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Journal articles on the topic 'Latin square design'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

EDMONDSON, R. N. "Trojan square and incomplete Trojan square designs for crop research." Journal of Agricultural Science 131, no. 2 (September 1998): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185969800567x.

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Latin square and near-Latin square designs are valuable row-and-column designs for crop research but the practical size range of such designs is severely limited. Semi-Latin square designs extend this range but not all semi-Latin squares are suitable for experimental designs. Trojan square designs are a special class of optimal semi-Latin squares that generalizes the class of Latin square designs. The construction of Trojan squares both for unstructured and for factorial treatment sets is discussed and the utility of Trojan square designs for practical crop research is demonstrated. The corpus of available designs is further extended by a discussion of incomplete Trojan square designs obtained by omitting one main row or one main column from a complete Trojan square design. Some advantages of Trojan square and incomplete Trojan square designs for crop research are discussed and some suggestions for further design research are made.

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2

Verma, S. S., Y. K. Sharma, and G. Pichan. "An application of replicated latin square design in physiological research." Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 82, no. 2-3 (June 9, 1999): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zma/82/1999/241.

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3

Rathod, Abhay B., and Sanjay M. Gulhane. "An Efficient Parallel Algorithm for Latin Square Design: A Multi Core CPU Approach." International Journal of System Modeling and Simulation 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijsms.2017.2.2.27.

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Abstract— The theory of Latin squares is very important tool in design theory. Like much of design theory, Latin squares have various applications in statistics, finite geometries and experimental design, to name a few. In this paper, we proposed an efficient parallel algorithm for Latin square design which have desirable properties for parallel array access. These squares provide conflict free access to various subsets of an n x n array using n memory modules. A transversal of such a square is a set of n entries such that no two entries share the same row, column or symbol. We present a general construction method for building parallel Latin square of order n2 for all n. The proposed algorithm presents a quick parallel method to produce a Latin square design and a parallel conflict access of data in SIMD system. The simulation results of the proposed parallel algorithm for Latin square design were compared with the traditional sequential algorithm Latin square design in terms of speedup and efficiency. The results of parallel Latin Square design were very promising and showed a potential that this design could successfully be applied to the parallel routing problems for conflict free data access. At last, the results show that the parallel versions of former sequential algorithm with simple modifications achieve the super linear speedup up to 200 times for matrix size of 256. Index Terms: Latin square, multi core processor, parallel processing, simulation, parallel memory system, skewing scheme, multistage interconnection network.

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4

Hodzic, D., A. Hodzic, and E. Bajramovic. "Latin square experiment design in R." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 477 (February 18, 2019): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/477/1/012019.

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5

Dauran, N. S., A. B. Odeyale, and A. Shehu. "CONSTRUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF BALANCED INCOMPLETE SUDOKU SQUARE DESIGN." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-219.

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Sudoku squares have been widely used to design an experiment where each treatment occurs exactly once in each row, column or sub-block. For some experiments, the size of row (or column or sub-block) may be less than the number of treatments. Since not all the treatments can be compared within each block, a new class of designs called balanced incomplete Sudoku squares design (BISSD) is proposed. A general method for constructing BISSD is proposed by an intelligent selection of certain cells from a complete Latin square via orthogonal Sudoku designs. The relative efficiencies of a delete-one-transversal balance incomplete Latin Square (BILS) design with respect to Sudoku design are derived. In addition, linear model, numerical examples and procedure for the analysis of data for BISSD are proposed

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6

Ghosh, Rajib, Suyash Verma, Rahul Kumar, Sanoj Kumar, and Siya Ram. "Design of Hash Algorithm Using Latin Square." Procedia Computer Science 46 (2015): 759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.02.144.

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7

Christofides, Demetres, and Klas Markstrom. "Random Latin square graphs." Random Structures & Algorithms 41, no. 1 (December 31, 2011): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rsa.20390.

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8

Niwas, Ram, and B. D. Mehta. "Latin Square Type Row-Column Designs." Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin 47, no. 1-2 (March 1997): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008068319970108.

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A class of Row-Column Designs (RC-designs) in t + tl-1 (t = t1t2) treatments has been constructed by supplementing a latin square type RC-design in t-1 treatments arranged in t x t array with principal diagonal (left to right) blank and having each treatment once in each row and once in each column. The blank diagonal positions are supplemented by t1 new treatments each replicated t2 times. These designs are simple partially efficiency balanced Row-Column designs (SPEB-RC-designs) having two sets of treatments with different number of replications. These designs are very useful in agricultural experiments particularly in plant development programme where limited seed material is available for new strains or varieties (t1) as compared to standard or check varieties (t-1), already in existence.

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9

Lewis, James R. "Pairs of Latin Squares to Counterbalance Sequential Effects and Pairing of Conditions and Stimuli." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 18 (October 1989): 1223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903301812.

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This paper discusses methods with which one can simultaneously counterbalance immediate sequential effects and pairing of conditions and stimuli in a within-subjects design using pairs of Latin squares. Within-subjects (repeated measures) experiments are common in human factors research. The designer of such an experiment must develop a scheme to ensure that the conditions and stimuli are not confounded, or randomly order stimuli and conditions. While randomization ensures balance in the long run, it is possible that a specific random sequence may not be acceptable. An alternative to randomization is to use Latin squares. The usual Latin square design ensures that each condition appears an equal number of times in each column of the square. Latin squares have been described which have the effect of counterbalancing immediate sequential effects. The objective of this work was to extend these earlier efforts by developing procedures for designing pairs of Latin squares which ensure complete counterbalancing of immediate sequential effects for both conditions and stimuli, and also ensure that conditions and stimuli are paired in the squares an equal number of times.

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10

Tsai, Jinn-Tsong, Jyh-Horng Chou, and Wen-Hsien Ho. "Improved Quantum-Inspired Evolutionary Algorithm for Engineering Design Optimization." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/836597.

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An improved quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithm is proposed for solving mixed discrete-continuous nonlinear problems in engineering design. The proposed Latin square quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithm (LSQEA) combines Latin squares and quantum-inspired genetic algorithm (QGA). The novel contribution of the proposed LSQEA is the use of a QGA to explore the optimal feasible region in macrospace and the use of a systematic reasoning mechanism of the Latin square to exploit the better solution in microspace. By combining the advantages of exploration and exploitation, the LSQEA provides higher computational efficiency and robustness compared to QGA and real-coded GA when solving global numerical optimization problems with continuous variables. Additionally, the proposed LSQEA approach effectively solves mixed discrete-continuous nonlinear design optimization problems in which the design variables are integers, discrete values, and continuous values. The computational experiments show that the proposed LSQEA approach obtains better results compared to existing methods reported in the literature.

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11

Choi, Young-Hun. "Power study for 4 × 4 graeco-latin square design." Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society 23, no. 4 (July 31, 2012): 683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7465/jkdi.2012.23.4.683.

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12

Ahmed, Layla A. "Study the effect of outliers in Latin square design." Journal of Innovative Technology and Education 4 (2017): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/jite.2017.611.

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13

Kuriki, Shinji, Iwona Mejza, Kazuhiro Ozawa, and Stanisław Mejza. "Control treatments in designs with split units generated by Latin squares." Biometrical Letters 51, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bile-2014-0009.

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Abstract This paper deals with two-factor experiments with split units. The whole plot treatments occur in a repeated Latin square, modified Latin square or Youden square, while subplot treatments occur in a block design within the whole plots. The statistical properties of the considered designs are examined. Special attention is paid to the case where one of the treatments is an individual control or an individual standard treatment. In addition, we give a brief overview of work on the design of experiments using the considered designs, as well as possible arrangements of controls in the experiments.

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14

Munholland, Patricia L., and John J. Borkowski. "Simple Latin Square Sampling + 1: A Spatial Design Using Quadrats." Biometrics 52, no. 1 (March 1996): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2533150.

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15

Borman, Michael M., Don C. Adams, Bradford W. Knapp, and Marshall R. Haferkamp. "Evaluation of Dietary Preference with a Multiple Latin Square Design." Journal of Range Management 44, no. 3 (May 1991): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4002961.

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16

汤, 艳华. "Design of Digital Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Latin Square." Advances in Applied Mathematics 09, no. 02 (2020): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/aam.2020.92030.

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17

Choi, Young Hun. "Power study for 2 × 2 factorial design in 4 × 4 latin square design." Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society 25, no. 6 (November 30, 2014): 1195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.7465/jkdi.2014.25.6.1195.

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18

Pal, Satyabrata, and Kalyan Kumar Goswami. "A New Class of Latin Square Type PBIB Designs." Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin 42, no. 1-2 (March 1992): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008068319920113.

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A method of construction of a new class of Latin square association scheme with i=2 constraints ( L2 design) has been obtained. The method eventually yields a solution of an unsolved L2 (6) design whose parametric combinations are v=36, b=60, r= 10, K=6, λ1 =0 and λ2 =2. This method of construction also implies the existence of a new series of orthogonal array.

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19

Wocjan, P., and T. Beth. "New construction of mutually unbiased bases in square dimensions." Quantum Information and Computation 5, no. 2 (May 2005): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic5.2-1.

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We show that k=w+2 mutually unbiased bases can be constructed in any square dimension d=s^2 provided that there are w mutually orthogonal Latin squares of order s. The construction combines the design-theoretic objects (s,k)-nets (which can be constructed from w mutually orthogonal Latin squares of order s and vice versa) and generalized Hadamard matrices of size s. Using known lower bounds on the asymptotic growth of the number of mutually orthogonal Latin squares (based on number theoretic sieving techniques), we obtain that the number of mutually unbiased bases in dimensions d=s^2 is greater than s^{1/14.8} for all s but finitely many exceptions. Furthermore, our construction gives more mutually unbiased bases in many non-prime-power dimensions than the construction that reduces the problem to prime power dimensions.

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20

Ayinde, Kayode. "Adoption of Latin Square Experimental Design in Minimizing Cheating During Examination." International Journal of Computer Applications 54, no. 18 (September 25, 2012): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/8665-2432.

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21

Shi, Liangxing, Haijia Ren, Jianrong Wang, and Zhen He. "Latin square design for chip length machine vision measurement system analysis." Quality Engineering 28, no. 4 (May 16, 2016): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08982112.2016.1147049.

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22

林, 泽森. "Design of Chaotic Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Orthogonal Latin Square." Computer Science and Application 10, no. 10 (2020): 1706–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/csa.2020.1010181.

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23

李, 熙. "Design and Simulation of Stream Cipher Algorithm Based on Latin Square." Computer Science and Application 10, no. 11 (2020): 1938–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/csa.2020.1011204.

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24

Hua, Zhongyun, Jiaxin Li, Yongyong Chen, and Shuang Yi. "Design and application of an S-box using complete Latin square." Nonlinear Dynamics 104, no. 1 (March 2021): 807–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11071-021-06308-3.

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25

Mottershead, B. E., J. J. Lynch, R. L. Elwin, and G. C. Green. "A note on the acceptance of several types of cereal grain by young sheep with and without prior experience of wheat." Animal Science 41, no. 2 (October 1985): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100027951.

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ABSTRACTSixteen sheep which had previously eaten wheat only (eaters) were offered wheat, barley, oats and maize separately in a Latin-square design with two sheep per cell and two replicates of the Latin square. Another 16 sheep which had never previously been offered wheat (non-eaters) were offered the same cereal grains in two more Latin squares with two sheep per cell.The total intake of wheat for the eaters was significantly greater than for the other cereal grains (P < 0·01) and it took 7 to 9 days for other cereals to be eaten. There was virtually no consumption of cereal grains by the non-eaters until days 10 to 12 when some wheat but little other cereal was being eaten.The results indicate that sheep learn to eat each type of cereal grain separately but if they know how to eat wheat they learn to eat other cereal grains more rapidly.

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26

Cotton, John W. "Interpreting data from two-period crossover design (also termed the replicated 2 × 2 Latin square design)." Psychological Bulletin 106, no. 3 (1989): 503–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.106.3.503.

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27

TIAN, Chuanjun. "Design of practical basic cryptosystem based on four-order orthogonal Latin square group." Journal of Shenzhen University Science and Engineering 37, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1249.2020.03251.

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28

Berry, Kenneth J., and Paul W. Mielke. "Least Absolute Regression Residuals: Analyses of Block Designs." Psychological Reports 83, no. 3 (December 1998): 923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3.923.

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Residuals obtained from least sum of absolute deviations regression are analyzed by a procedure consistent with Euclidean geometry. Applications to a one-way block design, a two-way block design, and a Latin square design are illustrated and evaluated.

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29

Burridge, C. Y., and J. B. Robins. "Benefits of statistical blocking techniques in the design of gear evaluation trials: introducing the Latin Square design." Fisheries Research 47, no. 1 (June 2000): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-7836(99)00125-3.

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30

Mba, Emmanuel Ikechukwu, Polycarp Emeka Chigbu, and Eugene Chijindu Ukaegbu. "Evaluating Popular Statistical Properties of Incomplete Block Designs: A MATLAB Program Approach." Mathematics 9, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9111281.

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Evaluating the statistical properties of a semi-Latin square, and in general, an incomplete block design, is vital in determining the usefulness of the design for experimentation. Improving the procedures for obtaining these statistical properties has been the subject of some research studies and software developments. Many available statistical software that evaluate incomplete block designs do so at the level of analysis of variance but not for the popular A-, D-, E-, and MV-efficiency properties of these designs to determine their adequacy for experimentation. This study presents a program written in the MATLAB environment using MATLAB codes and syntaxes which is capable of computing the A-, D-, E-, and MV-efficiency properties of any n×n/k semi-Latin square and any incomplete block design via their incidence matrices, where N is the number of rows and columns and k is the number of plots. The only input required for the program to compute the four efficiency criteria is the incidence matrix of the incomplete block design. The incidence matrix is the binary representation of an incomplete block design. The program automatically generates the efficiency values of the design once the incidence matrix has been provided, as shown in the examples.

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31

Cavenagh, Nicholas J., Catherine Greenhill, and Ian M. Wanless. "The cycle structure of two rows in a random Latin square." Random Structures and Algorithms 33, no. 3 (October 2008): 286–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rsa.20216.

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32

Diawara, Norou, Ayodeji Demuren, and Eric Gyuricsko. "Impairment of Continuous Insulin Delivery Therapy and Analysis from Graeco-Latin Square Design Model." Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 04, no. 08 (2016): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2016.48006.

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33

Coffee, Matt, James Adkins, Tom Vidmar, and Phil Atterson. "The effect of sample size (N) in a standard Latin square cardiovascular study design." Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 75 (September 2015): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2015.08.053.

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34

Ullrich, Peter. "An Eulerian Square before Euler and an Experimental Design before R. A. Fisher: On the Early History of Latin Squares." CHANCE 12, no. 1 (January 1999): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09332480.1999.10542137.

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35

Moon, Loell B., Robert Kaiser, Roy Erwin, Douglas Regalia, and Stephen Tichenor. "Sensitivity of implantable respiratory telemetry with non-restrained cynomolgus monkeys in the Latin square design." Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 64, no. 1 (July 2011): e55-e56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2011.03.192.

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36

Coffee, Matt, Phil Atterson, Kate Voss, John Yohe, and Tom Vidmar. "Analysis of three different baseline selection methods in a standard Latin-square cardiovascular study design." Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 68, no. 1 (July 2013): e22-e23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2013.01.087.

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37

Sirikasemsuk, Kittiwat, Kanogkan Leerojanaprapa, and Wei Meng. "One missing value problem in Latin square design of any order: Exact analysis of variance." Cogent Engineering 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 1411222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2017.1411222.

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38

Marcus, Sue M. "An application of an extended Greco-Latin square design to study gender and race bias." Controlled Clinical Trials 13, no. 5 (October 1992): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(92)90123-h.

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39

Holand, Trond, Kristian Ellingsen, Sagita Dewi, and Stig Larsen. "Randomized response surface pathway design with odd response outcomes in a Latin Square designed study." Open Access Journal of Clinical Trials Volume 9 (September 2017): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/oajct.s139884.

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40

Brecht, M. L., J. Arthur Woodward, and Jodi Gistenson. "Comparison of Three Statistical Computer Programs in Teaching Analysis of Variance." Journal of Educational Technology Systems 13, no. 4 (June 1985): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/jldj-0lpc-7lfd-j00x.

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Subjects analyzed data from typical ANOVA designs using three different computer programs. Several measures of cost, completion, and ease of program use were recorded and compared in a repeated measures Latin square design. Within time constraints and support that simulate an instructional setting, subjects could not answer the research questions using two traditional computer packages, but subjects completed all analyses using an interactive personal computer program designed to minimize computer-related difficulties. Such results can be useful in guiding design of instructional strategies and computer programs.

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41

Kibon, A., and W. Holmes. "Supplementary feeding of forages or concentrates to dairy cows at pasture." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (March 1986): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600016081.

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Two experiments have compared the effects of forages or concentrates offered to dairy cows, continuously stocked in late Summer at a low stocking rate in Experiment 1 or a higher stocking rate in Experiment 2.In Experiment 1 (July - October 1984) 20 Spring calving British Friesian cows were allocated to a Latin square design with four, three week periods and four treatments, a control group, grazing only (TO), grazing with 5 kg dry matter fresh lucerne per day (TL), grazing with 5 kg dry matter hay per day (TH) and grazing with 4 kg DM concentrate per day (TC). In Experiment 2 (August -October 1985) 24 cows of similar calving dates were used in an incomplete Latin square design lasting eight weeks to compare treatments TO, TL, TS and TC where silage (TS) replaced hay. All supplements were offered for 1 hour after each of two milkings per day.

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42

Alexander, Rodney. "Using the Latin Square Design Model in the Prioritzation of Network Security Threats: A Quantitative Study." Journal of Information Security 11, no. 02 (2020): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jis.2020.112006.

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43

唐, 文君. "Design of a Stream Cipher Algorithm Based on Latin Square and Time-Varying Symbolic Chaotic System." Computer Science and Application 10, no. 01 (2020): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/csa.2020.101013.

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44

Lui, Kung-Jong, and Kuang-Chao Chang. "Test equality in binary data for a 4 × 4 crossover trial under a Latin-square design." Statistics in Medicine 35, no. 23 (April 21, 2016): 4110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.6975.

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45

Dai, Jiajia, Benfang Ruan, Ying Zhu, Xianrui Liang, Feng Su, and Weike Su. "Preparation of nanosized Fluticasone Propionate nasal spray with improved stability and uniformity." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 21, no. 3 (2015): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq140609001d.

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Transmucosal nasal delivery has been recognized as up-and-coming option for delivery of therapeutic compounds. However, the short residence time of the formulation within the nasal cavity coupled to its low permeability is regarded as the barrier to good bioavailability. To overcome those limitations, we developed a new formulation - nanosized Fluticasone Propionate (FP) nasal spray. High pressure homogenization (HPH) was employed to achieve effective particle size reduction. Latin square experimental design (LSED) was implemented for high pressure homogenization process. With optimized process conditions, the resulting particles were less than 250 nm in size. The aging effect in FP nanosuspensions after 30-day refrigerated storage was not considerable. However, for long-term storage, a combination of homogenization and lyophilization (HL) was required to acquire stable FP nanocystals. The crystallinity of FP was examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and no alternation was observed before or after homogenization and lyophilization process. The finished nasal spray offered a more uniform drug content compared to marketed formulation, which ensure the consistency and reproducibility of dose delivery. The study confirmed the effectiveness of homogenization, the usefulness of Latin square design and the feasibility of nano nasal spray.

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46

Rodrigues, Santiago Valcacer, Heber José de Moura, David Ferreira Lopes Santos, and Vinicius Amorim Sobreiro. "Capital structure management differences in Latin American and US firms after 2008 crisis." Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science 22, no. 42 (June 12, 2017): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jefas-01-2017-0008.

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Purpose This paper aims to analyse the capital structure determining factors of Latin American and US corporations after the crisis of 2008, as a means of comparing theoretical assumptions and empirical results in markets of different efficiency levels. Design/methodology/approach The study sample comprises 1,091 companies belonging to the six largest economies in Latin America plus the USA, in the years 2009 to 2013. The authors performed a regression with data from a balanced overview, which were obtained by using the criterion of minimum weighted square. Findings The results demonstrated differences in determining factors of capital structure between companies from Latin America and from the USA. The pecking order theory was mostly observed in Latin American companies and the trade-off theory greater was closely aligned with US firms. Originality/value This research brings new contributions to the issue, once the differences and determinative of the debt profile in companies from different economic contexts are compared.

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47

Ellison, Stephen L. R., Nicola Grimes, Fahmina Fardus, and Michael P. L. Ellison. "Use of a replicated Latin square design in a homogeneity test for high purity organic melting point standards." Accreditation and Quality Assurance 17, no. 3 (February 7, 2012): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00769-012-0875-5.

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48

Dewi, Amalina Sari, Tatik Widiharih, and Rita Rahmawati. "ANALISIS VARIANSI PADA RANCANGAN BUJUR SANGKAR YOUDEN DENGAN DUA DATA HILANG." Jurnal Gaussian 8, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/j.gauss.v8i3.26680.

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Youden Square Design (YSD) is an incomplete latin square design with at least one row/column which can’t run in an experiment. In this research we took 5x4 YSD (one column is not runned in an experiment). This design has a balance characteristic from a balanced incomplete block design where all treatments appears with the same number in each row. Missing data can occur in YSD. In this discussion, YSD with two missing data was used. Missing data is estimated by an iterative method then we arrange analysis of variance and LSD test. Analysis of variance with two missing data in YSD is calculated by adjusting the treatment sum of squares with it’s bias value and the total degrees of freedom and error degrees of freedom are substracted by two. LSD test is carried out if the treatment has a significant effect to the response. To clarify the discussion in YSD, example of application in the field of industry is given by observing the effect of the assembly method to the length of assembly time of X component. The assembly method has an effect to the length of assembly time of X component and if the missing data are and so the suggested assembly method is E method because it has the fastest average assembly time. Keywords: YSD, Missing Data, Analysis of Variance, LSD Test

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49

Kelly, James D. "The Effects of Display Format and Data Density on Time Spent Reading Statistics in Text, Tables and Graphs." Journalism Quarterly 70, no. 1 (March 1993): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909307000116.

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An experiment using a 3 × 3 × 3 Latin square design tested the effects of the number of data points and type of statistical display on time spent answering questions about the information. The design allowed within-subject comparisons of main effects, and the procedure was administered by a Macintosh computer. The results, that tables and graphs are more efficiently processed than text presentation of the same data, partially confirm earlier studies that used information recall as the dependent variable, but suggest the time variable is a more realistic measure of cognitive processing effort.

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Vázquez-Carrillo, María Fernanda, Hugo Daniel Montelongo-Pérez, Manuel González-Ronquillo, Epigmenio Castillo-Gallegos, and Octavio Alonso Castelán-Ortega. "Effects of Three Herbs on Methane Emissions from Beef Cattle." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 1671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091671.

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The objectives of the present work were to evaluate the in vivo antimethanogenic effects of Cymbopogon citratus (CC), Matricaria chamomilla (MC) and Cosmos bipinnatus (CB) on beef cattle fed a high in concentrate diet (forage-to-concentrate ratio [F:C] of 19.4:80.6), and the effects of increasing levels of CC (0%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of the daily DM intake (DMI)) on enteric CH4 emissions by beef cattle fed a ration low in concentrate (F:C ratio of 49.3:50.7). Two experiments were conducted to address the objectives. For the first experiment, eight Charolais × Brown Swiss steers distributed in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design were used. Four treatments were evaluated: (1) control diet (CO), (2) CO + 365 g dry matter (DM)/d CB, (3) CO + 365 g DM/d MC, (4) CO + 100 g DM/d CC. For Experiment 2, four Charolais x Brown Swiss steers distributed in a single 4 × 4 Latin square design were used. It was concluded that 100 g DM per day CC and 365 g DM per day CB (Experiment 1) reduced CH4 yield of beef cattle. In Experiment 2, CC supplementation levels exceeding 2% of DMI reduced daily CH4 emissions but at the expense of decreasing digestibility of DM.

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