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1
Anastassiadis-Syméonidis, Anna. "Pourquoi une langue emprunte-t-elle des suffixes ? L’exemple du grec et du latin." Meta 55, no. 1 (April 30, 2010): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/039609ar.
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RésuméAfin de déterminer les raisons pour lesquelles le grec a emprunté des suffixes au latin, nous examinons, en suivant le cadre théorique de Danielle Corbin, le suffixe-(i)ár(is)< du latin ‑arius, par exemple dansvromiaris[‘malpropre’], qui construit des adjectifs dénominaux à caractère [-savant/-soutenu]. En particulier, les adjectifs en-(i)ár(is)attribuent d’une manière permanente une qualité péjorative qui, dans le cadre de l’activité humaine quotidienne, dévie de la norme sociale d’une manière perceptible directement par les sens. Ce trait, lié à leur registre, résulte du fait que le suffixe est emprunté au latin, une langue sans prestige aux yeux des Grecs. Cette représentation stéréotypique de la latinité permet au grec de marquer les différences entre, d’un côté, le [+soutenu], l’officiel, l’objectif et, de l’autre, le [-soutenu], le quotidien, le subjectif, en conservant, dans le premier cas, les éléments d’origine grecque, et en utilisant, dans le second, des éléments empruntés.
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Maurel, Jean-Pierre. "Des adjectifs de relation en latin." L Information Grammaticale 58, no. 1 (1993): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/igram.1993.3151.
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Grabski, Maciej. "The position of negative adjectives in Aelfric’s Catholic Homilies I ." Research in Language 13, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rela-2015-0029.
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In Old English, negative adjectives, i.e. incorporating the negative prefix -un, are said to generally come in postposition to nouns (e.g. Fischer, 2001; Sampson, 2010). This paper investigates to what extent this general rule is followed in Aelfric’s Catholic Homilies, the texts of this author being a typical choice for the study of Old English syntax (cf. Davis 2006; Reszkiewcz, 1966; Kohonen, 1978). The data have been obtained from the York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE). The following research questions have been formulated: Do strong negative adjectives outnumber nonnegated adjectives in postposition? Do strong negative adjectives have a tendency to appear in postposition? Do strong negated adjectives occur in preposition? The results indicated that for the sample analyzed, strong adjectives in postposition are not predominantly negated. Additionally, the postposition of most of those which are may potentially be explained by other factors, such as modification by a prepositional phrase, co-occurrence with a weak preposed adjective (both mentioned by Fischer), or indirect Latin influence in a formulaic phrase. Also, the data does not appear to support the observation that negated adjectives tend to appear in post- rather than preposition.
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Ratkus, Artūras. "This is not the same: the ambiguity of a Gothic adjective." Folia Linguistica 39, no. 2 (October 25, 2018): 475–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih-2018-0017.
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Abstract In line with the traditional pronouncement that the weak (definite) forms of adjectives in Germanic follow the definite determiner, the Gothic weak-only adjective sama ‘the same’ (no indefinite form *sams, with the strong inflection -s, occurs) is determined (sa sama ‘the same’) in the majority of its attestations. However, contrary to the traditional description, occasionally it also occurs on its own, without a determiner. An examination of the syntactic distribution of the adjective and a comparison of the Gothic translation of the Bible with the Greek and Latin texts uncover a double semantic nature of sama. Specifically, when determined, sama conveys a definite/particularising force of ‘the same’. In the absence of the determiner, however, it conveys the semantic value of ‘one; of one kind’. The results of this investigation contribute to our understanding of the conditions that govern the distribution of strong vs. weak adjective inflections in early Germanic. In particular, they confirm the contention that the occurrence of the weak form of the adjective is not simply a matter of whether or not a definite determiner precedes it. Instead, the definite value of the adjective inflection is realised cumulatively (periphrastically), via the co-occurrence of the definite determiner and the weak adjective inflection.
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Hummel, Martin, Adrian Chircu, Jairo Javier García Sánchez, Benjamín García-Hernández, Stefan Koch, David Porcel Bueno, and Inka Wissner. "Prepositional adverbials in the diachrony of Romance: a state of the art." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 135, no. 4 (November 12, 2019): 1080–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2019-0062.
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Abstract The paper provides a state of the art in research on prepositional adverbials in Romance that combine a preposition with an adjective, e.g., Sp. en breve ‘in short’ (= PA-pattern). It therefore reviews the existing bibliography on Romance in general, Latin, Catalan, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, and Spanish. The theoretical background is the hypothesis that the PA-pattern could have played a relevant role as a third way of forming adverbials in the diachrony of Romance, paralleling adverbial adjectives (e.g., breve used as an adverb: hablar breve) and derived adverbs (e.g., brevemente). The review confirms that the PA-pattern is marginal in (written) Latin but rises abruptly in early Romance, suggesting a “hidden” past in spoken Latin. This is corroborated by the fact that similar PA-patterns are used in all Romance languages. However, these insights have often to be deduced from marginal observations on the adverbials in use. As yet, research has not systematically studied the role of PA adverbials in the diachrony of Romance.
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Kircher-Durand, Chantal. "Substantif ou adjectif ? La catégorie grammaticale des dérivés en latin." L Information Grammaticale 42, no. 1 (1989): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/igram.1989.1991.
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Uth, Melanie. "The Diachronic Development of French -age between Usage-Related Shifts and Grammatical Change." Language Dynamics and Change 6, no. 2 (2016): 284–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00602003.
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French -age developed from Latin relational adjectives in -aticus that were by and by nominalized, thereby incorporating the former head noun as a semantic constituent. In this article, it is argued that the Modern French -age derivation originated from the (re-)association of a semantically vacuous formative and an abstract semantic feature. This semantic feature gradually emerged through abstraction from the existing concrete derivatives and, once established, has determined the range of possible interpretations of newly coined formations up to this day. The most important result of the analysis is that, apart from a structural reanalysis of the Latin nominalized relational -aticus adjectives, French -age did not undergo any meaning change at all, the stability of its meaning being due to the abovementioned continuous interplay between the abstract semantic feature and the usage of the various concrete -age nominalizations.
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Embick, David. "Features, Syntax, and Categories in the Latin Perfect." Linguistic Inquiry 31, no. 2 (April 2000): 185–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438900554343.
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The analysis centers on the notion of category in synthetic and analytic verbal forms and on the status of the feature that determines the forms of the Latin perfect. In this part of the Latin verbal system, active forms are synthetic (“verbs”) but passive forms are analytic (i.e., participle and finite auxiliary). I show that the two perfects occur in essentially the same structure and are distinguished by a difference in movement to T; moreover, the difference in forms can be derived without reference to category labels like “Verb” or “Adjective” on the Root. In addition, the difference in perfects is determined by a feature with clear syntactic consequences, which must be associated arbitrarily with certain Roots, the deponent verbs. I discuss the implications of these points in the context of Distributed Morphology, the theory in which the analysis is framed.
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Diepeveen, Janneke, and Freek Van de Velde. "Adverbial Morphology: How Dutch and German are Moving Away from English." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 22, no. 4 (December 2010): 381–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542710000115.
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English marks the distinction between adjectives and adverbs with an adverbial suffix, whereas Dutch and German allow adjectives to be used adverbially without extra morphology. This may give rise to the idea that English, like Latin, is more specific in its classification of various types of modifiers. We propose an alternative analysis: Dutch and German draw a different dividing line, between attributive modifiers (NP-level) on the one hand, and predicative and adverbial modifiers (clause-level) on the other. To this end, they use adjectival inflection instead of derivational morphology. We describe how the adverbial systems in these three West-Germanic languages have developed and try to explain the changes that have occurred.
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Visser, Louise J. "Heritage and Innovation in the Grammatical Analysis of Latin." Historiographia Linguistica 38, no. 1-2 (May 26, 2011): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.38.1-2.01vis.
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Summary The Ars Ambrosiana is an early medieval Latin grammatical commentary on Donatus’ Ars maior, written in Northern Italy in the 6th or 7th century A.D. In comparison with preceding grammatical commentaries, the Ars Ambrosiana displays a much more profound Christian-exegetical way of thinking. This study opens with an overview of the historicalcultural context of the grammatical commentary and of the general way of thinking of its anonymous author. The remainder of the article consists in an analysis of the, to some extent highly original, framework which the author uses for describing the Latin language, illustrated by a brief study of the terms agnitio (“recognition”) and nuntiatio (“[linguistic] form”), and their combinations with the adjectives specialis (“special”) and tota (“entire/ whole”).
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Mellet, Sylvie. "Remarques sur les formes adjectives du verbe latin (César, Guerre Civile III, 59-62)." L Information Grammaticale 68, no. 1 (1996): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/igram.1996.3021.
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Joseph, John E. "Iconicity in Saussure’s Linguistic Work." Historiographia Linguistica 42, no. 1 (May 26, 2015): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.42.1.05jos.
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Summary Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) is routinely criticized for denying the possibility of iconicity in language through his principle of the arbitrariness of linguistic signs. Yet two of his articles, one from the beginning (1877) and the other from the end (1912) of his career, propose analyses of the development of certain Latin verbs and adjectives in which iconicity plays a key role. Saussure did not dismiss iconicity, but limited its sphere of application to the relationship between signs and their referents, which falls outside linguistics as he defined it. Hence iconicity does not contradict arbitrariness, which applies to the relationship between signifier and signified within the linguistic sign.
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Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo. "In defence of underlying representations: Latin rhotacism, French liaison, Romanian palatalization." Probus 30, no. 2 (August 28, 2018): 171–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2017-0006.
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AbstractThe surface realization of a linguistic expression can often be predicted from the form of paradigmatically related items that are not contained within it: in Latin, the nominative singular of a noun can often be inferred from the genitive; in French, the final consonant of a prenominal masculine adjective in liaison can typically be predicted from the feminine; in Romanian, the plural form of a noun determines whether its stem will exhibit palatalization before the derivational suffix /-ist/. Such instances of phonological paradigmatic dependence without containment have been claimed to challenge cyclic models of the morphosyntax-phonology interface. In this article, however, they are shown to be established indirectly through the acquisition of underlying representations. This approach correctly predicts that phonological paradigmatic dependencies are never systematically extended to new items if they involve suppletive allomorphy rather than regular alternation, whilst those surface phonological properties of derivatives that are under strict phonotactic control evade paradigmatic dependence on the inflectional forms of their bases. Theories relying on surface-to-surface computation fail to recover these empirical predictions because they are inherently nonmodular, positing generalizations that promiscuously mix phonological, morphosyntactic, and lexical information. Underlying representations, therefore, remain indispensable as a means of establishing a necessary modular demarcation between regular phonology and suppletive allomorphy.
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Isermann, Michael. "John Wallis on adjectives the discovery of phrase structure in the Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1653)." Historiographia Linguistica 23, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1996): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.23.1-2.03ise.
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Summary One of the typical features of the early grammars of European vernaculars is their sketchy treatment of syntactic phenomena. The reason for this neglect is obvious: The steady orientation of grammarians towards the traditional word-class approach virtually necessitated the persistence of the view of a sentence as a linear arrangement of words. Though historians of grammar have acknowledged John Wallis’(1616–1703) attempt at freeing the grammar of English from the strait jacket of Latin grammar, they have seen his Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1653) in the word-based grammar tradition. In this paper I argue that beyond the fairly traditional organization and terminology of Wallis’ grammar lies a fundamentally different approach: Instead of basing his description of English on a fixed word-class system, Wallis seems to arrive at syntactic categories via the criteria of distribution and substitution. It is these criteria (which are constantly applied rather than stated) that lead Wallis to the discovery of phrases and their internal structure. Especially consistent and concise in this regard is Wallis’ description of the structure of the noun phrase in the chapter on “The adjectives”.
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Tiisala, Seija. "Power and politeness." Journal of Historical Pragmatics 5, no. 2 (June 10, 2004): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.5.2.03tii.
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The power structures in northern Baltic Europe in the Middle Ages can be studied through the correspondence between the Swedish authorities and the Hanseatic Councils. The letters were written in three languages: Latin, Low German and Swedish. Low German was the dominant language in the correspondence from the fifteenth century onwards. The aim of the paper is to examine the ways in which power relationships are manifested, including choice of language, conventional expressions of politeness, use of laudatory adjectives when addressing the recipient, use of adverbs to express deference or hedging, and elaborations in orthography. Medieval letter-writing followed models described in various instruction books called summae dictaminis. These reflect the hierarchy of medieval society by classifying senders and recipients of letters according to their social position, and giving instructions for address of one group by another. The European tradition of rules for letter writing can be traced back in an unbroken line to the Roman Empire, and in spite of certain local differences most rules concerning the form of the letter and expressions of politeness were shared all over the continent.
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Joffre, Marie-Dominique. "LA distribution et la signification de is, ille et ipse dans les Sermons de Saint CÉsaire d'arles Concordance et discordance avec la norme « classique »." Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 1-4 (September 25, 2020): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.21.
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Summary:Does the system of anaphorics and deictics already change in the first part of sixth century? In this study we have examined the uses of is, ille and ipse in a few of the Admonitiones of Caesarius Arelatensis. The data have been compared with these of Cicero's Pro Milone. Caesarius uses all the forms, but we note that ille is more frequent. This deictic is expanding to the detriment of is. Also it appears that the use as attributive adjective is much less frequent in Caesarius than in Cicero. What is the reason why the use of ille will develop in late common Latin? The meaning of this deictic is very extensive: it points out to a breaking, an innovation or an opposition. It's true when the speaker continues to say words he hopes he expresses something new. Furthermore the meaning of ille is not very far from ipse which means: “He /she /it and nobody /nothing else”.
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Oropesa, Salvador A. "Obscuritas and the Closet: Queer Neobaroque in Mexico." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 124, no. 1 (January 2009): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.1.172.
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During the Baroque period, Luis De GÓngora y Argote (1561–1627) wrote the first Spanish-language closeted literature. Some three hundred years later, the challenging originality of his closet verse, openly studied and appreciated by a cultured, intellectual elite, played a pivotal role in the development of homosexual literature in the early-twentieth-century avant-garde movements of Spain and Latin America. This essay will briefly explore how twentieth-century Mexican avant-garde writers expressed the closet using baroque models. The thesis is that the rhetorical strategies of obscuritas provided Góngora an ideal instrument for representing the closet, which in literature is defined as a symbolic space that allows writers to represent and readers to recognize homosexuality in a heterosexual context. The pertinent OED definition of closet as an adjective reads, “secret, covert, used esp. with reference to homosexuality” (“Closet”). This recognized use of obscuritas is validated further in the observations of the Peruvian colonial writer Espinosa Medrano, one of Góngora's seventeenth-century commentators, who epitomizes the consolidation of baroque aesthetics in Hispanic America by the criollo elite. The final chapter in this tour of the baroque closet will examine how the Mexican avant-garde became aware of obscuritas through Federico García Lorca's Gongorine lectures and poetry.
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Aldai, Gontzal. "Complex predicates, simple inflecting verbs, and “uninflecting verbs” in Pre-Basque." Linguistics 58, no. 6 (November 25, 2020): 1609–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0230.
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AbstractHow might Basque have looked before it came in contact with Latin? This interesting line of research may give us an idea of what the pre-Indo-European languages of Europe might have looked like, and it may help clarify how much contact-induced change Basque might have undergone during the last two millennia or so. The present paper puts forward the hypothesis that, towards the end of the Era (BC), Pre-Basque used to have a small class of verbs. These verbs were inflected for person and tense-aspect (although we know little about the specific characteristics of this inflectional system). Together with this small class of verbs, Pre-Basque had a larger group of uninflecting elements that combined with the inflecting verbs to form complex predicates. The group of uninflecting elements included bare nouns, adjectives, possibly adverbs, ideophones, and what I will call “uninflecting verbs”. The exact nature of these “uninflecting verbs” is hard to determine at this point, but they may have constituted a distinct part of speech. Certainly, this type of verbal organization is reminiscent of one common in Northern Australia. Thus, this paper also compares the reconstruction proposed for Pre-Basque with the verbal system typical in Northern Australian languages, to conclude that the similarities are remarkable and, therefore, that the verbal organization of Pre-Basque was quite different from that of the modern Western European languages, including Modern Basque.
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Tarrayo, Veronico N. "Wounds and words: A lexical and syntactic analysis of Casocot’s “There are other things beside brightness and light”." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 10, no. 2 (October 18, 2020): 502–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v10i2.28594.
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While there has been a sustained interest in conducting stylistic studies on fiction, specifically novels and short stories, the literature about stylistic analysis of flash fiction as a literary genre remains scant. Thus, the present study attempts to conduct a lexical and syntactic analysis of Ian Rosales Casocot’s “There Are Other Things Beside Brightness And Light.” The analysis was anchored in two of the four linguistic and stylistic categories proposed by Leech and Short (2007), namely lexical and grammatical. To communicate the narrator’s traumatic experience, the following lexical categories were found: words that evoke the main character’s recollected sensations, particularly visual; a Latin expression, and slang words; concrete nouns providing access to the feelings of the main character; abstract nouns connoting psychological or emotional processes; and adjectives depicting sensory imageries and representing, along with some verbs, psychological states that carry negative connotations. Stative verbs vis-à-vis dynamic ones echo the impressions of attachment and detachment, and memory in the story, which link to the adverbs of manner in the text. On the other hand, these grammatical features contributed to text interpretation: cumulative or loose sentences depicting a series of rapid thoughts of the narrator who recalls a traumatic experience; mini-paragraphs, i.e., text fragmentation, foregrounding the theme of the narrative; a verb-tense shift from past to future, and the demonstrative pronouns that and this representing the struggle of the narrator to escape from the vexatious memory of pain and trauma; and the em dash paving the way for the narrator’s emotional rumination. The stylistic analysis, particularly lexical and syntactic, provides a more objective and profound understanding of the underlying meanings of the FF under study.
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Piunno, Valentina, and Vittorio Ganfi. "Synchronic and diachronic analysis of prepositional multiword modifiers across Romance languages." Les variations diatopiques dans les expressions figées 43, no. 2 (December 15, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.00054.piu.
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Abstract Lexicological and lexicographical studies on multiword expressions in Romance languages have significantly increased in recent years. Even though some attention has been paid to Multiwords functioning as adjectives and adverbs, the structural and the functional relation between them has not been clarified yet. Employing both a qualitative and quantitative approach, this corpus-based investigation aims at exploring the diatopic distribution and the evolution of Romance multiword lexemes having the form of a prepositional phrase and the function of an adjective or/and an adverb (or both functions). According to data taken from corpora of Latin, Old Italian, Old Spanish and Middle French, this contribution investigates the relationship between the different degrees of schematicity and the productivity of this kind of multiword lexemes in order to highlight the evolutional path and the diachronic/diatopic principles engaged in the multiword modifying system across the different Romance languages taken into consideration.
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Uría, Javier. "Latin Grammarians Echoing the Greeks: The Doctrine of Proper Epithets and the Adjective." Philologus 154, no. 1 (January 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/phil.2010.0007.
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Stratton, James M. "Old English intensifiers." Journal of Historical Linguistics, September 2, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.20011.str.
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Abstract While many studies have employed variationist methods to examine longitudinal changes in the English intensifier system, to date, no variationist studies have tackled the intensifier system of Old English. By providing a critical view of this system at an earlier stage in the history of the English language, the present study adds to the long tradition of scholarship on intensifiers while providing new insight into their diachronic development. Despite its antiquity, several parallels can be drawn with the intensifier system at later stages in the language. Both internal and external factors are found to constrain this system, with predicative adjectives favoring intensification over attributive adjectives, prose texts having higher intensification rates than verse texts, Latin-based texts having higher intensification rates than vernacular texts, and the rate of intensification increasing over time. The quantitative analysis of the Old English system also increases the time depth necessary for a more detailed reflection on the diachronic recycling, replacement, and renewal of intensifiers. Language contact and borrowing are also postulated as driving forces of innovation and replacement in earlier stages of the English language.