Academic literature on the topic 'Latex compounding'
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Journal articles on the topic "Latex compounding"
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Berki, P., D. Q. Khang, N. T. Tung, L. N. Hai, T. Czigány, and J. Karger-Kocsis. "Natural rubber/boehmite nanocomposites via latex compounding." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 426 (October 18, 2018): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/426/1/012006.
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Anand K., Anoop, Sunil Jose T., Rosamma Alex, and Rani Joseph. "Natural Rubber-Carbon Nanotube Composites through Latex Compounding." International Journal of Polymeric Materials 59, no. 1 (2009): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00914030903172916.
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Bianchi, Carolyn M., David E. Seaver, John Fanikos, and William Churchill. "Total Parenteral Nutrition Preparation for a Known Latex-Allergic Patient." Hospital Pharmacy 36, no. 7 (2001): 746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001857870103600708.
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This article describes how a hospital pharmacy department provided total parenteral nutrition (TPN) fora known latex-allergic patient to safely meet the patient's nutritional needs and maintain proper aseptic technique during the compounding process. After numerous attempts to feed the patient enterally failed, total parenteral nutrition was recommended. It was decided that preparation and administration of parenteral nutrition for this patient should follow the recently initiated Pharmacy policy for the preparation of sterile products for latex-allergic patients as closely as possible. After reviewing the compounding process, it was determined that a base solution of protein and dextrose could be safely prepared by making sure that the products we used did not contain latex and that the process did not involve puncturing of latex-containing ports or stoppers. All other ingredients would be added manually. Prior to discharge, enteral feeding was reintroduced and the TPN solution was discontinued.
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Kajon, Surasit, Voranuch Somsongkul, and Pimsiree Suwanna. "Development of Natural Rubber Latex Foam for Hand Exercising Application." Key Engineering Materials 861 (September 2020): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.861.154.
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This study has developed an alternative compounding formulation and process for natural rubber latex (NRL) foams for hand exercising application. Deprotenized natural rubber latex was used as raw material and a combination of DIXP and TBzTD, which were fugitive and high molecular weight accelerators, respectively, was used to lower allergenic potential and harmful nitrosamines. The NRL foams were prepared to various densities, characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and tested for hardness index, accelerated ageing and compression set in comparison to the foams with conventional compounding formulation. With the same processes, the foams with these two different formulations were found to have similar densities and hardness indices. However, the foams using DIXP and TBzTD accelerators performed better in compression set and accelerated ageing tests.
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Wang, Jian, Kaiye Zhang, Guoxia Fei, Martina Salzano de Luna, Marino Lavorgna, and Hesheng Xia. "High Silica Content Graphene/Natural Rubber Composites Prepared by a Wet Compounding and Latex Mixing Process." Polymers 12, no. 11 (2020): 2549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112549.
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The reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified natural rubber composite (NR) filled with high contents of silica was prepared by a wet compounding and latex mixing process using a novel interface modifier cystamine dihydrochloride (CDHC) with coagulation ability. CDHC acts as a coagulation agent through electrostatic interaction with rGO, SiO2, and latex rubber particles during the latex-based preparation process, while in the obtained silica/graphene/natural rubber composites, CDHC acts as an interface modifier. Compared with the composites prepared by the conventional mechanical mixing method, the dispersion of both rGO and SiO2 in the composites made by a wet compounding and latex mixing process is improved. As a result, the obtained silica/graphene/natural rubber composite prepared by this new method has good comprehensive properties. A Dynamic Mechanical Test suggests that the tan δ values of the composites at 60 °C decrease, indicating a low rolling resistance with increasing the graphene content at a low strain, but it increases at a higher strain. This unique feature for this material provides an advantage in the rubber tire application.
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Diekmann, Astrid, Marvin Christopher Vincenzo Omelan, Ulrich Giese, and Viktor Rose. "CARBON NANOHORN–BASED NBR HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 93, no. 4 (2020): 615–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.20.79958.
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ABSTRACT Carbon nanohorn (CNH)–filled elastomer hybrid nanocomposites were prepared based on NBR. Three different CNH types were analyzed, each featuring various characteristics such as aggregate structure, specific surface area, surface energy distribution, and electrical conductivity and resulting in different potentials regarding the properties of the developed elastomers. For the CNH types, a high tendency of agglomeration was observed in the pristine state, indicating the need for an effective strategy to break up the agglomerates during the mixing or the compounding procedure to realize their incorporation and sufficient dispersion in a polymer matrix. In addition to the melt mixing technology by means of an internal lab mixer, a discontinuous static and a continuous dynamic latex compounding process were used. Carbon nanotubes and a highly conductive carbon black (Printex) were used as hybrid fillers in the compounds mixed by melt mixing, whereas two different types of carbon black (Printex and Derussol) were also incorporated in the latex experiments. Hybrid nanocomposites with low content of CNHs (≤1 wt%) show an improvement in dynamic-mechanic and physical properties due to distinctive polymer–filler interactions. Dealing with higher amounts of CNHs leads to filler reagglomeration, resulting in deterioration of the elastomer properties. For the electric conductivity assessment, addition of CNH indicates no synergistic effects and no significant increase of the hybrid compounds, which is demonstrated in dielectric measurements, although pristine CNHs are conductive themselves. Elastomer compounds processed via the latex method show enhanced material performance by using the continuous dynamic latex compounding, which is mainly attributed to the dispersion of the hybrid filler.
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Chuayjuljit, Saowaroj, Bongkoch Nonthaboonlert, and Sarintorn Limpanart. "Preparation of Natural Rubber/Eva/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites by Latex Compounding." Polymers and Polymer Composites 16, no. 4 (2008): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110801600408.
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Varghese, Siby, and J. Karger-Kocsis. "Natural rubber-based nanocomposites by latex compounding with layered silicates." Polymer 44, no. 17 (2003): 4921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00480-4.
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Cova, Mariajose, Mariela Fernández, Alejandra Fernández, et al. "Acrylonitrile butadiene nanocomposites containing different clays by latex compounding method." Polymer Engineering & Science 59, no. 4 (2018): 736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.24991.
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Chouaytan, Jadsadaporn, and Varaporn Tanrattanakul. "Effect of Compounding Methods on Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid)/Starch/Natural Rubber Blends." Advanced Materials Research 802 (September 2013): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.802.144.
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This study showed the effect of different compounding methods on the impact resistance and tensile properties of poly(lactic acid) blended with cassava starch and natural rubber latex. Poly(ethylene glycol) was used as a plasticizer. It was found that the compounding method was important for the derived mechanical properties of the blend. Furthermore, cooling method of the extrudate also affected the mechanical properties of the blends. The air cooling in the extrusion process provided higher mechanical properties than the water cooling. This work also showed the effect of the natural rubber in the PLA/starch blend.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Latex compounding"
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TAGLIARO, IRENE. "NOVEL COLLOIDAL APPROACH TO PREPARE HIGHLY-LOADED SILICA-BASED ELASTOMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/241175.
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L’industria degli pneumatici si prefigge di indagare possibili strategie sintetiche per ridurre l’impatto ambientale durante tutto il ciclo di vita dello pneumatico, attraverso l’uso di materiali sostenibili e lo sviluppo di tecniche innovative che riducano il consumo di energia e le emissioni di CO2.
In questo contesto, questa progetto di dottorato è focalizzato sulla preparazione di nanocompositi eco-sostenibili attraverso l’uso di un approccio colloidale per aumentare la dispersione di filler idrofilici, in linea con i nuovi requisiti di sostenibilità delle politiche europee.
L’approccio colloidale punta a produrre nanocompositi con filler idrofilici, la cui efficiente dispersione attraverso tecniche di miscelazione tradizionali rimane difficoltosa a causa della scarsa compatibilità con la matrice organica. Questa tecnica si focalizza sull’incremento della dispersione di filler senza alcuna modifica superficiale, con l’eliminazione delle poveri prodotte durante il mescolamento con significativi benefici per l’ambiente e i lavoratori.
Due diversi approcci colloidali sono stati utilizzati: i) una tecnica di miscelazione in lattice e ii) una in situ polimerizzazione in emulsione per la produzione di nanocompositi altamente caricati contenenti filler come silice e sepiolite (Sep), questi ultimi sono considerati filler promettenti nell’ambito del rinforzo dei polimeri grazie alla loro struttura fibrosa e all’elevato rapporto di forma.
La concentrazione, la carica, la forma dei nanofiller a base silicea sono stati studiati come parametri rilevanti per la stabilizzazione e destabilizzazione di lattici a base di poliisoprene naturale e sintetico.
Una efficiente procedura di miscelazione in lattice è stata messa a punto per produrre compositi eco-sostenibili, chiamati masterbatches (MBs), attraverso l’incorporazione di silice o Sep nel lattice di gomma naturale (emulsione in acqua di cis-1,4-poliisoprene), attraverso la flocculazione (aggregazione risultante dalla coesione di particelle di polimero) di una miscela acquosa di nanofiller a base silicea e gomma.
La tecnica di miscelazione in lattice ha dimostrato di favorire una omogenea dispersione di fibre di sepiolite idrofilica in matrice di gomma. La principali caratteristiche fisico-chimiche che controllano i processi di aggregazione in acqua come il pH, il potenziale Z, la concentrazione, assieme alle caratteristiche morfologiche del MB Sep-gomma naturale, sono state prese in considerazione allo scopo di investigare le interazioni Sep-gomma naturale. E’ stato proposto un meccanismo di flocculazione basato su attrazioni elettrostatiche e depletive, connesso all’elevato contenuto di filler (50% in peso) e alla peculiare anisotropia delle particelle di Sep.
Inoltre, i MBs sono stati utilizzati per preparare compositi sostenibili attraverso la combinazione di miscelazione in lattice e mescolazione meccanica. Questo approccio combinato sfrutta la buona distribuzione del filler e previene il rilascio di polveri durante il processo.
Una polimerizzazione Pickering in situ è stata considerata come alternativa per la produzione di nanocompositi eco-sostenibili. Particelle poliisoprene/filler a base silicea sono state sintetizzate sfruttando dell’effetto stabilizzante di filler inorganici che agiscono come tensioattivi riducendo la tensione superficiale e stabilizzando l’emulsione. Sulla base dei nostri risultati, viene suggerito un possibile meccanismo di polimerizzazione in emulsione stabilizzata da particelle solide.
In conclusione, l’approccio colloidale, basato su miscelazione in lattice e polimerizzazione Pickering in situ, può essere considerato un metodo sostenibile, semplice ed efficace adatto per applicazioni tecnologiche altamente performanti. I risultati indicano che le strategie utilizzate sono adatte per produrre nanocompositi altamente caricati di filler a base silicea.<br>Sustainability has become a field of great interest in the world industry. For the scientific community the challenge lies in the identification of green synthetic approaches and new alternatives to petroleum-based materials. In the case of the tyre industry, the challenge is to identify possible design strategies and alternatives to reduce the environmental impact throughout the life cycle of tyres, by means of both the use of environmentally friendly materials and the development of innovative products, having reduced energy consumption and CO2 emissions.
In this context, this PhD thesis is focused on the preparation of eco-friendly silica-based nanocomposites by using a colloidal approach to increase the dispersion of hydrophilic fillers in line with the new requirements of sustainability from the EU policies.
The colloidal approach aims at compounding nanocomposites with hydrophilic fillers, whose efficient dispersion through traditional mixing still remains a challenging issue, due to their poor compatibility with the organic matrix. This technique aims at increasing the filler dispersion without any expensive surface modification, with the elimination of the volatile component released during mixing, producing significant benefits for environment and workers.
Two different colloidal approaches were applied: i) latex compounding technique (LCT) and ii) in situ emulsion polymerization to prepare highly-loaded nanocomposite rubber materials containing silica-based fillers, silica and sepiolite (Sep) clay, considered a promising filler candidate for the polymer strengthening due to its fibrous structure and high particle aspect ratio (AR).
The concentration, the charge and the shape of silica-based nanofillers were studied as relevant parameters on stabilization and destabilization of natural and synthetic polyisoprene latexes.
An effective LCT procedure was established to produce eco-friendly composites, namely masterbaches (MBs), by incorporating silica or Sep into natural rubber latex (i.e. emulsion in water of cis-1,4-polyisoprene), through the flocculation (i.e. aggregation resulting from the bridging of polymer particles) of the silica-based nanofillers/rubber mixed aqueous system.
LCT showed to favour a homogeneous dispersion of hydrophilic Sep fibers in the rubber matrix. The main physicochemical parameters which control aggregation processes in the aqueous medium, i.e. pH, -potential, concentration, as well as the morphological features of the final Sep-natural rubber MBs, were comprehensively investigated helping to figure out the Sep-NR interactions and to propose a flocculation mechanism, based on electrostatic and depletion attraction forces, remarkably connected both to the high content (50 wt.%) and to the peculiar anisotropy of Sep fibers.
Furthermore, the MBs with high filler loadings were used to produce environmentally friendly composites, by combining LTC and melt mixing. This combined approach could take advantage of the good filler distribution and prevents dust from floating in the air during processing.
In situ Pickering polymerization was considered as an alternative colloidal approach to produce eco-friendly nanocomposites.
Polyisoprene/silica-based structured particles were synthesized on the base of the stabilizing effects of inorganic fillers which act like surfactants lowering the interfacial tension and stabilizing the emulsion. On the basis of our results, we suggested a possible mechanism for emulsion polymerizations stabilized by solid particles.
In conclusion, the colloidal approach, based on both LTC and in situ Pickering emulsion polymerization, can be considered as green, simple and effective method suitable for high-performance technological applications. The outcomes indicate the suitability of the adopted strategies as a sustainable procedure for the production of high-loaded silica based-rubber nanocomposites.
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Durako, Emily. "Larger Sooner, Smaller Later: A Special Case of Discounting Compounding Stimuli in the Case of Health Choice Behavior." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1956.
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The present study used a discounting task to evaluate how weight gain and weight loss aredifferentially discounted across successively greater lengths of time. Two surveys wereadministered to twenty participants that included hypothetical discounting questions. Questions included the following format, “Would you rather eat food item A for X amount of days and gainY pounds or eat food item B for X amount of days and gain 0 pounds.” The questions consisted offood item A being a high calorie/high preferred food and food item B being a moderate calorie/moderately preferred food, the X value equaled days ranging from 1 day to 600 days, and the Y value equaled the amount of weight ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 multiplied by X. Each survey was preceded with a different hypothetical scenario where unhealthy foods, moderately healthy foods, or health foods were available to eat and were incorporated into the following food choices the participants were asked to select based on preference. The results showed a difference in the levels of discounting across the two conditions, where the greatest discounting occurred when healthy foods resulted in losing weight. Exponential decay functions provided a strong fit for the two conditions (R² = 0.059, R² = 0.47, respectively), and relationships between the data in each loss or gain condition was analyzed.
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"A bridge of words : a term list based on the study and classification of compounding operations in Avot Yeshurun's later poetry (1974-1992) concerning his notion of Bayit (home/house) /." Uppsala : [S. Academiae ubsaliensis], 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37703686g.
Full textBooks on the topic "Latex compounding"
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Jones, Chris. ‘A vastly superior thing’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824527.003.0006.
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In this chapter the case is made that while Hopkins studied Anglo-Saxon poetry too late for it to have a direct influence on his idiosyncratic prosody, nevertheless the poet learned much about the Anglo-Saxon language through the work of nineteenth-century philologists. In particular Hopkins’s knowledge of the writer George Marsh is investigated in detail, and applied to read several of his poems etymologically as the products of ‘fossil poetry’, including close studies of ‘The Starlight Night’ and ‘Harry Ploughman’. Hopkins’s word-compounding practice is re-examined, in view of his reading of Marsh, with particular reference to ‘The Loss of the Eurydice’, and this word-compounding practice is then brought to bear on a reconsideration of ‘sprung rhythm’.
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Page, John. Receipts for Preparing and Compounding the Principal Medicines Made use of by the Late Mr. Ward. Together With an Introduction, &c. By John Page,. Gale ECCO, Print Editions, 2018.
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A bridge of words: A term list based on the study and classification of compounding operations in Avot Yeshurun's later poetry (1914-1992) concerning the Notion of [bayit] (home/house). S. Academiae Ubsaliensis, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Latex compounding"
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Blackley, D. C. "Latex compounding ingredients." In Polymer Latices. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5848-0_2.
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Blackley, D. C. "Preparation of solutions, dispersions and emulsions for latex compounding." In Polymer Latices. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5848-0_1.
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Almansa, Isidoro Ramírez. "Word composition and specialized translation (German-Spanish)." In Text and Wine. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ivitra.38.13alm.
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This work focuses on the translation of vitiviniculture terminology and its translation from German into Spanish. To do this, we first address the two main word composition processes in German: compounding and derivation. Then, we compile a text corpus with vitivinicultural terms in the German language. This corpus is composed of texts which represent several degrees of specialization. Later on, we extract the vitiviniculture terminology from the text and examine if any word composition process was used to create the term. Finally, we analyse the different units within the term, and from this analysis, we propose the translation of the term into Spanish.
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"2. Latex compounding." In Latex Dipping. De Gruyter, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110638097-002.
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Kiliany, Lynda. "Dealing with Latex Allergies." In Compounding Sterile Preparations. ASHP, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37573/9781585286492.029.
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"29 Dealing with Latex Allergies." In Compounding Sterile Preparations. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.37573/9781585284856.029.
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Snyder, William. "Statistical Methods for Longitudinal Studies." In Child Language. Oxford University PressOxford, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199296699.003.0005.
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Abstract In this chapter I review some of the methods available for statistical hypothesis testing in a longitudinal study of spontaneous speech. I begin with methods to test a prediction of concurrent acquisition, and then turn to predictions of ordered acquisition. Finally I work through an example from some of my own research, testing the prediction that bare root compounding will be acquired prior to, or at the same time as, but never significantly later than, the English verb–particle construction.
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Fenton, Roy. "Refining the steam bulk carrier." In The Evolution and Significance of the Powered Bulk Carrier. Liverpool University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781802078596.003.0003.
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The earliest screw colliers were largely operated by those in the coal industry, who were willing to invest in them to obtain large and valuable contracts from gas works. This chapter details technological advances in marine engineering and in shipbuilding which made operating screw colliers an economic proposition for those who made ship owning their living. The critical improvement was to the marine boiler, where increases in steam pressure gave major gains in efficiency. To grasp this dividend, developments in engine design saw the adoption of compounding, with two- and later three-stage expansion of steam. In parallel, hull building in iron and later steel saw changes in materials, skills and technology. Growth in knowledge of the strength of materials changed rules imposed by classification societies, most notably Lloyd’s Register of Shipping, which helped hulls become lighter and hence cheaper. Overall, these factors meant that in the 1880s an owner was getting a much more efficient ship than the earliest screw collier for little more money. As further chapters will demonstrate, these improvements made it possible to build both larger and smaller bulk-carrying steamers which could compete ever more successfully with sailing vessels.
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Kageyama, Taro. "Grammaticalization and constructionalization in Japanese lexical compound verbs." In Verb-Verb Complexes in Asian Languages. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759508.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses on Type 2 (lexical aspectual) compound verbs, which appear to occupy a unique position in the systems of V-V complexes in Asian languages because they make up lexical combinations with desemanticized verbs in V2. Based on diachronic data, it is suggested that this marked class of compound verbs arose in Late Middle or Early Modern Japanese via two paths: (i) reanalysis and lexicalization of aspectual auxiliary constructions in Old and Early Middle Japanese and (ii) constructionalization of a special compounding schema where V2 specifies the manner and other adverbial meanings of V1. The latter path is characterized by the desemanticization of V2s in Type 1 thematic compounds or by spontaneous coinage of new V2s with adverbial meanings. The multifaceted development of Type 2 compounds, which does not readily fit in with the standard view of item-by-item grammaticalization, presents a motivation for viewing grammaticalization as creation of a novel morphological construction.
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Strohm, Reinhard. "The Neapolitans in Venice." In Con che soavità Studies in Italian Opera, Song, and Dance, 1580-1740. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198163701.003.0011.
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Abstract The supremacy of Neapolitan composers in eighteenth-century Italian opera is an established myth in the history of music. Already discussed by contemporary critics (see below), the concept of ‘Neapolitan opera’ later influenced music historiography for two centuries. Compounding the issue, Francesco Florimo in 1880 propagated the more specific concept of a ‘scuola musicale di Napoli’ which linked the notion of Neapolitan supremacy to the conservatoire training received by Neapolitan (and immigrant) composers.1 The idea of a ‘Neapolitan school’ in the stylistic sense became the working basis for historical interpretation and source studies in the era of Hermann Kretzschmar, Hugo Riemann, Hermann Abert, and Rudolf Gerber, whose work was paralleled in Britain by Edward J. Dent and Frank Walker. Most of these writers actually questioned the label ‘Neapolitan’. In 1961 the history and problems of the concept were surveyed, under the slightly more cautious formula of a ‘Neapolitan Tradition in Opera’, by Edward 0. D. Downes and Helmut Hucke in a widely noted IMS round-table.
Conference papers on the topic "Latex compounding"
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Muttalib, Siti Nadzirah Abdul, Nadras Othman, and Hanafi Ismail. "Properties of natural rubber/attapulgite composites prepared by latex compounding method: Effect of filler loading." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 23RD SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY MALAYSIA (SCMSM 2014). AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4919189.
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Susanto, Tri, Risman Affandy, Gunadi Katon, and Rahmaniar. "Thermal aging properties of natural rubber-styrene butadiene rubber composites filled with modified starch from Dioscorea Hispida Denst extract prepared by latex compounding method." In THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON CHEMISTRY: Green Chemistry and its Role for Sustainability. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5082421.
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Kelsey, Matthew, Thomas Fanchin, Steffen Van Der Veen, and Marie Houge Nesheim. "Multilateral Re-Entry Technology Compounding Benefits and Extending Production Life Past Two Decades." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31855-ms.
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Abstract For over two decades multilateral technology has extended the production life of fields in the North Sea by continuing to evolve to meet the demands of increasingly complex deepwater applications. The use of multilateral technology delivers a higher recovery factor supported by the cumulative production of the multiple laterals. Over this history, multilateral applications have evolved from dual-laterals with standalone screens and commingled flow to the subject well of this paper whose slot has been kept active for over two decades through the use of re-entry multilateral systems. The well was originally completed as a dual-lateral and has since been recompleted twice to produce reserves previously left behind. As investment and availability of new fields decline, operators face challenges to extend the production life of mature fields while also working to reduce overall development cost, cycle times, and carbon footprint. Further challenges include delivery of wells and facility systems using less in-field construction hours at a lower baseline cost. The expectation is that the projects will also reduce typical greenhouse gas emissions compared with traditional pads. This paper will focus on the evolution of a mature field in a region that has been installing multilateral wells for over two decades. Wells originally drilled as dual-laterals have several years later been re-drilled as tri-lateral installations. As the wells once again reached the end of their expected production life, the use of re-entry multilateral technology has been utilized to extend field life for further economic production. This paper discusses three multilateral installations on the same subsea well over a 20-year period. It highlights the technology used to keep this well slot active for over two decades and the benefits of expanding the use of this technology as fields become slot restricted. It also highlights the benefits this technology delivers in enhancing reservoir exposure and the time savings brought by drilling new lateral legs in existing subsea wells without spending significant time having to first retrieve the xmas tree or tieback liner. The case study will include discussion of workover operations, completions, isolation methods, and lateral creation systems. Through three separate multilateral installations in one subsea slot, the production life has been extended beyond 20 years. The paper focuses on a particular multilateral well and the technology used to extend its production life past two decades. The paper also provides insight as to methodology for continually improving reliability of multilateral installations to maximize efficiencies.
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Kelsey, Matthew, Thomas Fanchin, Steffen Van Der Veen, and Marie Houge Nesheim. "Multilateral Re-Entry Technology Compounding Benefits and Extending Production Life Past Two Decades." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31855-ms.
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Abstract For over two decades multilateral technology has extended the production life of fields in the North Sea by continuing to evolve to meet the demands of increasingly complex deepwater applications. The use of multilateral technology delivers a higher recovery factor supported by the cumulative production of the multiple laterals. Over this history, multilateral applications have evolved from dual-laterals with standalone screens and commingled flow to the subject well of this paper whose slot has been kept active for over two decades through the use of re-entry multilateral systems. The well was originally completed as a dual-lateral and has since been recompleted twice to produce reserves previously left behind. As investment and availability of new fields decline, operators face challenges to extend the production life of mature fields while also working to reduce overall development cost, cycle times, and carbon footprint. Further challenges include delivery of wells and facility systems using less in-field construction hours at a lower baseline cost. The expectation is that the projects will also reduce typical greenhouse gas emissions compared with traditional pads. This paper will focus on the evolution of a mature field in a region that has been installing multilateral wells for over two decades. Wells originally drilled as dual-laterals have several years later been re-drilled as tri-lateral installations. As the wells once again reached the end of their expected production life, the use of re-entry multilateral technology has been utilized to extend field life for further economic production. This paper discusses three multilateral installations on the same subsea well over a 20-year period. It highlights the technology used to keep this well slot active for over two decades and the benefits of expanding the use of this technology as fields become slot restricted. It also highlights the benefits this technology delivers in enhancing reservoir exposure and the time savings brought by drilling new lateral legs in existing subsea wells without spending significant time having to first retrieve the xmas tree or tieback liner. The case study will include discussion of workover operations, completions, isolation methods, and lateral creation systems. Through three separate multilateral installations in one subsea slot, the production life has been extended beyond 20 years. The paper focuses on a particular multilateral well and the technology used to extend its production life past two decades. The paper also provides insight as to methodology for continually improving reliability of multilateral installations to maximize efficiencies.
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Ramkumar, J., Anand Krishnasamy, and A. Ramesh. "Turbo Compounding of a Naturally Aspirated Single Cylinder Diesel Engine – A Simulation and Experimental Study." In Small Powertrains and Energy Systems Technology Conference. SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-1845.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Almost one-third of the fuel energy is wasted into the atmosphere via exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine. Despite several advancements in waste heat recovery technology, single-cylinder engines in the market that are currently in production remain naturally aspirated without any waste heat recovery techniques. Turbocharging is one of the best waste heat recovery techniques. However, a standard turbocharger cannot be employed in the single-cylinder engine due to technical challenges such as pulsated flow conditions at the exhaust, phase lag in the intake and exhaust valve opening. Of late, the emphasis on reducing exhaust emissions has been a primary focus for any internal combustion engine manufacturer, with the onset of stricter emission norms. Thus, the engine designer must prioritize emission reduction without compromising engine performance. Current work focuses on enhancing the power output of a 0.6-litre, single-cylinder naturally aspirated diesel engine by employing a power turbine. Since the exhaust flow conditions were pulsated, an impulse turbine was employed. One-dimensional simulation studies were carried out after validating the base naturally aspirated engine model. An impulse turbine was designed and simulated for the pulsated flow conditions. Simulation results show that the single-cylinder naturally aspirated engine delivered a superior performance with turbo compounding. The brake power output of the turbo-compounded engine improved by 6% compared to the base NA version. Also, the thermal efficiency of the turbo-compounded engine improved by 2%. HC emissions were reduced by 31% and CO emissions by 11% for the turbo-compounded engine. Soot emissions were 2% lower, and NOx emissions were 5% lower for the turbo-compounded engine than the base naturally aspirated engine. Thus, turbo-compounding is an effective waste heat recovery system that improves the performance and reduces exhaust pollutants of a single-cylinder naturally aspirated engine.</div></div>
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Sahai, Vivek, and Dah-Yu Cheng. "New Airfoil Design to Extend Gas Turbine Compressor Surge Margin." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38209.
Full textAbstract:
In many industrial gas turbine compressor designs, the compressors later stage blade angles are reduced in a constant flow area section as a means to even out the per stage workload. Most compressors use NACA 65 series type airfoils, which are good for high subsonic and supersonic flow, but are poor for middle or low subsonic flows. The temperature increases as the compression ratio increases; which cause the Mach number to drop. With reduced blade cascade overlaps, a reduction in axial blade solidity results. The compounding effect of low solidity and a low Mach number can cut the stalling angle by several degrees. This recent study found that compressor stall more or less is linked to the change of moment coefficient Cm, rather than lift coefficient Cl. Designing the airfoil, by extending the constant moment coefficient to a higher angle of attack region can delay the trailing edge upper surface separation to a higher angle of attack, the main source of rotating stall. This separated flow exhibits itself more clearly on the moment coefficient, but is obscured by an increase in lift coefficient before “aerodynamic” stall. This new design is based on the second order derivative of the camber line, with a low drag symmetrical airfoil thickness. Numerical simulation of a single airfoil and cascade of the new airfoil is compared with other shapes. The results show that the trailing edge flow separation begins at a 9.5-degree angle of attack for the NACA 65 series airfoils. The NACA 0012 separation (i.e. change in Cm) starts at 5 degrees (total stall occurs at 11 degrees). The new airfoil CFS18-0010 exhibits no separation for a single airfoil of up to 12 degrees. The cascade results showed no flow separation up to an angle of 15 degrees, which is enough to eliminate most of the rotating stall.
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Dantas, Patrícia Allue, Camila Mendonça de Freitas, Camila Gomes Peçanha de Souza, Rodolfo Rodrigo Lopes, and Reinaldo Osti. "INCORPORATING METHODS OF GRAPHENE IN POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES TOWARDS AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS -A BRIEF REVIEW." In SAE Brasil 2023 Congress. SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-36-0015.
Full textAbstract:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This work aims to develop a PA6 nanocomposite with glass fiber (GF) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) focusing on automotive parts application. Polyamide 6 is a semi-crystalline polymer that exhibits high fatigue and flexural strength, making it viable for rigorous applications. Along with the improved electrical, mechanical, thermal, and optical performance achieved in PA6 and GF-based nanocomposites, they can fill complex geometries, have great durability, and are widely utilized due to their capacity of reducing the weight of the vehicle besides a cost reduction potential. The glass fiber is a filamentary composite, usually aggregated in polymeric matrices, which aims to amplify the mechanical properties of polymers, mainly the tensile strength in the case of PA6. Nanocomposites, on the other hand, are hybrid materials in which at least one of the components has nanometric dimensions, and the other component serves as a matrix, such as the dispersed particles of GF and GNPs present in this study. Among the fillers of nanocomposites are graphene nanoplatelets, which stand out in nanocomposites due to their easy and safe inclusion in polymer matrices, as can be seen in recent studies on the toxicity of GNPs, where it was found that graphene is much safer than carbon black for large-scale use, this being a positive point regarding the application of GNPs. With this, many studies about the synthesis of graphene-based nanocomposites have been developed seeking to strengthen their mechanical properties. These studies corroborate our proposal, which aims to use GNPs to enhance the mechanical properties of PA6/GF. To obtain them, methodologies such as melt-compounding and injection molding will be used later.</div></div>
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Balaji, M. A. Sai, Eakambaram Arumugam, P. Baskara Sethupathi, S. Habib Rahmathulla, and H. Sultan Navid. "The Effect of Chopped Steel Fibre Orientation on Frictional Properties in a Phenolic Resin-based Asbestos-free Semimetallic Friction Material." In EuroBrake 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/8511493eb2021-mds-004.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of directional orientation of Chopped steel wool fiber in a friction material matrix / Brake pads that influences Friction, Wear and Mechanical properties of the Brake pads have been evaluated in a phenolic resin-based asbestos-free semi-metallic friction material composition. </p><p>Brake pad compositions widely use chopped steel wool fibers having a nominal length of less than 10 mm; diameter of about 500 microns; carbon content between 0.05 – 0.15 % as reinforcement. During compounding and mixing of friction material formulation, chopped Steel wool fibers along with dozen other raw materials are mixed/homogenized using plough shear mixer resulting in the steel fibers dispersed and oriented randomly in different plan and direction in the mixture and so over the final brake pad matrix too. </p><p>Trials have been carried out in Fricmart’s prototype Lab to orient chopped steel wool fiber in an uni directional plan in various semi-metallic formulations and progress has been achieved only in a medium- steel brake pad formulation that contains about 25% chopped steel fibers. Fricmart’s S-428 grade Steel wool fiber conforming to the above said specification has been used in the experiments. Fibers were initially classified using a set of sieves to remove the fines having diameter and length less than 200 microns and 3 mm respectively to meet the desired loose density / bulk density limit of 0.55 – 0.70 gm/cc to support the process of orientation. Further, a brake pad model that has rectangular geometry ( Merc. W-123 Pad) with an area of about 50 sq. cm was chosen to conduct the trials and to support the process of orientation. Brake pads were molded using conventional compression molding process at temp. of 150 deg. C with specific pressure of 250 bar and 6 minutes curing followed by 4 hours step curing ( post-baking ) to max. temp. of 180 deg. C in an air oven . Preparation of Samples: Sample 1 -By employing bi-directional magnetic field coupled with other special charging chute and dispersing techniques, the desired orientation of chopped steel wool fiber that was targeted to be parallel to the sliding direction of the brake (pad) was achieved to a level of more than 90% evenly oriented throughout the layer and matrix of the brake pad. Fricmart’s PLM – Stereo Microscope surveillance facility is used to ascertain percentage orientation during trials. Sample - 2: Brake pads processed as above by “parallel orientation to sliding direction’’ have later been used to study the effect of “orientation in perpendicular to the sliding direction’’ just by “inverting the new sample” specimen at the time of testing. Sample - 3: One set of brake pads were processed as per industries standard using the same batch/composition of raw materials with a random distribution of chopped steel wool fiber under identical process condition without carrying out directional orientation. Testing & Evaluation:The samples were cut from the brake pad and tested in Chase Type Friction Tester as per SAE J661 – small sample testing and the following are the observations. Internal shear measured as per ISO 6311 of sample -1 was significantly higher than sample – 2 & least in the case of sample 3 Faster bedding or faster adaptability to the disc in case of the sample- 1. 80% bedding achieved within 10 minutes of burnishing as compared to 20 minutes in case of samples- 2 & 3. The coefficient of friction is also dependent on the fiber orientation and µ for the developed pad ranges between 0.35 and 0.40. Fade resistance for samples 1 & 2 is superior when compared to sample 3.</p><p>Further, it was observed that as temperature increases, initially there was abrasion/plowing and on a further rise in temperature, a transfer film was developed making the steady-state friction. The wear rates decreased if the sliding path/direction changes from parallel to the perpendicular direction. The worn surface morphology was studied using FESEM and found that wear resistance is found to relate to the stability of the developed film. Sample 1 with the fibers oriented parallel to the sliding direction exhibited smoother running whereas sample 2 created undesirable judder noise. Hence it can be concluded that the Orientation of fibers with respect to sliding direction is preferable to the randomly oriented fibers towards frictional characteristics.
Reports on the topic "Latex compounding"
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Jones, David, Roy Cook, John Sovell, et al. Natural resource condition assessment: Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301822.
Full textAbstract:
The National Park Service (NPS) Natural Resource Condition Assessment (NRCA) Program administered by the NPS Water Resources Division evaluates current conditions for important natural resources and resource indicators using primarily existing information and data. NRCAs also report on trends in resource condition, when possible, identify critical data gaps, and characterize a general level of confidence for study findings. This NRCA complements previous scientific endeavors, is multi-disciplinary in scope, employs a hierarchical indicator framework, identifies and develops reference conditions/values for comparison against current conditions, and emphasizes spatial evaluation of conditions where possible. Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial (LIBO) was authorized by an act of Congress on February 19, 1962, (Public Law 87-407) to preserve the site associated with the boyhood and family of President Abraham Lincoln, including a portion of the original Tom Lincoln farm and the nearby gravesite of Nancy Hanks Lincoln. The 200-acre memorial commemorates the pioneer farm where Abraham Lincoln lived from the age of 7 to 21. The NRCA for LIBO employed a scoping process involving Colorado State University, LIBO and other NPS staffs to establish the NRCA framework, identify important park resources, and gather existing information and data. Indicators and measures for each resource were then identified and evaluated. Data and information were analyzed and synthesized to provide summaries and address condition, trend and confidence using a standardized but flexible framework. A total of nine focal resources were examined: four addressing system and human dimensions, one addressing chemical and physical attributes, and four addressing biological attributes. The quality and currentness of data used for the evaluation varied by resource. Landscape context ? system and human dimensions included land cover and land use, natural night skies, soundscape, and climate change. Climate change and land cover/land use were not assigned a condition or trend?they provide important context to the memorial and many natural resources and can be stressors. Some of the land cover and land use-related stressors at LIBO and in the larger region are related to the development of rural land and increases in population/housing over time. The trend in land development, coupled with the lack of significantly sized and linked protected areas, presents significant challenges to the conservation of natural resources of LIBO to also include natural night skies, natural sounds and scenery. Climate change is happening and is affecting resources, but is not considered good or bad per se. The information synthesized in that section is useful in examining potential trends in the vulnerability of sensitive resources and broad habitat types such as forests. Night skies and soundscapes, significantly altered by disturbance due to traffic, development and urbanization, warrant significant and moderate concern, respectively, and appear to be in decline. Air quality was the sole resource supporting chemical and physical environment at the memorial. The condition of air quality can affect human dimensions of the park such as visibility and scenery as well as biological components such as the effect of ozone levels on vegetation health. Air quality warrants significant concern and is largely impacted by historical and current land uses outside the memorial boundary. The floral biological component was examined by assessing native species composition, Mean Coefficient of Conservation, Floristic Quality Assessment Index, invasive exotic plants, forest pests and disease, and forest vulnerability to climate change. Vegetation resources at LIBO have been influenced by historical land uses that have changed the species composition and age structure of these communities. Although large tracts of forests can be found surrounding the park, the majority of forested areas are fragmented, and few areas within and around LIBO exhibit late-successional or old-growth characteristics. Vegetation communities at LIBO have a long history of being impacted by a variety of stressors and threats including noxious and invasive weeds, diseases and insect pests; compounding effects of climate change, air pollution, acid rain/atmospheric chemistry, and past land uses; and impacts associated with overabundant white-tail deer populations. These stressors and threats have collectively shaped and continue to impact plant community condition and ecological succession. The sole metric in good condition was native species composition, while all other indicators and metrics warranted either moderate or significant concern. The faunal biological components examined included birds, herptiles, and mammals. Birds (unchanging trend) and herptiles (no trend determined) warrant moderate concern, while mammal populations warrant significant concern (no trend determined). The confidence of both herptiles and mammals was low due to length of time since data were last collected. Current forest structure within and surrounding LIBO generally reflects the historical overstory composition but changes in the hardwood forest at LIBO and the surrounding area have resulted in declines in the avian fauna of the region since the 1970s. The decline in woodland bird populations has been caused by multiple factors including the conversion of hardwood forest to other land cover types, habitat fragmentation, and increasing human population growth. The identification of data gaps during the course of the assessment is an important NRCA outcome. Resource-specific details are presented in each resource section. In some cases, significant data gaps contributed to the resource not being evaluated or low confidence in the condition or trend being assigned to a resource. Primary data gaps and uncertainties encountered were lack of recent survey data, uncertainties regarding reference conditions, availability of consistent long-term data, and the need for more robust or sensitive sampling designs. Impacts associated with development outside the park will continue to stress some resources. Regionally, the direct and indirect effects of climate change are likely but specific outcomes are uncertain. Nonetheless, within the past several decades, some progress has been made toward restoring the quality of natural resources within the park, most notably the forested environments. Regional and park-specific mitigation and adaptation strategies are needed to maintain or improve the condition of some resources over time. Success will require acknowledging a ?dynamic change context? that manages widespread and volatile problems while confronting uncertainties, managing natural and cultural resources simultaneously and interdependently, developing disciplinary and interdisciplinary knowledge, and establishing connectivity across broad landscapes beyond park borders.