13070844.
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We evaluated the mobility of a wide suite of economic metals (Ni, Co, REE, Sc, PGE) in Ni-laterites with different maturities, developed in the unconventional humid/hyper-humid Mediterranean climate. An embryonic Ni-laterite was identified at Los Reales in southern Spain, where a saprolite profile of ~1.5 m thick was formed at the expense of peridotites of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. In contrast, a more mature laterite was reported from Camán in south-central Chile, where the thicker (~7 m) weathering profile contains well-developed lower and upper oxide horizons. This comparative study reveals that both embryonic and mature laterites can form outside the typical (sub)-tropical climate conditions expected for lateritic soils, while demonstrating a similar chemical evolution in terms of major (MgO, Fe2O3, and Al2O3), minor (Ni, Mn, Co, Ti, Cr), and trace (REE, Y, Sc, PGE, Au) element concentrations. We show that, even in the earliest stages of laterization, the metal remobilization from primary minerals can already result in uneconomic concentration values.
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Krishna Rao, B., P. N. Satish, and M. S. Sethumadhav. "Syngenetic and Epigenetic Features and Genesis of tbe Bauxite-Bearing Laterite of Boknur-Navge Plateau, Belgaum District, Karnataka." Journal Geological Society of India 34, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1989/340103.
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Abstract Bauxite-bearing laterite of Boknur-Navge plateau, Belgaum district, Karnataka, exhibits textural, mineralogical and geochemical features of both syngenetic and epigenetic origin. While the syngenetic features of the lateritic residuum developed during a major episode of residual weatheringof'the source rock (Deccan basalt), the epigenetic features originated during an episode of secondary alteration of the pre-existing lateritic material. Residual weathering of basalt took place in three stages and culminated in the formation of a well-differentiated lateritic residuum consisting of vermicular laterite and massive (textureless and pisolitic) bauxite. Lateritic weathering, under the activity of slightly acidic meteoric waters, involved leaching of ∼90% SiO2, ∼60% Fe2O3 and almost all the K, Na, Ca and Mg from the weathered zone leading to the relative enrichment of Al. Part of the dissolved Si, Fe and AI of the circulating waters were subjected to local migration and reprecipitation, resulting in the segregation of AI-rich (bauxite) and Fe-Si-rich (laterite) units within the laterite profile. Secondary products derived from the alteration of the bauxite and laterite show zonat variation in their mode of occurrence, textures, mineralogy and chemical composition. During the secondary alteration, the bauxite and laterite of the ∼10 m thick bauxite-bearing laterite zone were subjected to 1) silication and ferrification at the upper horizon, 2) silication at the intermediate horizon, and 3) minordesilication at the lower horizon. Among the three types of alterations, silication is widespread. The 'late-or post-bauxite' episode of alteration of the lateritic residuum was probably brought about by the action of highly acidic meteoric waters charged with Si.
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König, Uwe. "Nickel Laterites—Mineralogical Monitoring for Grade Definition and Process Optimization." Minerals 11, no. 11 (October 24, 2021): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11111178.
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Nickel laterite ore is used to produce nickel metal, predominantly to manufacture stainless steel as well as nickel sulfate, a key ingredient in the batteries that drive electric vehicles. Nickel laterite production is on the rise and surpassing conventional sulfide deposits. The efficiency of mining and processing nickel laterites is defined by their mineralogical composition. Typical profiles of nickel laterites are divided into a saprolite and a laterite horizon. Nickel is mainly concentrated and hosted in a variety of secondary oxides, hydrous Mg silicates and clay minerals like smectite or lizardite in the saprolite horizon, whereas the laterite horizon can host cobalt that could be extracted as a side product. For this case study, 40 samples from both saprolite and laterite horizons were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) in combination with statistical methods such as cluster analysis. Besides the identification of the different mineral phases, the quantitative composition of the samples was also determined with the Rietveld method. Data clustering of the samples was tested and allows a fast and easy separation of the different lithologies and ore grades. Mineralogy also plays a key role during further processing of nickel laterites to nickel metal. XRD was used to monitor the mineralogy of calcine, matte and slag. The value of mineralogical monitoring for grade definition, ore sorting, and processing is explained in the paper.
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Dewi, Ayu Mustika, and Rusdiansyah Rusdiansyah. "THE EFFECT OF ADDED NICKEL SLAG TO COMPRESSION AND SHEAR STRENGTH ON LATERITE SOIL SOUTH KALIMANTAN." CERUCUK 7, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/crc.v7i1.8560.
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Laterite soil is an embankment soil that is often used because it is easy to find and is widely found in South Kalimantan. However, this land has many shortcomings to be used as embankment soil. This is because the lateritic soil has a clay content and a high Plasticity Index (PI) value. So the quality is still questionable to be used as landfill. To overcome this, it is necessary to improve or stabilize the lateritic soil. In this study, the lateritic soil was stabilized by the addition of slag nickel This study aims to determine the physical characteristics of laterite soil after being given a mixture of nickel slag addition, this study also aims to determine the effect of the percentage of nickel slag on primary consolidation (Sc) of laterite soil. As well as knowing the effect of the percentage of nickel slag on the parameters of shear strength in the form of cohesion (c) and shear angle (f). Consolidation and shear strength specimens were made with 90% of the optimum moisture content. The variations of the nickel slag mixture used in this study were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of the weight of the soil used. Based on the results of data analysis, the addition of a mixture of nickel slag in each sample variation can reduce the plasticity index value of the lateritic soil. In addition, the addition of nickel slag also affects the value of the primary consolidation settlement value (Sc) of the laterite soil. The addition of the percentage of nickel slag also affects the parameters of the shear strength of the soil, for the cohesion value (c) of the laterite soil experiences a value that decreases with the increase in the percentage of nickel slag. Meanwhile for the shear angle (φ) of the laterite soil, the value increases with the increase in the percentage of nickel slag.Keywords: laterite soil, nickel slag, plasticity index, consolidation of laterite soil, shear strength of laterite soil
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Garba, Isah, Jibrin Mohammed Kaura, Tasiu Ashiru Sulaiman, Ibrahim Aliyu, and Musa Abdullahi. "EFFECTS OF LATERITE ON STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 8, no. 1 (March 5, 2024): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2024-0801-2210.
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Throughout the world, concrete is widely utilized in buildings, and due to a rise in construction activity, there is a growing requirement for fine aggregate. This study aims to examine how laterite, which replaces some fine aggregate in reinforced concrete, affects the material’s strength and durability. The physical properties of materials were investigated. The compressive strength and flexural strength of laterized concrete were determined for each replacement level of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% at a mix ratio of 1:2:4 and a water-cement ratio of 0.65, while for the water absorption, the percentages replacement of laterite to fine aggregates was 0, 10, and 20 % with the same mix ratio and water cement ratio. A 100 X 100 X 100 mm cube and 100 X 100 X 350 mm beams were tested for compressive and flexural strength at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of curing respectively. Water absorption was determined at 28, 56 and 90 days of curing age. The findings show that as the percentage of laterite substitution increases, the laterized concrete’s workability declines. However, the strength properties of the concrete partially replaced with laterite increase with curing age and decrease as the laterite content increases. Moreover, the water absorption of laterized concrete is increased by the inclusion of laterite. It was concluded that the use of laterite in the production of concrete should not be more than 10 %.
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AYODELE, Adekemi Loretta, Abideen Saheed Akinniyi, Adeoluwa Peter Gbolade, and Adeyemi Timilehin Adetokunbo. "Strength Properties of Alkaline Activated Phosphoric Acid Stabilized Laterite." Civil Engineering Dimension 24, no. 2 (October 3, 2022): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ced.24.2.115-124.
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This study investigated the effect of alkaline activation on the properties of Phosphoric Acid (PA) stabilized laterite. Maximum Dry Density (MDD), Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of the laterite were determined to ascertain its suitability as a construction material. Laterite samples were stabilized with 1M and 2M PA at 5, 10 and 15%, respectively, by weight of dry soil. Some PA stabilized laterite were further mixed with an alkaline activator. All the stabilized laterites were moist cured for up to 14 days. The results show that the laterite was unsuitable as a road construction material in its natural state. The CBR of PA stabilized laterite improved with about 25%, while that with alkaline activation showed more improvement of up to 145%. The UCS of PA stabilized soil and that with alkaline activation increased with about 250% improvement. In conclusion, alkaline activation of phosphoric acid stabilized laterite soil for road construction has a great promise.
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Chen, De Fang, and Lang Wu. "Experimental Research on Wetting Deformation of Laterite with Different Stress Paths." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 544–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.544.
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The Modified strain triaxial apparatus is used to reveal the deformation mechanism of humid laterite. Taking into account the impact of different factors on the laterite wet deformation, the test designs different confining pressures, different degrees of compaction, different wet partial stress levels, to analyze the multi-angle of wet deformation of laterite. Humid laterites parameters are studied in different test conditions. The relationships of principal stress differences, axial strain, bulk strain, radial strain are analyzed.
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Almeida, Bárbara Drumond, Lisley Madeira Coelho, Antônio Carlos Rodrigues Guimarães, and Sergio Neves Monteiro. "Effect of Sand Addition on Laterite Soil Stabilization." Materials 17, no. 24 (December 10, 2024): 6033. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246033.
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Lateritic soils, particularly abundant in tropical regions, have been successfully used in the construction of unbound layers of flexible pavements in Brazil since the 1970s. Despite their potential, these soils are often discarded or only recommended after stabilization processes, based on traditional parameters such as gradation requirements and Atterberg limits. This study investigates the mechanical characteristics of a lateritic soil from Roraima, focusing on its resilient modulus and permanent deformation properties, assessed through repeated load triaxial tests. Specifically, this research examines the effect of adding 20% sand on the mechanical behavior of the material. The results indicate that sand addition did not significantly improve the mechanical performance. The laterite–sand mixture exhibited an average resilient modulus (RM) of 744 MPa, lower than the 790 MPa of pure lateritic soil, suggesting that pure laterite remains suitable for pavement applications. Furthermore, the permanent deformation analysis revealed that the mixture with sand experienced nearly twice the plastic strain compared to pure laterite, which demonstrated superior accommodation under repeated loading. In the shakedown analysis, pure laterite exhibited a more stable performance, indicating greater durability in pavement applications. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the mechanical behavior of lateritic soils beyond conventional testing methods, emphasizing the potential of pure laterite as a viable alternative to enhance the strength and durability of pavement structures.
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Suresh, K. "Performance Study of Laterised Concrete Made with GGBS and Silica Fume as a Partial Replacement of Cement." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 12 (December 30, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem27823.
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Abstract -Sand has been utilized in the construction of civil engineering projects for a long time as a fine aggregate. As building costs have been rising over the past few years, the source of high-quality sand has been rapidly depleting. Now, laterite is thought to be a potential sand substitute for concrete mixtures. In this Paper, GGBS and silica fume is used as a partial cement replacement in laterised Concrete. This research deals with the viability study of GGBS and silica fume as partial replacement of cement in laterised concrete. Mixes to be prepared with replacement content of 5%,10%,15%,20% and 25% by the weight of ordinary Portland cement with GGBS and optimum silica fume (10%). However, the addition increases the strength levels with the aid of super plasticizer. Additional mixing lowers the laterite content to 15%. Same 15% of the weight of laterite soil can be used as partial replacement of sand exhibited the finest outcomes. As a result, it is showing use of laterite as a possible partial replacement for sand. In this research mixes are prepared by keeping optimum silica fume and Laterite soil constant for M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 and M6. Physical and mechanical experiments of M30 grade of concrete were used to analyze how these materials affected such attributes as compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. Key Words: Laterised concrete, Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), Silica fume, Laterite soil.
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Fadli, Fadli. "Hubungan Pola Penyebaran dan Ketebalan Zona Bijih Endapan Nikel Laterit dengan Topografi Permukaan Pada PT Aneka Tambang Tbk." Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 20, 2021): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52562/injoes.v1i1.18.
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Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki sumber daya nikel laterit yang berlimpah, mulai dari Sulawesi hingga ke Papua. Oleh karena itu, peneliti melakukan analisis pola sebaran dan ketebalan endapan nikel leterit untuk mendapatkan pola sebaran zona bijih dari endapan nikel laterit berdasarkan topografi permukaan. Adapun metode yang dilakukan adalah menganalisis sampel pemboran dengan X-ray spectometer, menganalisis topografi, morfologi dan membuat profil penampang antar sumbu bor untuk menganalisis pola sebaran zona bijih endapan nikel laterit. Data yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini adalah bentuk topografi perbukitan dengan morfologi bergelombang, miring hingga melandai, dengan kemiringan lereng 20-160. Penampang endapan secara vertikal mengunakan parameter overburden dengan kadar Ni < 0.90% – > 4%. Penampang serta pola sebaran endapan nikel laterit terbagi 3 warna yaitu coklat untuk kadar Ni < 0.90%, kuning untuk kadar Ni 0,91% – 1,50%, dan hijau untuk kadar Ni > 1,51%. Berdasarkan penampang korelasi pada topografi landai, didapatkan kadar yang tinggi serta tebal dan topografi yang berbukit miring ditemukan kadar yang tinggi tetapi ketebalan yang tipis. Secara keseluruhan kadar nikel laterit berkisar 8 – 16 meter. Kata Kunci: Topografi, Nikel Laterit, Kadar, Ketebalan, Pola Penyebaran Abstract: Indonesia is a country that has abundant nickel laterite resources, from Sulawesi to Papua. Therefore, the researchers analyzed the distribution pattern and thickness of the nickel leterite deposits to obtain the distribution pattern of the ore zones of the laterite nickel deposits based on the surface topography. The method used is to analyze the drilling sample with an X-ray spectometer, analyze the topography, morphology and create a cross-sectional profile between the drill axes to analyze the distribution pattern of the laterite nickel ore deposit zone. The data generated from this study is a hilly topography with a wavy morphology, slanted, and sloping, with a slope of 20-160. The vertical cross section of the sediment uses overburden parameters with Ni content < 0.90% – > 4%. The cross-section and distribution pattern of laterite nickel deposits are divided into 3 colors, namely brown for Ni content < 0.90%, yellow for Ni content 0.91% – 1.50%, and green for Ni content > 1.51%. Based on the cross-sectional correlation on the sloping topography, it was found that high grades and thick and hilly topography found high grades but thin thicknesses. Overall, laterite nickel content ranges from 8 to 16 meters. Keywords: Topography, Nickel Laterite, Grade, Thickness, Distribution Pattern
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Md Yusof, Zeety, Siti Aishah Mustapa, Yi Zhe Chua, and Jin Chai Lee. "Enhancing Compressive Strength of Laterite Soil through the Agricultural Waste Material Bamboo Ash Stabilization." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics 132, no. 1 (January 30, 2025): 147–60. https://doi.org/10.37934/aram.132.1.147160.
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All types of soil are used as the ground foundation to support the construction of any structures including roads and buildings. Laterite soil has the properties of cohesive and cohesionless soil. This is because its properties are mostly well-graded including silt, clay, sand, and gravel. However, laterite soil's physical and mechanical properties require improvement. Potential laterite soil used for the construction of roads and development activity is necessary for geotechnical application. Therefore, this research aims to study the performance stability in compressive strength of native laterite soil with bamboo ash (BA). The testing experiments have shown that the behavior of bamboo ash is used to strengthen the laterite soil resulting in the bamboo ash enhancing the performance of laterite formation in ground improvement. In this study, 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% bamboo ash content were used to study the effect of BA on native lateritic soils at 0, 3, and 7 days of curing. It is indicated that the strength for 3 curing days increases strength to 8.4% after adding 5% BA. It increases the strength after adding 10%, 15%, and 20% with the percentage of the increments 7.2%, 1.7%, and 0.7%, respectively. In the physical properties results, the specific gravity of soil shows an average of 1.66. As a result, LL and PL have been identified as 29% and 14.1% respectively. Lateritic soil water content measured in this study was 10.84%. Compaction tests identify MDD as 1.807 g/cm3, while OMC content is 13.3%. Lateritic soils are classified as sedimentary sandy soils according to the results of particle distribution soil tests. In the end, the results identified for enhancement of the addition of bamboo ash show a strong increment for lateritic materials. Bamboo ash (BA) appears secondary in large-scale studies. BA reacts as an economical and sustainable treatment material in geotechnical applications.
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A., Abdulazeez,, Aliyu, K. M., Sarki, U. S., and Muhammed, I. "Global Perspectives on Laterite Mining and Extraction and its Environmental Implications for Nigeria." African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research 7, no. 3 (September 13, 2024): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajensr-esjpse4x.
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This paper explores the economic, environmental and social aspects of laterite mining techniques in Nigeria and around the world. Tropical and subtropical climates are home to the rich iron and aluminium oxide-containing soil and rock known as laterite. The article examines the several kinds of laterite deposits found in Nigeria, such as siliceous, bauxitic and ferruginous laterites. The economic significance of laterite mining is derived from its contribution to the construction, steel, iron and aluminium sectors. But there are also serious environmental problems associated with laterite mining like soil erosion, water contamination and deforestation. The energy-intensive character of mineral processing may increase emissions of greenhouse gases. Uncontrolled mining operations have the potential to uproot communities, worsen social injustices and fuel violence. This paper highlights the weaknesses of the regulatory framework in Nigeria, including weak enforcement, inadequate community engagement and limited financial provisions for mine closure and rehabilitation, Laterite mining offers economic benefits through the provision of materials for building and road construction as well as the production of aluminium, iron and other valuable minerals. Finally, governments should implement stricter enforcement mechanisms for existing mining regulations.
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Kabir, Aliyu, Adamu Lawan, Jibrin Kaura, and Ibrahim Aliyu. "Effect of Calcite Precipitation on Properties of Fresh and Hardened Laterized Concrete." Nigerian Journal of Engineering 30, no. 3 (2023): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/nje.2023.30.03.03.
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Reduction in strength and durability is the limitation for use on laterized concrete in various engineering applications.This research focuses on the effect of calcite precipitation on the strength and durability of laterized concrete. The laterized concrete sample was prepared by fine aggregate replacement with laterite at 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 % by weight of fine aggregate. A prescribed concrete mix proportion of 1:1.5:3 and a water-to-cement ratio of 0.5 was used to prepare the concrete. At each level of replacement, Sporosarcina Pasteurii bacteria at concentrations of 0, 1.5 x 108, 3.0 x 108, and 6.0 x 108 cells/ml were incorporated in the laterized concrete. Fresh concrete samples were tested for slump, hardened concrete cubes were tested for Compressive Strength at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of water curing and a durability test in form water absorption was performed after 28 days. The slump results showed that the workability of the concrete reduces as the laterite content increases due to more water absorption during mixing, however, the concentration of bacteria had no discernible impact on the slump value. The results of the compressive strength test showed that the compressive strength at all bacterial cell concentrations improves with curing age and declines with increasing laterite content. However, the strength of laterized concrete prepared at a 10% level of replacement is marginally similar to the control sample. All the bacterial concrete performed better than their corresponding non-bacterial concrete with 1.5x108 cells/ml giving the optimum result. The water absorption of the samples was found to increase with an increase in laterite content and after the bacteria introduction, the concrete samples showed reduced water absorption when compared with the non-bacterial samples with 1.5 x 108 cells/ml giving the optimum improvement. Calcite crystals and denser surfaces were found by scanning electron microscopy imaging in the bacterial concrete. The bacterial laterized concrete with laterite replacement not exceeding 20% produced concretes of compressive strengths greater than 〖25N/mm〗^2and is suitable for reinforced concrete works
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Som, S. K., R. Joshi, P. K. Roy, and M. M. Mukherjee. "Morphotectonic Evolution of the Laterite Profiles over Sukinda Ultramafics, Jaipur District, Orissa." Journal Geological Society of India 52, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1998/520408.
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Abstract Sukinda ultramafic field of Jajpur district, Orissa is capped by thick lateritic duricrust. Two generations of laterite are inferred in the studied area. The older laterite (in situ) is capped by transported laterite (younger). The entire area is divided into two subareas (A1 and A2) Physiographically, three terraces are identified in A1 area, of which, the oldest one (T3) comprises of insitu lateritic hard crust. The other two terraces (T2 and T1) are made up of valley fill deposits, which are later lateritised. The area A2 shows the lateral continuity of T3 terrace of A1 area along with valley fill deposit of T1 terrace and the absence of T2 terrace. Drainage analysis show the A1 area is structurally more disturbed than A2 area. Correlation of geomorphological evolution and lateritisation indicates three stages of development in the A1 area. Lateritisation was initiated on a comparatively flat ground (T3 terrace) and subsequent destabilisation of the area developed the younger terraces (T2 and T1) with the modification of older laterite profile.
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Winarno, Tri, Rinal K. Ali, Harrys Simangunsong, and Almiftahurrizqi Almiftahurrizqi. "Characteristics and Genesis of Laterite Bauxite in Sompak District and Surrounding Areas, Landak Regency, West Kalimantan." Indonesian Journal on Geoscience 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.10.1.37-49.
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West Kalimantan has very large bauxite resources, reaching 2.07 billion tons, equivalent to 57.32% of the total bauxite resources in Indonesia with bauxite reserves of 0.84 billion tons or equivalent to 66.77% of the total national mineral reserves. The researched area covers Sompak District and surrounding areas, Landak Regency, West Kalimantan. This research aims to determine geological conditions, laterization, and characteristics of laterite bauxite in the studied area. Methods used in this research are geological mapping, lateritic mapping, and petrographic and geochemical analyses. The lithology of the researched area is composed of granodiorite, porphyry quartz diorite, granite, porphyry andesite, porphyry basalt, alluvial, and swamp deposits. Laterite profiles in the researched area generally consist of topsoil, latosol, bauxite, and clay zone. The laterite bauxite derived from granodiorite is classified as a medium grade, laterite bauxite from porphyry quartz diorite is classified as high-grade bauxite, laterite bauxite from andesite porphyry is classified as low-medium grade bauxite, and laterite bauxite from porphyry basalt in the studied area is classified as high grade bauxite. Laterite bauxites in the researched area were formed from weathered parent rocks which were intermediate - alkaline igneous rock.
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Lintjewas, Lediyantje, Iwan Setiawan, and Andrie Al Kausar. "Profil Endapan Nikel Laterit di Daerah Palangga, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara." RISET Geologi dan Pertambangan 29, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/risetgeotam2019.v29.970.
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Nikel laterit adalah mineral logam hasil dari proses pelapukan dan pengkayaan mineral pada batuan ultramafik. Geologi di daerah Palangga, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara, disusun oleh batugamping dari Formasi Eimoko dan Formasi Langkolawa yang memiliki hubungan ketidakselarasan dengan batuan ultramafik di bawahnya sebagai pembawa endapan nikel laterit. Proses pelapukan pada batuan ultramafik menghasilkan karakter dan profil nikel laterit yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakterisasi nikel laterit berdasarkan pada mineralogi dan profil dari Zona lateritisasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa jenis batuan pembawa nikel laterit di Daerah Palangga adalah harsburgit. Nikel laterit memiliki ketebalan sekitar 15 meter. Zona Limonit memiliki komposisi mineral lempung berupa kaolinit, mineral oksida berupa mineral magnetit, hematit, kromit dan mineral hidroksida berupa gutit. Kedalaman Zona Limonit yaitu sekitar 0 - 3 meter dengan kandungan Ni sekitar 0,76 – 1,78%, Fe sekitar 34,10 – 48,31%, dan SiO2 sekitar 9,42 – 18,02%. Zona Saprolit memiliki komposisi mineral silikat berupa kuarsa, garnierit, antigorit, enstatit, dan lisardit. Kedalaman Zona Saprolit sekitar 3 – 9 meter dengan kandungan Ni sekitar 1,79 – 2,98%, Fe sekitar 10,27 – 34,52%, SiO2 sekitar 22,0 – 49,63%. Batuan dasar (Bedrock) memiliki komposisi mineral silikat, antigorit, enstatit, olivin, augit dan lisardit. Kedalaman batuan dasar (bedrock) sekitar 9 – 10 meter dengan kandungan Ni sekitar 0,95 – 1,28%, Fe sekitar 7,62 – 8,29%, SiO2 sekitar 42,81 – 45,85%. Zona Saprolit merupakan Zona yang kaya akan nikel, dengan mineral penyusun berupa kuarsa, garnierit, antigorit, enstatit, dan lisardit. Nickel laterite is metal mineral formed by weathering and mineral enrichment of ultramafic rocks. Geology of Palangga area, Southeast Sulawesi Province arranged by limestone of Eimoko Formation and Langkowala Formation that have unconformity relation with ultramafic rocks as source of nickel laterite. Weathering process underwent ultramafic rocks resulted in different nickel laterite characters and their profile. The study aims to identify characterization of nickel laterite based on mineralogy and lateritization profile zones. Based on the result of study, source of nickel laterite in Palangga area is harzburgite. Nickel laterite profile has around 15 meters thick. Mineral composition of Limonite Zone is clay mineral as kaolinit, oxide mineral consisted of magnetite, hematite, chromite, and hidroksida mineral as goetite. Depth of Limonite Zone around 0 - 3 meters with Ni grade around 0,76 – 1,78%, Fe around 34,10 – 48,31%, and SiO2 around 9,42 – 18,02%. Mineral composition of Saprolite Zone is silicate mineral consist of quartz, garnierite, antigorite, enstatite, and lizardite minerals. Depth of Saprolite Zone around 3 – 9 meters with Ni grade around 1,79 – 2,98%, Fe around 10,27 – 34,52%, and SiO2 around 22,0 – 49,63%. Mineral composition of bedrock is silikat minerals consits of antigorite, enstatite, olivine, augit, and lizardite minerals. Depth of Bedrock ar ound 9 – 10 meters with grade Ni 1,28%, Fe around 7,62 – 8,29%, and SiO2 around 42,81 – 45,85%. The Saprolit Zone is a Zone that rich in nickel, with mineral composition is quartz, garnierite, antigorite, enstatite, and lizardite minerals.
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Makarova, M. A., E. S. Shipilova, N. M. Boeva, D. A. Vnuchkov, and N. S. Bortnikov. "SOURCES OF SUBSTANCE AND GENETIC RELATION OF SOIL AND BAUXITE BEARING HORIZONS IN THE LATERITE PROFILE OF THE WEATHERING CRUST (OF THE FUTA JALLON-MANDINGO PROVINCE, REPUBLIC OF GUINEA)." Доклады Российской академии наук. Науки о Земле 511, no. 2 (August 1, 2023): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2686739723600893.
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For the first time, a granulometric analysis of lateritic soils was carried out and the sources of the substance involved in the formation of the degradation zone in the bauxite-bearing laterite profile of the bauxite-bearing province of Futa Jallon-Mandingo were identified. Throughout the province, on the stony rocks of the lateritic covers, the soil horizon occurs everywhere - the uppermost element of the vertical profile of the weathering crust. In the soil horizon, most of the components become mobile, leaching processes predominate, and laterites are mobilized and redistributed. The study of these continental formations made it possible to establish the genetic relationship between the soil horizon of the weathering crust and the underlying bauxite ores, and to determine the degree of influence of soil composition on the processes of bauxite formation.
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Oni, Oluwaseun, and Chinwuba Arum. "Workability and compressive strength of concrete containing binary cement, mixed fines, and superplasticizer." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 21, no. 2 (2023): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace220818017o.
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Growing awareness about the influence of buildings on the environment has resulted in a need for more ecologically friendly buildings made of inexpensive but longlasting construction materials. Experimental findings on the workability and strength qualities of concrete produced by partial substitution of sand with lateritic soil at various percentage replacement levels of cement with Rice Husk Ash (RHA) up to 15% are presented herein. The chemical analysis of RHA and lateritic soil, as well as the consistency and setting times of OPC and OPC/RHA pastes were conducted. They were all found to be within the limits specified by appropriate standards. Slump values for all concrete mixtures reduced with increase in the replacement level of cement with rice husk ash (RHA), with and without the inclusion of superplasticizer. However, for mixtures without superplasticizer, up till 10% replacement of cement with RHA, slump increased with increase in sand replacement with laterite up to 20% and started fluctuating for laterite levels beyond 20%. For mixes with superplasticizer, slump rose for laterite levels up to 10% and fluctuation set in thereafter. The results also revealed that at all ages and for all investigated levels of sand replacement with laterite, the compressive strength of concrete attained its highest value at 95% OPC with 5% RHA. Furthermore, this highest value of the compressive strength is substantially the same with that of the 0%RHA with 0%laterite reference concrete. The findings of this research will be of benefit to concrete professionals interested in the inclusion of laterite and RHA to achieve greenness, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness in concrete.
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Ngadenin, Ngadenin, Kurnia Setiawan Widana, and Adhika Junara Karunianto. "Studi Keterdapatan Torium Pada Endapan Laterit Bauksit di Pulau Singkep Dalam Rangka Pengembangan Eksplorasi Torium di Wilayah Granit Jalur Timah." EKSPLORIUM 39, no. 1 (July 10, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/eksplorium.2018.39.1.4258.
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Eksplorasi torium di wilayah granit jalur timah pada lima tahun terakhir ditargetkan pada keterdapatan torium di cebakan timah primer maupun sekunder. Pulau Singkep adalah bagian dari Granit Jalur Timah, yang potensial terhadap keberadaan torium, sebagai cebakan primer maupun sekunder. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik keterdapatan torium pada laterit bauksit menyangkut kadar torium dan kaitannya dengan keterdapatan mineral radioaktif dan kandungan cerium (Ce), lantanum (La), itrium (Y), dan zirkon (Zr) pada laterit bauksit. Data yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini akan digunakan sebagai bahan evaluasi untuk pengembangan eksplorasi torium pada cebakan laterit bauksit di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah pemetaan geologi, pengukuran kadar torium, dan pengambilan sampel konsentrat dulang untuk analisis mineral butir dan analisis kadar Ce, La, Y, dan Zr. Litologi yang menyusun daerah penelitian terdiri atas granit lapuk yang telah terubah menjadi laterit bauksit dengan kadar torium berkisar antara 25,9 hingga 177,8 ppm eTh. Konsentrat hasil pendulangan adalah konsentrat zirkon-ilmenit dengan kandungan mineral radioaktif terdiri dari zirkon, monasit, dan anatas. Kadar lantanum pada konsentrat zirkon-ilmenit adalah 0–412 ppm, cerium 0–80 ppm, itrium 27–82 ppm, dan zirkon 9.420–100.000 ppm. Keterdapatan torium pada endapan laterit bauksit di Pulau Singkep berhubungan erat dengan keterdapatan mineral zirkon, monasit, dan anatas. Karakterisrik keterdapatan torium pada endapan laterit bauksit mempunyai kemiripan dengan karakteristik keterdapatan torium pada cebakan timah primer dan sekunder. The thorium exploration in the last five years in the granite tin belt region is targeted at thorium availability in primary and secondary tin deposits. Singkep island is the part of granite tin belt which potential for thorium occurences either primer or secondary deposits. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of thorium availability in bauxite laterite deposits concerning thorium content and its relation to the availability of radioactive minerals and cerium (Ce), lanthanum (La), Yttrium (Y), and zircon (Zr) contents on the bauxite laterite deposit. The data obtained from this study will be used as an evaluation material for the development of thorium exploration in bauxite laterite deposits in Indonesia. The methods used are geological mapping, thorium concentration measurements, and sampling of pan concentrate for mineral grain analysis and analysis of Ce, La, Y, and Zr contens. The lithology of the study area was granite that had weathered and turned into bauxite laterite deposit with thorium content ranging from 25.9 to 177.8 ppm eTh. The concentrate of the repeating result is zircon-ilmenite concentrate with radioactive mineral content composed of zircon, monazite, and anatase. La concentration on zircon-ilmenite concentrate is 0–412 ppm, Ce is 0–80 ppm, Y is 27–82 ppm and zircon is 9,420–100,000 ppm. Avaibility of thorium at the bauxite laterite deposit on Singkep Island is closely related to the zircon, monazite, and anatase minerals. Characteristics of thorium availability in the bauxite laterite deposit are similar to the thorium characteristics of the primary and secondary tin deposits.
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Chandrasasi, D., S. Marsudi, and E. Suhartanto. "Determination of Types and Characteristics of Laterite Soil as Basic Land for Building Construction." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 930, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/930/1/012041.
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Abstract Laterite soil is red soil because it contains iron and aluminum. It is an old type of soil, so it is suitable for all plants. Laterite soils are located in the reservoir area of the Wonogiri Dam - Central Java. The nature of laterite soil that quickly absorbs water and the soil texture is strong and dense indicates the type of soil used for a mixture to make roads. This study aims to identify and characterize the lateritic soils to support the construction of roads that will be used. It is needed to test the soil’s property index, including moisture content test, density test, Atterberg limit, and grain sieve analysis. At the same time, it tested the classification of laterite soil characteristics using standards of USCS and AASHTO. To test the shear strength of the laterite soil is using Direct Shear. Based on the analysis, the laterite soil from sedimentation in Wonogiri dam is classified as poor and does not meet the requirements to be used as a subgrade in building construction. It can be considered include need to improve to carried out first.
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Fatimah, Nurmala Siti, Yudi Firmanul Arifin, and Dina Naemah. "ANALISIS PERKEMBANGAN TUMBUH TANAMAN KALIANDRA MERAH (Calliandra calothyrsus) DI AREAL PASCA TAMBANG TARJUN KOTABARU." Jurnal Sylva Scienteae 6, no. 6 (December 2, 2023): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jss.v6i6.11038.
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The purpose of this research is to analyse the physical and chemical properties of soil in clay and laterite areas, and to analyse the average growth of diameter and height of red calliandra plants each year. The parameters used are red calliandra consisting of diameter and height, soil chemistry such as N, P, K, Mg, Fe, CEC, pH, and soil physical properties namely bulk density and sand, dust, clay. The results of soil physical properties of the volume weight of the clay area have a large bulk denstity so that the soil is denser than the laterite area. The soil texture of the clay area is dominated by clay according to the soil texture class, namely dusty clay while the laterite area is dominated by dust. Soil chemical parameters of N elements have very low criteria, P is very low-medium, K and Fe are moderate, Mg is very low and pH is slightly alkalis. The average growth of diameter and height of red calliandra in the clay area is 0.32 cm/year and 1.06 m/year which has a greater value than the laterite area.Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis sifat fisik dan kimia tanah pada areal clay dan laterit, menganalisis rata-rata pertumbuhan diameter dan tinggi tanaman kaliandra merah setiap tahunnya. Parameter yang digunakan yaitu kaliandra merah terdiri dari diameter dan tinggi, kimia tanah seperti N, P, K, Mg, Fe, KTK, pH, serta fisik tanah yaitu bulk density dan pasir, debu, liat. Hasil sifat fisik tanah berat volume areal clay memiliki bulk denstity besar sehingga tanah lebih padat dibandingkan areal laterit. Tekstur tanah areal clay didominasi oleh liat sesuai kelas tekstur tanah yaitu liat berdebu sedangkan areal laterit didominasi debu. Parameter kimia tanah unsur N memiliki kriteria sangat rendah, P sangat rendah-sedang, K dan Fe sedang, Mg sangat rendah dan pH bersifat agak alkalis. Pertumbuhan rata-rata diameter dan tinggi kaliandra merah areal clay yaitu 0,32 cm/tahun dan 1,06 m/tahun memiliki nilai lebih besar dibandingkan areal laterit.
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Economou-Eliopoulos, Maria, Magdalena Laskou, Demetrios Eliopoulos, Ifigeneia Megremi, Sofia Kalatha, and George Eliopoulos. "Origin of Critical Metals in Fe–Ni Laterites from the Balkan Peninsula: Opportunities and Environmental Risk." Minerals 11, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11091009.
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As the global energy sector is expected to experience a gradual shift towards renewable energy sources, access to special metals in known resources is of growing concern within the EU and at a worldwide scale. This is a review on the Fe–Ni ± Co-laterite deposits in the Balkan Peninsula, which are characterized by multistage weathering/redeposition and intense tectonic activities. The ICP-MS analyses of those laterites indicated that they are major natural sources of Ni and Co, with ore grading from 0.21 to 3.5 wt% Ni and 0.03 to 0.31 wt% Co, as well as a significant Sc content (average 55 mg/kg). The SEM-EDS analyses revealed that fine Fe-, Ni-, Co-, and Mn-(hydr)oxides are dominant host minerals and that the enrichment in these elements is probably controlled by the post-formation evolution of initial ore redeposition. The paucity of rare earth element (REE) within the typical Fe–Ni laterite ore and the preferential occurrence of Co (up to 0.31 wt%), REE content (up to 6000 mg/kg ΣREE), and REE-minerals along with Ni, Co, and Mn (asbolane and silicates) towards the lowermost part of the Lokris (C. Greece) laterite ore suggest that their deposition is controlled by epigenetic processes. The platinum-group element (PGE) content in those Fe–Ni laterites, reaching up to 88 μg/kg Pt and 26 μg/kg Pd (up to 186 μg/kg Pd in one sample), which is higher than those in the majority of chromite deposits associated with ophiolites, may indicate important weathering and PGE supergene accumulation. Therefore, the mineralogical and geochemical features of Fe–Ni laterites from the Balkan Peninsula provide evidence for potential sources of certain critical metals and insights to suitable processing and metallurgical methods. In addition, the contamination of soil by heavy metals and irrigation groundwater by toxic Cr(VI), coupled with relatively high Cr(VI) concentrations in water leachates for laterite samples, altered ultramafic rocks and soils neighboring the mining areas and point to a potential human health risk and call for integrated water–soil–plant investigations in the basins surrounding laterite mines.
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S, Bhaskar, Basavaraju Manu, and Sreenivasa M Y. "Bioleaching of iron from laterite soil using an isolated Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain and application of leached laterite iron as Fenton’s catalyst in selective herbicide degradation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): e0243444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243444.
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A novel isolated strain Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans BMSNITK17 has been investigated for its bioleaching potential from lateritic soil and the results are presented. System conditions like pH, feed mineral particle size, pulp density, temperature, rotor speed influences bioleaching potential of Acidithiobcillus ferrooxidans BMSNITK17 in leaching out iron from laterite soil. Effect of sulfate addition on bioleaching efficiency is studied. The bioleached laterite iron (BLFe’s) on evaluation for its catalytic role in Fenton’s oxidation for the degradation of ametryn and dicamba exhibits 94.24% of ametryn degradation and 92.45% of dicamba degradation efficiency. Fenton’s oxidation performed well with the acidic pH 3. The study confirms the role of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in leaching iron from lateritic ore and the usage of bioleached lateritic iron as catalyst in the Fenton’s Oxidation.
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Mafimisebi, Peter, and Grace Martins. "GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF LATERITIC SOILS AT SOME SELECTED PORTIONS ACROSS AFON ENVIRONMENT IN KWARA STATE FOR ENGINEERING PROJECTS." International Journal Of Trendy Research In Engineering And Technology 08, no. 04 (2024): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54473/ijtret.2024.8402.
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Three (3) samples of lateritic soil from various parent rocks in AFON, Kwara State, were analyzed for their potential as construction materials. All the samples were analyzed following the guidelines set in the BSI standard. Three samples of laterites were gathered from the research site for geotechnical examination. Tests were conducted on the laterites to determine their geotechnical characteristics, including liquid limit, plastic limit, plastic index, optimum moisture content (OMC), maximum dry density (MDD), California Bearing Ratio, and moisture content. The outcomes were evaluated against the standards set by the Federal Ministry of Work for Roads. The liquid limit, plastic limit, and plastic index of the laterites ranged between 42.50 and 45.00, 12.50 and 17.10, and 25.40 and 32.50, respectively. The OMC, MDD, CBR, and Moisture Content had values between 31.81 and 34.7%, 1.21 and 1.37 g/cm3, and CBR values of 16–13% soaked and 16–21% unsoaked and Moisture content values of 12.15-15.55. The results showed that the Laterite samples from the selected locations meets the requirements for any geotechnical purposes
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Tupaz, Carmela Alen J., Yasushi Watanabe, Kenzo Sanematsu, Takuya Echigo, Carlo Arcilla, and Cherisse Ferrer. "Ni-Co Mineralization in the Intex Laterite Deposit, Mindoro, Philippines." Minerals 10, no. 7 (June 27, 2020): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10070579.
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The Intex laterite deposit in Mindoro, Philippines is derived from the weathering of the ultramafic rocks under a tropical climate. This study investigates the several types of serpentines and the effect of the degree of chemical weathering of ultramafic rocks and laterites on the enrichment of Ni in the deposit. The five types of serpentines are differentiated based on their textural features and Raman spectral data. Type I, type II, type III, and type IV serpentines contain a low amount of NiO (average 0.15 wt%), and their formation is linked to the previous exhumation of the ultramafic body. Conversely, type V serpentines show the highest NiO contents (average 1.42 wt%) and have the composition of serpentine-like garnierites, indicating a supergene origin. In the limonite horizon, goethite is the main ore mineral and shows high NiO contents of up to 1.68 wt%, whereas the Mn-oxyhydroxides (i.e., asbolane and lithiophorite–asbolane intermediate) display substantial amounts of CoO (up to 11.3 wt%) and NiO (up to 15.6 wt%). The Ultramafic Index of Alteration (UMIA) and Index of Lateritization (IOL) are used to characterize the different stages of weathering of rocks and laterites. The calculated index values correspond to a less advanced stage of weathering of the Intex laterites compared with the Berong laterites. The Berong deposit is a Ni-Co laterite deposit in the Philippines, which is formed from the weathering of the serpentinized peridotite. The less extreme degree of weathering of the Intex laterites indicates less advanced leaching, and thereby the re-distribution of Ni, Si, and Mg from the limonite towards the saprolite horizon may have resulted in the poor precipitation of talc-like (kerolite-pimelite) and sepiolite-like (sepiolite-falcondoite) phases in the studied saprolite horizon. Nickel in the Intex deposit has undergone supergene enrichment similar to other humid tropical laterite deposits.
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Shagaya, Silifat, Akeem Amuda, and Anthony Muoka. "STABILISATION OF GUZAPE LATERITE WITH RICE HUSK ASH AND MARBLE DUST." Nile Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 2, no. 1 (2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/njeas.188775.
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Guzape Laterite shows cracking surface during dry season and has a high permeability and expand heavily during wet season. Unpleasant features of laterite, such as its expansive nature, present difficulties for building a road without stabilizing the soil. This study looked at the use of leftover waste from industrial and agricultural activities as stabilizing materials to enhance laterite's qualities and remove waste from the surrounding environment. At 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% of the rice husk ash combined with a constant marble dust 10% with laterite. To determine the changes in laterite characteristics, geotechnical experiments were carried out. Geotechnical tests such as California bearing ratio, Atterberg limit, unified compressive strength, compaction and free swell index, were examined. The properties of the natural laterite showed high permeability, also the compaction characteristics indicated that the maximum dry density reduced while the optimum moisture content reduced as the percentages of RHA and MD increases. The highest MDD is in the mix of RHA (25%): MD (10%). The consistent increase was noticed for the values of UCS. Atterberg limit showed a reduction in LL for this same mix. Conclusively, the properties of laterite have improved a bit with a certain proportion of discarded agricultural and industrial materials use thereby reducing the nuisance from this waste. Yet, further investigation may yield better options, and it is imperative to assess the environmental impact of RHA.
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Marzuki, Alfa Sendya Hayu, Satrio Herbirowo, Bintang Adjiantoro, Yeni Muriani Zulaida, and Efendi Mabruri. "Studi Pengaruh Paduan Cr/Mo dengan Waktu Perendaman Cryogenic Treatment terhadap Sifat Keras, Tangguh, Tahan Abrasif, dan Struktur Mikro Baja Ni berbasis Laterit." Metal Indonesia 42, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32423/jmi.2020.v42.20-27.
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Grinding ball merupakan salah satu komponen dari industri tambang dan pengolahan mineral yang mempengaruhi biaya produksi. Kebutuhan grinding ball dalam negeri saat ini masih bergantung pada produk impor. Pemilihan baja berbasis laterit karena cadangan laterit di Indonesia sangat melimpah, selain itu baja laterit sudah memiliki kandungan nikel dimana unsur paduan tersebut baik untuk meningkatkan kekerasan yang dibutuhkan pada grinding ball. Namun tingkat kekerasan baja berbasis laterit yang digunakan pada penelitian ini belum memiliki nilai yang cukup untuk digunakan sebagai material grinding ball. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini dilakukan proses cryogenic treatment dengan variasi waktu perendaman 10, 60, dan 360 menit serta menggunakan perbedaan komposisi paduan Cr dan Mo kemudian dilakukan pengujian kekerasan, ketahanan aus, ketangguhan dan analisis struktur mikro. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan setelah perlakuan mengalami peningkatan signifikan dari 17 menjadi 33,55 HRC. Selain itu, ketahanan abrasif setelah perlakuan juga meningkat seiring dengan penambahan waktu perendaman dari 0,000603 menjadi 0,000475 mg/cm2·putaran. Peningkatan tersebut terjadi karena adanya peningkatan persentase martensit pada sampel. Nilai kekerasan dan ketahanan aus terbaik terdapat pada sampel dengan paduan CrMo pada waktu perendaman 360 menit yaitu 44,1 HRC dan 0,000475 mg/cm2·putaran. Sehingga pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa waktu perendaman cryogenic treatment dan komposisi paduan Cr dan Mo berpengaruh terhadap kekerasan, ketahanan abrasif serta ketangguhan baja nikel berbasis laterit. Grinding ball is a component of the mining and mineral processing industry that affects production costs. Grinding ball needs in Indonesia still depend on imported products. Laterite-based steel is chosen because of the resource of laterite in Indonesia are very abundant, besides laterite steel has nickel content which is great for increasing the hardness that needed in grinding ball. However, the hardness of Ni laterite steel used in this study does not have enough hardness to be used as a grinding ball material. Therefore, in this study cryogenic treatment was carried out with variations in soaking time during10, 60 and 360 minutes and also using differences in the alloying composition of Cr/Mo then performed characterization of hardness, abrasive resistance, toughness and microstructure analysis. Based on the results obtained showed that hardness after treatment increases with increasing soaking time from 17 to 33,55 HRC significantly. In addition, abrasive resistance after treatment also increases with increasing soaking time from 0,000603 to 0,000475 mg/cm2.cycle. This increase occurred because of an increase in the percentage of the martensite phase in the sample. The optimum value of hardness and wear resistance is found in samples with CrMo alloy at 360 minutes soaking time, which is 44.1 HRC and 0.000475 mg/cm2·cycle. This study shows that cryogenic treatment soaking time and Cr and Mo alloy composition affect the hardness, abrasive resistance, and toughness of laterite nickel-based steel.
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Folagbade, Samuel Olufemi, and Aluko Olawale. "Permeation Resistance of Sawdust Ash Blended Cement Laterized Concrete." Civil Engineering Dimension 21, no. 2 (October 18, 2019): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ced.21.2.76-83.
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This paper compared the initial surface absorption of conventional concrete and laterized concrete containing Portland cement (PC) and sawdust ash (SDA). Laterized concrete was produced at laterite contents of 15 and 30% as partial replacement for sand and SDA contents of 10 and 20% as partial replacement for PC. Compressive strengths at 28 days and initial surface absorption after 10 minutes (ISA-10) at 28, 60 and 90 days were determined at the water/cement ratios of 0.35, 0.50 and 0.65 and assessed at equal 28-day strengths of 25-35 N/mm2. At equal water/cement ratios, compressive strength reduced and ISA-10 increased with increasing content of laterite and SDA. On the other hand, compressive strength and resistance to surface absorption of the blended cement laterized concretes increased with increasing curing age. At equal strengths, all the blended cement laterized concretes have better resistance to surface absorption than the conventional PC concrete.
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Sory, Djakaridja, Yacouba Sanou, Raymond Kaboré, and Samuel Paré. "Efficiency of Two Laterites in Cyanide Removal from Aqueous Solutions: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies." Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry 12, no. 3 (December 16, 2024): 38–45. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20241203.12.
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In the dynamic of drinking water supply in rural populations, water pollution by cyanide is one of challenges that impacts the process in the mining areas of Burkina Faso. The objective of this work was to assess the efficiency of laterite soils to remove cyanide from water. To do this, two laterites were prepared and characterized by spectroscopic and analytical techniques to serve as adsorbent. The cyanide removal was carried out using batch experiments with cyanide aqueous solutions. The characterization of laterites using analytical techniques showed a specific surface area of 42.39 and 24.55 m<sup>2</sup>.g<sup>-1</sup>. The crystalline phases were mainly kaolinite, goethite, hematite, quartz, and alumina. The optimization of the operating parameters indicated a strong influence of operating conditions on the adsorption process. Indeed, the optimum stirring speed was 150 rpm corresponding to an adsorption capacity of 0.14 and 0.34 mg/g using raw (LB) and treated (LT) laterites, respectively. By assessing the influence of the contact time, the adsorption capacities were 0.35 and 0.19 mg.g<sup>-1</sup> at 40 and 75 min respectively using LT and LB corresponding to a treatment rate of 53% and 28%. The optimal doses were 28 and 45 g.L<sup>-1</sup> at the optimal temperature of 30°C using LB and LT. Results concluded the efficiency of treated laterite comparatively to the raw laterite. The isotherm modelling concluded on Freundlich isotherm indicating a multilayer adsorption following a pseudo-second order kinetic. Therefore, these laterites would be good filters for the treatment of cyanide enriched waters and other heavy metals in dynamic experiments.
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Adekemi, Ayodele L., Adeyemi Ayodeji Adejumo, and Adedamola Adeoluwa Adeniji. "IMPROVEMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF A COIR REINFORCED LATERITE." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 8, no. 4 (August 27, 2024): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2024-0804-2619.
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Laterites used mostly for construction in the tropics can sometimes be problematic due to insufficient geotechnical properties. This explores the potential benefits of incorporating coir reinforcement into laterite. Coir, derived from coconut husk fibers is a sustainable, renewable and abundant resource that has high tensile strength, low density, and good resistance to decay. Geotechnical properties such as Liquid limit (LL), Plastic limit, Plasticity index, Maximum dry density, Optimum moisture content (OMC) and California bearing ratio (CBR) of the laterite were determined before reinforcement. The coir was cut into different lengths (3 to 5 cm) and added to the laterite at different percentages (0.25 to 1.5% at 0.25% increment). The geotechnical properties of the reinforced soil were determined and the results were analyzed using analysis of variance and fuzzy logic. The CBR of the reinforced soil was predicted using fiber content, OMC, and LL The precision of the fuzzy logic model was obtained by comparing the model results with the actual experimental results. Addition of fiber at 0.25% was found to be the optimum as it increased the CBR of the soil by 27.24% and reduced the Liquid limit by 15.47%. The fuzzy logic prediction has a RMSE of 1.18, MAPE of 4.68% and R-squared of 0.98 which shows that the fuzzy logic model is satisfactory. The study concluded that coir is a potential reinforcement for improving the geotechnical properties of laterite and that Fuzzy Logic can be used to predict the CBR of coir reinforced laterite.
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Omana, P. K., and M. Santosh. "Laterite Profile Geochemistry in Outlining Supergene Gold Deposits: A Case Study from Nilambur, Kerala." Journal Geological Society of India 48, no. 2 (August 1, 1996): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1996/480203.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A natural example for exceedingly pure gold was recently identified from the laterite weathering profiles of Nilambur, northern Kerala. The laterites are highly ferruginous and nodular, containing saprolite and clayey horizons. Within the various horizons in the laterites, gold is found as small grains or nuggets. In many cases, the oxidised zone contains high concentrations of gold, closely associated with iron oxide/hydroxide matrix and was observed to be crystalline. This occurrence supports dissolution and reprecipitation of gold during weathering. Laterite samples from different horizons of two representative vertical sections of the weathering profiles in the Maruda area of Nilambur have been analysed for major. minor and trace elements, including gold in this study. The distribution of Fe, Al, Si, Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, Ti and Mn in these profiles can be correlated with the element mobility patterns associated with tropical weathering environment. The results indicate that a predominantly acidic environment is generated during lateritization, which is conducive to gold mobility. Our study confirms that the concentration of naturally purified gold in the laterites was achieved by acidic oxygenated fluids in the weathering front.
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Putzolu, F., L. Santoro, C. Porto, N. Mondillo, M. Machado, B. Saar De Almeida, A. Bastos, and R. Herrington. "The Influence of the Magmatic to Postmagmatic Evolution of the Parent Rock on the Co Deportment in Lateritic Systems: The Example of the Santa Fé Ni-Co Deposit (Brazil)." Economic Geology 116, no. 4 (June 1, 2021): 837–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4819.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Santa Fé Ni-Co deposit is a major undeveloped lateritic deposit located in the Goiás State of Central Brazil. The deposit comprises two properties that together have indicated resources of 35.7 million tonnes (Mt), grading 1.14% Ni and 0.083% Co, and inferred resources of 104.3 Mt at 1.03% Ni and 0.054% Co. The laterite was derived from Late Cretaceous alkaline ultramafic lithologies that experienced an initial silicification from Eocene to Oligocene, followed by lateritization and partial reworking in Miocene-Pliocene. The deposit is characterized both by oxide- and phyllosilicate-dominated ore zones. In the former, Ni- and Co-bearing hematite and goethite dominate the supergene mineralogical assemblage, while ore-bearing Mn oxyhydroxides occur as minor components. In the phyllosilicate-dominated horizons the major Ni-carrying phase is chlorite. Multivariate statistical analyses (factor analysis and principal components analysis) conducted on the drill core assay database (bulk-rock chemical analyses) showed that significant differences exist between Ni and Co distributions. The Ni distribution is not controlled by any clear geochemical correlation. This is because the highest Ni concentrations have been measured in the ferruginous and in the ochre saprolite zones, where Ni-bearing minerals (chlorite and goethite) are mostly associated with reworked material and only in a limited way, with zones affected by in situ ferrugination. Cobalt has an atypical statistical distribution at Santa Fé if compared with other laterites, correlated not only with Mn but also with Cr in the majority of the laterite facies. From microchemical analyses on several potential Co-bearing minerals, it was found that the Co-Cr association is related to elevated Co contents in residual spinels, representing unweathered phases of the original parent rock now included in the laterite. This element distribution is atypical for Ni-Co laterite deposits, where Co is normally associated with Mn in supergene oxyhydroxides. In the case of the Santa Fé laterite, the Co concentration in spinels is likely related to magmatic and postmagmatic processes that affected the original parent rock before lateritization, specifically (1) orthomagmatic enrichment of Co in chromite, due to its high affinity to spinels in alkaline melts, and (2) trace elements (i.e., Co, Mn, Ni, and Zn) redistribution during the hydrothermal alteration of chromite into ferritchromite. The Santa Fé deposit represents a good example of how the prelateritic evolution of a parent rock strongly affects the efficiency of Co mobilization and enrichment during supergene alteration. Based on the interpretation of metallurgical test work, a fraction of total Co between 20 and 50% is locked in spinels.
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Barrientos, M. A., J. A. Gabo-Ratio, T. Yamada, K. Jabagat, A. M. Francisco, and K. Yonezu. "Co, Sc, and Ni enrichment in the Cagdianao nickel laterite deposit, Dinagat Islands, Philippines." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1373, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1373/1/012041.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Nickel laterites are soils that are derived from the weathering of mafic and ultramafic rocks. These deposits are being extracted mostly for their economic Ni and Fe content. However, in recent studies, the potential of nickel laterites to hold significant amounts of critical metals such as Sc and Co are already being investigated. In the Philippines, nickel laterite deposits form through the weathering of ophiolitic units. One of these is the Cagdianao nickel laterite deposit which was derived from the weathering of the ultramafic units of the Dinagat Ophiolite Complex in Dinagat Island, Surigao Del Norte, Philippines. The bedrock of the Dinagat Ophiolite Complex is dominantly comprised of harzburgite. This harzburgite bedrock is overlain by a nickel laterite profile consisting of horizons of Mg- and Si-rich rocky saprolite, earthy saprolite, Fe-rich limonite, and an Al-rich topsoil. Drillcores and field exposures of the nickel laterite profile were observed, sampled, and subjected to petrography, whole rock geochemistry (XRF and ICPMS), and mineral chemistry (LA-ICPMS) analyses. In terms of major elements, Fe is dominant in the limonite zone (up to 59.76 wt.%). Mg and Si are more enriched in the rocky saprolite layer (up to 28.41 and 37.41 wt.%, respectively). In terms of the critical minerals, Ni is more enriched in the saprolite zone (up to 29936 ppm) while Co and Sc are more enriched in the limonite zone (up to 1080 and 86 ppm, respectively). Elemental mapping of the bedrock samples reveals the strong affinity of Ni to olivine and serpentine. Sc was revealed to have a greater affinity with orthopyroxenes. Lastly, Co is observed to have a slight affinity with olivine. These results show a relative enrichment of Co in the profile, particularly in the limonite. Co within the laterite profile also has a very strong affinity with MnO. Similarly, the highest concentration values for Sc were also observed in the limonite. It also exhibits an affinity for Fe2O3 and Al2O3. Lastly, Ni was observed to have a strong affinity with olivine and serpentine minerals in the bedrock and the rocky saprolite horizons. Within the deposit, Ni is the main commodity while Co, Sc, and REEs can be considered as by-products.
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Putra, Inga Kharisma, Avellyn Shinthya Sari, and Sapto Heru Yuwanto. "Estimation of Nickel Laterite Resources and Reserves Using Ordinary Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) Methods: A Case Study from the Kolaka Block, PT Indrabakti Mustika, North Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi." Journal of Earth and Marine Technology (JEMT) 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2024): 35–41. https://doi.org/10.31284/j.jemt.2024.v5i1.6190.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to assess the geological domains and estimate the nickel laterite resources and reserves within the Kolaka Block exploration area at PT Indrabakti Mustika, utilizing the Ordinary Kriging and Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) methods. The research employs quantitative and qualitative approaches to evaluate the geological framework and estimate the nickel laterite resources and reserves. Geological domain classification—limonite, saprolite, and bedrock layers—was achieved through detailed core section analysis, which informed the delineation of the nickel laterite zones. Based on the IDW method, the resource estimation results indicate 3,180,350 m³ (4,611,509 metric tons) of nickel laterite resources. This is subdivided into limonite zone resources (1,547,475 m³ or 2,243,840 metric tons) and saprolite zone resources (1,632,875 m³ or 2,367,669 metric tons). Using the Ordinary Kriging method, the total nickel laterite resource is estimated at 3,212,275 m³ (4,657,801 metric tons), with the limonite zone contributing 1,562,500 m³ (2,265,627 metric tons) and the saprolite zone contributing 1,649,775 m³ (2,392,174 metric tons). For the reserve estimation, the IDW method suggests a total of 1,205,875 m³ (1,748,520 metric tons) of nickel laterite reserves. These reserves are divided into limonite zone reserves (456,275 m³ or 661,600 metric tons) and saprolite zone reserves (749,600 m³ or 1,086,920 metric tons). In contrast, the Ordinary Kriging method estimates a total of 1,142,225 m³ (1,656,227 metric tons) of reserves, with limonite zone reserves of 516,700 m³ (749,216 metric tons) and saprolite zone reserves of 625,525 m³ (907,011 metric tons). These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of nickel laterite's geological and resource distribution in the Kolaka Block, offering crucial data for further exploration and development activities at PT Indrabakti Mustika.
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Gao, Yuhao, Jianzhong Li, Yuxin Zhang, Xu Sun, and Leiyong Yang. "Mechanical and Microscopic Properties of Graphite/Laterite Nanocomposites." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (November 16, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1175621.
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The effectiveness and improvement mechanism of graphite nanoparticles (GN) in strength properties and microstructure characteristics of regional laterite were analysed in this study. Dry density was also taken into consideration, and the effects of graphite nanoparticle (GN) content and dry density were mainly addressed. Triaxial tests, consolidation tests, and penetration tests were used to analyse the effectiveness of different dry densities and graphite nanoparticle mass ratios on the properties of laterite; microscopic methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were used to analyse the improvement mechanism. The results show that the increase in dry density can make the laterite more compact. The large specific surface area and nanoeffects of the graphite nanoparticles (GN) induce the attraction between soil particles after mixing, both of which make the laterite’s shear strength; compression index and impermeability have been enhanced to varying degrees. The microscopic tests showed that, as the content of graphite nanoparticles (GN) continues to increase, when it exceeds 1.0%, the attraction between soil particles increases and coarse particles are formed, which leads to the increase of the pores of the soil. In addition, the graphite nanoparticles have a certain degree of lubricity, a high amount of graphite nanoparticles enters the laterite soil layer, increasing the distance and gap between the layers, making it easy to separate the coarse particles from the coarse particles, and the strength increase is reduced. However, it is still stronger than that of the plain laterite.
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Sahu, K. C., and D. Venkateswaran. "Characterization of Nickeliferous Laterite of Sukinda in Cuttack District, Orissa." Journal Geological Society of India 33, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 116–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1989/330202.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Weathering experiments have been carried out in laboratory with peridotitic rocks 10 understand the mechanism of mobilization and pattern of dispersion of nickel in vertical profile. Since goethite constitutes the principal mineral constituent in the nickeliferous laterite, synthetic goethite has been precipitated at various pH levels and in presence of varying nickel content in solution. The distribution of nickel in the precipitates has been recognised in terms of crystallinity and particle size of the goethite phase. The observation has been correlated with natural laterite samples collected from vertical profiles of Sukinda lateritic field. It is observed that while the amorphous hydrated iron-oxide has acted as a scavenger of cobalt and nickel from the precipitating solution, the nickel cations tend to inhibit crystallization of goethite. The present finding is considered useful for extraction of the metal from the lateritic matrix.
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Murthy, P. S. N., and A. K. Chattterjee. "The Origin of the Iron Ore deposits of Donimalai area of Sandur Schist Belt, Karnataka State, India." Journal Geological Society of India 45, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1995/450102.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Donimalai area is located in the SE portion of the Sandur Schist belt of Precambrian age. There are 6 ore deposits comprising 9 ore bodies having more than 150 million tonnes of high grade hematite ore in Donimalai area. Banded Iron Formation (BIF) is the host rock for the iron ore deposits. Basaltic rocks, shales with tuff, dolerite and quartz veins are other important litho-units in this area. Principaly the BIF consists of alternative bands of iron oxides and chert belonging to oxide facies. Hard laminated ore, medium hard laminated ore, soft laminated ore, friable powdery ore and blue dust are the major ore types with minor occurences of lateritic/limonitic ore and shally ore. Leaching of silica has resulted in the origin of friable ore and blue dust. Leaching of silica followed by enrichment of iron oxide by the circulating solutions has given rise to hard laminated ore, medium hard laminated ore and soft laminated ore depending upon the degree of enrichment. Shaly ore occurs at the contact of deposit 1 with shale. It is formed due to the enrichment of shale by iron-rich solutions, Original material of shale has been replaced followed by enrichment of iron oxide giving rise to shaly ore. Laterite ore/laterite occurs parallel to the surface of the ground with a thickness varying between 2-10 meters. They also occur along steeply dipping fault planes upto depths of 100-150 meters. parallel to the bedding. Geomorphic evolution of planation surface around 1000 mt. R.L. was responsible for the formation of flat surfaced laterites/lateritic ores. Activity of solutions along fault planes parallel to bedding has caused lateritisation/limonitisation at deeper lavels also.
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O.A, Fadele,, and Ata, O.J. "Stabilising Potential of Sawdust Lignin based Extracts in Compressed Lateritic Bricks." Civil Engineering Dimension 20, no. 1 (April 7, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ced.20.1.16-20.
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Lignocellulosic materials are abundant in nature, rich in some functional groups, considered less harmful to human health and the environment.The resulting waste may be recycled for other beneficial uses. Lignin is known to be a natural binder in lignocellulosic materials and several studies have confirmed it has binding ability with soil particles. This paper studied its stabilising potential in compressed lateritic bricks, especially its effects on density and compressive strength properties of the bricks. Lignin additives extracted from sawdust were used to stabilise laterite, while the bricks were moulded with the UNIFE ram, a type of the CINVA ram. The laterite was stabilised at 4%, 8% and 12%, while cement stabilised samples and 0% (unstabilised laterite) samples prepared accordingly were used as controls. The results showed that the LBAs contributed to the strength gained by the bricks at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days air curing, while the bricks samples were categorised as high density.
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Ba, Makhaly, Bibalo Ida Josiane Ki, and Oustasse Abdoulaye Sall. "Resilient Modulus of Compacted Granular and Lateritic Materials Used as Base Layers for Flexible Pavements in West Africa." International Journal of Research and Review 10, no. 11 (November 18, 2023): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20231130.
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The objective of the study is to synthesize resilient modulus data available in Senegal and to propose linear and nonlinear elasticity parameters, which can be used directly for the design of flexible pavements in west Africa. The materials tested are unbound aggregates of basalt and quartzite and gravel lateritic soil from Senegal and Burkina Faso. The Repeated Load Triaxial device is used according to French and American procedures to measure resilient modulus. Different models of the resilient modulus are used to determine the parameters of the nonlinear models and the summary and/or characteristic resilient modulus used in the elastic linear calculation. For the nonlinear calculation, the parameters of the models of Seed et al. (1967), NCHRP (2004) and Boyce (1980) are determined. For the linear elasticity calculation, at the optimum water content and at the dry density of 95% of its maximum value, a maximum modulus of between 300 and 350 MPa is proposed for laterites in the base layer. Values of 220 MPa and 150 MPa are proposed for basalt and quartzite respectively. The moduli obtained are not correlated to the CBR values of the materials. A strong variability in the modulus of laterites is also noted, contrary to the modulus of unbound aggregates. Laterites sometimes have higher modulus than unbound aggregates due to cohesion, but they are more sensitive to water. We recommend that unbound materials (untreated gravels and laterites) be compacted in situ to 97% of the maximum dry density and, for laterite, to the optimal water content -1.5 but also to ensure a good waterproofing and good drainage of the structure. Keywords: Resilient modulus; unbound aggregates; gravel lateritic soil; West Africa.
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Santoso, Gatot, and Achmad Munajir. "Nilai CBR Agregat Laterit Exs.Makroman Dengan Penambahan Tanah Pilihan Sebagai Material Lapis Pondasi Bawah (LPB)." Kurva S : Jurnal Keilmuan dan Aplikasi Teknik Sipil 8, no. 3 (December 6, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.31293/teknikd.v8i3.6242.
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From the results of the CBR test, only one variation of the mixture qualifies as a bottom foundation layer material, namely with a 20% soil mixture who’s minimum CBR value is 60%. Furthermore, the test was carried out combined with the hammer aggregate with composition (laterite aggregate 35%, hammer aggregate 50%, soil 15%) obtained a CBR value of 78% with a value of Gs = 2,748 gr / cc, γd max = 1.667 gr / cm3, at Wopt = 17.02%. In the composition (laterite aggregate 25%, hammer aggregate 50%, soil 25%) obtained a CBR value of 96% with a value of Gs = 2.748 gr / cc, γd max = 1.702 gr / cm3, in Wopt = 18.02%. While in the composition (laterite aggregate 20%, hammer aggregate 60%, soil 20%) obtained a CBR value of 88% with a value of Gs = 2.748 gr / cc, γd max = 1,740 gr / cm3, in Wopt = 16.02%. So that the CBR value meets the lower foundation layer material standard, where the minimum CBR standard is 60%.Dari hasil pengujian CBR hanya satu variasi campuran yang memenuhi syarat sebagai material lapis pondasi bawah yaitu dengan campuran tanah 20% yang nilai CBR minimumnya 60%. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian dikombinasikan dengan agregat palu dengan komposisi (agregat laterit 35%, agregat palu 50%, tanah 15%) diperoleh nilai CBR sebesar 78% dengan nilai Gs = 2,748 gr/cc, γd max = 1,667 gr/cm3, pada Wopt = 17,02%. Pada komposisi (agregat laterit 25%, agregat palu 50%, tanah 25%) diperoleh nilai CBR sebesar 96% dengan nilai Gs = 2,748 gr/cc, γd max = 1,702 gr/cm3, pada Wopt = 18,02%. Sedangkan pada komposisi (agregat laterit 20%, agregat palu 60%, tanah 20%) diperoleh nilai CBR sebesar 88% dengan nilai Gs = 2,748 gr/cc, γd max = 1,740 gr/cm3, pada Wopt = 16,02%. Sehingga nilai CBR memenuhi standar material lapis pondasi bawah, dimana standar CBR minimumnya sebesar 60%.
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Pho, Nguyen Van, Pham Tich Xuan, and Pham Thanh Dang. "Occurrence of supergene nickel ores in the Ha Tri Massive, Hoa An District, Cao Bang Province." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 2 (January 19, 2018): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/2/11676.
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Nickel (Ni) laterites are regolith materials derived from ultramafic rocks and play an important role in the world's Ni production. Ni-laterite deposits are the supergene enrichment of Ni formed from the intense chemical and mechanical weathering of ultramafic parental rocks. In Vietnam, the weathering profile containing Ni laterite was first discovered in the Ha Tri massive (Cao Bang). This profile develops on the Ha Tri serpentinized peridotite rocks classified to the Cao Bang mafic-ultramafic complex (North Vietnam) and exhibits thick weathered zone (10 - 15m). This work carried out a detailed study of the weathering profile at the center of Ha Tri massive. Samples from different horizons of the profile were collected and analyzed in detail by XRF, XRD and SEM-EDX methods to establish the relationship between the Ni-rich supergene products and the parental peridotites (lherzolite) rocks in Ha Tri massive. The results show that the saprolite horizon is most Ni-rich in the weathering profile in Ha Tri. In this horizon, Ni-silicate minerals of garnierite group such as pimelite, nepouite and other Mg-Ni silicates have been found. The appearance of minerals of garnierite group is due to the exchange of Mg by Ni during weathering of peridotite minerals, especially olivine, which leads to the enrichment of the supergene Ni. The occurrence of Ni silicates suggests the existence of the supergene Ni ore in the weathering profile of the Ha Tri massive.References Bosio N.J., Hurst J.V., Smith R.L., 1975. Nickelliferousnontronite, a 15 Å garnierite, at Niquelandia, Goias Brazil. Clays Clay Miner., 23, 400-403. Brand N.W., Butt C.R.M., Elias M., 1998. Nickel Laterites: Classification and features. AGSO Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, 17(4), 81-88. Bricker O.P., Nesbitt H.W. and Gunter W.D., 1973. The stability of talc. American Mineralogist, 58, 64-72. Brindley G.W. and Hang P.T., 1973. 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Lateritic weathering of pyroxenites at Niquelandia, Goais, Brazil: The supergene behavior ofnickel: Economic Geology, 85, 1010-1023. Das S.K., Sahoo R.K., Muralidhar J., Nayak B.K., 1999. Mineralogy and geochemistry of profilesthrough lateritic nickel deposits at Kansa,Sukinda, Orissa. Joural of Geoogical. SocietyIndia, 53, 649-668. Decarreau A., Colin F., Herbillon A., Manceau A., Nahon D., Paquet H., Trauth-Badaud D.,Trescases J.J., 1987. Domain segregation in NiFe-Mg-Smectites. Clay Minerals, 35, 1-10. Freyssinet P., Butt C.R.M. and Morris R.C., 2005. Oreforming processes related to lateritic weathering. Economic Geology, 100th aniversary volume, 681-722.Garnier J., Quantin C., Martins E.S., Becquer T., 2006. Solid speciation and availability of chromium in ultramafic soils from Niquelandia, Brazil. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 88, 206-209. Garnier J., Quantin C., Guimarães E., Becquer T., 2008. Can chromite weathering be a source of Cr in soils? 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Backarc mafic-ultramafic magmatism in Northeastern Vietnam and its regional tectonic significance. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 90, 45-60.Pelletier B., 1983. Localisation du nickel dans les minerais ‘‘garnieritiques’’ de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Sciences Ge´ologique: Me´moires, 73, 173-183.Pelletier B., 1996. Serpentines in nickel silicate ores from New Caledonia. In Grimsey E.J., and Neuss I. (eds): Nickel ’96, Australasian Institute of Miningand Metallurgy, Melbourne, Publication Series 6(9), 197-205. Proenza J.A., Lewis J.F., Galı´ S., Tauler E., Labrador M., Melgarejo J.C., Longo F. and Bloise G., 2008. Garnierite mineralization from Falcondo Ni-laterite deposit (Dominican Republic). Macla, 9, 197-198. Soler J.M., Cama J., Galı´ S., Mele´ndez W., Ramı´rez, A., andEstanga, J., 2008. Composition and dissolution kinetics ofgarnierite from the Loma de Hierro Ni-laterite deposit,Venezuela. Chemical Geology, 249, 191-202. Springer G., 1974. Compositional and structural variations ingarnierites. The Canadian Mineralogist, 12, 381-388. Springer G., 1976. Falcondoite, nickel analogue of sepiolite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 14, 407-409.Svetlitskaya T.V., Tolstykh N.D., Izokh A.E., Phuong Ngo Thi, 2015. PGE geochemical constraints on the origin of the Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide mineralization in the Suoi Cun intrusion, Cao Bang province, Northeastern Vietnam. Miner Petrol, 109, 161-180.Tran Trong Hoa, Izokh A.E., Polyakov G.V., Borisenko A.S., Tran Tuan Anh, Balykin P.A., Ngo Thi Phuong, Rudnev S.N., Vu Van Van, Bui An Nien, 2008. Permo-Triassic magmatism and metallogeny of Northern Vietnam in relation to the Emeishan plume. Russ. Geol. Geophys., 49, 480-491.Trescases J.J., 1975. L'évolution supergene des roches ultrabasiques en zone tropicale: Formation de gisements nikelifères de Nouvelle Caledonie. Editions ORSTOM, Paris, 259p.Tri T.V., Khuc V. (eds), 2011. Geology and Earth Resources of Vietnam. Publishing House for Science and Technology, 645p (in English). Villanova-de-Benavent C., Proenza J.A., GalíS., Tauler E., Lewis J.F. and Longo F., 2011. Talc- and serpentine-like ‘‘garnierites’’ in the Falcondo Ni-laterite deposit, Dominican Republic. ‘Let’s talk ore deposits’, 11th Biennial Meeting SGA 2011, Antofagasta, Chile, 3p.Wells M.A., 2003. Goronickel laterite deposit. New Caledonia. CRC LEME, p.3.
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Zainuddin, Atiqah Najwa, Mazidah Mukri, Diana Che Lat, Roslizayati Rosli, and Noor Hidayu Abdul Rani. "INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE BOILER ASH-BASED GEOPOLYMER IN LATERITE SOIL." IIUM Engineering Journal 22, no. 2 (July 4, 2021): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v22i2.1589.
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The waste generation of palm oil boiler ash has been one of its big problems as it is less used and deposited in landfills as a by-product. Geopolymer is a new green technology that has been intensively studied in concrete applications. However, few studies on geopolymers have been conducted in soil applications. Thus, this study investigated the influence of palm oil boiler ash-based geopolymer in laterite soil strength. Different percentages, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of geopolymer mixtures, were added to laterite soil. The process of producing a geopolymer binder was performed by sieving boiler ash (150 µm), then mixing with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) as an alkaline activator at a ratio of 1:2. This material effectiveness was tested through compaction test using a standard proctor, unconfined compressive strength, and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). 15% of geopolymer in laterite soil indicated the best-mixed design with a maximum dry density of 2.23 Mg/m3 with a moisture content of 13.58%. The unconfined compressive strength test at curing times of zero, seven, and twenty-eight days on the LS-15.0 GPOBA sample, show a slightly increased strength of 47, 58, and 76 kPa, respectively. The SEM images proved that the geopolymer gel's development stabilized the soil structure from a loose structure to a denser soil structure. This study aims to investigate the influence of geopolymer in laterite soil. Boiler ash as an alternative material in geotechnical applications was studied to understand and develop new green alternative materials to sustain the environment from industrial waste and to enhance laterite soil properties. ABSTRAK: Abu kelapa sawit adalah salah satu sisa utama yang terhasil dari industri kelapa sawit tetapi penggunaannya kurang dimanfaatkan dan dibuang ke tempat pembuangan sampah. Teknologi hijau baru yang dikenali sebagai geopolimer telah dikaji secara intensif dengan kekuatan konkrit tetapi hanya sedikit kajian telah dibuat dalam penggunaan tanah. Tujuan kajian ini adalah bagi mengesan geopolimer berasaskan abu kelapa sawit terhadap kekuatan tanah laterit. Peratusan campuran geopolimer yang berbeza (0, 5, 10, 15 dan 20%) dicampur pada tanah laterit. Bagi menghasilkan geopolimer, saiz 150 ?m abu kelapa sawit disintesis dengan kombinasi bahan kimia natrium hidroksida (NaOH) dan natrium silikat (Na2SiO3) pada nisbah 1:2 bagi semua campuran sebagai pengaktif alkali. Ujian terhadap keberkesanan bahan adalah melalui proses ujian pemampatan menggunakan proktor standard, kekuatan pemampatan tidak terbatas, dan Pengimbas Mikroskop Elektron (SEM). Berdasarkan dapatan ujian pemadatan, 15% geopolimer di tanah laterit menunjukkan campuran terbaik dengan memberikan kepadatan pengeringan maksimum 2.23 Mg/m3 pada kelembapan 13.58%. Ujian kekuatan mampatan tidak terbatas pada masa pempolimeran sebanyak 0, 7 dan 28 hari diuji pada sampel LS-15.0GPOBA bagi menguji kekuatan campuran. Dapatan menunjukkan kekuatan geopolimer sedikit meningkat pada 47, 58 dan 76, masing-masing. Imej SEM membuktikan pengembangan gel geopolimer menstabilkan struktur tanah daripada struktur lopong kepada struktur tanah padat. Oleh itu, abu kelapa sawit berasaskan geopolimer dan tanah laterit berpotensi sebagai alternatif bagi merawat tanah dalam aplikasi geoteknik dan berpotensi mengurangkan kadar kebolehtelapan.
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Chu, Fan, Ying Jun Zhang, Jiang Shen, and Xue Feng Yang. "Application of Wireless Sensor Network in Shipping Laterite Nickel Ore Moisture Content Monitoring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 336-338 (July 2013): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.336-338.204.
Full textAbstract:
This paper applies wireless sensor network to the shipping laterite nickel ore moisture content monitoring, and design a set of real-time monitoring of lateritic nickel ore moisture content monitoring system in the process of actual transportation, and formulate a specific implementation plan. According to the structure of laterite nickel ore bulk carriers and the characteristics of the wireless sensor network, this paper also solve the design and layout problems of wireless sensor nodes, the problems of energy saving and data transmission from the inside cabin to the outside, etc. In addition, the system has strong portability, and can be used for monitoring in other related fields.
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Ochoa, Walter A. Abujder, Moisés A. Sánchez Málaga, Arturo Brañez Tapia, Oriana Palma Calabokis, Yamid E. Nuñez de la Rosa, Gunther E. Viscarra Chirinos, and Sebastián N. Pinto Lavayén. "Evaluation of Compressive and Bending Strength of a Geopolymer Based on Lateritic Clays as an Alternative Hydraulic Binder." Materials 17, no. 2 (January 8, 2024): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17020307.
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In Bolivia, lateritic soils are common in humid tropical regions and can be used in the construction industry as an alternative to materials that cause a negative environmental impact, such as cement. The production of Portland cement causes environmental issues like significant greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. To address this problem, geopolymers have been introduced as an alternative binder with low CO2 emissions. In this regard, geopolymers based on lateritic clays have been studied mineralogically, chemically, and on their compressive strength separately. However, there are still no studies on lateritic clays present in Bolivia and their mechanical, mineralogical, and chemical properties combined in a geopolymer. Therefore, this present research proposes the evaluation of a geopolymer made from laterite clays. Compression and flexural tests were carried out, along with mineralogical and chemical analyses on mortar and geopolymer cubes and prisms. The results indicate that the laterite clay-based geopolymer has lower compressive strength compared to Portland cement IP (cement type I with the addition of pozzolana) mortar. However, the flexural strength tests show a slight increase in the case of the geopolymer.
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Razanajatovo, Harinivo Olsynthique, Serge Ravelomanantsoa, Elise Octavie Rasoazanany, Aristote Matondo, Colette Masengo Ashande, Muhammad Ridwan, Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua, and Robijaona Rahelivololoniaina Baholy. "Effect of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz: Euphorbiaceae) Starch on the Stabilization of Malagasy Lateritic Soil." Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences (BirEx) Journal 2, no. 4 (October 9, 2020): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birex.v2i4.1261.
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Laterite is one of the most widespread raw materials, especially in Madagascar. Its valorization as a building material would help to solve many socio-economic problems in Madagascar as well as in Africa. The use of this type of material fits well within the framework of high environmental quality, since the process uses an abundant material that does not require too much energy for its manufacture because it is dried in the open air. The aim of this work was to stabilize the laterite with cassava starch. The valorization of the latter would contribute to the development of new building materials. The study focuses on the mechanical characterization of specimens made with Vontovorona laterite in different proportions, which goes hand in hand with the determination of the physico-chemical parameters of the starch. To make specimens, we used techniques such as extraction, sieving, heating, laterite-stabilizing dosage, mixing, rotting, moulding, clamping, demoulding, drying. The results obtained show that the best stabilizing material is obtained if 15% of starch is mix to lateritic soil. The compressive strength in the dry state of the test specimens (samples) gave a significantly interesting result with a value of 54.8 bars (85% laterite with 15% starch). Thus the use of starch as a stabilizer in construction gave satisfactory results. This eco-friendly process, simple in its steps and practice, should be popularized among artisanal brick makers. Thus, replacing proportions of the Portland cement in soil stabilization with Cassava starch will reduce the overall environmental impact of the stabilization process.
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McDonald, Robbie G., and Jian Li. "The High Temperature Co-Processing of Nickel Sulfide and Nickel Laterite Sources." Minerals 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040351.
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The pressure oxidation of low-grade nickel sulfide concentrate with high iron sulfides content generates significant amounts of sulfuric acid that must be neutralized. This acid can be utilized to leach metal values from ores such as nickel laterites. The present study demonstrates the use of a low-grade nickel concentrate generated from Poseidon Nickel Mt Windarra ore to enable additional nickel and cobalt extraction from a Bulong Nickel Operation nickel laterite blend. The co-processing of these materials at 250 °C, with oxygen overpressure, using total pulp densities of 30% or 40% w/w, and a range of nickel concentrate to nickel laterite mass ratios between 0.30–0.53, yielded base metal extractions of 95% or greater. The final free acid range was between 21.5–58.5 g/L, which indicates that enough in situ sulfuric acid was generated during co-processing. The acid was shown from mineralogical analysis to be efficiently utilized to dissolve the laterite ore, which indicates that the primary iron hydrolysis product was hematite, while the aluminum-rich sodium alunite/jarosite phase that formed hosts approximately 5% of the hydrolyzed iron.
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Onugba, M. A., D. J. Ogbaje, Y. A. Atonu, B. C. Uche, and D. A. Adeniyi. "Effect of palm fibre on compressed cement-stabilized earth blocks." Journal of Management and Technology 19, no. 1 (August 15, 2023): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.62254/jmt.2023.19.1.26.
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The growing global population and the need for environmental sustainability has necessitated continuous research efforts on the suitability of the use of agricultural and industrial waste materials in building construction. This research investigated the effect of palm fibre on the density and compressive strength of compressed cement-stabilized earth blocks. Cement was used to stabilize lateritic soil at 10% by weight of laterite while palm fibre was varied from 0%-1.5% by weight of laterite in the mix. The blocks produced were cured for 28 days after which their densities and compressive strengths were evaluated. It was observed that the addition of palm fibre to the matrix led to a reduction in the density and compressive strength of the blocks produced. However, the average compressive strength of the blocks met the requirements for lateritic blocks as specified by the Nigeria Building and Road Research Institute. An optimum of 0.5% palm fibre with 10% cement is recommended for the production of load-bearing compressed stabilized earth blocks.
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K.A., Sreejith, Sreekumar V.B., Prashob P., Nita S., Prejith M.P., and Sanil M.S. "A checklist of angiosperm flora of low elevation lateritic hills of northern Kerala, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 9 (June 26, 2020): 16077–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4912.12.9.16077-16098.
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An inventory to prepare the checklist of angiosperm species in the lateritic hillocks of northern Kerala was conducted in five sampling sites during April 2013–March 2015. In total, we recorded 364 genera with 535 species, of which 334 are native and 201 are non-native. Native species were represented in 102 families, namely, Poaceae (28), Fabaceae (25), Acanthaceae (22), Rubiaceae (17) Euphorbiaceae (14), Commelinaceae (11), Phyllanthaceae (7), etc., whereas, non-native species were represented in 99 families. Among the native species herbs are the predominant habit with 147 species (44%). Out of the 72 endemic species, three taxa namely, Syzygium travancoricum, Santalum album and Hopea ponga are red listed species documented from the study area. Twenty-seven invasive species were also recorded and major threats to the laterite ecosystems are by Lantana camara, Mikania micrantha, Pennisetum polystachyon, Ipomoea spp., and Senna spp. Most part of the laterite has been converted to plantations, building sites and mining sites. The indiscriminate mining for laterite, soil and demolishing the hillocks have severely threatened the very existence of the flora.
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Tiendrébéogo, Rasmané, Yacouba Sanou, Raymond Kaboré, Samuel Paré, and Aboubacar Senou. "Preparation and Characterization of Two Modified Laterite Soils for Arsenic Removal in Aqueous Solutions: Efficiency and Kinetic Modelling." International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 25, no. 5 (August 24, 2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2024/v25i5871.
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Consumption of arsenic-contaminated water is the cause of major problems such as melanosis, hyperkeratosis and cancer. To mitigate this pollution, this study was carried out using analytical methods to prepare chemically treated laterite (TL) and chemically doped laterite with ferrihydrite (DL). The adsorbents were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and the Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) method. The specific surface area, bulk density and pH at zero charge point ( pHPZC) of TL and DL ranged from 81.306 to 40.099 m2/g, from 1.67 to 2.27 and from 5.41 to 8.02, respectively. The SiO2/(Fe2O3 + Al2O3) ratio was 0.31 for TL and 0.20 for LD, showing that the materials prepared were still classified as laterite adsorbents. Experimental results from batch experiments on the removal of arsenic species (As (III)) and arsenic (As (V)) using two adsorbents showed the strong influence of operating conditions such as pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dose and contact time. The isotherm modelling concluded that the removal of arsenic species was occurred by multilayer adsorption on the heterogenous surfaces of laterites. For the removal of As(V), the maximum adsorption capacity was 7.36 and 9.79 mg/g for TL and DL, respectively, while for the removal of As (III), the adsorption capacity for TL and DL was 5.17 and 7.89 mg/g, respectively. The kinetic study of the adsorption of As(V) or As(III) on modified laterites concluded that the process was described by the pseudo-second-order model, with a chemisorption process to be explored.