Academic literature on the topic 'Latin America. [from old catalog]'
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Journal articles on the topic "Latin America. [from old catalog]"
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Calienes, Raúl Fernández. "Bibliography of the Writings of Orlando E. Costas." Missiology: An International Review 17, no. 1 (1989): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182968901700111.
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During his life, the Rev. Dr. Orlando E. Costas made significant contributions to the literature of missiology and theology. Though he was only 45 years old at the time of his death, he personally authored over 100 books and articles, and made over thirty contributions (e.g., chapters, articles, prologues) to the books of other people from around the world. His own interests were varied, but centered mostly on mission, evangelism, and Latin America. This bibliography is an attempt to collect and record his writings, all in one place. It is offered as a tribute to his life and ministry. Wherever possible, searching aids have been included. Examples are the Library of Congress cataloguing numbers (for most of the books) and the Reigner Recording Library Catalog numbers (for the sound recordings at the Union Theological Seminary, Richmond, Virginia).
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ASENJO, ANGÉLICO, JAN KLIMASZEWSKI, DONALD S. CHANDLER, HUGO EDUARDO FIERROS-LÓPEZ, and JULIANA S. VIEIRA. "Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) in Latin America: synopsis, annotated catalog, diversity and distribution." Zootaxa 4621, no. 1 (2019): 1–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4621.1.1.
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The taxonomic diversity of species and genera of Staphylinidae and their distribution in Latin America are discussed and listed/tabulated based on published literature. In total, 11,675 species in 1075 genera are reported from Latin America. South America has the most recorded species for Latin America, 7773 including 7079 endemic species. The four subfamilies with the highest total number of genera including endemic genera are Aleocharinae, Staphylininae, Pselaphinae, and Paederinae. All recorded genera and their synonyms are listed alphabetically within the subfamilies of Staphylinidae, providing a catalog of published genera for Latin America. Two hundred forty-four color or black and white images of species representing different genera are provided.
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Dabagyan, E. "Latin America and Iran." World Economy and International Relations, no. 12 (2014): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-12-91-101.
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The article reviews the general vectors and the spheres of cooperation between Latin America and Islamic Republic of Iran at present. The major attention is given to the analysis of the Teheran relationships with the countries of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America. It is mentioned that these contacts were mostly based on the anti-American and anti-imperialistic ideas. There are also highlighted the fields of cooperation and the visits of the senior officials which played an important role in the regulation of political, trade, economic and humanitarian relationships, in creating the joint strategy for the world scene. The attitude of the ruling circles toward Iran’s nuclear program is investigated. The article evaluates H. Chávez’s contribution to the development of strategic alliance with Iran under M. Ahmadinedjad. It is noted that each of this group of countries put forward its own reasons for strengthening of mutual relations. The difference of approaches of Latin American giants is emphasized. Brazil, taking on the status of the great power, tried to contribute to solving the old nuclear problem, while Argentina turned sharply from total hostility to building constructive partnership. The special attention is paid to Iran president’s visit to 4 countries of the region in January 2012. It was considered as an intention to overcome the isolation at the moment of toughening of the sanctions imposed by the West. The US response to intensifying presence of Iran in the region is stated and the wide ranging opinions on the problem are shown. The article considers the future trends in the relations after the election of 2014 in Iran which brought to power moderate M. Rouhani, whose adjustments in the foreign policy affairs affected Latin America.
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Kempe, Deborah, Deirdre E. Lawrence, and Milan R. Hughston. "Latin American art resources north of the border: an overview of the collections of the New York Art Resources Consortium (NYARC)." Art Libraries Journal 37, no. 4 (2012): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200017673.
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The New York Art Resources Consortium (NYARC), consisting of The Frick Art Reference Library and the libraries of the Brooklyn Museum and the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), houses significant collections of material on Latin American art that document the cultural history of Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and South America, as well as the foundation of New York City as an epicenter of US Latino and Latin American cultural production since the 19th century. Ranging from historic archeological photographs to contemporary artists’ books, the holdings of the NYARC libraries are varied in their scope and record the contributions of Latin American and Latino artists to the international art scene. With the creation of Arcade, the shared online catalog of the Frick, MoMA and Brooklyn Museum, the ‘collective collection’ of material about and from Latin America has been strengthened in ways both expected and unanticipated. Techniques for integrating Latin American bibliographic information into discovery platforms, strategies for increasing the visibility of these collections, and ideas for providing improved access to the Latin American subset of the NYARC collections are being explored, and many further opportunities exist to engage in co-operative collection development in this area, across the NYARC consortium and with other peer institutions.
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Olstein, Diego. "Latin America in Global History: An Historiographic Overview." Estudos Históricos (Rio de Janeiro) 30, no. 60 (2017): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2178-14942017000100014.
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Abstract World history can be arranged into three major regional divergences: the 'Greatest Divergence' starting at the end of the last Ice Age (ca. 15,000 years ago) and isolating the Old and the New Worlds from one another till 1500; the 'Great Divergence' bifurcating the paths of Europe and Afro-Asia since 1500; and the 'American Divergence' which divided the fortunes of New World societies from 1500 onwards. Accordingly, all world regions have confronted two divergences: one disassociating the fates of the Old and New Worlds, and the other within either the Old or the New World. Latin America is in the uneasy position that in both divergences it ended up on the 'losing side.' As a result, a contentious historiography of Latin America evolved from the very moment that it was incorporated into the wider world. Three basic attitudes toward the place of Latin America in global history have since emerged and developed: admiration for the major impact that the emergence on Latin America on the world scene imprinted on global history; hostility and disdain over Latin America since it entered the world scene; direct rejection of and head on confrontation in reaction the former. This paper examines each of these three attitudes in five periods: the 'long sixteenth century' (1492-1650); the 'age of crisis' (1650-1780); 'the long nineteenth century' (1780-1914); 'the short twentieth century' (1914-1991); and 'contemporary globalization' (1991 onwards).
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PANIZZA, FRANCISCO. "Beyond ‘Delegative Democracy’: ‘Old Politics’ and ‘New Economics’ in Latin America." Journal of Latin American Studies 32, no. 3 (2000): 737–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00005927.
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For around 15 years Latin America has been undergoing an unprecedented conjunction of political and economic change, from authoritarianism to democracy and from a state-centred matrix of economic development towards free-market economies. This article takes up the theme of the links between politics and economic change in contemporary Latin America. More specifically, it examines the relation between ‘old politics’ and ‘new economics’. It has two main purposes: The first is to re-examine some of modernisation theory's assumptions about the relations between political and economic modernisation. The second, more specific to the Latin American debate, is to question some of the dominant views about the nature of democracy in the region, particularly Guillermo O'Donnell's influential ‘delegative democracy’ model.
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Calvo, Esteban, and John B. Williamson. "Old-age pension reform and modernization pathways: Lessons for China from Latin America." Journal of Aging Studies 22, no. 1 (2008): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2007.02.004.
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Ultramari, Clovis, Fernanda Cantarim, and Manoela Jazar. "Latin American Cities: From Subservient Reproductions to Intercontinental Dialogues." Humanities 8, no. 1 (2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8010018.
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This paper investigates the circulation of ideas regarding the city among selected countries in Latin America. It discusses convergences between academic and scientific institutions and investigative weakness in partnerships between Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. It identifies two historical moments: one of vertical dialogues between Latin America and central countries in the elaboration of urban plans (20th century) and another of contemporary academic exchange signalling a horizontal dialogue that is fragile and sporadic but distinct from those observed in the past. Empirical reference is obtained from the analysis of scientific events and papers published by distinguished post-graduate programs concerning urban topics in selected countries, during the time frame of 2000–2015. The methodological approach is based on a bibliographic review and content analysis. Results indicate that the old “one-way” of transfer of urban planning ideas from central countries to Latin America is changing; slowly, the continent has been growing more independent in terms of knowledge creation and circulation.
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CALVO, ESTEBAN, FABIO M. BERTRANOU, and EVELINA BERTRANOU. "Are Old-age Pension System Reforms Moving Away from Individual Retirement Accounts in Latin America?" Journal of Social Policy 39, no. 2 (2010): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279409990663.
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AbstractThis article reviews two rounds of pension reform in ten Latin American countries to determine whether they are moving away from individual retirement accounts (IRAs). Although the idea is provocative, we conclude that the notion of ‘moving away from IRAs’ is insufficient to characterise the new politics of pension reform. As opposed to the politics of enactment of IRAs of the late twentieth century, pension reform in Latin America in recent years has combined significant revival of public components in old-age income maintenance with improvement of IRAs. Clearly, the policy prescriptions that were most influential during the first round of reforms in Latin America have been re-evaluated. The World Bank and other organisations that promoted IRAs have recognised that pension reform should pay more attention to poverty reduction, coverage and equity, and to protect participants from market risks. The experience and challenges faced by countries that introduced IRAs, the changes in policies by international financing institutions, and the recent financial volatility and heavy losses experienced in financial markets may have tempered the enthusiasm of other countries from applying the same type of reforms. Scholars and policy-makers around the globe could benefit from looking closely at these changes in pension policy.
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Gandler, Stefan. "Critical Theory and Semiotics: Contributions from Latin America to a Marxist Discussion." Open Cultural Studies 2, no. 1 (2018): 136–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/culture-2018-0013.
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Abstract How is it possible to understand a specific cultural determination of human praxis, especially the productive and consumptive one, without falling into ethnologising human subjects in their everyday forms of reproduction, or construct biological fixations? The former senior faculty of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Bolívar Echeverría (Riobamba, Ecuador 1941-Mexico City 2010), who does not limit human culture to its “elevated” forms and bases his analysis in the precise manner of material reproduction, finds an adequate image of this relationship between freedom and tradition, between individuality and a historically- and geographically-determined collectivity. This image lies in human languages, their innumerable speech acts and in a science that studies the relation of interdependence among them: semiotics. Starting from that concrete philosophical problem, retaking Saussure’s conceptual proposals and confronting them philosophically with Marx’s and Echeverría’s theories, we try to construct a basis for a critical epistemological contribution from the Global South, overcoming in that way one of the most powerful and destructive rests of the old colonial processes: “intellectual” Eurocentrism
Books on the topic "Latin America. [from old catalog]"
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Ariosto, Lodovico. Fragonard et le Roland furieux. Les éditions de l'Amateur, 2003.
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Latin American tokens: An illustrated, priced catalog of the unofficial coinage of Latin America--used in plantation, mine, mill, and dock--from 1700 to the 20th century. 2nd ed. Krause Publications, 2000.
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Mackenzie, Alexander. Mit Gewehr und Kanu: In 80 Tagen zum Pazifik, 1793. Edition Erdmann, 2004.
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E, Lee Robert. Lee's dispatches: Unpublished letters of General Robert E. Lee, C.S.A., to Jefferson Davis and the War Department of the Confederate States of America, 1862-65. Louisiana State University Press, 1994.
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Lummis, Charles Fletcher. Some strange corners of our country: The wonderland of the Southwest. University of Arizona Press, 1989.
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Vaughan, Jack Chapline. Virginian, Missourian, Californian. 2nd ed. Vaughan, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Latin America. [from old catalog]"
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Fournet-Guérin, Catherine. "Everyday Cosmopolitanism in African Cities: Places of Leisure and Consumption in Antananarivo and Maputo." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67365-9_7.
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AbstractAfrican cities are sometimes considered “off the map” as underdeveloped peripheries alienated from cultural globalisation. The intrinsic ethnic and cultural diversity of African cities is often overshadowed by a distant perception of their overall “blackness” and a supposed cultural uniformity. These cities have always been places of intense circulation and mass settlement both from within the continent and from outside, may it be from Asia, Europe and the Middle East in colonial contexts notably but also more recently Latin America. However, African urban diversity and the recent changes it underwent has received little academic attention.This chapter describes cosmopolitan practices and representations in Antananarivo (Madagascar) and Maputo (Mozambique), mainly but not only focusing on Chinese diasporas and communities sharing Chinese origins through observation and interviews. Cosmopolitan interactions in old or newly created so-called “ethnic” places such as restaurants, casinos and other leisure settings are under study to discuss processes of neighbouring cosmopolitanism at the very local place. Residents of African cities display features of cosmopolitan urbanites with intense variation across contexts and communities.
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"Brazilian Kefir: From Old to the New World." In Fermented Foods of Latin America. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315369433-8.
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Robinson, David J., and César Caviedes. "Latin American Geography." In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0057.
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The brief essay that constitutes this chapter demonstrates a resurgence of work on the region that bodes well for the future. A new generation of scholars is replacing those who have for many years provided leadership in a variety of subfields. Several old hands have retired, some are still publishing con gusto (Denevan, Siemens, Horst, Preston), others we have lost forever (Parsons, Stanislawski, West, Eden) though through their works (Denevan 1989, 1999; Pederson 1998) and their students they remain with us. It perhaps needs to be said that this brief account of the Latin Americanist historiography of the last decade should not be viewed in isolation. Too often we are marginalized as mere “regionalists” in an age that surely lacks well-trained ones (National Research Council 1997). Our efforts, be they in historical, environmental, cultural, political, or socioeconomic also need to be seen as crucial components of each of these thematic subfields. The work of North American geographers in the different fields of physical geography is being conducted under the paradigmatic premiss that the environment is a physical milieu and the place of residence and activity for humans. From that perspective, global environmental change, climatic crises, and increased pressures on biotic resources by increasing populations have been among the concerns of the scholars and politicians who, in 1992, called the Global Conference on the Environment (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro. There, new agendas for the integrated study of humans and the biosphere were formulated. Investigations about past and present impacts of humans on natural environments have refocused on the ways in which socioeconomic circumstances preside over environmental change (Turner 1991). The explanatory avenues and paradigmatic tenets of the natural and social sciences are now closely integrated in the treatment of humans and their environments (Turner 1997a). Latin America, where demographic growth and urban sprawl are testing the resilience and the limits of natural environments, and resource exploitation is exerting critical pressure on finite resources, provides a showcase for this type of analysis.
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Junior, Carlos M. Paixao, Roberto A. Lourenço, and Fernando Morales-Martínez. "Population ageing in South and Central America." In Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198701590.003.0004.
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Considering questions related to South and Central America probably is best done by using the better-known term of Latin America. Although much of the history of the region has common roots, many specificities make these countries somewhat heterogeneous. However, one can say that ageing in the region has been accelerated and diverse from what was witnessed in more affluent countries elsewhere in the world, because of the persistent problem of poverty still unresolved in Latin America. The over-60 population has been growing in the region for the past 30 years, producing an increase in old-age indices and old-age dependency ratios. This raises important issues about the social protection models that should be adopted to cope with these demographic trends.
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Felipe, Jesus. "Structural Transformation, Old and New Industrial Policies, and Implications for Development." In New Perspectives on Structural Change. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850113.003.0027.
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This chapter discusses changes in economic thinking, particularly since the 1970s, with a focus on the role of structural transformation and industrial policy. The chapter argues that structural transformation is the essence of economic and industrial development, but with markets not providing enough incentives to encourage structural transformation (due to the existence of market failures ), industrial policy is necessary to induce changes in a country’s economic structure. Changes in economic thinking have led to different perspectives on industrial policy, as have developments such as the arrival of the World Trade Organization (WTO), which forced developing countries to rethink how to use industrial policy (as a result of banning certain subsidies aimed at protecting the domestic market). In the final section of the chapter the new characteristics of industrial policy are discussed. Examples from East and South Asia, Latin America, the United States, and the European Union are analysed.
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Giugale, Marcelo M. "Sectors: What Ministers Will Worry about—or Should." In Economic Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190688417.003.0005.
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Can governments create industries? It is an old debate. Back in the 1950s and 1960s, from Asia to Latin America, an idea caught fire among development economists: governments should try to create industries. Typically, civil servants would pick industries that could employ lots of people...
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Ochoa-Morales, Heberto. "The Globalization Paradigm and Latin America's Digital Gap." In Global Information Technologies. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-939-7.ch230.
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The Andean Community of Nations (CAN) and others countries in Latin America (LA), as any less developed countries (LDCs), are located by inception on the wrong side of the “digital gap”. Therefore, these countries confront an enormous challenge from the network revolution that is unfolding. Globalization represents a new paradigm composed of integrated and interdependent economies. The Globalization Index (GI) determines the rank of the countries within the model. This index is composed of several variables in which economic integration and technology, among others, play a very important role in country classifications. Currently, a diminishing trend of FDIs is preponderant in the region, and this affects the knowledge-based society and also the efforts to make these countries members of the new globalization paradigm. Dessler (2004) stated that globalization is the tendency of firms to augment their sales, ownership, and manufacturing facilities to new markets located abroad. The research literature is consistent with the definition of globalization. Hill (2003), among others, agreed that the term globalization refers to a new paradigm in which the world economy is more integrated and interdependent. Therefore, this integration demands new methodologies and mechanisms to allow countries to perform their new roles within this emerging framework. A preponderant element in this new array is the convergence of computer-based power and telecommunications. These parameters are interrelated to computing infrastructure, new communication technology, and governmental policies that will make the old telecommunication model, a monopoly, obsolete; therefore, a new paradigm will evolve that makes this technology accessible to everyone through a new system that promotes and encourages competition within the private sector (Ochoa-Morales, 2003c). Also, convergence that is taking place with computing and telecommunication demonstrates the importance of the development of this sector and the socioeconomic impact on the economic perspective and to the stimulus of economic growth (Ochoa-Morales, 2003a). Kearney (2003) classified countries using a Globalization Index (GI), which determines the rank of the country as a more global country. Sixty-two countries that represent 85% of the world’s population compose the sample used. The index is epitomized by 13 variables grouped in four baskets: (1) economic integration, (2) personal contact, (3) technology, and (4) political engagement. Economic integration is represented by trade, foreign direct investments (FDIs) and portfolio capital flows, and income payments and receipts. Personal contact consists of international travel and tourism, international telephone traffic, and cross-border transfers. Technology is characterized by number of Internet users, Internet hosts, and secure servers; and political engagement is characterized by number of memberships in international organizations, UN Security Council missions in which each country participates, and the quantity of foreign embassies hosted by the countries. The ranking for the year 2003 shows Ireland as number one, Switzerland number two, and the United States as eleventh. Ireland has large investments in high-tech and information technology. Its Internet infrastructure is still growing, and the number of secure servers has increased 32.6% from 337 to 500 in 2002. Also, it has been the most talkative country in the world, included heavy domestic and international traffic. The above is unequivocal proof of the high correlation that exists between technology, a parameter of the new paradigm, and access to new markets that will be the cornerstone of globalization. According to Kearney (2003), one variable is economic integration in Latin America (LA), and the Caribbean economic integration is extant. Numerous regional and multilateral agreements are present such as the Andean Community of Nations (CAN), composed of Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela; MERCOSUR, composed of Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina; The Group of Three (3), composed of Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela; and the CARICOM, composed of English speaking countries (Islands) within the Caribbean Basin (Secretaria, 1998). Ochoa-Morales (2001) stated that, from an economic perspective, the outcome is trade and therefore stimulus to economic growth. Foreign direct investments (FDIs) can greatly contribute to a host country’s economy providing the required factors of production are present, making the countries more competitive within the globalization framework. Schuler and Brown (1999) emphasized that the most important occurrence in the location of the FDIs is the support or impediment exercised by the institutions in the host country. Another important factor within the GI is technology characterized among other parameters by Internet users and Internet hosts. In LA, the growth rate of the Internet has been the highest in the world, and the number of users has increased 14-fold within the 1995 to 1999 period (UIT, 2000). The literature defines teledensity as the number of main telephone lines for every 100 inhabitants, excluding wireless access. This term is also used as a parameter to measure the level of telecommunication infrastructure of any country. A review of the literature also shows the existence of a high correlation between teledensity and economic development, and a negative one between teledensity and population size has been found (Mbarika, Byrd & Raymond, 2002).
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Lin, Tony Tian-Ren. "Changed by the Dream." In Prosperity Gospel Latinos and Their American Dream. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658957.003.0004.
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Devotion to Prosperity Gospel beliefs and practices assists these Latino immigrants in pursuing the American Dream and helps them adjust to life in America. This chapter highlights the challenges to assimilation for non-white immigrants and explain how these immigrants are engaging in a new form of assimilation. Like European immigrants from previous generations, these Latin American immigrants are planting roots in America and working hard to succeed in this country. But unlike previous immigrants, they are not completely leaving their old land behind to start anew. In a globalized world where international communication is uninterrupted and the transport of goods is simple, immigrants do not have to leave their home countries behind.
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Furley, Peter A. "6. Changing patterns in the landscape." In Savannas: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198717225.003.0006.
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Relentless population growth worldwide has significantly modified savanna landscapes. ‘Changing patterns in the landscape’ considers how landscape changes differ in Latin America, Africa, and Australasia. The appearance of many savannas has been greatly affected by evolving land use. Many of the landscapes in the New World have only been occupied for relatively short lengths of time and settled only in the most favourable locations. The Old World by contrast, from Africa through India and East Asia to Australia, has experienced a long history of nomadic movement and occupation. The growth of cities in the savanna and the greatly increased pace of urbanization have placed enormous pressures on this land.
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Hofstetter, Douglas, Andrea Austin, and Ryan Maves. "Facial Disfiguration." In Acute Care Casebook, edited by Leslie V. Simon. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190865412.003.0068.
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Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan disease that affects human populations across over 90 countries including areas in Latin America, Africa, and Asia bearing the brunt of the disease burden. Disease transmission occurs through the bite of infected female sandflies within the genera Phlebotomus (Old World) and Lutzomyia (New World). Depending on the host’s immune response and the infecting Leishmania species, clinical leishmaniasis can manifest as a cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral disease. Overlap between the categories is common, as are asymptomatic infections. In cutaneous leishmaniasis, patients present with an array of skin findings at the site of inoculation that range from painless papules and nodules to deep, mutilating ulcerations. In mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, protozoa spread hematogenously or lymphatically from a cutaneous lesion to mucosal tissue. DNA polymerase chain reaction is therefore the best diagnostic test when available. Liposomal amphotericin B is the preferred treatment for visceral leishmaniasis in the United States.
Conference papers on the topic "Latin America. [from old catalog]"
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Irrazabal Bohorquez, Washington Orlando, Joa˜o Roberto Barbosa, Luiz Augusto Horta Nogueira, and Electo E. Silva Lora. "Repowering: An Option for Refurbishment of Old Thermal Power Plants in Latin-American Countries." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-23058.
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The operational rules for the electricity markets in Latin America are changing at the same time that the electricity power plants are being subjected to stronger environmental restrictions, fierce competition and free market rules. This is forcing the conventional power plants owners to evaluate the operation of their power plants. Those thermal power plants were built between the 1960’s and the 1990’s. They are old and inefficient, therefore generating expensive electricity and polluting the environment. This study presents the repowering of thermal power plants based on the analysis of three basic concepts: the thermal configuration of the different technological solutions, the costs of the generated electricity and the environmental impact produced by the decrease of the pollutants generated during the electricity production. The case study for the present paper is an Ecuadorian 73 MWe power output steam power plant erected at the end of the 1970’s and has been operating continuously for over 30 years. Six repowering options are studied, focusing the increase of the installed capacity and thermal efficiency on the baseline case. Numerical simulations the seven thermal power plants are evaluated as follows: A. Modified Rankine cycle (73 MWe) with superheating and regeneration, one conventional boiler burning fuel oil and one old steam turbine. B. Fully-fired combined cycle (240 MWe) with two gas turbines burning natural gas, one recuperative boiler and one old steam turbine. C. Fully-fired combined cycle (235 MWe) with one gas turbine burning natural gas, one recuperative boiler and one old steam turbine. D. Fully-fired combined cycle (242 MWe) with one gas turbine burning natural gas, one recuperative boiler and one old steam turbine. The gas turbine has water injection in the combustion chamber. E. Fully-fired combined cycle (242 MWe) with one gas turbine burning natural gas, one recuperative boiler with supplementary burners and one old steam turbine. The gas turbine has steam injection in the combustion chamber. F. Hybrid combined cycle (235 MWe) with one gas turbine burning natural gas, one recuperative boiler with supplementary burners, one old steam boiler burning natural gas and one old steam turbine. G. Hybrid combined cycle (235 MWe) with one gas turbine burning diesel fuel, one recuperative boiler with supplementary burners, one old steam boiler burning fuel oil and one old steam turbine. All the repowering models show higher efficiency when compared with the Rankine cycle [2, 5]. The thermal cycle efficiency is improved from 28% to 50%. The generated electricity costs are reduced to about 50% when the old power plant is converted to a combined cycle one. When a Rankine cycle power plant burning fuel oil is modified to combined cycle burning natural gas, the CO2 specific emissions by kWh are reduced by about 40%. It is concluded that upgrading older thermal power plants is often a cost-effective method for increasing the power output, improving efficiency and reducing emissions [2, 7].
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Delgado, Ivan. "Unlearning Architecture(s)." In 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.31.
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Much of an architect´s training occurs by a process of elimination. We must unlearn many things to learn the new ones; in our particular Costa Rican educational context learning to produce correct architecture seems to start with the assumption that most of what we see in our cities is wrong. But when it comes to construction we move between two traditions: the academic one and the informal one. These traditions seem to dismiss each other, an architect would consider the products of informality ingenuous, a person operating within the informal tradition in need of the materialization of the preconceived idea of a house would normally consider an architecta luxury. According to the National Architectural College 23% of overall construction lacked permits in 2014, a percentage slightly higher than the previous year, this nevertheless renders only partial understanding the phenomenon. Which of the two traditions accounts for the majority of what is built in this country? What significant informal knowledge percolates to the present after a much longer presence than formal education and how is it transmitted? What role does representation play in the informal tradition ? are instructions drawn or narrated ?… How do architects unlearn what they do not understand in full? A house designed by the author in the rural North of Costa Rica functions as a catalyst for further investigation on how the upbringing of an architect collides with more traditional ways of building. In a village where, no other architect has practiced before the author discovers several categories of construction, from the temporary huts vendors use to sell fruits and milking parlors, to houses that have been built following traditional “recipes”. The house learns lessons of practicality from these structures and is informed by their aesthetics. It also employs the old“vara” (0.84 m) as the unit of measurement in an attempt to make itself communicable to local builders. In practice, due to the lack of skill for reading formal construction drawings, the instructions to build the house end up being narrated rather than read. This paper will study informal construction in Costa Rica which is symptomatic of Latin America in general particularly in rurality where it occurs the most. It will collect information from specific cases on how decisions where made and how they were transmitted, and will look for ways to hierarchize them in order to identify which are part of a basic set of instructions (or recipe, meaning there can be small creative variations of the ingredients) and which take place as more significant deviations from those instructions. It will also propose ways to convey the graphic implications of this information that is compatible with the inflections that occur in the orality of these particular context, and finally it will put forward a discussion on ways for an architect to learn from and operate within it, anticipating that our built environment takes shape as a trade-off between both traditions.