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Akmenytė, Vilma. "Development of identity of Latvians living in the Lithuanian–Latvian border region in 1918–1940." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20081229_092238-77995.
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Each state has its borders. Emphasis on territorial integrity is one of the key components in a definition of a state. Therefore, borders represent a natural part of a state indicating what belongs to the state and what is outside the boundaries of its territory. At the same time existing of a border poses both legal and ethnic problems to population of border regions. Though those problems are not specific to border regions and are faced by people living deeper inside a state, however, population of border regions experience consequences of these problems much more acutely and painfully than people living in the middle of a country. What does it mean to be an inhabitant of a border zone? What does it mean to be a “Lithuanian”? Who is “Latvian”? How did a “Latvian” become a “Lithuanian”? How citizenship is contrasted with nationality? What caused a decision to take Lithuanian or Latvian citizenship? What caused a decision to become a member of one nation or the other? Period 1918–1940 has been selected because the most important moment in formation of national and citizen identity was emergence of the Republic of Lithuania and the Republic of Latvia and setting of the administrative boundary between these two republics in 1921. Identity as such is not finite; therefore it is important to evaluate factors, which in time had determined decisions of people living in the border region to take Latvian or Lithuanian citizenship, and to analyze the relationship between a... [to full text]<br>Vienas esminių valstybės apibrėžimo komponentų yra teritorinio vientisumo pabrėžimas. Valstybės teritoriją riboja sienos, kurios žymį vietą ties, kuria baigiasi vienos valstybės galia ir prasideda kitos. Disertacijos tyrimo objektas – latviai, Lietuvos–Latvijos pasienio gyventojai, jų tautinio tapatumo raida. Darbo tikslas: išanalizuoti Lietuvos–Latvijos (iki 1918 m. Kauno ir Kuršo gubernijų) pasienio gyventojų tapatumo raidą 1918–1940 m., įvertinti tautybės ir valstybės santykį šiame pasienyje. Uždaviniai: apžvelgti latvių tautinės mažumos formavimąsi Kauno ir Kuršo gubernijos pasienyje; išanalizuoti Lietuvos–Latvijos sienos nustatymo eigą 1920–1922 m.; aptarti valstybės galios apraiškas Lietuvos–Latvijos pasienyje 1918–1940 m.; išanalizuoti latvių, Lietuvos–Latvijos pasienio gyventojų, tautinio tapatumo apraiškas 1918–1940 m. Darbe analizuojama kaip kito pasienio gyventojų tapatumas 1918–1940 m. Pokytį atskleidžia administracinės linijos svarbos kaita. Iki Lietuvos ir Latvijos nepriklausomybės paskelbimo 1918 m. ta pati administracinė linija skyrė du tai pačiai valstybei, Rusijos imperijai, priklausiusius administracinius vienetus Kauno ir Kuršo gubernijas, o po Pirmojo pasaulinio karo ši linija skyrė dvi nepriklausomas valstybes. Darbe nagrinėjama kaip valstybės sieną suvokė pasienio gyventojai, kurios valstybės įtaką jie patyrė, kaip ir kodėl valstybė kontroliavo pasienio zonos gyventojų veiklą ir kaip tai pasireiškė kasdienybėje. XX a. trečiojo dešimtmečio pradžioje... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Akmenytė, Vilma. "Latvių, Lietuvos–Latvijos pasienio gyventojų, tapatumo raida 1918–1940 m." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20081229_091428-88979.
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Vienas esminių valstybės apibrėžimo komponentų yra teritorinio vientisumo pabrėžimas. Valstybės teritoriją riboja sienos, kurios žymį vietą ties, kuria baigiasi vienos valstybės galia ir prasideda kitos. Disertacijos tyrimo objektas – latviai, Lietuvos–Latvijos pasienio gyventojai, jų tautinio tapatumo raida. Darbo tikslas: išanalizuoti Lietuvos–Latvijos (iki 1918 m. Kauno ir Kuršo gubernijų) pasienio gyventojų tapatumo raidą 1918–1940 m., įvertinti tautybės ir valstybės santykį šiame pasienyje. Uždaviniai: apžvelgti latvių tautinės mažumos formavimąsi Kauno ir Kuršo gubernijos pasienyje; išanalizuoti Lietuvos–Latvijos sienos nustatymo eigą 1920–1922 m.; aptarti valstybės galios apraiškas Lietuvos–Latvijos pasienyje 1918–1940 m.; išanalizuoti latvių, Lietuvos–Latvijos pasienio gyventojų, tautinio tapatumo apraiškas 1918–1940 m. Darbe analizuojama kaip kito pasienio gyventojų tapatumas 1918–1940 m. Pokytį atskleidžia administracinės linijos svarbos kaita. Iki Lietuvos ir Latvijos nepriklausomybės paskelbimo 1918 m. ta pati administracinė linija skyrė du tai pačiai valstybei, Rusijos imperijai, priklausiusius administracinius vienetus Kauno ir Kuršo gubernijas, o po Pirmojo pasaulinio karo ši linija skyrė dvi nepriklausomas valstybes. Darbe nagrinėjama kaip valstybės sieną suvokė pasienio gyventojai, kurios valstybės įtaką jie patyrė, kaip ir kodėl valstybė kontroliavo pasienio zonos gyventojų veiklą ir kaip tai pasireiškė kasdienybėje. XX a. trečiojo dešimtmečio pradžioje... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Each state has its borders. Emphasis on territorial integrity is one of the key components in a definition of a state. Therefore, borders represent a natural part of a state indicating what belongs to the state and what is outside the boundaries of its territory. At the same time existing of a border poses both legal and ethnic problems to population of border regions. Though those problems are not specific to border regions and are faced by people living deeper inside a state, however, population of border regions experience consequences of these problems much more acutely and painfully than people living in the middle of a country. What does it mean to be an inhabitant of a border zone? What does it mean to be a “Lithuanian”? Who is “Latvian”? How did a “Latvian” become a “Lithuanian”? How citizenship is contrasted with nationality? What caused a decision to take Lithuanian or Latvian citizenship? What caused a decision to become a member of one nation or the other? Period 1918–1940 has been selected because the most important moment in formation of national and citizen identity was emergence of the Republic of Lithuania and the Republic of Latvia and setting of the administrative boundary between these two republics in 1921. Identity as such is not finite; therefore it is important to evaluate factors, which in time had determined decisions of people living in the border region to take Latvian or Lithuanian citizenship, and to analyze the relationship between a... [to full text]
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Teivane, Una. "Social perceptions of tourism by people living in Latvia Republic." Online version, 1998. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1998/1998teivaneu.pdf.
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Shtauvere-Braméus, Aija. "Studies on autoimmune diabetes in Latvians and other populations /." Stockholm : Karolinska Univ. Press, 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-7349-045-8/.
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Stepe, Margaret J. "KALAMAZOO REVISITED: HERITAGE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AMONG LATVIANS IN NORTH AMERICA." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/82.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the entwined roles of schooling, family support and investment, and community contact in Heritage Language Learning (HLL), Heritage Language Maintenance (HLM) and identity formation among two groups of North American Latvians. One is made up of 49 teenagers at Gaŗezers language camp in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The other comprises 25 parents, other adult Latvian speakers and camp staff members. I explore differences and similarities among them by age, gender and self-stated national identity and language proficiency. Primary data consist of some 70 questionnaires completed by youths and adults and six 30- to 90-minute interviews conducted and transcribed by me. Six more were conducted via e-mail. Based on aggregate analysis of multiple-choice and short-answer questions, supplemented by participants’ individual responses to longer-form survey questions and to my questions during interviews, findings demonstrate a connection between self-stated national identity (Latvian, Latvian-American or Latvian-Canadian, or American or Latvian) and self-assessment of Latvian language proficiency among the youths. Among the adults, men were more likely to identify simply as Latvian than were women, and adults of both genders who identified as Latvian averaged slightly lower in self-assessment of proficiency, even though most of them grew up speaking Latvian at home. Additionally, my research shows a community proud of its HLM accomplishments alongside those of displaced peoples from other nations—a community now at home in North America, although 60 years ago members were determined to return to Latvia.
Keywords: L2, Latvian heritage language revitalization, third space, lingua franca, language immersion, heritage language maintenance.
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Germane, Marina. "The history of the idea of Latvians as a civic nation, 1850-1940." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4382/.
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This thesis challenges the customary approach of studying the latent ethnic conflict in Latvia exclusively through the prism of post-Soviet studies, looking for the causes of societal disaccord in Latvia’s recent past as a Soviet Socialist Republic, when numerous traumas were induced on the eponymous nation, from the deportations of 1940 which robbed the nation of its intelligentsia, to Russification policies that threatened the very existence of the Latvian language and culture, and to mass labour immigration that radically changed the country’s demography and ethnic composition. While recognising that this approach has its own merits, this thesis focuses on another important factor contributing to the present ethnic discord, namely the historical development of the idea of the Latvian nation, especially vis-à-vis ethnic minorities, who have always been present in significant numbers on Latvian territory through the course of modern history. More often than not, the interwar period of Latvian independence and nation-building is discarded by political scientists as bearing purely symbolic meaning and having no real impact on the present. This thesis challenges this widespread assumption and argues that, on the contrary, both the genesis of the idea of the Latvian nation and its interwar experience of statehood are vital to understanding the present-day dynamics. My thesis encompasses the period of Latvian history from the mid-19th century, when Latvians’ national awakening began, to 1940, when the country lost its independence as a result of Soviet annexation. The aim of this thesis is three-fold: first, to challenge the widespread (and historically inaccurate) assumption prevalent in modern Latvia that the idea of the civic nation is something intrinsically alien and unsuitable, imposed on Latvia from above; secondly, to examine the long-forgotten original contributions made to the concept of civic nationalism, and to the whole universalist-particularist dilemma, by Latvian thinkers at the beginning of the 20th century, and to place them in the wider framework of European interwar history and nationalism studies; thirdly, to identify the key issues in majority-minority relations that contributed to the eventual deterioration of minority rights in Latvia prior to World War Two, and, to a certain extent, to the demise of parliamentarian democracy in 1934. These issues (divided into three principal clusters: citizenship, language, and education) are then compared to the remarkably similar challenges faced by Latvian society since 1991.
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Rozenberga, Dace. "The impact of Latvian exile literature on research in Latvia (1992-2006)." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8319.
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This study investigates the impact that Latvian exile literature has had on research in Latvia between 1992 and 2006. Latvian exile literature refers to the publications that were authored and published by Latvians who emigrated to Western countries after World War II and were issued between 1945 and 1991. Mixed methods research was conducted, incorporating citation analysis, questionnaires and interviews. Nine subject fields from the social sciences, arts and humanities were examined: philosophy and psychology, religion and theology, political science, education, folklore and ethnography, the arts, linguistics, literature, history. For the citation analysis, 33,866 citations from 1241 publications were collected. In the survey, 79 questionnaires were received from Latvian researchers and 31 questionnaires from the librarians working in Latvian academic, special and the main regional libraries. After the data analyses of citations and questionnaires were conducted, the results were presented to 15 researchers in Latvia (experts in their subject fields) for their assessment and comments. The overall results show that Latvian exile literature has had the greatest impact on research in folklore, history and literature. Exile impact was observed through both exile publications and communication with exile people. It appears that in other disciplines exile literature has had little or no impact. The reasons for this are thought to be: the lack of exile publications that could make an impact, and the irrelevance of existing publications to research in Latvia. In general, exile academic publications have been the most influential on research. The citation results also demonstrate the impact that restrictions of the soviet period (1945-1991) had on the research in Latvia, particularly through the double obsolescence of citations in all subject fields.
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Lokmanis, Arnis. "From independence to alliance : NATO impact on Latvian Security environment in the Post Cold War era /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Dec%5FLokmanis.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, Dec. 2004.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Mikhail Tsypkin, Hans-Eberhard Peters. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-58). Also available online.
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Zalkalns, Zane. "Klok som en orm - Exilletters uppfattning av idiomatiska uttryck." Thesis, Stockholm University, Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-43240.
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Mihailovs, Ivans Jānis. "Legal culture of the Latvian youth: example of the senior-grade elementary school pupils." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20130110_112919-24304.
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The aim of the research – to define the content, functions, manifestations, forms of the concept of legal culture and to investigate the specific character of the legal culture of Latvian senior-grade elementary school pupils, developing proposals for improvement of acquisition of the legal culture by elementary school pupils. Thus, no research studies of legal culture are actually being made in Latvia, and also attention is insufficiently paid to it in the studies of law, and in political and sociological studies. The scientific novelty of the Doctoral Dissertation is characterised by the fact that the Doctoral Dissertation is dedicated to the legal culture, its updating and consolidating in the scientific and research environment in Latvia. Moreover, such an original research study of the legal culture of Latvian elementary school pupils has been made for the first time in Latvia.<br>Daktaro disertacijos tikslas – santykio tarp įstatymo ir kultūros apibrėžimas, išryškinant reguliavimo sistemų tarpusavio santykį, kaip socialinių santykių, kurie taip pat yra apibrėžiami teisine kultūra, pagrindą. Autorius nagrinėja terminologijos, susijusios su terminais „teisinė kultūra“, „juridinė kultūra“ ir „įstatymo kultūra“, dilemą, analizuoja teisinės kultūros interpretaciją per įvairių mokslo šakų tyrimus, išskirdamas siaurąjį (mikro lygį) ir platųjį (makro lygį) teisinės kultūros supratimą, apsvarstydamas pagrindines teisinės kultūros formas, funkcijas ir elementus, apibūdindamas virtualią teisinę kultūrą kaip naują teisinės kultūros lygį, taip pat pabrėžia specifinį teisinės kultūros pobūdį pasaulinės krizės sąlygomis. Kaip šio tyrimo dalis, buvo atlikta vidurinės mokyklos aukštesniųjų klasių mokinių teisinės kultūros studija, kuria buvo siekiama išanalizuoti jų požiūrį į pareigą mokytis ir pamokų nelankymo priežastis, ypač atkreipiant dėmesį į 9 klasės mokinių požiūrį į įstatymą ir teisinės elgsenos modelio pasirinkimą, išanalizuojant teisinės kultūros pritaikymą studijų standartams. Galiausiai, buvo padarytos išvados bei pateikti pasiūlymai dėl tolimesnių tyrimų, įstatymų ir nuostatų tobulinimo, programos įdiegiant teisinę kultūrą plėtojimo, atkreipiant ypatingą dėmesį į teisinės kultūros įsisavinimą mokslo įstaigose ir visuomenėje apskritai.
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Klotins, Arnolds. "Arnolds Klotins, Music in Latvia during the Stalinist post-war decade: Latvian musical life and creative work 1944–1953, Riga 2018. Summary." Gudrun Schröder Verlag, 2019. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70777.
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This work consists of a broad introduction followed by two parts that match the chronology of events – Part I looks at the closing stages of the Second World War and the first two years that followed (1944–1946), while Part II deals with musical life and creative work at the height of the Stalinist totalitarian regime (1947–1953).
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Морозова, Ірина Анатоліївна, Ирина Анатольевна Морозова, Iryna Anatoliivna Morozova, and A. V. Oleynyk. "World economic crisis. Latvia's madness." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13406.
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Kreslins, Karlis. "A stemming algorithm for Latvian." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1996. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7433.
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The thesis covers construction, application and evaluation of a stemming algorithm for advanced information searching and retrieval in Latvian databases. Its aim is to examine the following two questions: Is it possible to apply for Latvian a suffix removal algorithm originally designed for English? Can stemming in Latvian produce the same or better information retrieval results than manual truncation? In order to achieve these aims, the role and importance of automatic word conflation both for document indexing and information retrieval are characterised. A review of literature, which analyzes and evaluates different types of stemming techniques and retrospective development of stemming algorithms, justifies the necessity to apply this advanced IR method also for Latvian. Comparative analysis of morphological structure both for English and Latvian language determined the selection of Porter's suffix removal algorithm as a basis for the Latvian sternmer. An extensive list of Latvian stopwords including conjunctions, particles and adverbs, was designed and added to the initial sternmer in order to eliminate insignificant words from further processing. A number of specific modifications and changes related to the Latvian language were carried out to the structure and rules of the original stemming algorithm. Analysis of word stemming based on Latvian electronic dictionary and Latvian text fragments confirmed that the suffix removal technique can be successfully applied also to Latvian language. An evaluation study of user search statements revealed that the stemming algorithm to a certain extent can improve effectiveness of information retrieval.
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Matiss, Ilze Arielle. "Lives in changing contexts, a life history analysis of Latvian-Canadian women's stories about being Latvian." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq35242.pdf.
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Dale, Nicholas R. "The globalisation of the Latvian economy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389818.
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Holm, Samuel. "Latvian Language Policy : Unifying or Polarizing? Reconstructing the Political Debate on Language Reform in the Latvian Education System." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166660.
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Languages are not just systems for communication, they are also often a marker of ethnic and/or national identity and sometimes a politically contentious issue. A country where this is the case is Latvia, which has a large Russian-speaking population. During the Soviet occupation of Latvia, Russian became the dominant language in public life. Since regaining independence, Latvia has pursued language policies aimed at strengthening the position of the Latvian language, at the expense of the Russian. Latvian is the single official language and over the last decades, the bilingual education system inherited from the Soviet Union has moved towards an increasing share of Latvian as the language of instruction. In 2018, the Latvian parliament amended two educational laws, meaning the share of subjects being instructed in Latvian in so-called minority schools increased markedly. The decision was controversial and was opposed by parties with a large Russian-speaking voter base. The purpose of the thesis is twofold. The first is to describe and analyse the arguments of political actors[1] regarding mono- and multilingual education, focusing on the reform of 2018. The arguments will be analysed in relation to theory regarding the connection between nationalism/nationhood and language, and theory on linguistic minority rights. The second part of the purpose is to advocate normatively and constructively for an approach regarding two different areas of policy: 1) Whether Russian should be an official language or not. 2) Language policy in education. The point of departure for the analysis is the aspiration to create a sense of national belonging, where both Russian-speakers and Latvian-speakers are seen as a part of the Latvian imagined community. In order to create this sense of inclusive imagined community, the approach seeks to be impartial in relation to the “pro-Latvian” and “pro-minority” positions with regards to language policy. The normative argumentation also seeks to include and balance the values of linguistic minority rights and preserving small languages (such as Latvian). For the first part of the thesis, a descriptive idea analysis is applied. The arguments are analysed in relation to my theoretical framework, which consists of various concepts relating to the relationship between language and nationalism and models regarding linguistic rights. The main analytical tool is the concept of an imagined community, where a sense of national belonging and social cohesion can be based on either mono- or multilingualism. In the second part, a normative and constructive method is used to argue for my position in a systematic fashion. The arguments of the proponents of the 2018 reform can be described as based on the idea that Latvian is the common and unifying language of all the Latvian residents and one of the foundations of the imagined Latvian community. At the same time, the proponents claim wanting to ensure that members of linguistic minorities can preserve their language, and that the reform provides the right to learn a minority language. The opponents of the reform argue that, while it is important that students learn the Latvian language, drastically decreasing the level of instruction is an assimilatory policy that will weaken rather than strengthen the national unity. In the second part, the author suggests that Latvian will remain the single official language since granting the Russian language official status may cause the language decline of Latvian, and because the issue is very divisive. In terms of language in the school system, the author concludes that Latvian ought to have a special position in Latvia and should therefore be the dominant language. Therefore, Latvian should be the main language of instruction, in the proportions prescribed by the 2018 reform. Another conclusion is that all students, regardless of mother tongue, should learn Russian on at least an elementary level. [1] Specified under “Delimitations”.
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Daugavietis, George. "The social and economic transformation of the rural Latvian landscape : Latvian peasant agriculture in the twenty-first century /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2002. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Jaremko-Porter, Christina. "Johann Gottfried Herder and the Latvian voice." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3292.
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As a young émigré from Königsberg to Riga Johann Gottfried Herder (1744—1803) developed a lifelong interest in the oral poetry of the common people, whose popular song traditions he later entitled Volkslieder. Herder’s affirmation of aesthetic and cultural individuality in his landmark collection of that title (1778-79) had far-reaching implications for the evolution of Latvian and East European folksong scholarship, and these extend to the practices of the present day. Underlying this work are source readings in translation that have been important in considering Herder’s prevailing influence. Pivotal historical episodes demarcate, first, Herder’s philosophical ties to the late nineteenth-century Latvian national awakening, second, to the final years of dissent within the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, and finally, to the current practitioner groups (kopas) that espouse ethnic and regional song traditions in a changing cultural milieu. A demonstration from each of Latvia’s four provinces has formed the substance of interviews and recordings in a fieldwork inquiry, which dates from 2000 to 2007. The conclusion evaluates Herder’s cyclical philosophy of history and humanity (Humanitätsideal) in relation to the diverse voices of Latvia’s ethnic minorities.
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Varpahovskis, Eriks. "Keeping “Outsiders” Out? Latvian “Non-Citizenship” Policy." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22864.
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Rozītis, Juris. "Displaced Literature : Images of Time and Space in Latvian Novels Depicting the First Years of the Latvian Postwar Exile." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för baltiska språk, finska och tyska, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-607.
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In the years immediately following the Second World War, the main part of Latvian literature was produced by writers living outside Latvia. To this day Latvian literature continues to be written outside Latvia, albeit to a much smaller extent. This study examines those Latvian novels, written outside Latvia after the Second World War, which depict the realities of the early years of exile. The aim of the study is to describe the image of the world of exile as depicted in these novels. Borrowing from Bakhtin's concept of the chronotope, images relating to time and space in these novels are examined in order to discern a mental topography of exile common to all these novels - a chronotope of exile. The novels are read as part of a collective narrative, produced by a particular social group in unordinary historical circumstances. The novels are regarded as this social group’s common perception of its own experience of this historical reality. The early years of exile fall into two distinct periods: first, the period of flight from Latvia and life in and around the Displaced Persons camps of postwar Germany; second, the early years of settling in a new country of residence after emigration from Germany. A model of the perceived world is constructed in order to compare these two periods, as well as their divergence from a standard perception of oneself in the world. This model consists of various time-spaces radiating concentrically out from the individual – ranging from the physically and psychologically near-lying time-spaces of one’s personal and intimate life, through everyday social time-spaces, as well as formal societal time-spaces, to the more distant abstract and conceptual perceptions of one’s place in the universe. Basic human concepts such as home, family, work, intimate relationships, social administration, and most notably the homeland – Latvia – are plotted at various points within these models. Divergences between the models describing the perception of time and space in the two early periods of exile thus become apparent.
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Rozītis, Juris. "Displaced literature : images of time and space in Latvian novels depicting the first years of the Latvian postwar exile /." Stockholm : Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis : Almqvist & Wiksell International [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-607.
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Veipa, Madara. "Coverage of the Russian-speaking minority in Latvian-language news media and its role within Russo-Latvian socio-political relations." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/d49931e9-eb8d-4ee2-8297-97e024ceb456.
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This thesis explores the ways in which Latvian-language news media represents the Russian-speaking minority in Latvia and how these representations impact on the relationship between Latvian and Russian speakers in Latvia. Through an assessment of six Latvian-language news media sources, the thesis offers an understanding of the type of stories published and broadcast in Latvian-language news media. Furthermore, the thesis also analyses the Latvian-language newspaper coverage of the Language Referendum in 2012. By assessing the ways in which the referendum was discussed, the thesis establishes links between the representation of the Russian-speaking minority and the representation of Latvian national identity in the media. The analyses of the Latvian-language news media are then furthered by an analysis of interviews conducted with Latvian speakers, in which the respondents were asked to discuss their understanding of both the media and the relationship between Latvian and Russian speakers in Latvia. The thesis concludes by offering a clear outline of the way Latvian-language news media constructs stories, both those discussing Russian speakers and related issues, as well as the stories which aim to promote Latvian national identity. Furthermore, by reflecting on the interview data, the thesis also highlights existent perceptions and the way they are perpetuated by Latvian speakers, contrasting such notions with those expressed in the Latvian-language news media analysed throughout.
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Kazaks, Martins. "Essays on the dynamics of Latvian exchange rates." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2005. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1760.
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The thesis examines empirically the sustainability of the Latvian lats' peg to SDR. It aims at identifying fundamental and non-fundamentals risk factors, and the changing structure of the risks that have been instrumental in inducing exchange rate instability. Following the unobserved components model (see Pagan [1996]), the exchange rate is decomposed into a permanent and transitory parts, and risks to the peg's sustainability are investigated via analysing dynamics of each part separately. The risks arising from the deviation of the permanent part from the underlying equilibrium rate driven by economic fundamentals are investigated using the Behavioural Equilibrium Exchange Rate framework, see Clark and MacDonald [1999]. Econometric modelling is based on the system cointegration method of Johansen [1988, 1995] and single-equation methods of two-step Engle-Granger [1987] and Banerjee et al [1993]. Dynamics of three alternative measures of the real effective exchange rates vis-a-vis Latvia's nine major trade partners are investigated using a quarterly data set. For the transitory part, the destabilising impact of foreign shocks is investigated in two steps. Firstly, we adopt Masson's [1998] framework to categorise shocks into monsoonal effects, spillovers, pure contagion. We study susceptibility to foreign currency shocks and assess the relative importance of trade and financial linkages to propagate such shocks using monthly data. The theoretical framework is a standard intertemporal cost minimisation theory. Quadratic cost function is linked to an autoregressive-distributed-lags model, which forms a generic econometric model for our investigation. Secondly, we study the credibility of the peg, the intervention policy of the Bank of Latvia, and the susceptibility to foreign currency, interest rate and market risk shocks using daily data. The theoretical framework is based on the target zone literature developing from Krugman [1991]. The method of empirical target zone modelling is based on Bekaert and Gray [1998]. Unlike Bekaert and Gray, we: (i) do not use a jump specification; (ii) measure the intensity of mean reversion and conditional volatility separately on the strong and weak sides of the currency band; (iii) propose a simple ad hoc method to test for non-linearity. The external susceptibility is analysed by implanting foreign shock variables into the target zone model. Disparity in market response arising from the size of a shock is modelled. Econometric models are augmented by the FIGARCH( 1 ,d, 1) conditional volatility model of Baillie et al [1996].
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Vilkaitė, Salomėja. "Lietuvos ir Latvijos gyventojų pavadinimai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_160957-85854.
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Lietuvoje yra apie 300 miestų ir miestelių. Lietuvių kalbos žodynuose fiksuota 370 gyventojų pavadinimų (įtraukiami dariniai pagal tarmines ir topografines vietoves). Dauguma šių gyventojų pavadinimų yra ir moteriškosios giminės, todėl galima teigti, kad apytiksliai lietuvių kalbos žodynuose yra apie 740 gyventojų pavadinimų.
Lietuvos gyventojams pagal kilmės ir gyvenamąją vietovę vadinti vartojami du būdai: nusakomasis ir darybinis. Nusakomieji pavadinimai esti ne vienažodžiai, bet sudaryti iš kelių žodžių, t. y. junginiai. Jie būna dviejų rūšių:
1) kelių daiktavardžių, kurių vienas yra vietovardžio kilmininkas (norint tiksliai nusakyti asmens gimimo ar gyvenamąją vietą). Pvz.: Aš pati esu Švėkšnos gimimo LKŽ III 308 (Šv). Ji Nemunaičio parapijos gimimo Alv.
2) junginiai su prielinksniais. Pvz.: Ar iš tolo esi kilimo? – Kilimo aš iš Švėkšnos LKŽ V 778 (J. Jabl). Jis paeina iš Kybartų LKŽ II 1093
Šnekamojoje kalboje asmens gyvenamoji vieta dažniau nurodoma nusakomuoju būdu. Todėl galima teigti, kad šis būdas yra senesnis, tarminis.
Darybinių pavadinimų skyriuje analizuojami asmenų pavadinimai pagal jų kilimo bei gyvenamąją vietą, t. y remtasi tikrinių gyvenamųjų vietų vardais. Taigi derivaciniai vienažodžių Lietuvos gyventojų pavadinimų būdai yra tokie:
1) daiktavardiniai priesagų vediniai, pvz.: pakruojietis, -ė, veliuonytis, -ė, salantiškis, -ė.
2) daiktavardiniai galūnės -is vediniai, pvz.: ariogalis, -ė, šeduvis, -ė, širvintis, -ė.
Visoje Lietuvoje, gal kiek mažiau... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Names of places or geographical names plany an important part in our living and cultural surroundings. Geographical names help us to identify the location, its features, good and bad sides, which were or are seen by people living there.
The shosen topic „Lithuanien and Latvian Citizens‘ Names“ (Comparatyve aspect) is actuale, because people‘s names are litlle researched. In bilingual Lithuanian – Latvian dictionaries this topic is not researched either.
The aim of the work is to examine and deseribe citizens‘ names which are fixed in Lithuanian dictionaries and compare them with Latvian citizens‘ names.
The material was being analysed by using word building analysis, mathematic methods. The examples were analysed by analytical, descriptyve and coparatyve methods.
There are about 300 towers and seflements in Lithuania. In Lithuanian dictionaries are 370 citizens‘names fixed (compounds from dialects and topographic places being included). The majority of these citizens‘ names are of feminina genda thes we can slate that aproximately there are 740 citizens‘ names there.
Lithuanian people according to their origin and living place are named in two ways: descriptive and compound. Descriptyve names are made of a few words, i. c. they are compounds.
Lithuanian people‘s names are made not only from geographical names and words used in dialectical areas but from topographical objects too Names of such Type are mostly understandable to local people of a concrete area, especialy if the... [to full text]
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Gilbert, Emily. "Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian displaced persons in Great Britain." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.569573.
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Vestergaard, Evija Volfa. "The shadow in Latvian mythological legends| A Jungian perspective." Thesis, Pacifica Graduate Institute, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3714707.
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<p> This hermeneutic study with a depth psychological perspective explores Latvian traditional mythological legends using a close reading/active imagination methodology. It interprets the supernatural beings of the legends as images of the Shadow archetype that concern the legend tellers’ challenging experiences with material wealth and their sense of worthiness. </p><p> The study is an important contribution to research in Latvian culture, as it both explores traditional cultural texts and places the explorations in today’s context. By deepening insights about the psychology of a previously less researched cultural source—the legend—and the psychology of the tellers, the research participates in advancing Jungian cultural studies. </p><p> Responding to the question “what is the psychology of the legends?” the study proposes that they function as the trickster stories and as reports of synchronistic events communicating about transformative occurrences of human lives. Due to these characteristics, the legends may also affect today’s readers. They may disturb their one-sided conscious attitudes and promote their development of consciousness through breaks of earlier symmetries within the human system and by promoting more complex and mature structures of the psyche. </p><p> Answering the question “what is the psychology of the legend tellers?” the study shows a multiplicity of attitudes and ways in which the tellers relate to the supernatural—the Shadow aspects of their psyche. The psychology of the tellers is depicted to span a broad spectrum of emotions, not limited to the pessimism typically associated with the legend genre. </p><p> The study argues that the relevance of the legends is not constrained by a particular historical time and place. Rather, it asserts that the legends may be relevant for today’s Latvians in defining their identity, thus making this depth psychological perspective a political project. In addition, the study shows how the archetypal nature of the legend communications makes them valuable for today’s readers independent of their culture and geography. It suggests that the readers approach the legends as invitations to pause, ponder, and to see the maturational value in the nonheroic Shadow aspects of the psyche that these stories communicate.</p>
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Karnes, Kevin C. "Soviet Musicology and Contemporary Practice: A Latvian Icon Revisited." Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft für die Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa an der Universität Leipzig, 2008. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A16002.
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When the Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia were annexed by the Soviet Union at the end of World War II, their new leaders brought not only collectivization, deportations, and myriad other familiar terrors of the Soviet system.
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Neves, Ana Sofia da Silva. "Innovation and international competitiveness: Portuguese companies versus Latvian companies." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16493.
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Mestrado em Economia<br>The European strategy for 2020 considers the innovation as one of the main features to boost the progress towards a competitive and sustainable European economy. Assuming that innovation contributes for competitiveness, the current work intends to focus on the relation between innovation and international competitiveness of two European small economies, namely Portugal and Latvia. There is evidence that small economies are characterized by higher trade liberalization and higher international competitiveness. To better understand the relation amongst innovation and international competitiveness, within the scope of the two small economies under study, it’s performed a comparative analysis between both countries and employed a statistical and sectorial analysis, with a shift-share analysis. Even under harsh economic conditions, innovation occurred in both countries. The results show that the international competitiveness of Portugal is related with its expenditures on R&D and patent applications while the Latvian international competitiveness is evidenced only with expenditures on R&D. The most internationally competitive sector of is the other manufactured goods and in Latvia is the food, drinks and tobacco sectors. Both countries show evidence of international competitiveness’ potential in the sector of transport and machinery equipment.<br>A estratégia Europeia 2020 contempla a inovação nos seus principais objetivos para catalisar o progresso no sentido de construir uma economia Europeia mais competitiva e sustentável. Com base no pressuposto da contribuição da inovação para a competitividade, o presente trabalho investiga a relação entre inovação e competitividade internacional, em duas pequenas economias europeias, Portugal e Letónia. Há evidência de que as pequenas economias se caracterizam por uma maior abertura comercial e uma maior competitividade internacional. Para melhor compreender a relação entre inovação e competitividade internacional, no âmbito das duas pequenas economias em estudo, é realizada uma análise comparativa dos dois países e aplicada uma análise estatística e sectorial, com uma análise shift-share. Mesmo sob condições económicas adversas, a inovação ocorreu em ambos os países. Os resultados mostram que a competitividade internacional Portuguesa está relacionada com as despesas em I&D e com o número de patentes, enquanto que a posição internacional competitiva da Letónia é apenas evidenciada pelas despesas em I&D. O sector português mais competitivo internacionalmente é o sector dos outros produtos manufaturados e na Letónia são os sectores alimentar, de bebidas e tabaco. Ambos os países evidenciaram um potencial de competitividade internacional no sector de transporte e equipamento de maquinaria.
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Zalkalns, Lilita. "Back to the Motherland : Repatriation and Latvian Émigrés 1955-1958." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för baltiska språk, finska och tyska, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-107674.
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This thesis is about a remarkable experience lived through by Latvian émigrés in the mid-1950s. They were the targets of a Soviet repatriation campaign, operated by the KGB, which not only envisioned their repatriation to the Soviet Latvian homeland, but also anticipated the destruction of their émigré society as they knew it. The purpose of this thesis is to portray and analyze this repatriation campaign and the émigré Latvian reactions to it. By looking at the activities of the Committee For Return to the Motherland in East Berlin, the contents of the Latvian language repatriation newspaper Par atgriešanos Dzimtenē (For Return to the Motherland), and the reactions to the campaign in contemporary émigré press, this study shows how highly developed strategies and tactics were implemented in order to elicit certain behaviors from émigrés, and how émigrés advanced their own counter-strategies to offset the effects of the campaign. More specifically, this study examines the standardized narratives in Par atgriešanos Dzimtenē that were meant for émigré self-identification and emulation. This thesis proposes that the repatriation campaign was a highly complex Soviet propaganda effort. The publicly announced goal of repatriation included several parallel goals, aims, and purposes and encompassed many types of activities. Above all, deception was used to cover the actions undertaken against émigrés and to mislead host country governments and agencies. This thesis concludes that notwithstanding the Soviet superiority in organization and resources, a small, unprotected, and internally divided community could withstand the concerted efforts of Soviet propaganda if the group’s sense of mission was sufficiently strong and firm.<br>Denna avhandling behandlar de lettiska flyktingarna från andra världskriget och deras erfarenheter av ofrivilliga kontakter med Sovjetlettland vid mitten av 1950-talet, då flyktingarna blev måltavla för en sovjetisk repatrieringskampanj. Målet för denna kampanj var repatriering, dvs att få flyktingarna att återvända till hemlandet, det av Sovjet ockuperade Lettland. Ett annat mål var att splittra flyktingarnas sammanhållning. Avhandlingen beskriver och analyserar den sovjetiska repatrieringskampanjen och de lettiska flyktingarnas reaktioner. Studien bygger på källmaterial från kampanjverkamheten Committee For Return to the Motherland, som hade sin bas i Östberlin, samt från artiklar i den lettiskspråkiga tidskriften Par atgriešanos Dzimtenē (For Return to the Motherland) som riktade sig till de lettiska flyktingarna. Flyktingarnas reaktioner studeras genom en rad lettiska tidningar som utgavs i Väst. Min avhandling visar hur väl utvecklade strategier användes i syfte att framkalla önskade reaktioner från flyktingarna, samt vilka motåtgärder flyktingar själva utvecklade mot repatrieringskampanjen. Mer specifikt analyseras standardberättelser i Par atgriešanos Dzimtenē som var avsedda för flyktingarnas självidentifiering och igenkännande. Avhandlingen pekar på att den sovjetiska repatrieringskampanjen var en mycket komplex propagandaverksamhet. Utöver det offentligt tillkännagivna kampanjmålet fanns flera parallella målsättningar och avsikter som omfattade en stor mängd skiftande aktiviteter. En strategi som användes aktivt var vilseledning, bl a för att dölja verksamheter riktade mot flyktingarna, och för att förvilla statsledningar och myndigheter i de nationer där flyktingarna vistades. Avhandlingens slutsats är att trots den sovjetiska överlägsenheten i organisation och resurser kunde en liten oförsvarad och inom sig splittrad lettisk gemenskap motstå de samordnade ansträngningar från den sovjetiska propagandan.
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Witte, Klemens. "The (Re-) Creation of Latvian Citizenship : Questioning Ethnic and Liberal Democracy." Thesis, Södertörn University College, Södertörn University College, Baltic & East European Graduate School, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1931.
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<p>This thesis is foremost dealing with the process and the consequences of the restoration of the Latvian republic after 1991.</p><p>It was examined what liberal and ethnic democracy can tell about the assessment of citizenship in general and about the restoration of Latvia in particular. Further, it was analysed how the Latvian legislation defines the citizenry and if preference to a certain ethnic group is given. The change over time of the relevant legal documents was subject to this study as well.</p><p>It was evaluated, which impact the exclusive approach to citizenship (initially purely based on state-continuity) that in 1991 disfranchised 30% of the population, had for the rights of these people.</p><p>The method of ideational analysis was used to scrutinise the law texts.</p><p>In order to gain information on the effects for the population in question, the method of effect analysis was used. This was enriched with interviews conducted by the author on two occasions with governmental representatives, researchers and members of NGO´s in Riga 2008.</p><p>The legal documents here, encompass the <em>Latvian Constitution</em> (1922), the <em>Resolution on Restoration</em> (1991), the <em>Law on Citizenship</em> (1994, 1995, 1998) and the <em>Law of the Republic of Latvia on the status of former USSR citizens who have neither the Latvian nor another state’s citizenship</em> (1995). The literature read for the purpose of this study spans generally from 1992 to 2006.</p><p>The conclusion drawn here is that the strict application of the state-continuity thesis and the denying of state responsibility for the changes of population in 50 years time are inconsistent with liberal democracy. Rather this citizenship policy resembles features of an ethnic democracy.</p><p>The changes in the <em>Law on Citizenship</em> of 1995, where ethnic Latvians and Livs were given the possibility to come to Latvia and receive citizenship automatically (even if they were not citizens of interwar Latvia), while children born to non-citizen (all of them non-ethnic Latvians) after 1991, were not automatically conferred citizenship, made the preferential treatment for one ethnic group obvious.</p><p>Due to the fact that large parts of the minority population were disenfranchised, they were not able to contest important governmental decisions. As a result, laws directed against the interest of the minority population were introduction.</p><p>As a whole, a marginalisation of the minority population took place.</p>
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Navickaitė, Agnė. "Noun formation system (nomina agentis and nomina actionis) in contemporary Latvian." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140423_090956-34709.
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This paper aims to provide a description of two main word-formation categories of Latvian nouns: agent names and action names. It was attempted to divide the collected data (suffix and ending derivatives) into clearly defined word-formation types, to determine the meaning of different word-formation types and productivity of word-formation types, analyse the semantics and structure of derivatives, and to provide a clear systematic description of the formation of the aforementioned Latvian language word formation categories.<br>Šiame darbe siekiama išsamiai išnagrinėti latvių kalbos veikėjų pavadinimų ir veiksmų pavadinimų darybos kategorijas. Surinktą medžiagą (priesagų, galūnių vedinius) stengiamasi aiškiai suskirstyti į darybos tipus, nustatyti darybos reikšmes ir darybos tipų produktyvumą, išnagrinėti vedinių semantiką ir struktūrą ir pateikti aiškų sisteminį minėtųjų darybos kategorijų darybos latvių kalboje aprašą.
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Šventoraitytė, Jurgita. "Genetic Characteristics of Lithuanian and Latvian Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110321_093059-80628.
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The aim of the thesis – to investigate the role of the inflammatory bowel disease associated genetic variants in a subset of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis patients from Lithuania and Latvia and to test the relation of genetic markers to disease phenotype. The following objectives were accomplished: the associations of the inflammatory bowel disease associated single nucleotide polymorphisms in the subset of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis patients were determined; the associations of the single nucleotide polymorphisms with the phenotype of the inflammatory bowel disease were evaluated; the interactions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP-SNP) and their association with inflammatory bowel disease were determined; the significance of the combinations of disease associated single nucleotide polymorphisms for diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease was evaluated. TaqMan and SNPlex genotyping methods were used in this work. The statistical data analysis consisted of: statistical study power and data quality evaluations; single marker case-control association analysis using χ2 or Fisher's exact tests, Breslow-Day test, Cochran-Mantel-Haenzsel test and post-hoc Bonferroni correction; genotype–phenotype association analysis using χ2 test and post-hoc Bonferroni correction; SNP-SNP epistasis for case-control sample using logistic regression test and post-hoc Bonferroni correction; In sicilo prediction of gene interactive network; genetic risk profile construction... [to full text]<br>Disertacijos tikslas – ištirti su uždegiminėmis žarnyno ligomis siejamų ge¬netinių žymenų reikšmę Krono liga bei opiniu kolitu sergantiems Lietuvos ir Latvijos ligoniams bei nustatyti žymenų ryšį su ligos fenotipu. Tikslui pasiekti, įgyvendinti šie uždaviniai: ištirta su uždegiminėmis žarnyno ligomis siejamų vieno nukleotido polimorfizmų sąsaja su Krono liga bei opiniu kolitu; nustatyta vieno nukleotido polimorfizmų sąsaja su uždegiminių žarny¬no ligų fenotipu; ištirtos vieno nukleotido polimorfizmų tarpusavio epistazinės sąvei¬kos (VNP-VNP) bei jų ryšys su uždegiminėmis žarnyno ligomis; nustatytas su liga siejamų vieno nukleotido polimorfizmų derinių reikšmingumas uždegiminių žarnyno ligų diagnostikai. Darbe taikyti SNPlex ir TaqMan genotipavimo metodai. Statistinę duomenų analizę sudarė: studijos galios bei duomenų kokybės įvertinimas; atvejo-kontrolės genų sąsajos tyrimas, taikant χ2 arba Fišerio kriterijus, Breslow-Day testą, Cochran-Mantel-Haenzsel testą bei post-hoc Bonferroni kriterijų; genų sąsajų su Krono ligos ir opinio kolito fenotipu tyrimai, naudojant χ2 bei post-hoc Bonferroni kriterijų; VNP-VNP epistazinės sąveikos įvertinimas, taikant logistinės regresijos testą bei post-hoc Bonferroni kriterijų; genų tarpusavio sąveikos tinklo in silico tyrimas; genetinės rizikos profilio sudarymas, naudojant logistinę regresinę analizę.
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Morris, Helen M. "External actors and the evolution of Latvian nationality policy, 1991-1999." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8be7922c-ef59-406c-9365-5ef9e979ad76.
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Although not a theoretical study, the thesis touches on theoretical and methods issues, querying the extent to which external rather than internal factors determine policy outcomes in small states and arguing that Latvia's desire to join the EU was critical in the reform of Latvian citizenship legislation. It is the author's view that the evolution in nationality policy cannot be accounted for through a single level analysis. Domestic, regional, and international bilateral contexts are all necessary aspects of an explanation, although they might not fully account for the liberalisation of the citizenship legislation. After rejection from EU accession talks and a marked deterioration in relations with the Russian Federation, the Latvian Saeima and electorate amended the Citizenship Law to conform to OSCE HCNM recommendations. This suggests that the membership conditions of the EU are a powerful force in persuading applicant countries to alter their legislation to comply with a civic concept of citizenship.
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Kilis, Emils. "The ambiguity of hybridity : an encounter between constructivism and Latvian sociology." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2016. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/78603/.
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With few exceptions, science studies has neglected potential insights that could be gained by studying sociology, a discipline that has played an important role in its own development. This thesis addresses the specificities of sociology from the perspective of constructivist science studies and explores the tensions that arise as a result of this encounter. The theoretical framework is based on actor-network theory (the work of Bruno Latour in particular), and supplemented with the work of Pierre Bourdieu (his theory of sociology in particular) to examine issues specific to sociology. Via a document and interview-based study of sociology in Latvia set against the background of Soviet science, the thesis argues that an open-ended and normatively saturated conception of knowledge hampers the stability of the discipline. I suggest, however, that these qualities matter vitally to the long-term development of sociology as a form of knowledge. Applied to sociology, a science studies understanding of science illustrates what happens when the intimate connection between political representation and scientific representation is not concealed, and hybridity is acknowledged.
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Reinsch-Campbell, Anette. "Tradition and modernity : images of Jews in Latvian novels 1934-1944 /." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Visby : Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis ; eddy.se [distributör], 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8250.
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Wilson, Casey Searing Donald. "The europeanization of minority rights policy the Hungarian and Latvian examples /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2009.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Feb. 17, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science." Discipline: Political Science; Department/School: Political Science.
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Nissinen, Marja. "Latvia's transition to a market economy : political determinants of economic reform policy /." London : New York : Macmillan press ; St. Martin's press, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb370781182.
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Vaišnoras, Tomas. "Eenergetinio saugumo scenarijai: Lietuvos, Latvijos ir Lenkijos atvejis." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100616_111730-69988.
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Susidomėjimas ateities studijomis kaip moksline veikla ypač padidėjo pastaraisiais metais, tai paskatino poreikis prognozuoti galimus socialinius, ekonominius, ekologinius ar politinius pokyčius sparčiai besivystančiame pasaulyje. Socialiniuose bei politikos moksluose prognostiniai metodai ilgą laiką buvo laikomi nepatikimais, tačiau, pastaruoju metu, suvokdami prognozavimą kaip neatsiejamą strateginio planavimo dalį politinių procesų tyrėjai vis dažniau taiko scenarijų konstravimo metodą, mėgindami atrasti galimus ateities įvykių raidos variantus.
Patikimas energijos išteklių tiekimas yra vienas pagrindinių valstybės saugumo garantų. Ateities energetikos sektoriaus vystymasis priklauso nuo daugelio kintamųjų, tokių kaip augantis energijos poreikis, aplinkosaugos reikalavimai, technologinis progresas, liberalizavimo procesai ir t.t., todėl norint tinkamai pasiruošti galimiems pokyčiams reikalingas nuoseklus ir racionalus politinis planavimas. Labai svarbu įvertinti būsimus iššūkius, galimybes bei tikėtinas raidos kryptis, o scenarijų kūrimas yra tinkamiausias metodinis įrankis šiems tikslams pasiekti.
Pagrindinis darbo tikslas yra sukonstruoti galimus Lietuvos, Latvijos ir Lenkijos energetinio saugumo scenarijus. Norint pasiekti šį tikslą pirmiausiai reikia apsibrėžti energetinio saugumo sąvoką bei scenarijų konstravimo metodą. Svarbu apžvelgti visų trijų valstybių energetikos sektorius, jų stipriąsias ir silpnąsias puses. Kadangi Lietuva, Latvija ir Lenkija yra Europos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Over the last decade policy analysts around the world demonstrate a growing interest in future studies. It is influenced by the need to foresee economic, social or political changes in rapidly developing world. For a long time future studies in political and social sciences were considered unreliable. However, in the recent years, foresight became an important part of strategic planning, thus scenario building method is more and more often used by policy analysts.
Uninterrupted and reliable energy supply is one of the main pillars of country’s national security. Future development of the energy sector depends on many variables such as the growing energy demand, the technological development, the liberalization of the energy markets etc. Therefore, if countries want to prepare properly for possible changes, consistent and rational political planning is needed. It is very important to assess the future challenges, possibilities and the most likely trends of development, whereas scenario building is the most suitable method for reaching these objectives.
The main objective of this research paper is to build possible energy security scenarios for Lithuania, Latvia and Poland. First of all, to achieve this objective one needs to define energy security and scenario building method. It is also important to review the energy sector of each of the three countries, in order to find strengths, weaknesses and main threats to their security. The EU common energy policy has a direct... [to full text]
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Bujutė, Greta. "Kaupiamųjų pensijų sistemų reglamentavimas: Lietuvos ir Latvijos palyginimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20101125_190705-61209.
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Šio darbo tikslas yra Lietuvos ir Latvijos kaupiamųjų pensijų sistemų teisinio reglamentavimo palyginimas. Taipogi šiame darbe yra atskleidžiama kaupiamųjų pensijų sistemų vieta pensijų sistemoje, Lietuvos ir Latvijos kaupiamųjų pensijų sistemų sukūrimo priežastys ir eiga. Pensijų sistema susideda iš pakopų. Nėra bendro sutarimo tarp mokslininkų, kuriai pensijų sistemos pakopai priskirti kaupiamųjų pensijų sistemą. Vieni jas išskiria kaip antrąją pensijų sistemos pakopą, kiti – kaip trečiąją. Lietuvoje buvo sukurta savanoriškumo principu grindžiama kaupiamųjų pensijų sistema, Latvijoje – tam tikroms asmenų amžiaus grupėms privalomoji kaupiamųjų pensijų sistema. Šių abiejų sistemų bendras bruožas yra tas, kad pradėjus dalyvauti šiose sistemose, išstoti iš kaupiamųjų pensijų sistemos ir grįžti tik į valstybinio socialinio draudimo sistemą, jau nebegalima. Kaupiamųjų pensijų sistemų lėšų administravimą vykdo privačios bendrovės, kurios yra griežtai valstybės institucijų prižiūrimos. Dėl ekonominės krizės kritus akcijų vertėms vertybinių popierių rinkose, sumažėjo ir kaupiamųjų pensijų fondų lėšos. Siekiant sumažinti kaupiamųjų pensijų sistemų dalyvių riziką ekonominių nuosmukių laikotarpiu prarasti sukauptas lėšas, abiejų valstybių įstatymų leidėjai turėtų padaryti atitinkamus teisės aktų pakeitimus.<br>The purpose of this paper is to compare the regulations of cumulative pension funds systems in Latvia and Lithuania. The position of the cumulative pension funds system in the pension system, the purpose and process of the creation of cumulative pension funds systems in Lithuania and Latvia are also discussed in this paper. Pension system can be divided into the tiers. There are no general agreement between the academics regarding the position of the cumulative pension funds system in the pension system. Some of the academics qualify the cumulative pension funds system as the second tier, the others qualify it as the third tier of the pension system. The voluntary cumulative pension funds system was created in Lithuania. In Latvia the participation in the cumulative pension funds system was mandatory to the persons who were under thirty years old, the others could voluntary join the cumulative pension funds system. The general feature of these systems is that the participants can not terminate their participation in the the cumulative pension funds system and return to the public pension system. The management of assests of the cumulative pension funds systems are in the hands of private companies, which are strictly supervised by the public institutions. The value of the cumulative pension funds assets have decreased regarding the fall of the value of the stocks in the market. There should be made some changes of the regulations of the cumulative pension funds system... [to full text]
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Kilis, Roberts. "Social organisation and knowledge of the past in a Latvian Siberian village." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251685.
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Balode, Agnese. "Implementation of an Integrated Environmental Management System in a Latvian Construction Company." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32760.
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Agnese Balode, “Implementation of an Integrated Environmental Management System in a Latvian Construction Company” MSc Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, 2007, pp. 70, April 2007. This thesis essayed to find an approach to environmental aspect and indicator identification in order to establish a valid base for implementation of an integrated environmental management system in a Latvian construction company. The construction industry has been selected as the area of interest because its “product” is affecting humans, the environment and other industries in the most direct and significant way. A management system is required for achieving a balance between development driving forces. By examining existing environmental management systems - their weaknesses and strengths - opportunities for improvement were determined and used during development of the approach. The thesis includes a review of legislation, international standards, and research. The result of the thesis is a 2-Level Matrix, which serves as an environmental aspect identification and relevant indicator selection tool. Within the theoretical framework, the established approach was tested at construction sites and discussed amongst construction experts. The matrix allows performance of environmental aspect ranking and provides support for the decision-making process, while establishing an Integrated Environmental Management System.<br>www.ima.kth.se
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Vitols, Maruta Zane. "From the Personal to the Public: Juris Podnieks and Latvian Documentary Cinema." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1210796660.
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Redman, Nicholas H. "Dilemmas of engagement : Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian policies towards Russia, 1992-1996." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309989.
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Sinka, Indra. "The development of tense and agreement in Latvian and English bilingual children." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270316.
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Bukelskytė-Čepelė, Kristina. "Nominal Compounds in Old Latvian Texts in the 16th and 17th Centuries." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för slaviska och baltiska språk, finska, nederländska och tyska, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-114870.
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This thesis investigates the system of compounding attested in the earliest written Latvian texts of the 16th and 17th centuries. The philological analysis presented in this work is the first systematic attempt to extensively treat compounds in Old Latvian. The purpose of this thesis is to thoroughly describe the system of compounding of the earliest period of written Latvian. One of the main aims of the analysis provided in this work is to determine whether the Old Latvian compounds were distinguished in terms of their meaning and form. This is why another important aim of this study is to discern the most characteristic formal properties of each category of compounds in Old Latvian. This study also addresses the morphological variation of the components of compounds and seeks to explain why one finds different tendencies of compounding in the texts of this period. Firstly, it is shown in this thesis that compounds in Old Latvian were clearly distinguished in terms of their meaning. The main semantic types of Old Latvian compounds, which were analyzed in this study, are the determinative compounds, the possessive compounds, the verbal governing compounds, and the copulative compounds. Secondly, it is argued that the aforementioned types of compounds were clearly differentiated in terms of the formal properties of their components. A large number of possessive compounds and verbal governing compounds had the compositional suffix -is (m.)/-e (f.). By contrast, only a handful of determinative compounds had this suffix. In view of the distribution of the suffix found in the Old Latvian compounds, it is suggested that the suffix was originally restricted to adjectival compounds. Furthermore, the different types of compounds in Old Latvian were also distinguished in terms of the first component. In the majority of cases, both the possessive compounds and the verbal governing compounds were coined without linking elements, while the determinative compounds had linking elements to a larger extent. Thirdly, it is proposed in this thesis that a part of linking elements used in the determinative compounds in Old Latvian originated from the original stem vowels of the first components. Thus, it is argued that stem compounds were still attested in the Old Latvian texts, although this Baltic model of coining compounds is no longer visible in Modern Latvian. Lastly, it is suggested that the tendencies of compounding found in the texts under discussion represent dialectal differences. Another contribution of this study is that the Old Latvian compounds are not treated in isolation, but analyzed in drawing parallels with compounds in the other Baltic languages, Lithuanian in particular. Hence, by analyzing common features and similarities between the compounding systems, the Old Latvian compounds are positioned within the context of the Baltic system of compounding.
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Wisper, Lāsma. "Satisfaction of the full time employed Latvian adult population with general practitioners." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för hälsovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-20200.
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Introduction: Satisfaction of primary care is important factor that improve persons trust to primary care and encourage visiting their GP more often. Therefore it is one of key point to provide society with lasting and continuous medical care. Good access to GPs is even more important to full time employed persons because of limited time resources. However, there is a lack of studies about factors that influence Latvian full time employed adult population satisfaction with GPs.Objective: The aim of the study was to analyse socio economics factors, usage of the health care resources, GP availability and communication influence to full time employed adult satisfaction with GP in Latvia.Method: Quantitative survey study design was used based on data from Health Behaviour among Latvian Adult Population 2016 survey (FINBALT). Data from 1864 persons were used for data analysis with SPSS Statistic 25,0.Result: Opening (contact) hours, way of contacting GP practice, seeing GP in the appointed time, GP characteristics, patient’s self-assessed health condition and visiting GP in last year were factors that affected full time employed person’s satisfaction with GP in Latvia.Conclusion: Targeted measures in stately, praxis and individual level could be introduced to improve full time employed person’s satisfaction with GP.
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Cheskin, Ammon Matthias. "Identity, memory, temporality and discourse : the evolving discursive positions of Latvia's Russian-speakers." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4020/.
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This thesis examines how discourses are utilised by media and political elites to construct, propagate, and alter national and ethnic identities. It uses Latvia as a case study, focusing on the construction of ‘Russian-speaking’ identity from the late Soviet period to the present. A central aim of this research is to study how discursive constructions of identity are created, and to what extent media and politicians are able to influence such constructions. In order to meaningfully assess the extent of multiple influences over discursive production and consumption this research employs a triangulated approach, using data from focus groups, elite interviews with Latvian politicians, survey data, and discourse analysis of the Latvian press. This has allowed for a fuller examination and assessment of top-down and bottom-up influences and pressures on identity creation and how these are interrelated. Previously conducted research on ethnopolitical identities in Latvia has revealed how collective memories, interpretations of the Soviet past, post-Soviet state-building policies, and issues surrounding language usage are all heavily politicised and used to demarcate the boundaries between the ‘core nation’ (Latvians) on the one hand, and ‘Russian-speakers’ on the other. Accordingly, this research explores how the constructions of these positions are negotiated, propagated, intensified, or mitigated through discursive practices, as manifested in media, political, or personal discourses. This research is concerned with the temporally contingent nature of discourses and as such, considers multiple eras, rather than a single de-contextualised and static time period, to investigate how discourses have evolved in the Latvian context. By comparing discursive productions from the late Soviet period with those of the present, it has been possible to examine how certain discursive positions have become meaningfully embedded within popularly conceived notions of identity. It has also facilitated a study of discursive strategies by people who attempt to represent Russian-speakers in the media and political spaces. This research argues that discourses are firmly rooted in the past, even if their contemporary form differs greatly from that of the past.
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Radzina, Ausma. "Understanding depression for lay pastoral care of depressed persons in Latvian Catholic parishes." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2001. http://www.tren.com.
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Milašiūtė, Gutjera. "Žiemgalių kultūros paveldo atspindys Lietuvos ir Latvijos muziejų ekspozicijose." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110802_145839-54469.
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Lietuvos ir Latvijos muziejų misija yra kaupti, saugoti, restauruoti, tirti, eksponuoti bei populiarinti materialines, dvasines kultūros vertybes ir gamtos objektus. Šiame darbe siekiama aptarti siauresnes muziejaus veiklos sritis, tokias kaip eksponavimas bei populiarinimas, kurias būtų galima priskirti pažintinei muziejaus misijai.
Šiame darbe didelis dėmesys skiriamas priešistorės, kaip tam tikro laikotarpio perteikimui ir suvokimui. Reikėtų pažymėti, kad žiemgalių gentis istorinių aplinkybių įtakojama, palengva asimiliavosi su lietuvių ir latvių tautomis, todėl su jos kultūra įmanoma susipažinti tik archeologinių tyrimų dėka. Darbe nagrinėjama archeologijos mokslo (kaip šaltinio, suteikiančio informacijos apie tiriamąją gentį) ir muziejaus (kaip priemonės, padedančios atkurti žiemgalių genties materialinę bei dvasinę kultūrą) santykis.
Aptarus žiemgalių materialinės kultūros ypatumus pastebimas šios genties materialinės kultūros panašumas su kitomis baltų gentimis. Tai lemia bendra žemgalių ir kitų baltų genčių kilmė. Todėl tarpgentinis materialinės kultūros panašumas nėra atsitiktinis. Visgi, laidosenos ypatybės (įkapių dėjimo tvarka, mirusiojo kūno padėties orientacija) šią gentį išskiria iš kitų baltų genčių.
Siekiant išsiaiškinti Žiemgalos regiono muziejų požiūrį į genties paveldą buvo atlikta istorinės Žiemgalos regiono muziejų ekspozicijų analizė, kuriai, remiantis teritorinio atitikimo, profilio tinkamumo ir archeologinės ekspozicijos buvimo muziejuje... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The mission of Lithuanian and Latvian museums is to gather, save, renew, explore, exibit and popularize the material and spiritual values of the culture and nature objects as well. In this research work the goal is to discuss more narrow spheres of museum activity, such as display and popularization. These spheres could be attributed to the cognitive museum mission.
A huge attention has been shown to the prehistory which was necessary in order to convey and understand a particular period. It should be noted that the tribe of semigallia, by the influence of historical factors, leisurely assimilated with lithuanian and latvian nations. Consequently, it is possible to familiarize with the culture of semigallian only by the help of archaeological research. The relation between archaeology and museum has been analysed in this work. The archaeology has been denoted as the source that provides the information about the tribe that is analysed and the musuem is described as an implement that is needed to restore the material and sprititual culture of the tribe of semigallia.
After discussing the cultural peculiarities of semigallians it has been noted the similarities of material culture between this tribe and other balts tribes. It has been influenced by the same origin so the similarity of the intertribal material culture is not accidental. However, some burial features like the order of placing the shroud and the orientation of body position separates this tribe from other balts... [to full text]
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Astrauskaitė, Šarūnė. "Lietuvos ir Latvijos profesinio orientavimo sistemos 1990 - 2012 m." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130129_112359-94601.
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Tyrimo „Lietuvos ir Latvijos profesinio orientavimo sistemos 1990 – 2012“ tikslas yra atlikti Lietuvos ir Latvijos profesinio orientavimo sistemų, paslaugų teikėjų (institucijų, kurios yra atsakingos už profesinio orientavimo paslaugų teikimą, kokybę, plėtotę) lyginamąją analizę. Tyrimo ataskaitą sudaro 4 skyriai. Pirmame skyriuje analizuojama ir lyginama abiejų šalių profesinio orientavimo sistemų raida nuo 1990 m. iki 2012 m. Antrame skyriuje analizuojamos ir lyginamos profesinio informavimo struktūros t.y., už profesinį orientavimą atsakingos institucijos. Trečiame skyriuje analizuojamos ir lyginamos Lietuvos ir Latvijos profesinio informavimo internetinės duomenų bazės. Ketvirtame skyriuje lyginami Lietuvos ir Latvijos profesinį orientavimą reglamentuojantys teisiniai dokumentai.Tyrimas grindžiamas prielaida, kad Lietuvos ir Latvijos profesinio orientavimo sistemos plėtojamos skirtingai, nepaisant to, kad yra kaimyninės šalys ir jas sieja istoriniai bei politiniai įvykiai. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, kad Lietuvos ir Latvijos profesinio orientavimo sistemos yra plėtojamos skirtingai, nes: priimami skirtingo pobūdžio įstatymai, orientuojamasi į skirtingas profesinio orientavimo sistemos dalis ir t.t. Nors rasta ir labai daug panašumų: Europos Sąjungos fondų vykdyti tokie pat arba panašūs projektai, sutampa, kai kurių už profesinį orientavimą atsakingų institucijų veiklą ir t.t. Tačiau negalima patvirtinti, kad Lietuvos profesinio orientavimo sistema yra labiau išvystyta negu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The aim of the research “Lithuanian and Latvian Systems of Professional Orientation in 1990-2012” is to perform a comparative analysis between the Lithuanian and Latvian vocational guidance systems and the service providers (institutions, responsible for vocational guidance service providing, their quality and development). The research report consists of 4 chapters. In the first one, there are analysed and compared the development of vocational guidance systems from 1900 till 2012 in both countries. In the second chapter, there are analysed and compared professional information structures, i. e. institutions, responsible for vocational guidance. In the third chapter, there are analysed and compared internet data bases of the Lithuanian and Latvian professional information. In the last chapter of the report, the legal documents regulating the Lithuanian and Latvian vocational guidance are compared. The research is grounded on the assumption that despite the Lithuanian and Latvian common historical and political events, the vocational guidance systems are developed differently in both countries.
The research showed that the Lithuanian and Latvian vocational guidance systems are developed differently, because: the legislation is drafted of different character, it is oriented to different vocational guidance systems parts, etc. Even though there were certain similarities found: same projects, developed by the European Union funds, activity of some institutions, responsible for... [to full text]