Academic literature on the topic 'Latrine Use'
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Journal articles on the topic "Latrine Use"
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Hirsch, BT, S. Prange, SA Hauver, and SD Gehrt. "Patterns of latrine use by raccoons (Procyon lotor) and implication for Baylisascaris procyonis transmission." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 50 (June 7, 2014): 243–49. https://doi.org/10.7589/2013-09-251.
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Mammals often use latrine sites for defecation, yet little is known about patterns of latrine use in many common species such as raccoons (Procyon lotor). Because raccoon latrines are important foci for the transmission of raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis), documenting metrics of raccoon latrine use may have public health implications. Although some studies have provided evidence that multiple raccoons visit single latrine sites, exact latrine visitation patterns of raccoons have never been documented. We monitored raccoon latrine usage using proximity-logging collars placed at 15 latrine sites. We found that latrine sites were visited by multiple raccoons (range 1-7), and raccoons visited as many as six latrines during a 2-wk period. No sex differences were found in the number of latrines visited or time spent during visits. We posit that the use of multiple latrine sites by raccoons may lead to the pattern that rates of B. procyonis infection at latrines are greater than infection rates found in individual raccoon fecal samples. This in turn could lead to greater transmission of B. procyonis to paratenic hosts. Our results support the conclusion that raccoon latrines can be major foci for the infection and spread of B. procyonis.
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Nunbogu, Abraham, Miriam Harter, and Hans-Joachim Mosler. "Factors Associated with Levels of Latrine Completion and Consequent Latrine Use in Northern Ghana." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (2019): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060920.
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Open defecation is still a major health problem in developing countries. While enormous empirical research exists on latrine coverage, little is known about households’ latrine construction and usage behaviours. Using field observation and survey data collected from 1523 households in 132 communities in northern Ghana after 16 months of implementation of Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), this paper assessed the factors associated with latrine completion and latrine use. The survey tool was structured to conform to the Risk, Attitude, Norms, Ability and Self-regulation (RANAS) model. In the analysis, we classified households into three based on their latrine completion level, and conducted descriptive statistics for statistical correlation in level of latrine construction and latrine use behaviour. The findings suggest that open defecation among households reduces as latrine construction approaches completion. Although the study did not find socio-demographic differences of household to be significantly associated with level of latrine completion, we found that social context is a significant determinant of households’ latrine completion decisions. The study therefore emphasises the need for continuous sensitisation and social marketing to ensure latrine completion by households at lower levels of construction, and the sustained use of latrines by households.
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Kanda, Artwell, Esper Jacobeth Ncube, and Kuku Voyi. "Drivers and barriers to sustained use of Blair ventilated improved pit latrine after nearly four decades in rural Zimbabwe." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (2022): e0265077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265077.
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Background Some latrines remain unused even under conditions of high coverage in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries. Not much is known on household latrine use in the long term in the absence of an intervention. The current work assesses drivers and barriers to sustained use of a ventilated improved pit latrine (Blair VIP) design where it originated and how rural households adapt it to climate change. Methods A mixed methods study was conducted from November 2020 to May 2021 among rural households of Mbire district, Zimbabwe. A cross sectional survey of 238 households with Blair ventilated improved pit (BVIP) latrines was conducted using a questionnaire and a latrine observation checklist. Data were analysed using logistic regression. Qualitative data were collected using six focus groups among house heads and analysed by thematic analysis. Result The latrine has perceived health, non-health and hygiene benefits for its sustained use. However, there are design, environmental and social barriers. The quantitative study indicated that determinants of latrine use were contextual (individual and household levels) and technology (individual level) factors. Focus groups indicated that latrine use was influenced by social, technology and contextual factors at multiple level factors. Interplay of factors influenced the intention to adapt the BVIP latrine to climate change. Local climate change adaptation strategies for the latrine were odour and erosion control, construction of the conventional latrine design and raised structures. Conclusion The conventional BVIP latrine design is durable and relatively resilient to climate change with high local household use. High construction cost of the latrine causes households to build incomplete and poor quality designs which affect odour and fly control. These are barriers to sustained latrine use. The government should implement the new sanitation policy which considers alternative sanitation options and offer community support for adapting sanitation to climate change.
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Paramita, Renita Diah, and Lilis Sulistyorini. "The Household’s Attitude Impacts The Low Use of Latrines in RW 02 Gempolklutuk, Tarik, Sidoarjo." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 8, no. 2 (2016): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v8i2.2016.184-194.
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Abstract: Gempolklutuk is village with the lowest of access latrines achievement in Tarik, Sidoarjo. The low of access latrines achievements show that there are people who still defecate in the river.This research was to analyze the influence factors toward the low use of latrines in RW 02 Gempolklutuk, Tarik, Sidoarjo. This research was analytic with cross sectional design. The samples was taken from population by simple random sampling. Interviews was held to 57 household’s in RW 02, Desa Gempolklutuk. The instrument used questionnaire. The collected data was sorted and analyzed. The analysis showed that household’s attitude have infl uence toward the low use of latrines (p-value = 0.000). Good household’s attitude will be followed by good use of latrines. The moderate household’s attitude become barrier of using latrine. Education and income level, knowledge, house distance to river, family and community support factors had no effect in using latrine. It is concluded that household’s attitude was the most infl uence factor toward the low use of latrines. It is suggested to health worker or Sidoarjo’s Health Department to giving guidance for household’s who didn’t have latrines to increase using latrine.Keywords: attitude, household, latrine
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Nurjazuli, Nurjazuli, Tri Joko, and Anggi Bela Saputri. "Determinants of latrine utilization in Munggur Village, Mojogedang District, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020202007.
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The use of latrines by the community will affect the incidence of ducts, such as diarrhea. The Karanganyar Regency Government has built communal latrines to reduce open defecation, however is not yet optimal and there are still many open defecation communities (BABS). This study aims to examine the determinants of latrine utilization by the community. Observational research has been carried out with Cross-Sectional design. A total of 83 family heads from 578 populations were taken by proportional random sampling as research subjects. The variables examined in this study include knowledge, attitudes, latrine ownership, availability of clean water, support from community leaders and health workers, and latrine utilization. Data collection is done by interview and direct observation of research objects, with questionnaire instruments and observation sheets. Research data were analyzed by Chi-Square Test. As many as 18.1% of the people do not use latrines to defecate. Statistical analysis showed that there was a relationship between attitudes, latrine ownership, availability of clean water, and support from community leaders with the practice of using latrines in daily bowel movements with p-values of < 0.05, respectively. This research concludes that the attitude of the community, latrine ownership, availability of clean water, and community support greatly influenced the practice of using latrines for defecation.
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Roper, T. J., L. Conradt, J. Butler, S. E. Christian, J. Ostler, and T. K. Schmid. "Territorial Marking With Faeces in Badgers (Meles Meles) : a Comparison of Boundary and Hinterland Latrine Use." Behaviour 127, no. 3-4 (1993): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853993x00074.
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Abstract Badgers (Meles meles) defecate, urinate and scent mark at latrines which seem to have a territorial function. The main aim of the present study was to compare defecation patterns at boundary and hinterland latrines, in order to test the hypothesis that these two types of latrine have a similar function. We investigated latrine use by means of a year-round survey of all the latrines in 7 badger territories, by bait-marking of 15 territories, and by monitoring latrine use in 6 radio-collared badgers belonging to three social groups. The spatial distribution of latrines within a territory was bimodal, with the greatest densities oflatrines close to the outside, and close to the centre, of the territory respectively. Boundary latrines were larger and more consistently used than hinterland latrines, but these differences could be accounted for by the fact that boundary latrines are visited by the members of more than one social group. Defecation at latrines was subject to seasonal variation, with a major peak in latrine use in spring and a minor peak in autumn. The spring peak was largely attributable to an increase in the use of hinterland latrines, the autumn peak to an increase in the use of boundary latrines. Males visited boundary latrines considerably more often than did females, but both sexes visited hinterland latrines equally often. Overmarking occurred equally often at both types of latrine and involved animals from the same as well as from different groups, but there was a significant tendency for more between-group than within-group overmarking. Overmarking occurred mainly on fresh, as opposed to old, faeces deposits. The sex and seasonal differences in use of boundary latrines suggest that these function at least partly as a form of mate-guarding, to deter neighbouring males from entering a territory for mating purposes. It is less clear why females mark at hinterland latrines. One possibility, consistent with the observed spatial distribution of hinterland latrines, is that they function to defend the main burrow system, which is used for breeding; another is that they carry information about social status. Overmarking probably serves to obliterate the marks of competitors, which are members of neighbouring social groups in the case of boundary latrines, but may be members of the same social group in the case of hinterland latrines. We conclude that previous ideas about the function of territoriality in badgers, and about the information conveyed by latrines, are oversimplified.
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Laika, Anca, and Retno Adriyani. "THE RELATIONSHIP OF RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS, KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND OWNERSHIP OF LATRINES TOWARDS ITS LOW USE OF LATRINES IN GUNUNG ANYAR VILLAGE, SURABAYA CITY." Indonesian Journal of Public Health 16, no. 2 (2021): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v16i2.2021.188-195.
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ABSTRACTGunung Anyar Tambak village had the lowest access to latrines. Some residents defecate in rivers or other places. The study was conducted to determine a relationship of factors and low use of latrines in Gunung Anyar Tambak village. It was observational research with a cross sectional design. Samples were selected from the population through simple random sampling. Guided interviews were conducted to 75 respondents in RW 01 Gunung Anyar Tambak village. The research variables were respondent characteristics (education level and income level), knowledge, attitudes, and latrine ownership. Data analysis was done using the Chi-square test with a degree of confidence at 95%. The results showed a significant relationship between respondent characteristics including education level (p = 0.000), income level (p = 0.000), knowledge (p = 0.006), attitude (p = 0.003), and latrine ownership (p = 0.000) on low use of latrines. The variable with the strongest relationship was latrine ownership. Keywords: education, income, knowledge, attitude, latrine ownership
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Syafruddin, Syafruddin, Djunaedi Djunaedi, Sitti Nur Intang, Selvia Selvia, Aisyah Vitariani, and Fanni Astuti. "Use of Healthy Family Toilets In Pangkajene Kepulauan District Village." International Journal of Health Sciences 2, no. 1 (2024): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.59585/ijhs.v2i1.315.
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According to World Bank data in 2010, the existence of latrines in Indonesia is around 22%. Nationally, for urban areas it is 79% and for rural areas 49%. Most of the waste disposal is still carried out into rivers or using dug wells that do not meet the requirements, thereby polluting groundwater. Health development is essentially an effort made by all components of the Indonesian nation which aims to increase awareness, ability and desire to live healthily for everyone in order to achieve the highest level of public health (Law No. 36 of 2009 concerning Health of 2009 Article 3). One of the health developments carried out is the development of adequate sanitation for the community. This research aims to determine the factors related to the use of family latrines in Pangkep Village. Based on data from the Community Health Center, Pangkep Village is the village with the lowest percentage of households with access to healthy toilets. Research methods; using quantitative analytics with cross sectional methods complemented by qualitative analytics. The population of all 433 family heads living in Pangkep Village using stratified random sampling obtained a sample of 228 family heads. Research results; shows that there is a significant relationship between family latrine use and knowledge (p value 0.019), attitude (p value 0.014), economic status (p value 0.000), latrine ownership (p value 0.000), availability of clean water (p value 0.029 ), role of health workers (p value 0.000), as well as support from community and religious leaders (p value 0.000). The variable of latrine ownership is the most dominant in family latrine use with a prevalence risk (5.879), which means that respondents who do not have a latrine have a 5.879 times greater chance of not using a family latrine. So it can be concluded that there is still low awareness of the community in Pangkep Village using family latrines. For this reason, it is recommended that health workers continue to provide guidance and education to the community and include community participation in implementing the program.
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Agustina, Dewi, Anastasya Khairiah, Annisa Ramadhani, and Putri Aulia Azmi. "SIKAP MASYARAKAT TENTANG PEMANFAATAN JAMBAN KELUARGA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS PEMBANTU NELAYAN, KELURAHAN NELAYAN INDAH, KECAMATAN MEDAN LABUHAN." Jurnal Abdi Mas Adzkia 2, no. 2 (2022): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30829/adzkia.v2i2.10284.
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<p><em><strong>Abstract </strong></em></p><p><em>A latrine is a building that is used to be called a place to dispose of and collect human waste or najis, usually a latrine/WC. So that the results will be stored in a certain place and not be the cause or spread of disease and pollute the residential environment (Depkes RI, 2003). This research was conducted to determine the description of community behavior regarding the use of family latrines in the Nelayan Indah Village, Medan Labuhan District. Data collection was done by interview and observation. The research instrument used an observation sheet in the form of a questionnaire. The results of the research on family latrine ownership of 120 respondents showed that 92.5% had a latrine and 7.5% did not. the results of the research on the use of family latrines from 120 respondents showed that 90.8% used latrines and 9.2% did not use latrines. The results of this study indicate that the knowledge, attitudes and actions of the community in the fishing village of Indah in the ownership and use of latrines are quite good. The community already knows the importance of using good healthy family latrines and completely avoiding diseases caused by dirt or feces</em></p>
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Srbek-Araujo, Ana Carolina, and Luiza de Carvalho Alzuguir. "Use of latrines and territorial marking behaviors by Subulo gouazoubira in a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 19, no. 3 (2024): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.19.e121917.
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The chemical communication signals the presence of individuals and territorial occupation, providing information about identity, sex, and reproductive status. This study aimed to characterize the use of latrines by the gray brocket deer, Subulo gouazoubira, in a remnant of the Atlantic Forest located in southeastern Brazil, as well as to describe its territorial marking behaviors, contributing to a better understanding of the species’ social communication strategies. Four monitoring points were used, but latrine use was recorded at only two of them. Twenty-seven independent records of S. gouazoubira were obtained, totaling 29 specimens recorded, comprising 59% males, 28% females, and 14% deer with undetermined sex. Twenty-five interactions with latrines and five types of behavior were recorded: defecation, urination, front paw scratching against the ground, tail shaking, and sniffing the area near the latrine. Among the recorded behaviors, 56% were performed by females, 40% by males, and 4% by specimens with undetermined sex. There was variation in the types and frequency of behaviors recorded, indicating that territorial marking behavior might be variable between latrines. Latrine use also varied temporally concerning the time of day when behaviors were recorded and the interval between records of odoriferous marking at the same latrine. Differences in latrine use between males and females were also observed, suggesting intersexual variations in territorial marking strategy. The obtained results, although limited to a few sampling points, suggest complexity in territorial marking behavior and interaction with latrines in S. gouazoubira, highlighting spatial differences, distinct temporal dynamics, and variations between sexes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Latrine Use"
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Routray, P. "Latrine adoption and use in rural Odisha, India : constraints and challenges." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2017. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4646132/.
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An estimated 2.4 billion people worldwide lack access to improved sanitation. This includes nearly 1 billion people practicing open defecation, of which 60 percent reside in India. Open defecation is especially common among rural populations, and has been linked to health problems like the occurrence of diarrheal disease and malnutrition. Despite decades of efforts by the Indian government to improve sanitation, open defecation continues to be a common practice even in households possessing a functional latrine. The main aims of this research were 1) to understand the reasons for poor adoption (uptake) and use of government subsidized latrines, and 2) to identify the constraints causing latrine non adoption and use. From the constraints identified in the literature review, three constraints were selected for in-depth investigation in this dissertation :1) socio-cultural beliefs and customs around handling adult human faeces, 2) programmatic challenges in mobilising communities for latrine promotion, and 3) household level challenges with sanitation decision making, especially exploring inability of women to take decisions on sanitation installation. The study was conducted in rural areas of Odisha through a mixed methods approach. The research revealed that in this study population, latrine adoption and use by all family members is influenced by socio-cultural and behavioural rituals and restrictions on handling and containing adult human faeces close to the home. In some cases, study subjects expressed a preference for open defecation over latrine use and were able to articulate benefits and advantages. Diverse communities and lack of capacity and skill among implementers negatively impacted the implementation of sanitation campaigns. Power hierarchies, inter-generational and household dynamics prevented female family members from participating in household decisions, including latrine installation decision-making.
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Sinha, A. "Assessing latrine use in low-income countries : a field study in rural India." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2017. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/3449896/.
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Sanitation programme monitoring is often limited to latrine access and coverage, with little emphasis on use of the facilities. This may be partially explained by the challenges associated with measuring individual and household latrine use. The conventional methods used each have their limitations. The overall goal of this research was to improve the methods for assessing latrine use in low-income countries and enhance our understanding of the patterns and determinants of latrine use in rural India. The evidence from a cross-sectional study to compare reported latrine use with a technology based measure, Passive Latrine Use Monitors, indicated that reported latrine use, though already suggesting low adoption, likely exaggerates the actual level of uptake of government constructed latrines in rural Odisha, India. Moderate agreement was obtained when comparing daily reported use during the previous 48 hours with the average daily PLUM count. Thus, if self-report measures are used, survey questions should focus on the 48 hours prior to the date of the survey rather than asking about “usual” latrine use behavior. The study also assessed patterns and determinants of individual latrine use over 12 months in the study population. Based on a prior 48 hour recall measure of reported use, we classified use into three categories—“never”, “sometimes” and “always/usually”. We also assessed consistency of latrine use across the dry cold, dry hot and rainy seasons. Overall, we found that latrine use was poor. There was significant seasonal variation in use. There was increased reported likelihood of consistently using the latrine among females and where latrines had a door and roof. Older age groups and an increase in household size were associated with a decreased reported likelihood of consistently always/usually using the latrine versus never using it. The leading reported reason for non-use of latrines was a preference for open defecation.
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Wilbur, Patricia Anna Marie. "An Evaluation of the Use of Composting Latrines and the Perceptions of Excrement in Ngäbe Communities in Panama." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5331.
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Engineers are exploring a new paradigm in wastewater treatment; focus is shifting to the recovery and reuse of energy, water, and nutrients. Ecological sanitation (EcoSan) technologies, which allow for this recovery and reuse, are an environmentally sound option for the future of sanitation. While the technology to achieve this goal of recovery and reuse exists, a limiting factor is user attitudes and perceptions. Social sciences, especially anthropology, can and should inform engineering projects to ensure socio-cultural sustainability.
Since 2003, rural indigenous Ngäbe communities in Panama have been implementing ecological sanitation projects, mainly double vault urine diverting (DVUD) latrines known as composting latrines. With the help of governmental agencies and the Peace Corps, over 200 of these latrines have been built across the province of Bocas del Toro and the ñÖ Kribu region of the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé. To this point, little monitoring and evaluation has taken place in these communities.
Interviews and observations in 23 communities throughout this coastal region revealed that 70.6% of composting latrines constructed (n = 201) were completed and 71.8 % of the completed composting latrines (n = 142) are still in use. Based on observations, 65% of the latrines in use were determined to be used properly, which translates to the proper use of 45.8% of the completed latrines. To promote composting latrine adoption, social marketing and pilot latrine projects can be employed, and to improve the percentage of properly used composting latrines, education campaigns can be deployed as follow up.
Utilizing suggestions made in recent literature as guidelines for the proper application of compost, analysis showed that new training messages have not reached the communities with older composting latrines. Informal interviews in 18 communities identified compost production, the lack of mosquitoes and flies, and the lack of odor as the most frequently mentioned advantages. With respect to the disadvantages, the inability to use water for anal cleansing was the most frequently mentioned disadvantage.
In three communities, informal interviews and 124 surveys were used to characterize the perceptions of Ngäbes regarding feces and their use of composted human excrement as a soil amendment in agriculture. In general, the responses reflected perceptions that show no strong barrier to the operation and maintenance of composting latrines. Utilizing the Fisher's exact test and Kruskal-Wallis test, the community, sanitation classification, gender, primary occupation, and age all showed some level of association with the perceptions expressed in the survey responses.
Filo Verde was more likely to respond with perceptions accepting of composting latrine use, while San San Puente was more likely to respond with "don't know" or with perceptions objecting to composting latrine use. At times, up to 37.9% of the respondents responded with negative perceptions; thus, evaluations of perceptions prior to the implementation stage are still beneficial. One discrepancy existed between the overall majority and the composting latrine user majority; 56.5% of the 124 respondents perceived the handling of human excrement as a great health risk, whereas 59.1% of the 22 composting latrine users did not. As expected, the composting latrine users responses represent the positive perceptions of feces and their reuse, but pit latrine owners were most likely to respond with perceptions contrary to those indicative of proper composting latrine behavior. Overall, males were more likely to agree with the perceptions related to composting latrine use. Regarding primary occupations, farmers consistently replied with more favorable perceptions of feces and their use as a soil amendment, while banana company workers showed more dissidence. Additionally, older participants gave responses reflecting favorable perceptions of composting latrines more than younger participants. Finally, education and household size do not have any statistically significant associations with the perceptions reflected in the survey responses.
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Libby, James A. "An Evaluation of Pit Latrines and User Perception of Excrement in Ngäbe Communities in Panama." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7329.
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At the end of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) period in 2015, 2.3 billion people, 31% of the global population, still did not have access to even basic sanitation services. Of these people, 892 million still practice open defecation, and 856 million people use unimproved facilities such as pit latrines without a slab or platform or hanging latrines or bucket latrines (JMP 2017). Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 6.2 now aims to achieve adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and sets the ambitious target of eradicating open defecation by 2030. While the number of people open defecating was reduced from 1229 million to 892 million between 2000 and 2015, that pace must accelerate to be achieved (JMP, 2017). In Panama, it is estimated that countrywide sanitation coverage is 71%, and rural coverage 54% (WHO/UNICEF, 2013). Even so, in indigenous areas like the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé, only 25% of the population has adequate access to basic sanitation (ANAM, 2006).
This research builds upon the research presented in (Hurtado, 2005, Kaiser, 2006, Mehl, 2008, and Wilbur, 2014). These theses researched double vault urine diverting (DVUD) latrines, or composting latrines, in indigenous communities in the province of Bocas del Toro and the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé in Panama. Hurtado, Kaiser, and Mehl researched the design, construction, and pathogen destruction capabilities of composting latrines. Wilbur studied how human attitudes and perceptions serve as incentives or barriers to composting latrine use. In this research surveys, interviews, and observations were recorded in 6 indigenous Ngäbe communities in Bocas del Toro and the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé. The study quantifies usage of ventilated improved pit (VIP) and basic pit latrines in these communities, assesses positive and negative perceptions of composting latrines, and determines perceptions of feces and the reuse of composted human excrement.
The results reveal that of n=103 latrines 88.3% were completed and in use, but only 35.2% were properly covered. To promote proper usage of latrines, continued education and trainings need to be carried out in these communities. Respondents were also favorable to the use of composting latrines, with 61.2% of respondents saying they would be interested in building a composting latrine for their households. The main perceived benefit of composting latrines is the compost, and the most identified barrier to use was lack of prior experience. Other main barriers included user disgust and the amount of work it takes to own and operate the latrine. There were more identified incentives (12) than barriers (11) to composting latrine adoption. Respondents also reported they would react more favorably to their neighbor implementing the technology and using compost than their neighbor would react should the respondent do the same thing. These results indicate the importance of pilot projects in communities, allowing people to see the benefits of the technology and how it works before implementing a larger scale project. These projects would also reduce the stigma associated with being a first adopter.
Statistical analysis revealed that the demographics of community, sanitation classification, gender, and primary occupation were significantly linked to survey statements used to measure perceptions on composting latrine use and the use of composted human excrement as a fertilizer. Age, gender, and household size were not found to have a statistically significant link to user perceptions on the same survey statements. Logistic regression analysis was then performed using SPSS statistical analysis software (version 24). The results of this research indicate the importance of setting up follow up trainings as many respondents had forgotten how to properly maintain their latrines. It also suggests the setup of pilot projects for composting latrines, as many respondents were favorable to the technology but did not want to try to own and operate a composting latrine without seeing a successful composting latrine first.
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Heijnen, M. "Shared sanitation facilities versus individual household latrines : use, pathogen exposure and health." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2015. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2145998/.
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A large and growing proportion of the world’s population rely on shared sanitation facilities. These have historically been excluded from international sanitation targets due to concerns about acceptability, hygiene and access. With the development of new targets and indicators for the Sustainable Development Goals, it has been proposed to include shared facilities as ‘improved’ sanitation based on the number of users, if the facility is of an ‘improved’ technology and if the users are known to each other. The aim of this research was threefold: i) to provide an overview of the available evidence on shared sanitation and outcomes related to health, access, use, operation and maintenance, gender and cost, ii) to describe the geographic and demographic scope of shared sanitation globally, and iii) to develop and pilot methods exploring factors that may explain any increased risk of adverse health outcomes associated with shared sanitation. Results from a systematic literature review on shared sanitation and health showed that households accessing shared sanitation facilities were more likely to suffer from ill-health, specifically diarrhoea. However, the methodological quality of the available studies was limited. The global analysis of household survey data showed that households sharing sanitation facilities were poorer, less educated and more likely to live in urban areas. The majority of households accessing shared sanitation were found in Africa and South-East Asia. The results from the literature review and household survey data led to the development of a cross-sectional study in Orissa, India. This study aimed to assess differences in shared and private sanitation access in 30 slums—both in terms of the users and the actual facilities. Results from this study show that households accessing shared sanitation were poorer, less educated and less likely to have water access in or near their home. In addition, significant differences in terms of cleanliness and presence of water were observed between private and shared facilities. Users of shared sanitation were more likely to continue practicing open defecation and significantly more cases of diarrhoea were reported by individuals living in these households. The underlying reasons for this potential increased risk of disease for users of shared sanitation are not clear, but the type of users, cleanliness of facilities and opportunities to practice good hygiene are all expected to play a role. As such, these factors may also be of importance, in addition to the number of users and sanitation technology, if a shared sanitation facility is expected to be considered ‘improved’ sanitation in future monitoring targets.
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Saywell, Darren L. "User based perceptions of on-plot sanitation systems in low income urban communities in Africa and Asia." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7358.
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Rates of population growth in developing country cities are straining the capacity of sanitation service providers. In spite of widespread sector recognition of the need to adopt low-cost, people centred approaches, 80 per cent of investments in the water and sanitation sector continue to be allocated to high cost technologies for urban elites. Household level, on-plot sanitation systems potentially offer a solution to the sanitary needs of the urban poor. Nevertheless, commonly held assumptions amongst sector professionals that lower cost, on-plot systems are inappropriate and unacceptable in urban communities impede-their wider application. There is little empirical evidence to justify this position. The scope of this work examines the technical appropriateness and user acceptability of on-plot sanitation options. The thesis contributes to an improved understanding of the context in which on-plot systems operate, what factors constrain their application, and what issues need consideration when deciding on sanitary options in low-income communities. The research adopted a mix of methodological techniques to improve the reliability and validity of findings, with both quantitative and qualitative methods applied during fieldwork. Findings from Ghana, Mozambique and India are included in the thesis in order to permit sampling of key latrine types used internationally. The thesis concludes that user based perceptions of the performance and acceptability of on-plot systems varies markedly to those of sector professionals, particularly in relation to plot size, satisfaction levels and reasons for absence of household latrine. Furthermore, user based criteria of performance are developed for consideration practitioners when narrowing decision making on sanitary options. The implications of the study highlight the need for integration of user concerns into strategic planning for sanitation, more effective stimulation and negotiation of demand for sanitation systems and challenges for agencies in adopting a user oriented approach. The recommendations from the thesis include practitioner focused policy changes that affect project planning and support systems for user education. Potential areas of further research interest include ranking user perceptions, an holistic understanding of excreta management processes and institutional constraints affecting user-service provider consultations.
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Collins, Rita. "Urban Coyote (Canis latrans) Ecology| Diet, Activity, and Habitat Use." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10826343.
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<p> Non-habituated coyotes (<i>Canis latrans</i>) avoid direct interactions with humans. Reliance on human food sources has been linked to gradual habituation, a precursor to conflict and attacks on domestic pets and humans. Diet and activity patterns of urban coyotes inhabiting natural fragments in Long Beach, CA were monitored through scat collection and camera trapping over a year (Aug 2016 – Aug 2017). Local urban coyotes are relying predominately on natural foods, with an increase in mammalian prey in the wet season and an increase in vegetation and insect consumption in the dry season. Anthropogenic items, food and food related inedible items, appeared in 14% of scats overall, with no significant seasonal change. Cat remains were found in 14% of scat samples, but only triggered cameras once throughout the 2,857 camera nights of the study. Coyote activity was centered on nights in both seasons, with greater dawn activity in the dry season, indicating an avoidance of peak human activity. This reliance on natural foods and avoidance of human activity reduces the opportunities for human-wildlife conflicts in our local area.</p><p>
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Judy, Beth A. "Assessment of Habitat Use by Eastern Coyote (Canis latrans) Along an Urban-Parkland Gradient." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1273594208.
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Franckowiak, Gregory Allen. "Space Use by Coyotes (Canis latrans) in an Urbanizing Landscape, and Implications for Management." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1398243682.
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Ness, Sarah J. "Evaluation of School VIP Latrines and User Preferences and Motivations for Adopting Communal Sanitation Technologies in Zwedru, Liberia." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5751.
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This thesis has three objectives as follows: 1) to investigate VIP latrine design and establish if the communal school VIP latrines located on the shared campus of Tubman Wilson Institute (TWI) Junior and Senior High School and J.C. Barlee Elementary School were properly designed and constructed, 2) to explore the user preferences and motivations impacting the adoption of these school latrines, and 3) to develop a framework for factors that influence latrine adoption. These goals were formed by the author in response to her Peace Corps experience working at a high school in Zwedru, Liberia from August 2012 to August 2014 and her personal background in appropriate sanitation and environmental engineering.
To complete the first thesis objective, the author conducted a detailed literature review and then compared accepted guidelines for VIP latrines to the sanitation facilities located on the TWI campus. The literature review investigated proper design of ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines, school sanitation guidelines, and recommendations for sanitation in Liberia. The research focus latrines were two blocks of six stall multicompartment alternating twin-pit VIP latrines. The author conducted observations of the communal school latrines in order to compare the design and construction of these specific latrines to accepted criteria and recommendations from literature. It was found that the latrine vent pipes, cover slabs, drop holes, and pit design all appear to be designed and constructed per national Liberian and international recommendations. However, the TWI school latrines do not comply with standards for several other latrine design criteria. The latrine superstructures are built with privacy walls located in front of the boys’ and girls’ stalls and the entranceway doors do not have air gaps. These two features may impair critical odor-controlling air flow from the superstructure through the pit and out the vent pipe. The siting of the school latrines is also inconsistent with guidelines as the latrines are located too close to the classroom building and to the school’s water pump. Finally, the ratio of people to latrines on the shared TWI/J.C. Barlee campus is higher than the recommendation of 20-40 students per latrine, or when necessary 60 students per latrine.
The second research objective was to investigate user perceptions of the communal latrines and identify factors that motivate latrine adoption on the Liberian school campus. The design deficiencies identified in the evaluation of thesis objective one were found to impact the user preferences regarding the school latrines. This is apparent from user comments in the surveys that were conducted with 709 participants (students from grades four to twelve, administrators, faculty, and staff) at the study site. User perceptions of the cleanliness, safety, and comfort of the school facilities were varied. For example, 51% of total respondents (n = 709) expressed that the school latrines were dirty or very dirty, while 48% claimed the latrines were clean or very clean. When asked about the safety of the communal latrines, 52% of survey participants said the sanitation facilities were not safe or very unsafe; 47% asserted that the latrines were safe or very safe. Survey participants also had mixed responses about the comfort of the communal sanitation technology: 51% of the 709 survey participants stated that the latrines were not comfortable or very uncomfortable, while 46% declared the facilities were comfortable or very comfortable. The open-ended survey questions allowed respondents to comment on positive and negative aspects of the communal school VIP latrines. Again answers included various responses, but several key themes arose, including smell and odor, latrine construction components, presence of feces in and around the latrines, the use of the facilities by outside community members, and health impacts of latrine use.
The final thesis objective was to develop a framework of the factors that impact adoption of communal school latrines. The author originally assumed that user preferences and latrine adoption were directly correlated, but survey results suggest that the two factors may be independently influenced. This is based on the usage rates, 77% total survey participants stating that they use the latrines and 88% of these affirmative respondents explaining that they use the latrines daily, multiple times a week, or weekly. Although these adoption rates are quite high, satisfaction rates for latrine cleanliness, safety, and comfort are merely 50%, as previously described. VIP latrine design factors, like odor control and door construction, and communal sanitation facility characteristics, such as operation and maintenance, may prompt latrine adoption. Individual user traits, such as age, gender, and type and availability of household sanitation technology appear to have a lesser impact on latrine adoption. However, the grade level of the student respondents may have played a role in their responses because of the methods in which the survey was administered and the common practice of cheating.
Additional research should be conducted to further understand the factors that impact the adoption of communal sanitation facilities on school campuses. This study accomplished its three main research objectives, yet further research and practical applications must be applied to improve school sanitation in Liberia and worldwide.
Books on the topic "Latrine Use"
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Chhavy, Moung. A study of latrine use O'Beijoun Commune, O'Chrou District, Banteay Meanchey Province. Norwegian People's Aid Cambodia, 2005.
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Langmore, David. Planning power: The uses and abuses of power in the planning of the Latrobe Valley. Australian Scholarly Publishing Pty Ltd, 2013.
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Baker, Jean H. Building America. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696450.001.0001.
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Building America: The Life of Benjamin Henry Latrobe is a biography of America’s first professionally trained architect and engineer. Born in 1764, Latrobe was raised in Moravian communities in England and Germany. His parents expected him to follow his father and brother into the ministry, but he rebelled against the church. Moved to London, he studied architecture and engineering. In 1795 he emigrated to the United States and became part of the period’s Transatlantic Exchange. Latrobe soon was famous for his neoclassical architecture, designing important buildings, including the US Capitol and Baltimore Basilica as well as private homes. Carpenters and millwrights who built structures more cheaply and less permanently than Latrobe challenged his efforts to establish architecture as a profession. Rarely during his twenty-five years in the United States was he financially secure, and when he was, he speculated on risky ventures that lost money. He declared bankruptcy in 1817 and moved to New Orleans, the sixth American city that he lived in, hoping to recoup his finances by installing a municipal water system. He died there of yellow fever in 1820. The themes that emerge in this biography are the critical role Latrobe played in the culture of the early republic through his buildings and his genius in neoclassical design. Like the nation’s political founders, Latrobe was committed to creating an exceptional nation, expressed in his case by buildings and internal improvements. Additionally, given the extensive primary sources available for this biography, an examination of his life reveals early American attitudes toward class, family, and religion.
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Chan, Emily Ying Yang. Building Bottom-up Health and Disaster Risk Reduction Programmes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198807179.001.0001.
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Although urban living has accounted for being the lifestyle for more than half of the global population since 2010, nearly half are still living in a rural context. As pointed out by the United Nations as a backdrop of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (2016–2030), at least 1.8 billion people across the world still consumed faecally contaminated drinking water by 2015, 2.4 million lacked access to basic sanitation services such as toilets or latrines, and nearly 1,000 children died every day of preventable water and sanitation-related diarrhoeal diseases. Rural areas fare far worse: children are about 1.7 times more likely to die before their fifth birthday as those in urban areas. About 16% of the rural population do not use improved drinking water sources, compared to 4% of the urban population. About 50% of people living in rural areas lack improved sanitation facilities, compared to only 18% of people in urban regions. Far too many one-off rural on-site public health knowledge transfer projects fail to deliver long-term results. Theoretical understanding may be strengthened among non-governmental organization (NGO) practitioners and volunteers to support project planning, monitoring, and evaluation. Based on public health theories and illustrated by relevant examples, as well as the insights gained from the long-established CCOUC Ethnic Minority Health Project in China, this book introduces how health, emergency, and disaster preparedness education programmes could be organized in remote rural Asia, which could become a useful reference for organizers and volunteers of rural development projects.
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McCleery, Iona, Laurence Totelin, Iona McCleery, et al., eds. A Cultural History of Medicine in the Middle Ages. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474206716.
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The Middle Ages (c.500–c.1500) are wellknown for the growth of universities and urban regulations, plague pandemics, increasingly sophisticated ways of causing injury in warfare, and abiding frameworks for health and illness provided by religion. Increasingly, however, archaeologists, historians and literary specialists have come together to flesh out the daily lives of medieval people at all levels of society, both in Christian Europe and the Islamic Mediterranean. A Cultural History of Medicine in the Middle Ages follows suit, but also brings new approaches and comparisons into the conversation. Through the investigation of poems, pottery, personal letters, recipes and petitions, and through a breadth of topics running from street-cleaning, cooking and amulets to religious treatises and death rituals, this volume accords new meaning and value to the period and those who lived it. Its chapters confirm that the study of latrines, patterns of manuscript circulation, miracle narratives, sermons, skeletons, metaphors and so on, have as much to tell us about attitudes towards health and illness as do medical texts. Delving within and beyond texts, and focusing on the sensory, the experiential, the personal, the body and the spirit, this volume celebrates and critiques the diverse and complex cultural history of medieval health and medicine.
Book chapters on the topic "Latrine Use"
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O’Reilly, Kathleen, Elizabeth Louis, Evan A. Thomas, and Antara Sinha. "Combining Sensors and Ethnography to Evaluate Latrine Use in India." In Broken Pumps and Promises. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28643-3_13.
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Knight, Joshua, Melissa Montgomery, Debbie Heuckeroth, Eugene Lendzemo, and David Sacco. "Village-Driven Latrines with “Engineers Without Borders USA”." In Handbook of Environmental Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55172-8_2.
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Sugita, Elli W. "Gender and Culture Matters: Considerations for Menstrual Hygiene Management." In Global Environmental Studies. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7711-3_5.
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AbstractMenstruation hygiene management (MHM) is an important factor in gender-sensitive sanitation promotion. MHM is a concept and an approach in international development that gained greater attention in the last decade. This chapter first reviews the development of MHM (also recently referred to as menstrual health and hygiene: MHH) as an international agenda. The second part focuses on the cultural aspects of menstruation. To illuminate the local reality and cultural context of female students in a secondary school, a case study from the Manafwa district in Uganda will be described. The research results show that seemingly simple behaviors associated with menstrual management pass through the filter of cultural norms and girls’ perceptions. Those behaviors include (1) changing menstrual absorbents, (2) using a latrine, (3) discarding used sanitary pads or other sanitary items, (4) washing menstrual items or underwear, and (5) drying them. The chapter will provide some recommendations for MHM interventions.
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Canepari, Eleonora. "Habiter une paroisse suburbaine: La population de Saint-Jean de Latran de Rome (1630-1680)." In Subaltern City? Brepols Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.seuh-eb.5.117456.
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Raguin-Barthelmebs, Marjolaine. "Chapter 5: Le concile de Latran dans la Chanson de la Croisade albigeoise, une acmé." In OUTREMER. Brepols Publishers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.outremer-eb.5.115856.
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Law, D. W., C. Gunasekara, and S. Setunge. "Use of Brown Coal Ash as a Replacement of Cement in Concrete Masonry Bricks." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_4.
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AbstractPortland cement production is not regarded as environmentally friendly, because of its associated high carbon emissions, which are responsible for 5% of global emissions. An alternative is to substitute fly ash for Portland cement. Australia has an abundance of brown coal fly ash, as it is the main source of primary energy in the State of Victoria. Currently, the majority of this material is stored in landfills and currently there is no commercial use for it in the cement industry because brown coal fly ash cannot be used as a direct replacement material for Portland cement due to the high sulfur and calcium content and low aluminosilicate content. However, the potential exists to use brown coal fly ash as a geopolymeric material, but there remains a significant amount of research needed to be conducted. One possible application is the production of geopolymer concrete bricks. A research project was undertaken to investigate the use of brown coal fly ash from Latrobe Valley power stations in the manufacture of geopolymer masonry bricks. The research developed a detailed understanding of the fundamental chemistry behind the activation of the brown coal fly ash and the reaction mechanisms involved to enable the development of brown coal fly ash geopolymer concrete bricks. The research identified suitable manufacturing techniques to investigate relationships between compressive strength and processing parameters and to understand the reaction kinetics and microstructural developments. The first phase of the research determined the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of the Loy Yang and Yallourn fly ash samples to produce a 100% fly ash-based geopolymer mortar. Optimization of the Loy Yang and Yallourn geopolymer mortars was conducted to identify the chemical properties that were influential in the production of satisfactory geopolymer strength. The Loy Yang mortars were able to produce characteristic compressive strengths acceptable in load-bearing bricks (15 MPa), whereas the Yallourn mortars produced characteristic compressive strengths only acceptable as non-load-bearing bricks (5 MPa). The second phase of the research transposed the optimal geopolymer mortar mix designs into optimal geopolymer concrete mix designs while merging the mix design with the optimal Adbri Masonry (commercial partner) concrete brick mix design. The reference mix designs allowed for optimization of both the Loy Yang and Yallourn geopolymer concrete mix designs, with the Loy Yang mix requiring increased water content because the original mix design was deemed to be too dry. The key factors that influenced the compressive strength of the geopolymer mortars and concrete were identified. The amorphous content was considered a vital aspect during the initial reaction process of the fly ash geopolymers. The amount of unburnt carbon content contained in the fly ash can hinder the reactive process, and ultimately, the compressive strength because unburnt carbon can absorb the activating solution, thus reducing the particle to liquid interaction ratio in conjunction with lowering workability. Also, fly ash with a higher surface area showed lower flowability than fly ash with a smaller surface area. It was identified that higher quantity of fly ash particles <45 microns increased reactivity whereas primarily angular-shaped fly ash suffered from reduced workability. The optimal range of workability lay between the 110–150 mm slump, which corresponded with higher strength displayed for each respective precursor fly ash. Higher quantities of aluminum incorporated into the silicate matrix during the reaction process led to improved compressive strengths, illustrated by the formation of reactive aluminosilicate bonds in the range of 800–1000 cm–1 after geopolymerization, which is evidence of a high degree of reaction. In addition, a more negative fly ash zeta potential of the ash was identified as improving the initial deprotonation and overall reactivity of the geopolymer, whereas a less negative zeta potential of the mortar led to increased agglomeration and improved gel development. Following geopolymerization, increases in the quantity of quartz and decreases in moganite correlated with improved compressive strength of the geopolymers. Overall, Loy Yang geopolymers performed better, primarily due to the higher aluminosilicate content than its Yallourn counterpart. The final step was to transition the optimal geopolymer concrete mix designs to producing commercially acceptable bricks. The results showed that the structural integrity of the specimens was reduced in larger batches, indicating that reactivity was reduced, as was compressive strength. It was identified that there was a relationship between heat transfer, curing regimen and structural integrity in a large-volume geopolymer brick application. Geopolymer bricks were successfully produced from the Loy Yang fly ash, which achieved 15 MPa, suitable for application as a structural brick. Further research is required to understand the relationship between the properties of the fly ash, mixing parameters, curing procedures and the overall process of brown coal geopolymer concrete brick application. In particular, optimizing the production process with regard to reducing the curing temperature to ≤80 °C from the current 120 °C and the use of a one-part solid activator to replace the current liquid activator combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate.
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Allison, Penelope M. "Unit I 10,12." In The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199263127.003.0036.
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The walls of this unit have coarse plaster and the pavement was of cocciopesto. There appears to have been a wooden stairway along the west wall, two stone blocks (each of h.: c.50 mm, and dimensions: c.450 mm × 350 mm) 2.2 m from the south wall and set at right angles to the wall forming the base. Elia reported that no finds were made here. However, the excavators recorded: part of an inscribed amphora, probably a spindle and a spindle whorl, and a small ceramic pot, on the pavement; a bronze lock bolt at 2.5 m above the pavement; and an iron door key and two nails in the lapilli. According to Elia, this was a workshop. An entrance in the east wall had been closed when a latrine was added to room 31 in the Casa del Menandro. An inscription, painted in black, was observed near the blocked doorway to the latter room. Elia believed that this unit had originally been part of the Casa del Menandro but had been separated from it and was disused at the time of the eruption. The finds, while rather small and loseable, might point to its use as a location for spinning during its final occupancy phase.
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Singh Kharwar, Poonam, Devesh Kumar, Abhishek Kumar, and Abhinav Kumar. "The State of Housing, Drinking Water, Electricity, and Sanitation Facilities of Scheduled Tribes in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India." In Facade Design - Challenges and Future Perspective [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113046.
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Façade design, drinking water, electricity, and sanitation are critical basic human needs for a decent life in the modern period. The development and implementation of these regulations are necessary for socioeconomic advancement and protect tribes, particularly women, from significant public health, environmental, and security issues. Despite the government’s intentions to address their backward status through special constitutional provisions, tribes in eastern Uttar Pradesh remain severely underserved regarding these services. The design of facades has a favorable impact on the lives of socioeconomically deprived citizens of developing countries like India. The present chapter examines the façade design, drinking water, electricity, and sanitation services provided to Scheduled Tribes in the eastern Upper Peninsula and potential improvement initiatives. Facade design impacts the types of businesses that thrive in a given location. The majority of scheduled tribes rely on the informal economy for a living. The majority of ST families (43.9%) still live in jhuggis, only 27.12% have both tap water supplies and electricity, the majority (92.15%) use hand pumps for drinking water outside the home, 77.4% of STs do not have latrine facilities inside the premises, and the surrounding sanitation is inadequate. Although government is taking steps for piped water supply, ST families are still deprived of this facility due to the scattered nature of remotely placed kaccha houses and lack of proper attention from responsible authorities.
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Macdonald, David W., and Chris Newman. "The Ecological Foundations to Badger Group Living." In The Badgers of Wytham Woods. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845368.003.0010.
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Abstract Why do badgers live in groups? If not for benefits linked to alloparenting or hunting success, what might favour Wytham’s 23 groups of c. 8 badgers, versus hundreds of individual burrows? The answer lies in the transition from behaviour to ecology, and so this transitional chapter begins by documenting badger diet in Wytham. An important element is the earthworm, and we use almost 40 years of data to reveal that young badgers, with least resilience to tolerate periods of food scarcity, present the greatest starvation risk. We revisit ideas, such as the Resource Dispersion Hypothesis, that interpret society as an emergent property of ecology combined with factors such as ability to tolerate food insecurity. Moving from ethological observations of badgers foraging for worms, and an exploration of optimal foraging theory, we document how badger social group geometry has changed over the decades. We ask what aspect of sociology imposes a glass ceiling on group size, and show the time scale of the fissioning of the original 12 progenitor groups in the 1970s into the 23 contemporary millennial groups. How does this affect interpretation of latrine-marked boundaries? This chapter leads to the question of whether the badgers’ evolutionary past has prepared them for twenty-first-century Wytham Woods. Do the ecological circumstances of Wytham in 2020 fit within the envelope of adaptive intra-specific variation (the sociological phenotype) that defines a badger, or might sociality be an as-yet not fully exploited compromise for high-density living?
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Allison, Penelope M. "House I 10,18." In The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199263127.003.0022.
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Giornale degli Scavi A,VI,6 (May 1912–Mar. 1929): 451–2 (12 Nov. 1926) A,VI,7 (Apr. 1929–Dec. 1935): 207–8 (25–6 July 1932); 216–17 (4–7 Aug. 1932); 219 (13 Aug. 1932); 220 (18 Aug. 1932); 221 (19 Aug. 1932). Elia 1934: 341–4. The excavation of this house began from the rear of House I 10,2–3, and the area of the latrine and kitchen. Later excavation proceeded from the upper storey in the front of the house. The recording was possibly less careful than in the larger houses in the insula which were considered more important. For example, Elia did not mention any of the finds from here. Since excavation, the house has been used as a workshop for the gardeners and labourers working on the site but was being restored in 2001. No recorded finds. Vases of various types. i. Preserved h.: c.1.2 m; diam.: c.240 mm; neck diam.: c.100 mm. Fabric: orange, relatively fine. Description: Amphora with a pointed base, cylindrical body, and marked shoulder. Strap handles attached to the shoulder and neck. Large rolled, and vertically flattened, rim. Present location: one left in situ, others unknown, possibly left in room 10. Not inventoried at time of excavation. Discussion: Arthur identifies the remaining amphora as an unprovenanced Italian wine amphora, of form Dressel 1B. He notes that the type was late Republican, the latest dated examples of which bear the consular date for 13 bc (CIL, xv. 4539 and 4575). He therefore notes that this amphora is of considerable interest as it survived in use for at least ninety years after its date of manufacture. Arthur suggests that its longevity, perhaps explained by its use as a container for an ageing vintage, adds a note of caution to the adoption of single artefacts for the dating of archaeological contexts. Dimensions: total l.: 331 mm; dimensions of case: 95 mm × 85 mm × 25 mm. Description: Rectangular iron lock-box and parallel iron bars. Box decorated on upper surface with iron bosses in the form of broad-brimmed hats (head diam.: 18 mm). Each corner boss is part of an attachment nail.
Conference papers on the topic "Latrine Use"
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Fajriannor T.M., M., Fauji Nurdin, Husnul Khotimah, and Husda Oktavianor. "The Influence Of Health Education To Parents Through The Children With Hand Puppets And Comic Strip On Knowledge Of Healthy Latrine Use." In 2nd Sari Mulia International Conference on Health and Sciences 2017 (SMICHS 2017) � One Health to Address the Problem of Tropical Infectious Diseases in Indonesia. Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/smichs-17.2017.47.
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Peens, Shaun. "THE FUTURE AND SUSTAINABILITY OF MEANINGFUL EDUCATION LIES IN THE ABILITY OF SEASONED TEACHERS TO CULTIVATE NOVICE TEACHERS THROUGH STRENGTH-BASED-MENTORING." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2022v1end066.
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"Newly qualified teachers are barraged with uncertainties and could seem inadequately prepared for the teaching profession. Even though graduates are believed to have sufficient subject content knowledge the average day could offer more interruptions than anticipated. Although this study will not aim dispute the quality or value of the curriculum offered; there seems to be an absence in the holistic development of educators. It is therefore imperative that experienced educators serve as mentors to expand the gain of their skills learnt through exposure and involvement in teaching, adding value to the education sector. As part of prospective doctoral study, the researcher will investigate whether a mentorship program for seasoned educators could offer guidance, stability and confidence to novice teachers by contributing maturity and responsibility. South Africa has educational challenges 25 years post-apartheid; whether it be pit latrine, bilingual schools in monolingual areas (and vice versa) or often vandalized schools. These factors impact education ranging from macro- (education sector), meso- (socio-economic decline) as well as micro-level (teacher and learner) with majority support from the Department of Education to socio-economic challenges and little attention to educators. Hence, this study will purposefully focus on micro-level where educators could hold one another accountable to build educational capacity. The discovery of challenges novice teachers experience and whether possible gaps exist which could be filled by a suitable mentoring program will have initial priority, with the secondary intention to assist seasoned teachers on a road to self-discovery, embracing a servant leadership role in a quest to address these challenges, striving towards solutions in mentoring for the benefit of sustainable learning. The study elects to include Secondary schools from different backgrounds in the Free State Educational District, involving teachers selected based on their eagerness to improve their life and teaching skills. A pragmatic research approach will be intended with the inherent use of mixed method research to analyze data. Quantitative data could point towards the possible gaps and challenges with the use of a questionnaire. From this data strengths-based-mentoring collaboration sessions will follow to obtain qualitative data about the suitability of a mentorship programme. Pragmatism as a research method complements the combination of positivism leading to the appreciation of its suitability in practice focusing on solutions."
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Gusti, Aria, and Wira Iqbal. "The Environmental Sanitation in Fishermen's Families in Muara Siberut, Mentawai Islands, Indonesia." In 6th International Conference on Public Health and Well-being. iConferences Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32789/publichealth.2023.1003.
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Abstract: This study aims to determine the physical components of houses, environmental sanitation facilities, and pro-environmental behavior in fisherman families in Muara Siberut Village, Mentawai Islands Regency. Ninety-eight fishermen's families were used as respondents, who were selected systematically and randomly. The physical components of the house that are assessed are floors, walls, living room windows, bedroom windows, ventilation, ceilings, and kitchen smoke holes. Environmental sanitation facilities include clean water sources, latrines, wastewater disposal facilities, and garbage disposal sites. Pro-environmental behavior includes waste disposal methods, disease vector control, the habit of wearing footwear, the habit of opening windows, and cleaning the yard. The results showed that 44.9% of the physical components of fishermen's family houses in Muara Siberut were not good (the score obtained is less than the average score), 39.8% of families had poor environmental sanitation facilities (the score obtained is less than the average score), and 38.8% of fishermen's families had poor pro-environmental behavior (the score obtained is less than the average score). Nearly half of the environmental health of fishing families in Muara Siberut, Mentawai Islands Regency, is in the unfavorable category (score is less than the average score). It is recommended that the regional government provide environmental health education related to housing environmental health and pro-environmental behavior and provide a stimulus for environmental sanitation facilities that meet health requirements for fishermen families in Muara Siberut. Keywords: House, Sanitation, Pro-environmental, Behavior, Fisherman Family
Reports on the topic "Latrine Use"
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Bagdonovich, Brian. Latrine Evaluation for Military Use. Defense Technical Information Center, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada304361.
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Lahiri, Shaon, Rosaine N. Yegbemey, Neeta Goel, Leja Mathew, and Jyotsna Puri. Promoting latrine use in India. Green Climate Fund, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/sp0008.
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Jones, Rachel, and Charlotte Lane. Understanding barriers to and facilitators of latrine use in rural India. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/wp0044.
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Friedrich, Max, Tejaswi Balasundaram, Arundati Muralidharan, VR Raman, and Hans-Joachim Mosler. Promoting latrine use in rural Karnataka using the risks, attitudes, norms, abilities and self-regulation (RANAS) approach. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/tw14ie120.
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Caruso, Bethany A., Gloria D. Sclar, Parimita Routray, et al. Impacts of low-cost interventions to improve latrine use and safe disposal of child faeces in rural Odisha, India. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/tw14ie119.
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Porter, Joanne, Val Prokopiv, Michelle Prezioso, et al. Latrobe Valley Authority Health Innovation Project Report 2023. Federation University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35843/lbahipr23.
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Commissioned by the Latrobe Valley Authority (LVA), Swinburne University produced ‘Modelling Gippsland’s Future Health and Community Service Workforce: Summary Report’ in 2019 . This analysis of the healthcare and social assistance sector workforce was part of the development of a smart specialisation strategy to promote economic and social development of the Gippsland region in Victoria. The analysis provided an understanding of the effect of the growth of the sector on the local labour market, identified key trends and provided a framework for action to 2036. CERG was commissioned by the LVA to deliver the Health Innovation Project (the project) that focussed on using the smart specialisation approach to address health delivery, access and service uses across the health sector. One of the key findings from this report is that the approach helped to generate solutions for complex health needs resulting in tangible evidence-based outcomes. The co-designed business case that resulted from the project outlined one strategy to address the inequalities in health and digital literacy in Gippsland.
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Ul Haq, Ijaz, and Saima Ashraf. Temporary and Permanent Sanitation in Flood Relief Camps and Communities, Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.19088/slh.2024.011.
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This case study documents efforts following the devastating 2022 floods in Pakistan, where unprecedented torrential rains triggered massive floods which affected the areas of Sindh, Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and South Punjab. This case study focuses on the temporary and permanent arrangements for the rehabilitation and rebuilding of sanitation facilities in these affected areas. It details the sanitation arrangements made in temporary flood relief camps, including development and distribution of menstrual hygiene kits and development of awareness campaigns to overcome social reluctance to use them. Successful adaptations included engaging female workers and volunteers to address the privacy concerns of women and misconception about menstrual hygiene products; conducting awareness campaigns to promote the usage of latrines and discourage the practice of open defecation particularly amongst men. Communication barriers were overcome through engagement with community representatives or leaders and village committees.
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Neu, Vania, Victoria Jupp Kina, and Lucas Mota Batista. Water Security and Dignified Sanitation in Rural Amazonia Furo Grande, Belem, Brazil. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.19088/slh.2024.009.
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This case study documents experiences from a 10-year project working with a remote island community along the Furo Grande tributary, just off the coast of Belem in the Amazonian region of Brazil. The residents living along Furo Grande experience extreme poverty and social marginalisation, and mainly use latrines which empty directly into the river, or defecate in the forest, which is dangerous particularly for women and girls at night. Successful programme interventions included community engagement and collaborative processes to build trust and relationships with the people, and enable development of designs that respected local cultures, beliefs and routines of the traditional population. Adaptations included development of ecological toilets and rainwater harvesting systems, redesigning the structure to ensure suitability for high tides and flooding, changes to materials, for example the type of wood to prevent rotting, and adaptations to the construction process to utilise local building techniques. Ongoing monitoring enabled challenges to be identified and rectified, and provision of support to communities to strengthen understanding on how to maintain the new facilities.
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Using behavioural science to support latrine use in rural India: findings from behaviour change interventions in Gujarat. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/b/ls/202113.
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Using behavioural science to support latrine use in rural India: findings from behaviour change interventions in Bihar. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/b/ls/202116.
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