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1
Rezek, Jon, Graham Cano, and Brent Evans. "Life, Liberty and The Pursuit of Happiness: A Jeffersonian Approach to Development Indicators." American Economist 56, no. 2 (November 2011): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943451105600206.
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International comparisons of societal development are traditionally based, at least partially, on per capita GDP. This paper develops an alternative approach to evaluating human progress using criteria outside the traditional income-based metrics. We evaluate national achievement using Thomas Jefferson's inalienable rights – Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness – as the development indicator. The results suggest that the northwestern European countries and their offshoots are most successful. Former Spanish territories, including the Philippines and those in Latin America, also perform well according to this metric. Eastern European and economically prosperous East Asian nations perform poorly.
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Dangel, Jacqueline. "Lucretius." Linguistic Approaches to Poetry 15 (December 31, 2001): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.15.07dan.
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Lucretius wanted his poetry to convey the scientific truths of Epicurean doctrine. In addition, he thought that one single generative and organic principle unites atomistic physics and the combinatory production of meaning. Thanks to the interplay between its “outer metric” (the distribution of dactylic/spondaic feet and caesuras) and its “inner metric” (the collocation of metrical word-types), the Latin hexameter allowed him to create intricate networks of similarities and differences, aimed at expressing the central tenets of the Epicurean system in such a way that they acquire the “evidence” of sensory impressions. As shown by the detailed analysis of two excerpts (II, 308-332; I, 1-20), systematic choices operating at the level of both “outer” and “inner” metrics provide a mimetic representation of the very essence of Epicurean reality, whose constant change and movement produce order and complexity based on the functional properties of its pro-forms.
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Bernal Pedraza, Oscar F. "Theoretical Framework for Research on Mathematical Olympiads in Latin America." International Education and Learning Review 2, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-edurev.v2.1568.
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This theoretical framework is intended to serve as guide to research on national Mathematical Olympiads in Latin America. Research with the goal to elucidate critical factors involved in the existence and results obtained by Latin American teams in the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) and other international contests, may find a stepping stone in this framework and the references cited in it. From the way local committees see themselves and their indicators for success. to the feedback subsumed in the IMO results, different comparable metrics for success must be developed to understand the specific challenges faced by these organizations and the goals set by themselves and the educational communities in their own countries. As for Latin American countries the IMO is not the only competition they attend or their single metric for success, reference to the IMO is provided as the evolving opportunity leading to the creation of local olympiad committees, the committees this framework presents as an opportunity for research and understanding of the search for talent in developing countries. As a way of closing the document, a few questions are proposed, offering both quantitative and qualitative research areas and with the possibility to reach findings helpful for those organizations, for the school students in their respective countries, and for similar organizations in other countries.
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Bernal Pedraza, Oscar F. "Theoretical Framework for Research on Mathematical Olympiads in Latin America." EDU REVIEW. Revista Internacional de Educación y Aprendizaje 8, no. 2 (September 25, 2020): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-revedu.v8.2661.
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This theoretical framework is intended to serve as guide to research on national Mathematical Olympiads in Latin America. Research with the goal to elucidate critical factors involved in the existence and results obtained by Latin American teams in the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) and other international contests, may find a stepping stone in this framework and the references cited in it. From the way local committees see themselves and their indicators for success. to the feedback subsumed in the IMO results, different comparable metrics for success must be developed to understand the specific challenges faced by these organizations and the goals set by themselves and the educational communities in their own countries. As for Latin American countries the IMO is not the only competition they attend or their single metric for success, reference to the IMO is provided as the evolving opportunity leading to the creation of local olympiad committees, the committees this framework presents as an opportunity for research and understanding of the search for talent in developing countries. As a way of closing the document, a few questions are proposed, offering both quantitative and qualitative research areas and with the possibility to reach findings helpful for those organizations, for the school students in their respective countries, and for similar organizations in other countries.
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Jakuba, Stan. "Standard Measure." Mechanical Engineering 123, no. 04 (April 1, 2001): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2001-apr-6.
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This article provides an understanding of a metric system and a standard that describes a universal, international language of measurement. Essentially, all units created in modern times are metric in every country of the world, including the United States. The evolution is coordinated by an international committee in which the United States has participated since 1875. The modern system of measurement is properly called SI, not metric. Individually, they measure such basic physical quantities as length, mass, or time. Alone or in combination, they let mankind measure anything. Many derived units can be expressed in more than one form, but professional use usually settles on a single convention. The degree Celsius is an alternate name for the Kelvin when a temperature increment is meant. It is also a name that designates a temperature on the Celsius scale. If each symbol is written according to the SI rules distinguishing between uppercase and lowercase letters, and between the Latin and Greek letters—it will be intelligible anywhere, regardless of the script and language a nation uses.
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Nedeljkovic, Vojin. "Features of Vulgar Latin in the inscriptions of Naissus." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 50-1 (2013): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi1350045n.
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The epigraphic material from the region of Naissus, in spite of its relative scarcity and poor state of preservation, offers valuable examples of Vulgar Latin usage. Interesting phenomena include an instance of the imperial name Pertinax in the form Pertenax, which may be due to a vulgar reinterpretation of the name (?Very Tough?, cf. Constans, Valens, sim.) and may imply rhizotony (Pert?nax); the adjective superstantes ?survivors?, apparently the issue of two consequent vulgar developments, superstes > superstens (hypercorrect spelling) > superstans (false analogy); an isosyllabic 3rd declension nominative singular, Melioris (from the name Melior), as well as a 3rd decl. dative singular generi from the 2nd decl. noun gener ?son-in-law?; an early borrowing from Germanic, brutes ?daughter-in-law?; a ?weak? future participle, sequiture, for secuturae; the bastard noun volumptas, cf. voluntas and voluptas; a correlative construction with sic...sic for quemadmodum...sic; and the verb adjuvare followed by a dative, which illustrates a vulgarism known from the Glossaries. Another kind of vulgarity, which is rather a matter of simplicity than purely linguistic incompetence, is found in cases such as an epitaph whose dedicator calls herself bene merita; or a semi-metric inscription-a commaticum-whose actual text may be the outcome of tampering with a regular epigraphic poem
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WILLIS, GRAHAM DENYER. "Before the Body Count: Homicide Statistics and Everyday Security in Latin America." Journal of Latin American Studies 49, no. 1 (June 27, 2016): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x16000407.
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AbstractHomicide statistics are a widely accepted metric of security and democracy. This article argues for a focus on how bodies come or do not come to be counted – of what happens before states enumerate. The experience of São Paulo relates that how many people die and how many do not is connected to the governance of an organised crime group known as the PCC. The punishment practices of the PCC and groups like it throughout Latin America reshape the lived paradigm of governance over life and death, albeit in concealed ways. Statistics are produced by and are productive of a de jure state, different from the state de facto. The acceptance of state-made homicide figures, whether for analysis, visualisation or political claims, is consequential for the future of lived security and social science knowledge production.
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Erylmaz, Nurullah, Mauricio Rivera-Gutiérrez, and Andrés Sandoval-Hernández. "Should different countries participating in PISA interpret socioeconomic background in the same way? A measurement invariance approach." Revista Iberoamericana de Educación 84, no. 1 (November 11, 2020): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35362/rie8413981.
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It has been claimed that there is a lack of theory-driven constructs and a lack of cross-country comparability in International Large-Scale Assessment (ILSA)’s socio-economic background scales. To address these issues, a new socio-economic background scale was created based on Pierre Bourdieu’s cultural reproduction theory, which distinguishes economic, cultural and social capital. Secondly, measurement invariance of this construct was tested across countries participating in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). After dividing the countries which participated in PISA 2015 into three groups, i.e., Latin American, European, and Asian, a Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis was carried out in order to examine the measurement invariance of this new socio-economic scale.
The results of this study revealed that this questionnaire, which measures the socio-economic background, was not found to be utterly invariant in the analysis involving all countries. However, when analysing more homogenous groups, measurement invariance was verified at the metric level, except for the group of Latin American countries. Further, implications for policymakers and recommendations for future studies are discussed.
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Pla Colomer, Francisco Pedro. "Aportaciones a la evolución castellana de f- latina en su contexto románico: del signo lingüístico al signo poético." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 136, no. 2 (June 4, 2020): 475–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2020-0025.
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AbstractThe main objective of the current paper is the study of the aspiration process and its loss of Latin f- in Spanish during the Middle Ages in contrast with other peninsular languages from the metric of the texts written in verse (from the Auto de los Reyes Magos until the Cancionero of Juan del Enzina). The analysis of the sounds distributed along the metrical feet of the verses sheds light on the reconstruction of the phonological element which underlies in the spelling. The systematic application of the dyalepha and synalepha, according to each period, will allow us to obtain an accurate perspective of this phenomenon, as well as to place it in its appropriate variational level of usage.
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Morales, Jose, Johannes Flacke, and Jaap Zevenbergen. "Modelling residential land values using geographic and geometric accessibility in Guatemala City." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 46, no. 4 (August 25, 2017): 751–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808317726332.
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Location and accessibility are core concepts for land-value research. However, the perspective is still limited in their conceptual and methodological application to cities from the Global South. The objective of this research is to bridge concepts and definitions to comprehensively operationalize accessibility indicators and uncover its relation with residential land-values in Guatemala City. We developed a multivariate regression model using the following access metrics: (1) geographic-access indices that were computed using time-based analyses per transport mode; (2) geometric-access metrics estimated via Space Syntax at various spatial scales; (3) a proposed geometric via geographic-access metric computed as potential access to network centrality. A variable selection process allowed to assess the information contribution of each variable in building a parsimonious model. We assessed the model in the context of model variations that represent common approaches used in existing literature. Geographic access to the core business district has the highest impact on the land-values, followed by proximity to urban areas with high geometric-access, measured as geometric via geographic access. Geometric accessibility at neighbourhood and city-wide scales add spatialized information that contributes to a parsimonious model and reduces spatial dependence. The model yielded the highest goodness of fit and prediction accuracy compared with the model variations. We concluded that Guatemala City land-values follow a predominant monocentric structure. Additionally, potential access to vital urban areas as identified via Space Syntax denotes the presence of economic activities, or potential for such, which were not explicitly addressed through the geographic-access metrics. The results have limitations but pose methodological possibilities relevant for research and practice in similar Latin American cities.
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Allen, Robert C., Tommy E. Murphy, and Eric B. Schneider. "UNA DE CAL Y OTRA DE ARENA: BUILDING COMPARABLE REAL WAGES IN A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 33, no. 1 (March 2015): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610915000038.
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ABSTRACTThis paper discusses some of the criticisms recently raised by Rafael Dobado-González about our work on real wages in the Americas in the long run. Although addressing a series of issues, Dobado mainly questions our use of the welfare ratio methodology to assess standards of living in colonial Spanish America. In this article we explain how, despite its limitations, this methodology provides a solid, transparent metric to compare economic development across space and time. In particular, welfare ratios present more economically relevant information on living standards than the commodity wages that Dobado prefers (Dobado González and García Montero 2014). We argue that Dobado fails to offer convincing evidence against our findings; hence, we stand by these results, which suggest that the divergence between North and Latin America began early in the colonial period.
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Wang, Rui, Yu Guang Xie, Kai Xie, and Ya Qiao Luo. "Thermal Unit Commitment Problem with Wind Power and Energy Storage System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 1455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.1455.
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This paper presents a methodology for solving unit commitment (UC) problem for thermal units integrated with wind power and generalized energy storage system (ESS).The ESS is introduced to achieve peak load shaving and reduce the operating cost. The volatility of wind power is simulated by multiple scenarios, which are generated by Latin hypercube sampling. Meanwhile, the scenario reduction technique based on probability metric is introduced to reduce the number of scenarios so that the computational burden can be alleviated. The thermal UC problem with volatile wind power and ESS is transformed to a deterministic optimization which is formulated as the mixed-integer convex program optimized by branch and bound-interior point method. During the branch and bound process, the best first search and depth first search are combined to expedite the computation. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by a ten unit UC problem.
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Chien, Chia-Te, Markus Pahlow, Markus Schartau, and Andreas Oschlies. "Optimality-based non-Redfield plankton–ecosystem model (OPEM v1.1) in UVic-ESCM 2.9 – Part 2: Sensitivity analysis and model calibration." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): 4691–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4691-2020.
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Abstract. We analyse 400 perturbed-parameter simulations for two configurations of an optimality-based plankton–ecosystem model (OPEM), implemented in the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model (UVic-ESCM), using a Latin hypercube sampling method for setting up the parameter ensemble. A likelihood-based metric is introduced for model assessment and selection of the model solutions closest to observed distributions of NO3-, PO43-, O2, and surface chlorophyll a concentrations. The simulations closest to the data with respect to our metric exhibit very low rates of global N2 fixation and denitrification, indicating that in order to achieve rates consistent with independent estimates, additional constraints have to be applied in the calibration process. For identifying the reference parameter sets, we therefore also consider the model's ability to represent current estimates of water-column denitrification. We employ our ensemble of model solutions in a sensitivity analysis to gain insights into the importance and role of individual model parameters as well as correlations between various biogeochemical processes and tracers, such as POC export and the NO3- inventory. Global O2 varies by a factor of 2 and NO3- by more than a factor of 6 among all simulations. Remineralisation rate is the most important parameter for O2, which is also affected by the subsistence N quota of ordinary phytoplankton (Q0,phyN) and zooplankton maximum specific ingestion rate. Q0,phyN is revealed as a major determinant of the oceanic NO3- pool. This indicates that unravelling the driving forces of variations in phytoplankton physiology and elemental stoichiometry, which are tightly linked via Q0,phyN, is a prerequisite for understanding the marine nitrogen inventory.
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Alzate Acevedo, Sasha, Álvaro José Díaz Carrillo, Edwin Flórez-López, and Carlos David Grande-Tovar. "Recovery of Banana Waste-Loss from Production and Processing: A Contribution to a Circular Economy." Molecules 26, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 5282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175282.
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Banana is a fruit grown mainly in tropical countries of the world. After harvest, almost 60% of banana biomass is left as waste. Worldwide, about 114.08 million metric tons of banana waste-loss are produced, leading to environmental problems such as the excessive emission of greenhouse gases. These wastes contain a high content of paramount industrial importance, such as cellulose, hemicellulose and natural fibers that various processes can modify, such as bacterial fermentation and anaerobic degradation, to obtain bioplastics, organic fertilizers and biofuels such as ethanol, biogas, hydrogen and biodiesel. In addition, they can be used in wastewater treatment methods by producing low-cost biofilters and obtaining activated carbon from rachis and banana peel. Furthermore, nanometric fibers commonly used in nanotechnology applications and silver nanoparticles useful in therapeutic cancer treatments, can be produced from banana pseudostems. The review aims to demonstrate the contribution of the recovery of banana production waste-loss towards a circular economy that would boost the economy of Latin America and many other countries of emerging economies.
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Oviedo, Daniel, and Luis A. Guzman. "Revisiting Accessibility in a Context of Sustainable Transport: Capabilities and Inequalities in Bogotá." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 1, 2020): 4464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114464.
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This research sets out to examine the interaction between accessibility, social inequalities and sustainability by revisiting a well-documented case of inequalities in access in Global South cities: Bogotá. Our analysis builds on the concept of accessibility, focusing on the role of transport as an enabler of opportunities for social interactions, healthcare and leisure, which are essential to the full participation in society. The research applies a methodological framework for accessibility developed and tested in the Latin American context, though it has not been previously applied to non-commuting travel. Our paper contributes to the existing evidence base showing the relevance of non-commuting travel to sustainable transport assessment in contexts of high inequality, which can be scaled up and applied in other contexts with various levels of social and environmental inequalities. The empirical analysis is based on data from Bogotá’s household travel survey. Using this dataset, we measure accessibility using a gravitational type of metric that is calibrated based on observed travel behavior. Accessibility levels were estimated by car and public transport for every zonal planning unit in the Bogotá Region. Accessibility indices are analyzed from an equity perspective using metrics such as the Palma ratio for differences of income and socioeconomic positions. Results show that on average, low- and middle-income areas have higher accessibility than high-income areas by both private and public transport. Accessibility conditions are discussed considering a framework of transitions to sustainable urban mobility, reflecting on various drivers and consequences of barriers to access in different areas and social groups. Our findings provide insights to support actions that redistribute accessibility of opportunities beyond the job market, questioning the applicability of accessibility measures to discuss equity and sustainability in cities such as Bogotá.
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Russell, Jane M., and María Victoria Guzmán. "Connecting and empowering the Latin American research community in the global sphere: an introduction to the special issue on the metric study of regional science and technology." Scientometrics 115, no. 3 (April 16, 2018): 1439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2745-3.
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Liu, James H., Petar Milojev, Homero Gil de Zúñiga, and Robert Jiqi Zhang. "The Global Trust Inventory as a “Proxy Measure” for Social Capital: Measurement and Impact in 11 Democratic Societies." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, no. 5 (April 13, 2018): 789–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118766619.
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The Global Trust Inventory (GTI), conceptually assessing trust in others ranging from close interpersonal relationships to relationships with government and financial institutions as a whole, was administered to representative online samples in 11 democratic states ( N = 11,917 from Europe, the Americas, and New Zealand). A seven-factor solution had configural, metric, and reasonable scalar invariance in multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Using latent profile analysis, individual-level measures of trust were derived that complement existing measures of social capital in their impact and implications. Western societies had proportionately more people with high propensity to trust, Catholic/European intermediate, and Latin American societies the least. A High Trust Profile had virtues associated with social capital: greater participation in political discussion, greater elaboration of political thinking, more community engagement, less prejudice, and greater participation in elections. A Low Trust Profile exhibited opposite tendencies. Demographically, high trust was associated with higher self-reported social status, home ownership, older age, and political conservatism. A more complex set of relationships differentiated two intermediate profiles, dubbed Moderate and Low Institutional Trust. Conceptually, the GTI operationalizes a holistic view of trust as a “synthetic force” that holds various aspects of society together, ranging from interpersonal to institutionalized relationships.
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Gómez, Jairo A., Jorge E. Patiño, Juan C. Duque, and Santiago Passos. "Spatiotemporal Modeling of Urban Growth Using Machine Learning." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010109.
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This paper presents a general framework for modeling the growth of three important variables for cities: population distribution, binary urban footprint, and urban footprint in color. The framework models the population distribution as a spatiotemporal regression problem using machine learning, and it obtains the binary urban footprint from the population distribution through a binary classifier plus a temporal correction for existing urban regions. The framework estimates the urban footprint in color from its previous value, as well as from past and current values of the binary urban footprint using a semantic inpainting algorithm. By combining this framework with free data from the Landsat archive and the Global Human Settlement Layer framework, interested users can get approximate growth predictions of any city in the world. These predictions can be improved with the inclusion in the framework of additional spatially distributed input variables over time subject to availability. Unlike widely used growth models based on cellular automata, there are two main advantages of using the proposed machine learning-based framework. Firstly, it does not require to define rules a priori because the model learns the dynamics of growth directly from the historical data. Secondly, it is very easy to train new machine learning models using different explanatory input variables to assess their impact. As a proof of concept, we tested the framework in Valledupar and Rionegro, two Latin American cities located in Colombia with different geomorphological characteristics, and found that the model predictions were in close agreement with the ground-truth based on performance metrics, such as the root-mean-square error, zero-mean normalized cross-correlation, Pearson’s correlation coefficient for continuous variables, and a few others for discrete variables such as the intersection over union, accuracy, and the f 1 metric. In summary, our framework for modeling urban growth is flexible, allows sensitivity analyses, and can help policymakers worldwide to assess different what-if scenarios during the planning cycle of sustainable and resilient cities.
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Papaioannou, George, Lampros Vasiliades, Athanasios Loukas, and Giuseppe T. Aronica. "Probabilistic flood inundation mapping at ungauged streams due to roughness coefficient uncertainty in hydraulic modelling." Advances in Geosciences 44 (April 26, 2017): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-44-23-2017.
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Abstract. Probabilistic flood inundation mapping is performed and analysed at the ungauged Xerias stream reach, Volos, Greece. The study evaluates the uncertainty introduced by the roughness coefficient values on hydraulic models in flood inundation modelling and mapping. The well-established one-dimensional (1-D) hydraulic model, HEC-RAS is selected and linked to Monte-Carlo simulations of hydraulic roughness. Terrestrial Laser Scanner data have been used to produce a high quality DEM for input data uncertainty minimisation and to improve determination accuracy on stream channel topography required by the hydraulic model. Initial Manning's n roughness coefficient values are based on pebble count field surveys and empirical formulas. Various theoretical probability distributions are fitted and evaluated on their accuracy to represent the estimated roughness values. Finally, Latin Hypercube Sampling has been used for generation of different sets of Manning roughness values and flood inundation probability maps have been created with the use of Monte Carlo simulations. Historical flood extent data, from an extreme historical flash flood event, are used for validation of the method. The calibration process is based on a binary wet-dry reasoning with the use of Median Absolute Percentage Error evaluation metric. The results show that the proposed procedure supports probabilistic flood hazard mapping at ungauged rivers and provides water resources managers with valuable information for planning and implementing flood risk mitigation strategies.
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Tlapa, Diego, Jorge Limon, Jorge L. García-Alcaraz, Yolanda Baez, and Cuauhtémoc Sánchez. "Six Sigma enablers in Mexican manufacturing companies: a proposed model." Industrial Management & Data Systems 116, no. 5 (June 13, 2016): 926–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-06-2015-0265.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extend the understanding of Six Sigma (SS) and the underlying dimensions of its critical success factors (CSF) via an analysis of the effects of top management support (TMS), implementation strategy (IS), and collaborative team (CT) on project performance (PP) in Mexican manufacturing companies. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a SS literature review, a survey was conducted to capture practitioners’ viewpoints about CSFs for SS implementation and their impact on performance in manufacturing companies. A factor analysis and structural equation modeling were conducted in order to identify and analyze causal relationships. Findings – The results suggest that CSFs grouped in the constructs TMS, IS, and CT have a positive impact on PP as measured by cost reduction, variation reduction, and quality improvement. Research limitations/implications – Although the empirical data collected supported the proposed model, results might differ among organizations in different countries. In addition, the study did not analyze a unique performance metric; instead, general PP dimensions were used. Practical implications – Boosting the TMS, IS, and CT enhances positive PP of SS in manufacturing companies. Originality/value – IS as a construct has not been studied exhaustively; this work contributes to a better understanding of it and its impact on PP. Additionally, studies of SS in Latin America are limited, so this study gives a complementary vision to practitioners and researchers about it.
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Movilla-Quesada, Diana, Aitor C. Raposeiras, Manuel Lagos-Varas, Osvaldo Muñoz-Cáceres, Valerio-Carlos Andrés-Valeri, and Loreto Troncoso. "Study of the Optimal Dosage of Celullose Ash as a Contribution Filler in Asphalt Mixtures Based on Its Adhesiveness under Moisture Conditions." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020854.
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Chile is the first Latin American country to begin an “ecological overdraft”, as established by the Global Footprint Network (GFN). This implies that the country’s ecological footprint has exceeded the global average bio-capacity. The consumption of natural aggregates for construction in Chile has grown by around 6.6% in the last year, with around 120 million tons being extracted. Given the above, it is important to seek alternatives that help to minimize the problem of resource scarcity, as well as the recovery of industrial by-products and/or waste. The Chilean forestry sector has also grown in recent years, generating approximately 4000 metric tons of waste in 2018, which was deposited in landfills or disposed of on forest roads. The present research is focused on the reuse and possible recovery of ash from the incineration of cellulose as a filler in bituminous mixtures. We analyze the adhesiveness of the filler/bitumen system in dry and wet states, based on the Cantabro wear loss test. The results obtained show that the limit of the relation between the volumetric concentration and critical concentration (Cv/Cs) is 1 for the addition of ash and that concentrations lower than or equal to this value present controlled losses, with 1.00 being the optimal (Cv/Cs) ratio that allows better behavior against the effect of water.
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Dimitrova, Radosveta, and Alejandra del Carmen Dominguez Espinosa. "Measurement Invariance of the Satisfaction with Life Scale in Argentina, Mexico and Nicaragua." Social Inquiry into Well-Being 1, no. 1 (August 14, 2015): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.13165/siiw-15-1-1-04.
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The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) is one of the most widely used scales for the measurement of well-being. Nevertheless, its measurement invariance and factor structure have not been investigated simultaneously across culturally diverse samples in Latin America. The current paper evaluates the factorial structure and measurement invariance of SWLS (the degree to which the scale measurements conducted across different populations exhibit identical psychometric properties) as to provide solid and accurate basis for cultural group comparisons. We apply measurement invariance testing procedures using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) to investigate the factorial structure and invariance of the scale across three cultural groups from Argentina, Mexico and Nicaragua. We also estimate and compare latent means of life satisfaction across groups. Participants were 921 adults (mean age 29.66, SD = 11.48) from Argentina (n = 192), Mexico (n = 421) and Nicaragua (n = 302). First, confirmatory factor analyzes (CFA) conducted separately for each cultural group provided support for the one-factor structure of the instrument. Second, the MGCFA showed good configural, metric and scalar invariance models, indicating similar patterns and strengths in factor loadings, means and intercepts across cultural samples. Third, latent mean comparisons did not show group differences in life satisfaction. We conclude that the SWLS is a brief and valid measure of life satisfaction that can be used for cross-cultural comparison with samples from Argentina, Mexico and Nicaragua.
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Alicandro, M., E. Candigliota, D. Dominici, F. Immordino, R. Quaresima, and S. Zollini. "ALBA FUCENS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE: MULTISCALE AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH FOR RISK ASSESSMENT AND CONSERVATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 4, 2019): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-47-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Latin Colony (303 BC) of Alba Fucens (L’Aquila, Italy) is the largest archaeological area of the whole Apennines. Due to its extension, location and environmental context, the conservation of the site is particularly complex.</p><p>For these reasons, in the paper a multiscale and multidisciplinary geoarchaeological study (remote sensing and UAV photogrammetry) of the site, to extract and measure morphostructural information to be associated to the environmental context, risk assessment and conservation, is reported.</p><p>The study area is located on a higher geostructure with a subangular shape, which suggests a tectonic origin, with respect to the surrounding plain and bounded to the East by a large fan that takes place towards the Piana del Fucino.</p><p>First, the geo-structural analysis, using the Landsat-8 and GeoEye multispectral sensors, was performed. The GeoEye satellite image allowed carrying out the morphological analysis of the archaeological area, its physical characteristics, the drainage pattern and the land use. Subsequently, after image processing of satellite data, a UAV survey was carried out in some relevant zones. Considering the UAV photogrammetry accuracy information, it was possible to extract data as map producing with several advantages (economic and time saving, minimum field work). With a multiscale and metric approach, the geomatics techniques allowed to deeply investigate some areas, creating detailed 3D models for evaluate risks and the decay. Finally, a general discussion about risk mitigation and conservation is reported.</p>
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Metzger, Michael D., Arch G. Woodside, and John C. Ickis. "Assessing algorithms for selecting countries to market new products to low-income consumers." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 3, no. 4 (October 10, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-06-2013-0067.
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Title – Assessing algorithms for selecting countries to market new products to low-income consumers. Subject area – A consulting team to an international food packaging company (SDYesBox) is attempting to decide which algorithm is the most useful for selecting two national markets in Central America and the Caribbean. SDYesBox wants to work closely with its immediate customers – manufacturers in the dairy and food industry and their customers (retailers) – to develop and market innovative products to low-income consumers in emerging markets; the “next big opportunity for the dairy industry” according to SDYesBox. Study level/applicability – New product development and market selection in emerging markets in Latin America. Case overview – Five algorithms are “on the table” for assessing 14 countries by 12 performance indicators: weighted-benchmarking each country by the country leader ' s indicator scores; tallying by ignoring indicator weights and selecting the countries having the greatest number of positive standardized scores; applying a conjunctive and lexicographic combination algorithm; and using a “fluency metric” of how quickly consumers can say each country aloud. At least one member of the consulting team is championing one of these five algorithms. Which algorithm do you recommend? Why? Expected learning outcomes – Learners gain skills, insights, and experience in alternative decision tools for evaluating and selecting choices among emerging markets to enter with new products for low-income (bottom of the pyramid) products ands services. Supplementary materials – Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
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Ficici, Aysun, and C. Bulent Aybar. "CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND FIRM VALUE IN EMERGING MARKETS AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF ADR ISSUING EMERGING MARKET FIRMS." EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal 2, no. 1 (January 29, 2012): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2012.18.
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This study explores the value implications of good corporate governance for a sample of 54 ADR issuing emerging market firms (EMFs) from 9 countries primarily located in the regions of Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America and the and employs recently constructed company composite corporate governance metric along with some alternative corporate governance measures associated with the origin of the issuing firm. Although the ADR literature primarily focuses on the impact of subscription to US disclosure requirements we contend that company and country specific corporate governance standards play a significant role in the risk reduction and ensuing value capture. The fundamental inquiry in this study has the following foci: The primary focus is on the impact of corporate governance structures on firm performance as to whether adherence to standards creates market value for ADR issuing EMFs. Do good corporate governance practices affect the value of EMFs? The secondary focus is concerned with whether the impact of corruption level and legal system in a firm’s home country affect the corporate structures of EMFs thus affecting the market value of firms. In this study, we utilize Tobin’s q as the measure of firm performance/market value. Our findings suggest that there is a significant correlation between corporate governance structures of ADR issuing EMFs and their market values and/or performances. The results also indicate that the level of corruption and legal structures in home countries of EMFs strongly impact the corporate governance structures of these firms and sequentially affect their market values. Therefore, this research further contributes to the scholarly findings and suppositions that corporate structures of firms do create consequences on firm value.
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Christine Massey, Susan, Andrea Hawkins-Daarud, Pamela Jackson, Rebecca Grove, Katrina Bakken, Lihong He, Ann Mladek, et al. "ANGI-11. SEX DIFFERENCES IN IMAGING-BASED ASSESSMENT OF GLIOBLASTOMA INVASION." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_6 (November 2019): vi32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.121.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION Neuroimaging dogma for glioblastoma asserts that hyperintensity on T1Gd MRI reveals the bulk of the tumor, while T2/FLAIR signal indicates edema. However, it is unclear whether this edema results from immune response or increased tumor cells. Further, one significant driver of the known sex differences in glioblastoma may be differences in immune response, due to the X-linkage of many immune genes. Based on this, we hypothesized that assumptions regarding tumor cellularity in T2/FLAIR images should be tailored to the biological sex of the patient. METHODS Using a retrospective cohort of 18 primary glioblastoma patients receiving multiple image-localized biopsies (82 total) and standard MRI, we assessed: distance of biopsy from T1Gd and T2 areas; a pathologist’s score of percent tumor cell density; and an imaging-based invasion metric, D/ρ. This metric is derived from the biomathematical Proliferation-Invasion model of glioma growth, which features two parameters, net growth rate (ρ) and net invasion rate (D). Their ratio D/ρ is related to degree of invasion, and is estimated from volumetric measurements of MRI abnormalities. Additionally, 25 patient-derived xenograft models implanted in females were grown until moribund, at which point brains were excised and stained for DAPI (to show all cells) and Lamin (to highlight tumor cells). Image processing of lamin-stained sections defines contours of intensity correlating with cell density. RESULTS Outside both the T1Gd and T2 region, male patient biopsies had higher tumor cell densities than females. Males also tended to have higher invasion metrics. Although each set derived from different patients, preclinical metrics of invasion were positively correlated with clinical invasion in females but negatively correlated in males. CONCLUSION Our preliminary finding that cell distribution patterns correlate with imaging metrics differently between the sexes supports the hypothesis that the degree of tumor cell density represented on certain MRI sequences may be sex-specific.
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Baldi, Germán, Marcos Texeira, Osvaldo A. Martin, H. Ricardo Grau, and Esteban G. Jobbágy. "Opportunities drive the global distribution of protected areas." PeerJ 5 (February 15, 2017): e2989. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2989.
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BackgroundProtected areas, regarded today as a cornerstone of nature conservation, result from an array of multiple motivations and opportunities. We explored at global and regional levels the current distribution of protected areas along biophysical, human, and biological gradients, and assessed to what extent protection has pursued (i) a balanced representation of biophysical environments, (ii) a set of preferred conditions (biological, spiritual, economic, or geopolitical), or (iii) existing opportunities for conservation regardless of any representation or preference criteria.MethodsWe used histograms to describe the distribution of terrestrial protected areas along biophysical, human, and biological independent gradients and linear and non-linear regression and correlation analyses to describe the sign, shape, and strength of the relationships. We used a random forest analysis to rank the importance of different variables related to conservation preferences and opportunity drivers, and an evenness metric to quantify representativeness.ResultsWe find that protection at a global level is primarily driven by the opportunities provided by isolation and a low population density (variable importance = 34.6 and 19.9, respectively). Preferences play a secondary role, with a bias towards tourism attractiveness and proximity to international borders (variable importance = 12.7 and 3.4, respectively). Opportunities shape protection strongly in “North America & Australia–NZ” and “Latin America & Caribbean,” while the importance of the representativeness of biophysical environments is higher in “Sub-Saharan Africa” (1.3 times the average of other regions).DiscussionEnvironmental representativeness and biodiversity protection are top priorities in land conservation agendas. However, our results suggest that they have been minor players driving current protection at both global and regional levels. Attempts to increase their relevance will necessarily have to recognize the predominant opportunistic nature that the establishment of protected areas has had until present times.
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Severin, Anna, Michaela Strinzel, Matthias Egger, Marc Domingo, and Tiago Barros. "Characteristics of scholars who review for predatory and legitimate journals: linkage study of Cabells Scholarly Analytics and Publons data." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e050270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050270.
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ObjectivesTo describe and compare the characteristics of scholars who reviewed for predatory or legitimate journals in terms of their sociodemographic characteristics and reviewing and publishing behaviour.DesignLinkage of random samples of predatory journals and legitimate journals of the Cabells Scholarly Analytics’ journal lists with the Publons database, employing the Jaro-Winkler string metric. Descriptive analysis of sociodemographic characteristics and reviewing and publishing behaviour of scholars for whom reviews were found in the Publons database.SettingPeer review of journal articles.ParticipantsReviewers who submitted peer review reports to Publons.MeasurementsNumbers of reviews for predatory journals and legitimate journals per reviewer. Academic age of reviewers, the total number of reviews, number of publications and number of reviews and publications per year.ResultsAnalyses included 183 743 unique reviews submitted to Publons by 19 598 reviewers. Six thousand and seventy-seven reviews were for 1160 predatory journals (3.31% of all reviews) and 177 666 reviews for 6403 legitimate journals (96.69%). Most scholars never submitted reviews for predatory journals (90.0% of all scholars); few scholars (7.6%) reviewed occasionally or rarely (1.9%) for predatory journals. Very few scholars submitted reviews predominantly or exclusively for predatory journals (0.26% and 0.35%, respectively). The latter groups of scholars were of younger academic age and had fewer publications and reviews than the first groups. Regions with the highest shares of predatory reviews were sub-Saharan Africa (21.8% reviews for predatory journals), Middle East and North Africa (13.9%) and South Asia (7.0%), followed by North America (2.1%), Latin America and the Caribbean (2.1%), Europe and Central Asia (1.9%) and East Asia and the Pacific (1.5%).ConclusionTo tackle predatory journals, universities, funders and publishers need to consider the entire research workflow and educate reviewers on concepts of quality and legitimacy in scholarly publishing.
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Grant, J. Aaron, Arnaud Laillou, Julian Wolfson, and Regina Moench-Pfanner. "Fortification of Staple Cereal Flours with Iron and other Micronutrients: Cost Implications of following World Health Organization—Endorsed Recommendations." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 33, no. 4_suppl3 (December 2012): S336—S343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265120334s310.
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Background Wheat and maize flours are widely used delivery vehicles for mass fortification. In lower-income countries, most, if not all, national-level cereal flour fortification programs routinely fortify with iron; however, cofortification with other micronutrients is common. Little information is available on the cost implications programs face when considering current fortification practices versus what the World Health Organization (WHO) interim consensus statement recommends. Objective The objectives of the present paper are to provide information on the costs of adding different chemical forms of iron and/or other micronutrients to premix formulations, and to discuss some of the issues that should be considered regarding which micronutrients to include in the premix. Methods Nine countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia (three countries per region) that currently cofortify with multiple micronutrients including iron were selected based on low (< 75 g/day), medium (75 to 149 g/day), and high (≥ 150 g/day) mean population flour consumption levels. Premix costs per metric ton of flour produced were estimated for improving iron formulations and for following WHO recommendations for other micronutrients. Results For the selected programs to maintain current premix formulations and improve iron compounds, premix costs would increase by between 155% and 343% when the iron compound was switched from electrolytic iron to sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA), by 6% to 50% when it was switched from electrolytic iron to ferrous sulfate, and by 4% to 13 when iron addition rates were adjusted without switching the compound. To meet WHO recommendations for other micronutrients, premix costs would increase the most when the amounts of vitamins B12 and A were increased. Conclusions For programs that currently cofortify with iron and additional micronutrients, the quality of the iron fortificant should not be overlooked simply to be able to afford to add more micronutrients to the premix. Micronutrients should be selected according to population needs, costs, and potential beneficial synergistic reactions the added micronutrients may have.
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Aleksiayevych, H. V. "Czech borrowings in the Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian written languages." Movoznavstvo 317, no. 2 (April 20, 2021): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-317-2021-2-003.
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The article assesses the role of the Old Belarusian and the Old Ukrainian languages in the development of Czech-Eastern Slavonic linguistic relations in the 14th–18th centuries. There were both direct and indirect ways of Czech language influence on the Old Belarusian and the Old Ukrainian written languages. The 15th century saw favourable conditions for military-political alliance between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Bohemia. The emergence and development of these relations was accompanied by diplomatic activity: for instance, Grand Dukes Vitovt and Svidryhailo had correspondence in Latin and Old Czech with the Czech Hussites. Contacts in the military-political, socio-religious and cultural-educational spheres contributed to the development of Czech-East Slavic language ties. Translations of the Czech written texts into Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian («The Life of Alexei the Man of God», «The Story of Apollo of Tyre», «Lucidarius», «The Song of Songs», «The Tale of Toadal», «The Tale of the Prophetess Sibylline», «The Trojan Story»), use of the Czech legal texts in writing Galicia-Volyn letters in the 14th and early 15th centuries. The use of Czech legal texts in Galicia-Volyn monuments (Norman Statute of 1438–1439, Statutes of 1529, 1566, 1588, Lithuanian Metric Acts) contributed to the direct penetration of Bohemianisms into the Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian writing. Although there were channels through which Czech linguistic elements could be directly borrowed into Old-Belarusian and Old-Ukrainian, the main channel for their penetration was Polish. Through the Polish mediation Bohemian loanwords were borrowed from various lexical-semantic groups, mainly from religious, military, socio-political and economic, everyday life vocabulary. The similar conditions of borrowing of Bohemianisms in Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian are obviously the main reason why Bohemianisms in both languages are close in number and chronology of written fixation. This similarity is especially noticeable against the background of Old Russian data, where bohemisms were recorded later and in smaller numbers
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Milovanović-Barham, Čelica. "Aldhelm's Enigmata and Byzantine riddles." Anglo-Saxon England 22 (December 1993): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100004300.
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Around the year 695 Aldhelm, abbot of Malmesbury, wrote a collection of one hundred Latin enigmata or riddles to illustrate the rules of Latin metrics and versification, hoping that through that exercise ‘the rudiments of his small talent’ might grow sufficiently to enable him to write eventually ‘of more important subjects’. Almost instantly his Enigmata gained universal popularity: they were read as a primer of Latin poetry, they inspired other Anglo-Saxons (such as Tatwine and Eusebius, whose combined Latin enigmata make another hundred-piece collection) to follow in his footsteps, and they are said to have influenced the vernacular Old English riddles of the Exeter Book.
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Fan, Chaoqun, Ruizhe Sun, Mingjian Nie, Mei Wang, Zhi Yao, Qiang Feng, Wenfeng Xu, et al. "The Cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents in Tibet at altitudes over 3,500 meters." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): e0256258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256258.
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Background Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is the core element of health-related physical fitness evaluation. High pressure and low oxygen in Tibet (over 3,500 m above sea level) may negatively impact the residents’ CRF. The 20-m shuttle run test (20mSRT) is the most popular field-based assessment and estimate of CRF in children and adolescents worldwide. However, normative CRF data for the children and adolescents residing in China’s plateau region are unavailable, which prevents comparability among those living at high-altitudes around the world. Purpose To measure the CRF of Chinese children and adolescents aged 9–18 years living in Tibet at altitudes exceeding 3,500 m, and to identify correlations between this metric and demographic characteristics (age, sex, and ethnicity). These data were then compared with those generated in the lowland (Shanghai, China) and various global regions. Methods 20mSRT performance (number of completed laps) and predicted peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) were used as indicators of CRF. We measured the CRF of 1,717 healthy children and adolescents aged 9–18 years living in Tibet. The CRF data from school-age subjects in Shanghai (2,437 boys and 2,396 girls) and worldwide (1,142,026 students from 50 countries/regions in Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America, and Oceania) were collated from published papers. Results The average CRF of the participants from Tibet was 39.8 mL/kg/min. The male subjects (n = 876; 41.1 ± 4.42 mL/kg/min) had a higher average CRF than their female counterparts (n = 841; 37.8 ± 5.40 mL/kg/min). CRF decreased with age in both sexes at statistical significance (F = 1249.9, p for trend 0.05). The indigenous Tibetans (n = 1289; 40.1 ± 3.71 mL/kg/min) had a significant higher average CRF than those of Han descent (n = 394; 38.9 ± 4.70 mL/kg/min) (p < 0.05). Conclusions Children and adolescents aged 7–18 years residing above 3,500 m in Tibet displayed lower CRF traits compared with their counterparts from the plains area and other high altitude places. CRF varied according to age, sex, and ethnic group. Given the importance of CRF in children and adolescents, effective intervention strategies should be implemented to improve CRF in children and adolescents on the plateau.
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de Melo, W. D. C. "Altitalische Metrik. The Latin Saturnian revisited. MERCADO, ANGELO: Italic Verse." Kratylos 59, no. 1 (2014): 53–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29091/kratylos/2014/1/2.
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Liu, Zeqing, Jeong Sheok Ume, and Mohammad S. Khan. "Coincidence and fixed point theorems in metric and Banach spaces." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 26, no. 6 (2001): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171201005646.
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We prove some coincidence and fixed point theorems for generalized(ϕ,f)-contractive type andf-nonexpansive type multivalued and singlevalued mappings in metric and Banach spaces, respectively. Our results extend, improve, and unify a few known results due to Browder, Browder and Petryshyn, Chang, Huang, and Cho, Husain and Latif, Husain and Tarafdar, and Karlovitz.
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McCully, Chris B., and Richard M. Hogg. "Dialect Variation and Historical Metrics." Diachronica 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 13–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.11.1.04mcc.
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SUMMARY The form and distribution of Middle English poetic texts is neither accidental nor the sole consequence of French (or Latin) literary influence. In particular, we claim that changes in poetic form are enabled by language change, specifically and in the Middle English period by changes in word- and phrase-stress patterning. Such linguistic changes initially take place in different dialects at different rates. Since dialects show at least partial synchronic isomorphism between phonological and metrical forms, it is reasonable to explore the consequences of such isomorphism in Middle English, and come to some (tentative) conclusions about the metres, the alliterative patterning, and the di-atopic variation in Middle English verse. We include data and analyses connected with the coming of systematic rhyme, different forms of alliterative writing, metrical promotion and subordination, and isosyllabism. These help to justify the initial assumptions that dialect variation is metrically significant and that poetic form and change is enabled by changes in stress-patterning. RÉSUMÉ La forme et la disuibution des textes poétiques du moyen anglais n'est ni le résultat d'un accident ni entièrement la conséquence de l'influence littéraire française (ou latine). Nous prétendons, en particulier, que les changements dans la forme poétique deviennent possibles grâce aux changements dans la langue, plus spécifiquement, durant la période du moyen anglais, grâce aux changements au niveau de l'accentuation des mots et des phrases. Initialement, de tels changements linguistiques se produisent dans des dialectes différents et à des vitesses différentes. Puisque les dialectes démontrent un isomorphisme du moins partiellement synchronique entre les formes phonologiques et métriques, il semblerait raisonnable d'explorer les conséquences d'un tel isomorphisme en anglais moyen et d'en venir à quelques conclusions préliminaires sur sa métricité, son allitération et sa variation diatopique. Nous incluons, par ailleurs, les données et les analyses reliées à l'avènement de la rime systématique, aux diverses formes d'allitération, à la promotion et subordination métrique, aussi bien qu'à l'isosyllabisme. Tout cela contribue à justifier les suppositions initiales, voire que la variation dialectale a une importance de nature métrique et que la forme ainsi que le changement poétique sont motivés par des changements au niveau de l'accentuation. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Art und Verbreitung der mittelenglischen Literatur ist weder zufällig noch als das Ergebnis franzosischer (oder lateinischer) Einflüsse anzusehen. In diesem Aufsatz wird vornehmlich die Auffassung vertreten, daß Ânderungen in der dichterischen Form durch Sprachwandel ermoglicht werden. Während der mittelenglischen Periode geschah dies vor allem durch Ânderungen im Be-tonungsmuster von Wörtem und Wortgruppen. Solche sprachlichen Veränderungen traten in den verschiedenen Dialekten weder gleichzeitig noch regel-maßig auf. Da die Dialekte synchron gesehen zumindest teilweise eine Isomor-phie zwischen phonologischen und metrischen Strukturen aufweisen, lassen sich im Mittelenglischen einige Folgen dieser Isomorphic untersuchen. Sie erlauben zumindest einige vorläufige Schliisse iiber Metrik, Stabreimmuster und diatopische Varianten in der mittelenglischen Dichtung. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wurden Materialien und Analysen berücksichtigt, die sowohl mit dem Auftreten des Endreims als auch mit den verschiedenen Formen der Stabreim-dichtung zusammenhängen, etwa mit dem Isosyllabismus und der metrischen Profilierung oder Unterordnung. Dièse bestätigen großtenteils unsere An-nahmen, da8 Verschiedenenheiten innerhalb der Dialekte fur die Metrik von Bedeutung sind und da6 der Wandel in der poetischen Ausdrucksform durch Ànderungen im Wortbetonungsmuster ermoglicht wird.
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Hussain, N., N. Yasmin, and N. Shafqat. "Multi-valued Ciric contractions on metric spaces with applications." Filomat 28, no. 9 (2014): 1953–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1409953h.
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In this paper, using the concept of w-distance, we obtain fixed point results for multi-valued generalized w-contractive maps not involving the extended Hausdorf metric. Presented theorems are generalizations of recent fixed point theorems due to L.B. Cric [Nonlinear Analysis 71 (2009), 2716-2723], D. Klim and D. Wardowski [ J. Math. Anal. Appl. 334 (2007), 132-139], Y. Feng and S. Liu [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 317 (2006), 103-112], Latif and Abdou [Nonlinear Analysis 74 (2011), 1436-1444 and Fixed Point Theory and Appl., Volume 2009 (2009) Article ID 487161, 8 pp.] and several others. As an application of our results we establish common fixed point results for newly defined class of Banach operator pairs.
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Árnason, Kristján. "Vernacular and classical strands in Icelandic poetics and grammar in the Middle Ages." Grammarians, Skalds and Rune Carvers II 69, no. 2 (September 26, 2016): 191–235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.69.2.04arn.
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Medieval Icelandic grammar and poetics based their analysis, to a great extent, on traditional Nordic scholarship. In poetics, Snorra Edda was central, but insights from Classical learning were used to supplement it in the Third and the Fourth Grammatical Treatises. A comparison between Snorri’s description of metrical form in Háttatal and Latin metrics reveals fundamental differences. In the Nordic system, the emphasis is on alliteration and rhyme, but in the Latin one rhythm is central. Furthermore, there are significant differences in the kind of phonological terminology and analysis presented in the grammatical treatises respectively, the First providing the sharpest insights, but the Second perhaps being the most original, seeking inspiration from music. The Third Treatise shows input from runic learning as well as Latin doctrine in its grammatical part, and a healthy mixture of native and Classical learning in its poetics.
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Azizi, A., and H. P. Masiha. "Some Generalizations of Fixed Point Results for Multivalued Contraction Mappings." ISRN Mathematical Analysis 2011 (December 25, 2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/924396.
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We establish some fixed point results for multivalued contraction type mappings in terms of a w-distance in a complete metric space. Our results generalize very recent results of some authors (Ćirić, 2008, 2009; Feng and Liu 2006; Klim and Wardowski 2007; and Latif and Abdou 2011).
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Bonilla, David, Hartmut Keller, and Juergen Schmiele. "Climate policy and solutions for green supply chains: Europe’s predicament." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 20, no. 3 (May 11, 2015): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-05-2014-0171.
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Purpose – This paper aims to measure carbon footprints (CFs) of products at the sectoral levels. The paper also aims to provide potential solutions to adopt greener supply chains to minimise CFs. Design/methodology/approach – The assessment of CFs uses a data set for nine sectors and environmental extended input output tables, as well as other six models. The analysis uses modules for regional economy, freight, logistics and mode choice, among other modules. The output of these modules includes increases or cuts in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions following a shift in supply chains. Findings – The authors identify five supply chains that are closely connected to the growth of CFs. The highest CF is found for the electronics and textiles products. Offshoring manufacturing capacity produces an increase of emissions (production and freight transport sectors) of 42 million tonnes of CO2 emissions, or 12 per cent of the Kyoto target of 341 million tonnes of CO2. Using a different metric to measure emissions, offshoring the same volume of production appears as a reduction in European Union (EU)-wide CO2 emissions. To reduce CO2 emissions, the authors propose a carbon tax on imports, increasing R&D subsidies to industry and freight sectors and on-shoring a greater volume of production into the EU economies, among other measures. Research limitations/implications – This paper only measures CFs at the sectoral level. Further work should include survey data on CFs, longer historical data series and larger set of products for assessment. Another limitation is the lack of analysis of freight transport flows of non-EU regions, (i.e. China and Latin America). Practical implications – The authors propose the following measures: at least five policies to offset offshoring of production, several measures to reduce carbon emissions, propose introducing mandatory audits for CFs and mandatory labelling. This work has implications for carbon taxation of exports and imports in an effort to decarbonise European and global supply chains. Social implications – Social implications include the need to lower personal goods consumption in the EU to minimise the impact of supply chains on carbon emissions; the need to tax exports/imports may have an impact on jobs in the EU, among other effects. Originality/value – This paper is the only study that uses the TRANS-TOOLS model and the only study to measure CFs of products within the context of freight transport flows within the EU. The analysis relies on inputs from several modules that apply data on 24 EU economies.
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Levy-Carciente, Sary, Luis Mauricio Phélan, and Jhoner Perdomo. "From Progress to Happiness: Measurements for Latin America." Social Change Review 12, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 73–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scr-2014-0004.
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AbstractThis paper is based on a transformed concept of development: from a concept of development that is single-dimensional, concrete, and mainly quantitative, into one that is multidimensional. We focus on the components of development, the measurement of which includes qualitative observations of its effect on final beneficiaries. Because a useful understanding of development policies requires an evaluation of all the different metrics that emerge, we evaluate the development indices of 19 Latin American countries. The most recent theoretical perspectives link development to both liberal philosophy - focusing on the many dimensions of human society and the fundamental rights of the individual - and utilitarianism - emphasizing an evaluation of the success of various development policies and the usefulness of their outcomes.
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Felizzola, Jesus, Sarah G. Wolfrum, Catalina Sol, Maria Cecilia Zea, Karen Nieves-Lugo, Ana María del Río-González, Veronica Pinho, Danielle Funk, and Katy Weeks. "Development and Implementation of an HIV Health Care Practice Transformation Model for Latinos." AIDS Education and Prevention 30, no. 6 (December 2018): 502–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2018.30.6.502.
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A Latino Community Health Center in Washington, D.C. implemented and evaluated a practice transformative model to optimize human resources and improve quality health outcomes in HIV service delivery for Latino patients. We conducted a qualitative formative assessment through interviews and focus groups with clinic staff and patients living with HIV/AIDS in order to inform implementation. The formative assessment identified specific training and practice facilitation needs and provided valuable insight for choosing evaluation metrics. Incorporating staff input fostered staff engagement in laying the foundation of the transformation and helped build a sense of ownership of the transformative process. Through the formative assessment process we gained insight into the organization's HIV practice and improved our ability to align practice transformation goals with evaluation metrics to better measure changes resulting from the model implementation. The formative assessment process also highlighted challenges in conducting health systems research with Latino communities in the U.S.
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Alperin, Juan Pablo. "Geographic variation in social media metrics: an analysis of Latin American journal articles." Aslib Journal of Information Management 67, no. 3 (May 18, 2015): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajim-12-2014-0176.
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Morton-Owens, Emily G., and Karen L. Hanson. "Trends at a Glance: A Management Dashboard of Library Statistics." Information Technology and Libraries 31, no. 3 (September 10, 2012): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ital.v31i3.1919.
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Systems librarians at an academic medical library created a management data dashboard. Charts were designed using best practices for data visualization and dashboard layout, and include metrics on gatecount, website visits, IM reference chats, circulation, and ILL volume and turnaround time. Several charts draw on EZproxy log data that has been analyzed and linked to other databases to reveal use by different academic departments and user roles (such as faculty or student). Most charts are bar charts and include a linear regression trendline. The implementation uses Perl scripts to retrieve data from eight different sources and add it to a MySQL data warehouse, from which PHP/Javascript webpages use Google Chart Tools to create the dashboard charts.</span>
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Lotman, Maria-Kristiina. "Equiprosodic translation method in Estonian poetry." Sign Systems Studies 40, no. 3/4 (December 1, 2012): 447–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2012.3-4.10.
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Equimetrical translation of verse, which conveys the metre of the source text, should be distinguished from equiprosodic translation of verse, which conveys the versification system of the source text. Equiprosodic translation of verse can rely on the possibilities of natural language (for instance, when presumably Publius Baebius Italicus created the Ilias Latina, he made use of the quantitative structure in Latin), but it can also employ an artificial system (cf., for example, the quantitative verse in Church Slavonic or English). The Estonian language makes it possible to convey the syllabic (based on the number of syllables), accentual (based on the number and configuration of accents) and quantitative (based on the configuration of durations) versification systems. In practice, combined types are most frequent, for instance, the ones in which both the syllable count and the configuration of accents is relevant; in Estonian, versification systems with the participation of all three principles are possible as well. Despite the contrast of quantity in Estonian, the transmission of the quantitative structure of ancient metrics still involves a number of difficulties which result from differences in the prosodic structures. The transmission of purely syllabic versification system has also been problematic: it is hard to perceive such structure as verse in Estonian and therefore it has often been conveyed with the help of different syllabic-accentual or accentual-syllabic verse metres. Although equiprosodic translation is not necessarily equimetrical, in actual translation practice it usually is so.
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Post, Lori, Ramael O. Ohiomoba, Ashley Maras, Sean J. Watts, Charles B. Moss, Robert Leo Murphy, Michael G. Ison, et al. "Latin America and the Caribbean SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance: Longitudinal Trend Analysis." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 4 (April 27, 2021): e25728. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/25728.
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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented stress on economies, food systems, and health care resources in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Existing surveillance provides a proxy of the COVID-19 caseload and mortalities; however, these measures make it difficult to identify the dynamics of the pandemic and places where outbreaks are likely to occur. Moreover, existing surveillance techniques have failed to measure the dynamics of the pandemic. Objective This study aimed to provide additional surveillance metrics for COVID-19 transmission to track changes in the speed, acceleration, jerk, and persistence in the transmission of the pandemic more accurately than existing metrics. Methods Through a longitudinal trend analysis, we extracted COVID-19 data over 45 days from public health registries. We used an empirical difference equation to monitor the daily number of cases in the LAC as a function of the prior number of cases, the level of testing, and weekly shift variables based on a dynamic panel model that was estimated using the generalized method of moments approach by implementing the Arellano–Bond estimator in R. COVID-19 transmission rates were tracked for the LAC between September 30 and October 6, 2020, and between October 7 and 13, 2020. Results The LAC saw a reduction in the speed, acceleration, and jerk for the week of October 13, 2020, compared to the week of October 6, 2020, accompanied by reductions in new cases and the 7-day moving average. For the week of October 6, 2020, Belize reported the highest acceleration and jerk, at 1.7 and 1.8, respectively, which is particularly concerning, given its high mortality rate. The Bahamas also had a high acceleration at 1.5. In total, 11 countries had a positive acceleration during the week of October 6, 2020, whereas only 6 countries had a positive acceleration for the week of October 13, 2020. The TAC displayed an overall positive trend, with a speed of 10.40, acceleration of 0.27, and jerk of –0.31, all of which decreased in the subsequent week to 9.04, –0.81, and –0.03, respectively. Conclusions Metrics such as new cases, cumulative cases, deaths, and 7-day moving averages provide a static view of the pandemic but fail to identify where and the speed at which SARS-CoV-2 infects new individuals, the rate of acceleration or deceleration of the pandemic, and weekly comparison of the rate of acceleration of the pandemic indicate impending explosive growth or control of the pandemic. Enhanced surveillance will inform policymakers and leaders in the LAC about COVID-19 outbreaks.
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Alonso de Andrade, Patrícia, Meta Berghauser Pont, and Luiz Amorim. "Development of a Measure of Permeability between Private and Public Space." Urban Science 2, no. 3 (September 12, 2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2030087.
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This article focuses on the development of a measure for frontage permeability, which we argue is needed to complement existing metrics used to describe urban environments and assess, amongst others, social performativity. Built density and street network centrality are two characteristics often discussed in relation to urban vitality. However, high densities and high centrality do not always result in higher urban vitality, which can be partially explained by a typical densification model often used in Brazil and in some other Latin-American cities with high-rise residential buildings. To understand the relation between urban form and social performativity, the metrics for density and network centrality are thus not sufficient and we propose to add two other urban form properties: frontage permeability and plot size. The hypothesis is that the mentioned densification model combines higher density with larger plots and lower permeability. Many scholars have shown that higher density is often associated with increased urban vitality, but larger plots are said to have the opposite effect and in Latin American cities, it is observed that lower vitality is found where buildings have less permeable frontages. This research aims at studying the combined effect of density, permeability, and plot size on urban vitality or, more generally, social performativity. However, there is no well-developed method to measure frontage permeability. Therefore, this article first presents a method to measure frontage permeability, both in qualitative and quantitative terms. This measure is then combined with existing measures of density and plot size to analyse how these three urban form metrics relate to each other. In a forthcoming paper, pedestrian observation data will be added to the analysis, to be able to give more insight in the relation between the three urban form metrics and urban vitality using pedestrian counts as proxy. We will show that the developed measure seems to be coherent and effective in describing permeability. Further, the preliminary results confirm the hypothesis that the Brazilian densification model with high-rise residential buildings generates a decrease in frontage permeability, although it does not appear to significantly change plot sizes.
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Lunevičius, Raimundas. "Terminai kepenų anatomijai ir rezekcijoms apibūdinti: Brisbane 2000 metų sistema būtina naudotis ir Lietuvoje." Lietuvos chirurgija 5, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lietchirur.2007.3.2234.
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Raimundas LunevičiusVilniaus universiteto Gastroenterologijos, nefrourologijos ir chirurgijos klinikos Bendrosios chirurgijos centras,Vilniaus greitosios pagalbos universitetinė ligoninė, Šiltnamių g. 29, LT-04130 VilniusEl paštas: rlunevichus@yahoo.com Įvadas / tikslas Tarptautinės hepatopankreatobiliarinės asociacijos (IHPBA) terminologijos komitetas 2000 metais Brisbane (Australija) vykusiame kongrese unifikavo terminus kepenų anatomijai ir rezekcijoms apibūdinti. Šio straipsnio pagrindinis tikslas – gimtąja kalba publikuoti 2000 metais paskelbtą Brisbane sistemą. Nomenklatūros terminų vertimas į lotynų kalbą, jų apibūdinimas, reikšmės ir problematikos įvardijimas yra kiti šio straipsnio tikslai. Medžiaga 2000 metais Brisbane (Australija) paskelbta IHPBA terminologijos komiteto kepenų anatomijos ir rezekcijų nomenklatūra. Rezultatai IHPBA Brisbane 2000 metų terminai išversti į lietuvių ir lotynų kalbas. Terminas hemiliver neturi loginio pagrindimo, nes dešinioji ir kairioji kepenų dalys pagal savo tūrius yra nelygios. Šių anglų kalbos terminų vertimas į lietuvių kalbos medicininius terminus yra problemiškas: hemiliver, right liver, left liver, section, sectionectomy, trisectionectomy. Terminas hemiliver į lotynų kalbą neišverčiamas. Žodis lobe, t. y. skiltis, yra tinkamesnis nei žodis hemiliver (taip pat jis tinkamesnis apibūdinant terminus right liver ir left liver). Diskusija apie žodžio "skiltis" tinkamumą nomenklatūroje turi būti atnaujinta dar kartą. Nors lotyniško termino sectio reikšmė išlieka prieštaringa, šis terminas galėtų būti vartojamas. Termino sector vertiniai iš anglų kalbos į lietuvių ir lotynų kalbas yra tinkamesni nei termino section. Vilniaus universiteto profesorius Juozas Serapinas 1961–1972 metais tirdamas kepenų anatomiją apibūdino devynis kepenų segmentus. Išvados Terminai lobe (anglų k.), skiltis (lietuvių k.), lobus (lotynų k.) yra tinkamesni kepenų anatomijos ir rezekcijų nomenklatūrai nei panašią prasmę turintys terminai hemiliver ir liver (skiltis "skiriant" vidurinei kepenų plokštumai). Brisbane 2000 metų sistema išlieka prieštaringa pagal terminams keliamus reikalavimus. Ne anglų kalba, o lotynų kalba, kuri išlieka tradicine akademine medicine kalba, galėtų būti bazine kalba parenkant ir nustatant anatominius ir chirurginius terminus kepenų anatomijos ir rezekcijų terminų nomenklatūrai. J. Serapino įnašas į devynių segmentų kepenų struktūros koncepcijos tyrimo istoriją turi būti įvertintas iš naujo. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: kepenų anatomija, kepenų terminija, kepenų chirurgija, hepatektomija, kepenų rezekcija, hemihepatektomija, sekcioektomija, sektorektomija, segmentektomija Terminology for definition of liver anatomy and resections: it is essential to use Brisbane 2000 system in Lithuania Raimundas LunevičiusVilnius Universitety, Clinic of Gastroenterology, Nefrourology and Surgery, Center of General Surgery,Vilnius University Emergency Hospital, Šiltnamių str. 29, LT-04130 Vilnius, LithuaniaE-mail: rlunevichus@yahoo.com Background / objective Translation of the universal Brisbane 2000 terminology of liver anatomy and resections into Lithuanian and Latin languages and pointing out how the translated versions correspond to specific attributes for the terminology. Material Terminology of Liver Anatomy and Resections by Terminology Committee of the IHPBA, Brisbane 2000, Australia. Results The IHPBA Brisbane 2000 terminology of liver anatomy and resections is introduced in the Lithuanian language. The terminology of this nomenclature was translated into and introduced in the Latin language, too. The term hemiliver has no logistic explanation and translation because the right hemiliver and the left hemiliver are not equal in volume. The following terms were translated with difficulty into Lithuanian: hemiliver, right liver, left liver, section, sectionectomy, trisectionectomy. In fact, they are not translatable directly word by word in this national language. The term hemiliver, is not translated into Latin at all. The use of word lobe instead of word hemiliver (in addition, instead of right liver and left liver) can be discussed further. The meaning of the term section still remains controversial in Latin. Nevertheless, it could be acceptable. The term sector is more suitable than the term section both in Lithuanian and in Latin. Professor of Vilnius university (Lithuania) Juozas Serapinas defined 9 hepatic segments and described them in scientific literature in the period of his research in 1961–1972. Conclusions The term lobe (by midplane of the liver) is more suitable in the nomenclature of hepatic anatomy and resections than the terms hemiliver or liver. The terms of Brisbane 2000 system are still controversial regarding attributes for the terminology (translatability and others). Not English but Latin, which still remains a traditional academic medical language, might be the basic language for constructing anatomical and surgical terms for the nomenclature of liver anatomy and resections. If so, terms have to be constructed in Latin and translated from Latin into English and other national languages. The contribution of J. Serapinas to the history of development of the 9-segment structure of the human liver should be re-evaluated. Keywords: liver anatomy, liver terminology, liver surgery, hepatectomy, liver resection, hemihepatectomy, sectionectomy, sectorectomy, segmentectomy
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Worrell, Frank C., Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton, and Amanda Wang. "Introducing a New Assessment Tool for Measuring Ethnic-Racial Identity: The Cross Ethnic-Racial Identity Scale–Adult (CERIS-A)." Assessment 26, no. 3 (March 18, 2017): 404–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191117698756.
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In this article, we examined the psychometric properties of scores on a new instrument, the Cross Ethnic-Racial Identity Scale-Adult (CERIS-A) for use across different ethnic and racial groups. The CERIS-A measures seven ethnic-racial identity attitudes—assimilation, miseducation, self-hatred, anti-dominant, ethnocentricity, multiculturalist inclusive, and ethnic-racial salience. Participants consisted of 803 adults aged 18 to 76, including African Americans (19.3%), Asian Americans (17.6%), European Americans (37.0%), and Latino/as (17.8%). Analyses indicated that CERIS-A scores were reliable, and configural, metric, and scalar invariance were supported for the seven factors across gender; however, Miseducation, Ethnic-Racial Salience, and Ethnocentricity scores achieved only metric invariance across ethnic-racial groups. Self-Hatred, Ethnic-Racial Salience, Anti-Dominant, and Ethnocentricity scores were significantly and meaningfully related to race-based rejection sensitivity scores, providing evidence of convergent validity. We concluded that the CERIS-A is a potentially useful instrument for examining ethnic-racial identity attitudes across multiple racial/ethnic subgroups in the United States.
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Addo, Fenaba R., and William A. Darity. "Disparate Recoveries: Wealth, Race, and the Working Class after the Great Recession." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 695, no. 1 (May 2021): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027162211028822.
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What does it mean to be working class in a society of extreme racial wealth inequality? Using data from the Survey of Consumer Finances, we investigate the wealth holdings of Black, Latinx, and white working-class households during the post–Great Recession (pre–COVID-19) period that spanned 2010 to 2019. We then explore the relationship between working-class and middle-class attainment using a wealth-based metric. We find that, in terms of their net worth, fewer Black working-class households benefitted from the economic recovery than white working-class households. Among white households, the working class saw the greatest increase in wealth in both absolute and relative terms. Working-class households were less likely to be middle class as defined by their wealth holdings, and Black and Latinx households were also less likely to be middle class. For Black households, racial identity is a stronger predictor of wealth attainment than occupational sector.
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Morgan, Llewelyn. "Metre matters: some higher-level metrical play in Latin poetry." Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 46 (2001): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068673500002467.
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‘Choice of metre is never arbitrary’ is a useful rule of thumb for critics of any poetry which conforms to a regular rhythmical pattern. The rhythm of a poem is plainly as much a product of the poet's creative choice as any other aspect of the composition, and consequently a fully integral element of the literary project. Out of all the components of a poem, in fact, metre has a claim to a certain priority, since the choice of metre determines to a significant degree the content of a poem as well as its form. That said, to speak in terms of ‘the straitjacket of traditional metrics’ is of course misconceived: the wealth of ancient metrical forms was an enabling rather than restrictive factor in literary composition–an idiom in itself, offering its own expressive possibilities. Like the classical orders of architecture, metres were not merely structural devices but ‘bearers of meaning’ in their own right, perceived, like Vitruvius' Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders (De arch.1.2.5), to have their own individual characters, and thus particular uses to which each of them might appropriately be put. To what extent these perceived characters, either of metres or of orders, arose from any intrinsic property they possessed, or merely from associations more or less accidentally accruing with usage and theory over time, is perhaps debatable.