Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Laut Natuna'

This thesis uses the entirety of Margaret Cavendish's archive to present the first full account of her thought within its historical context. Living in France, the Netherlands, and England, Cavendish's ideas were honed and in some cases prompted by her correspondences with figures who were central to the Republic of Letters, such as Constantijn Huygens, Samuel Sorbière, and Kenelm Digby. In their turn, a wide range of Cavendish's contemporaries rigorously engaged with her publications. Bringing atomism from France to England, she encouraged Walter Charleton's translation of Pierre Gassendi's Animadversiones; Thomas Shadwell's critique of the Royal Society in his popular satirical play, The Virtuoso, was based on The Blazing World; Arthur Annesley heavily annotated Cavendish's De vita ... Guilielmi ducis Novo-Castrensis in preparing his own Latin history; Susan Du Verger wrote a folio-length response to Cavendish's reflections on monasticism; and Nehemiah Grew read her medical treatise when developing his comparative anatomy. Far from being the eccentric and isolated "Mad Madge" of common repute, I recover Cavendish as one of the most prolific and philosophically informed English writers of the seventeenth century. When Cavendish's ideas have been studied in relation to those of other thinkers, she has usually been aligned with novatores, especially Thomas Hobbes and René Descartes. While these figures were "philosophers" insofar as they held undergraduate degrees, they desired to cleanse philosophy of the Aristotelian detritus of the university curriculum in which it had long been submerged. Paradoxically, I show that it was precisely because of Cavendish's lack of a formal education that she was more willing to align herself with the universities, and with the mainstream of seventeenth-century thought, than Hobbes and Descartes. Pushing back on the historiographical consensus, I show that through her career-long dialogue with editions, commentaries, and translations of ancient mythology, history, and natural philosophy, Cavendish cleaved to Aristotelian principles and categories as an antidote to the intellectual and religious turmoil of her times. In doing so, I argue that she produced the first (and last) work of traditional natural philosophy composed wholly in the English vernacular. Rather than priming her to embrace a closed and dogmatic set of philosophical precepts, this thesis underscores the inherent plurality of Aristotelian natural philosophy. The first chapter studies Cavendish's 1653 Poems, and Fancies in relation to the mythological publications of Francis Bacon and George Sandys, and the atomic writing of Pierre Gassendi and Thomas Harriot. Turning from her atomism, the second chapter discusses the material spirits of her 1653 Philosophicall Fancies and her 1655 Philosophical and Physical Opinions. It demonstrates that Cavendish's opposition to the mathematical and mechanical corpuscles of Descartes, and her interest in the traditions of Galenic and chymical medicine, inspired this shift in her substance theory. The third chapter moves from one higher discipline to the next by studying the theological ideas of Cavendish's 1664 Philosophical Letters. It argues that she developed a Reformed Anglican theology against the heterodox Platonic philosophy and cabalistic theology of Henry More and Joseph Glanvill. Shifting the target of her criticism, the fourth chapter finally studies how Cavendish manipulated Thomas Stanley's History of Philosophy to critique the Royal Society in her 1666 Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy and the Blazing World. Bookended by the influences of Gassendi and Thomas Stanley, Cavendish manipulated the more discursive and hermeneutic modes of Aristotelian thought to cultivate a continuum between literature as imaginative writing and literae humaniores as an embodiment of the encyclopaedia of learning. By building on methodologies not only from literary history, but also from the histories of science, philosophy, and scholarship, my work shows that Cavendish's oeuvre is one of the most powerful examples of the degree to which the seventeenth-century realms of the "new philosophy", literature, and learning were intertwined.

Doutoramento em Biologia<br>Last-resort antibiotics are the final line of action for treating serious infections caused by multiresistant strains. Over the years the prevalence of resistant bacteria has been increasing. Natural environments are reservoirs of antibiotic resistance, highly influenced by human-driven activities. The importance of aquatic systems on the evolution of antibiotic resistance is highlighted from the assumption that clinically-relevant resistance genes have originated in strains ubiquitous in these environments. We hypothesize that: a) rivers are reservoirs and disseminators of antibiotic resistance; b) anthropogenic activities potentiate dissemination of resistance to last-resort antibiotics. Hence, the main goal of the work is to compare the last-resort antibiotics resistome, in polluted and unpolluted water. Rivers from the Vouga basin, exposed to different anthropogenic impacts, were sampled. Water quality parameters were determined to classify rivers as unpolluted or polluted. Two bacterial collections were established enclosing bacteria resistant to cefotaxime (3rd generation cephalosporin) and to imipenem (carbapenem). Each collection was characterized regarding: phylogenetic diversity, antibiotic susceptibility, resistance mechanisms and mobile genetic elements. The prevalence of cefotaxime- and imipenem-resistant bacteria was higher in polluted water. Results suggested an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance for Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas. The occurrence of bacteria resistant to non-beta-lactams was higher among isolates from polluted water as also the number of multiresistant strains. Among strains resistant to cefotaxime, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes were detected (predominantly blaCTX-M-like) associated to mobile genetic elements previously described in clinical strains. ESBL-producers were often multiresistant as a result of co-selection mechanisms. Culture-independent methods showed clear differences between blaCTX-M-like sequences found in unpolluted water (similar to ancestral genes) and polluted water (sequences identical to those reported in clinical settings). Carbapenem resistance was mostly related to the presence of intrinsically resistant bacteria. Yet, relevant carbapenemase genes were detected as blaOXA-48-like in Shewanella spp. (the putative origin of these genes), and blaVIM-2 in Pseudomonas spp. isolated from polluted rivers. Culture-independent methods showed an higher than the previously reported diversity of blaOXA-48-like genes in rivers. Overall, clear differences between polluted and unpolluted systems were observed, regarding prevalence, phylogenetic diversity and susceptibility profiles of resistant bacteria and occurrence of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes, thus validating our hypotheses. In this way, rivers act as disseminators of resistance genes, and anthropogenic activities potentiate horizontal gene transfer and promote the constitution of genetic platforms that combine several resistance determinants, leading to multiresistance phenotypes that may persist even in the absence of antibiotics.<br>Antibióticos de último recurso são usados no tratamento de infecções graves causadas por estirpes multiresistentes. A prevalência de bactérias resistentes a estes antibióticos tem aumentado. Os ambientes naturais, influenciados pela actividade humana, são reservatórios de bactérias resistentes e de genes de resistência. Vários genes de resistência com grande impacto na clínica têm presumivelmente origem em estirpes ubíquas em sistemas aquáticos, o que realça a importância destes ambientes na evolução de resistência. Este estudo assenta nas seguintes hipóteses: a) os rios são reservatórios e disseminadores de resistência a antibióticos; b) as atividades antropogénicas potenciam a disseminação de resistência a antibióticos de último recurso nestes ambientes. Assim, foi estabelecido como objectivo comparar o resistoma ambiental referente a antibióticos de último recurso, em rios poluídos e não poluídos. Foram amostrados rios na Bacia Hidrográfica do Vouga, expostos a diferentes impactos antropogénicos. Os rios foram classificados como poluídos e não poluídos de acordo com parâmetros de qualidade da água. Duas colecções foram estabelecidas: bactérias resistentes a cefotaxima (cefalosporina de 3ª geração) e a imipenemo (carbapenemo). Cada colecção foi caracterizada em termos de diversidade filogenética, susceptibilidade a antibióticos, mecanismos de resistência e elementos genéticos móveis. A prevalência de bactérias resistentes foi superior em águas poluídas. Os resultados sugerem que nestes ambientes Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas e Aeromonas têm um papel importante na disseminação de resistência. Os níveis de resistência a não beta-lactâmicos foram superiores em águas poluídas, assim como o número de estirpes multiresistentes. Detectaram-se genes de beta-lactamases de espectro alargado, associados a elementos genéticos móveis previamente descritos em isolados clínicos. Métodos independentes do cultivo revelaram diferenças claras entre a diversidade de sequências do tipo blaCTX-M em rios poluídos (idênticas às encontradas em isolados clínicos) e não poluídos (similares a genes ancestrais). A resistência a carbapenemos foi maioritariamente relacionada com a presença de bactérias intrinsecamente resistentes. No entanto, foram identificados genes de carbapenemases relevantes tais como blaOXA-48 em Shewanella spp. (origem putativa destes genes) e blaVIM-2 em Pseudomonas spp. de rios poluídos. Métodos independentes do cultivo mostraram que, nestes rios, a diversidade de genes similares a blaOXA-48 é superior ao que tem sido relatado. Detectaramse diferenças evidentes entre rios poluídos e não poluídos, em termos de prevalência, diversidade filogenética e susceptibilidade a antibióticos em bactérias resistentes e ocorrência de genes de resistência clinicamente relevantes. Estes dados validam as hipóteses colocadas. Assim, estes sistemas aquáticos actuam como reservatórios de genes de resistência. As actividades antropogénicas potenciam a disseminação destes genes e a constituição de plataformas genéticas complexas, originando fenótipos de multiresistência que poderão persistir mesmo na ausência de antibióticos.

Using spawn collected from the north Merseyside sand dune system, the effects of temperature on growth, development, metabolism and metamorphosis in B. bufo and B. calamita tadpoles were investigated, together with a limited study on the effects of L-thyroxine. The effects of density on growth, developteI1t and metamorphosis were examined. Physiological and behavioural effects of B. bufo tadpoles on B. calamita tadpoles were also studied. B. calamita spawn and tadpoles survive at higher temperatures than B. bufo. Below20°CB. bufo spawn, and below 15°Ctheir t.adpcl.es, develop at a greater rate than B. calamita. B. calamita spawn and tadpoles' growth and development is faster at higher temperatures. B. calamita tadpoles have higher metabolic rates than B. bufo across the temperature range 15-30°C. Faster rates of metabolism and development in B. calamita result in smaller tadpoles and toadlets than B. bufo. B. calamita may compensate for this with increased metamorphic efficiency in terms of energy. It is speculated that differences in tadpole thyroid physiology could account for observed differences. metamorphic efficiency was greatest, and rates of development and growth maximised/at the tadpoles' preferred body temperature. Increased density reduced growth-and developteI1t of tadpoles, but influenced different stages in the two species. metamorphosis in all B. bufo tadpoles was delayed, whereas in B. calamita a proportion of the population metamorphosed apparently unaffected by increased density. The responses of tadpoles to temperature and density were related to the species' preferred spawning environments. In the presence of B. bufo tadpoles, B. calamita growth, development and metabolism was suppressed. The pattern of development and timing of metamorphosis in B. calamita became similar to that of B. bufo. Inhibition was not relieved by L-thyroxine, and did not effect tadpole behaviour. Mass specific food consumption was increased. It is speculated that the inhibitor is a parasite or a substance which affects assimilation.

Spurred by Richard Louv’s bestseller Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature Deficit-Disorder (2005), a popular movement composed of parents, educators, and researchers has increasingly called for the reconnection of children and the natural environment. This thesis interrogates the cultural assumptions at work in this call to reconnect, specifically how an American frontier imagination structures Louv’s ideal form of connection. Drawing on scholarship from the fields of ecocriticism, environmental history, and American studies I assess the implications of Louv’s frontier framing for the project of reconnecting children to nature and for the broader field of environmental education. I argue that a frontier vision of connection with nature is at times exclusionary and escapist, and more troubling, has the potential to enforce social hierarchies invested in whiteness and the U.S. settler state.<br>2020-01-11

This thesis takes issue with the standard critical attribution to Milton of a backward Aristotelian scientific paradigm for his work, demonstrating that body and soul represented in Paradise Lost are inscribed in terms of radical contemporary medical theories of vitalism. Milton’s close friendship with his doctor, Nathan Paget, links him to Paget’s colleague, Francis Glisson, Regius Professor of Physic at Cambridge University, an academic and practising physician who was closely involved in cutting-edge contemporary medical research. Not only can Glisson’s heretical notion of the energetic, living nature of substance be seen to match the dynamic scale of nature represented in Paradise Lost, but in fact Milton’s animist materialism corresponds precisely to the chemical innovations made by Glisson in the anatomy of blood and bodily fluids and spirits. Exploring Milton’s representation of body and soul, spirit and matter, in the light of these contemporary medical innovations, this thesis focuses upon the way that his theodicy is supported by this most heretical natural philosophy. Milton’s vital anatomia animata is shown to be central to the harmonious integration of science and theology in Paradise Lost; it complements the literalism of the poem and provides a non-satanic logic of self-determination. Beginning with the basic evidence of Milton’s materialism of the soul in the Christian Doctrine, the first chapter correlates the theological assertions made with the language of natural philosophy that Milton uses to make them. The next chapter addresses the problem of the antinomy between the material soul proposed by Milton and the Aristotelian terminology with which he describes it, arguing that the latter is more heterogeneous than literary critics have acknowledged. The third chapter examines several versions of vitalism in order to delineate a working, medical model of the active matter presupposed by Milton’s body-soul composites and the wider natural philosophy of Paradise Lost. This model of active matter and spirit is then used in chapter four to illuminate the representation of Creation, demonstrating the acute accuracy with which Milton’s Creation draws upon contemporary medical research into conception. Chapter five extends the analysis to compare early notions of chemical digestion with the metabolic transformations of paradise. The final chapter demonstrates that the physiological and psychological corruptions of the Fall correspond to the effects of the putrid or poisonous ferment, while Milton’s representation of regeneration calls upon the vital, generative anatomia animata.

Regional paleoclimatic proxies and current local climate variables and were analyzed to reconstruct paleoglaciers in an effort to assess glacier change On Mount Rainier. Despite the dry and generally warm conditions (sea surface temperatures (SST) -0.15°C to +1.8°C relative to current temperatures), the previously documented McNeeley II advance (10,900 - 9,950 cal yr B.P.) was likely produced by air temperature fluctuations. The average SST record and the terrestrial climate proxies show cooling temperatures with continued dryness between McNeeley II and the Burroughs Mountain advance (3,442 - 2,153 cal yr B.P.). The paleoclimate during the Burroughs Mountain advance was both cool and warm (SST temperatures -0.55°C to +0.5°C) and was the wettest of the Holocene. A combination of statistical and deterministic equilibrium line altitude (ELA) models was used to produce Holocene ELAs between 1,735 -2,980 m. Glacial advances were predicted 10,990, 10,170, 9,260, 8,200, 6,490, 3,450 and 550 - 160 cal yr. B.P. Two glacier flow models were produced simultaneously to constrain glacial extent through the Holocene. Model I is based on current mass balance parameters and produced lengths for the Nisqually and Emmons glaciers 3.7 - 14.2 km and 4.2 - 17.1 km respectively. Glaciated area ranged from 26 to 327 km2. Model 2 is tuned to the Garda advance and produced lengths 2.6-10.6 km and 2.3-13.9 km. Glaciated area ranged from 11 to 303 km2. The first two advances were similar in elevation and GIS-modeled extent to McNeely II moraines. The following three advances were not detected in the geologic record. The 3,450 cal yr. B.P. advance was the largest of the late-Holocene (ELA 1,800 - 1,817 m) and was ~200 m lower than the geologic record. The ELAs of the Garda advance were modeled (1,944 - 1,983 m) and are similar to previous reconstructions. North-south spatial variations in glacial extent increase during periods of recession as the southern glaciers receive more ablation than northern glaciers. Early humans could have accessed the alpine environments as high as 1,730-2,980 m. The early Holocene glacial extent allowed the highest (2,980 m) 11,150 cal yr. B.P. and lowest (1,730 m) 10,990 cal yr. B.P. alpine access. Glacial retreat (2,727 m 10,400 cal yr. B.P.) was followed by an advance (1,929 m 10,170 cal yr. B.P.) and another retreat (2,951 m 10,050 cal yr. B.P.). Ice gradually descended and limited access to 1,820 m 6,490 cal yr. B.P. Glacial extents remained largely unchanged until the historic era when paleohumans would have had access to alpine environments at 2,000 m.

There has been a long history of research that has attempted to reconstruct the extent and dynamics of the British-Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) during the last glacial cycle. Early reconstructions of ice extent in Ireland were based on terrestrial evidence, and advocated a relatively restricted ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) that did not cover the whole of the island. More recent investigations from the continental shelf around Britain and Ireland reveal evidence for a much larger ice sheet, confluent with the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet in the North Sea and extending westwards onto the Atlantic continental shelf. However, offshore chronological control on the timing of ice sheet advance and retreat remain poor for many sectors of the continental shelf, particularly west and north-west of Ireland. This thesis brings together high-resolution multibeam swath bathymetry, sub-bottom proler data, and sedimentological, micropalaeontological and geochronological data, in order to reconstruct the extent, timing and dynamics of the last ice sheet in Donegal Bay and the adjoining north-western Irish continental shelf. This area is of interest due to its location adjacent to the North Atlantic and the Gulf Stream branch of the thermohaline circulation, making this sector of the BIIS sensitive to external forcing. The new data in this thesis show evidence for the extension of a grounded ice sheet to the shelf edge at or shortly after 26.3 cal ka BP, and thus during the LGM. Foraminiferal assemblages and lithofacies show that subsequent retreat took place in a glacimarine environment, and acoustic stratigraphic data show that the retreat was characterised by several still stands and re-advances, creating a series of arcuate moraines across the shelf. Chronological data constrain initial retreat from the shelf edge to before 24.8 cal ka BP, with formation of a large moraine at the mouth of Donegal Bay dated to between 20.2 and 17.9 cal ka BP. The results and interpretations presented in this thesis thereby offers a new interpretation of the extent, timing and nature of the north-western sector of the BIIS, offshore of Donegal Bay and across the adjacent continental shelf, during the LGM and the subsequent deglaciation.

Ecological niche models (ENMs) were created for White-tailed and Black-tailed prairie dogs and projected into the Last Interglacial (LI), the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and mid-Holocene (mid-H) to discern possible past suitable habitat for both species. Additionally, ENMs were projected into the future year 2070 representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 2.6 and 8.5 to discern how climate change may affect future habitat suitability. Kernel density estimations, minimum convex polygons, and median distribution centers of White-tailed and Black-tailed occurrence records were examined between time-periods to discern the effects of anthropogenic westward expansion on both species’ distributions. Current ENMs were constructed from commonly used bioclimatic variables and non-traditional variables (including EPA level III Ecoregions) for White-tailed and Black-tailed prairie dogs for variable comparison performance in ENMs. Results indicate that both species respond to climate change and each occupy distinct ecological niches. Biogeographical changes coincident with westward expansion remain unknown.

The Northern Isles are strongly influenced by changes in the North Atlantic Ocean atmosphere system and, as they project northwards from the British Isles, provide an ideal geographical opportunity to study changing climatic gradients during the last glacial/interglacial transition along with the detection of regime shifts. Three proxies, diatoms, pollen, and micro-XRF sediment chemistry, have been employed to explore the nature and timing of environmental changes within the water columns and the wider catchments of Loch of Sabiston, Orkney, and Loch of Clumlie and Loch of Grimsetter, Shetland to better understand the nature and timing of environmental change within and among the island groups. The records are constrained by radiocarbon dating, supported by tephrochronology, and the Greenland ice core chronology to enable the comparison of the records produced by this study with previous research in the North Atlantic region. The diatom and lithological results from Loch of Sabiston suggest early deglaciation at c. 23,000 cal BP followed by gradual warming (GI-1e) punctuated by the cooling events coeval with GS-1 and GI-1b. However, the pollen record reflects a lagged response in the development from colonising cold tolerant vegetation to more temperate shrub and woodland communities. The Oracadian signal is dominated by the switching on and off of the accumulation of marl which serves as a supporting indicator of warmer conditions. The Shetland landscape appears to have been deglaciated later at c. 16,400 cal BP, but also has clear representation of GI-1e and the cooling events of GI-1b and GS-1. Both the Shetland and Orkney records record the dramatic cooling of the Younger Dryas but also suggest a two stage change from colder and drier to colder and wetter conditions before the onset of the Holocene. Shetland appears to have experienced less extreme climatic changes in comparison to Orkney despite being in the same present phytogeographical region. This is likely due to the former persisting in the arctic domain and the latter being closer to the latitudinal shifts in the warmer ocean circulation of the North Atlantic during the LGIT. Comparison of the three proxies demonstrates that they may differ by several hundred years in their response to dramatic climatic changes and, therefore, highlights the strength of multi-proxy approaches to reconstructing Quaternary environments. Combining proxies such as diatom and μ-XRF scanning techniques will provide a greater understanding of the processes occurring during environmental change in this region.

Varved lake sediments also known as annually laminated sediments, are natural paleoenvironmental archives containing high-resolution proxy data and precise chronologies. They are one of the few natural archives that can provide enough time resolution (seasonal/annual) to bridge the temporal gap between past and present environmental data to ensure the continuity between climatic /ecological data and paleoclimatic /paleoecological data. However, it is not easily to manage due to the scarcity of this kind of archives and the lack of modern analog studies required for inferring reliable its seasonal signal This thesis focuses on the study of modern sedimentary analogs of a Pyrenean lake with varved sediments and into reconstruct the last 500 years of environmental change at high temporal resolution (sub-decadal). It is aimed to provide a tool for improving paleoecological reconstructions and to contribute to bridge the temporal gap between ecology and paleoecology by providing long-term high-resolution and continuous paleoenvironmental data. To do this, we performed a two-year of monthly limnological and sedimntological monitoring at lake Montcortès (Central Pyrenees) with special regard for biological and biological induced proxies ( calcite, diatoms and pollen). We reconstructed the last 500 years of lake-catchment system environmental history and its interactions by using fossil pollen and pigments as environmental indicators Data obtained during the modern analog study (2013-2015) revealed a strong seasonal trend for all studied proxies. Changes in calcite, pollen and diatoms were highly depending on seasonal succession of lacustrine and terrestrial life forms that, in turn, were modulated by environmental variables. There appeared clear dissimilarities in terms of timing and seasonal signal recorded in the three proxies between years that have been potentially related with changes in temperature and precipitation indicating sediment sensitivity to inter-annual variations. Pollen has been revealed as a most reliable indicator to track seasonality on the sediment record, being the one maintaining the same seasonal signal between years. While periods of major calcite precipitation can fluctuate within spring, summer and fall and diatoms may suffer breakage and dissolution depending of water conditions, which would truncate the final sedimentary signal. With pollen data in combination with independent evidence from historical sources we have documented in detail most important factors responsible for landscape modulation in Lake Montcortès during the last 500 years. Such factors were mainly human related namely cropping, livestock breeding, and hemp retting. Sedimentary pigment data in combination with pollen data showed that changes in land use greatly influenced aquatic photosynthetic community indicating lake-catchment connectivity. After 1850 CE, coinciding with the beginning of industrialization, vegetation and aquatic community showed a clear point of change although with opposed inferred signals. While vegetation changes indicate land abandonment and less human pressure in the area, aquatic community indicated a trend towards eutrophication. Such change on aquatic community could be an effect of non-point nutrient sources from historical legacies of intense land use joined to atmospheric deposition derived of the industrialization process. Overall, for both, catchment and lake, the main signal inferred during the last 500 years was related with human-pressure even during harsher climate conditions (LIA). The only climate related signal inferred were heavy rainfall episodes occurred during the last of half 19th century, indicated by both proxies. However, there is still many uncertainties and open questions to solve probably related with climatic and natural forcing not accounted for directly in this work. The results obtained in this thesis by combination of modern analog studies and high-resolution paleo environmental provide valuable long-term continuous data to contribute to understand current ecological changes and the past environmental history as part of a time continuum.<br>Els sediments lacustres varvats, també coneguts com sediments laminats anualment, són arxius paleoambientals naturals que contenen informació ambiental a molt alta resolució temporal i amb els quals es poden obtenir cronologies precises. Són un dels pocs arxius naturals que poden proporcionar una resolució temporal suficient (estacional /anual) per tal de tancar la bretxa que existeix entre les dades ambientals obtingudes de estudis pealeoambientals, és a dir del passat, i les dades obtingudes de l’estudi de l’ambient en el present. Aquesta tesi es centra en l'estudi dels anàlegs sedimentaris moderns d'un llac pirinenc amb sediments vavats i en la reconstrucció, a alta resolució temporal (sub-decadal), dels últims 500 anys de canvi ambiental. L'objectiu és proporcionar una eina per a millorar les reconstruccions paleoecològiques i contribuir a superar la bretxa temporal entre l’ecologia i la paleoecologia proporcionant dades paleoambientals continues i d'alta resolució. Les dades obtingudes durant l’estudi d’anàlegs moderns (anys 2013-2015) van revelar l’existència d’una forta tendència estacional per part de tots els indicadors estudiats. S’han observat diferències en tots tres indicadors estudiats en termes de temporalitat i senyal estacional que han estat potencialment relacionades amb canvis de temperatura i precipitació. Aquest fet ens indica la sensibilitat del sediment a enregistrar les variacions interanuals. La combinació de dades pol·líniques, juntament amb documentació històrica, ens ha permès documentar detalladament els factors més importants responsables dels canvis en el paisatge durant els darrers 500 anys. Aquests factors són principalment d’origen antròpic essent bàsicament cultiu, cria de bestiar i activitats relacionades amb el cànem. L’estudi de les dades de pigments fotosintètics de les comunitats aquàtiques en combinació amb les dades pol·líniques ens indiquen que els canvis en l'ús del sòl han estat els major responsables dels canvis ocorreguts en els productors primaris del llac indicant la connectivitat existent entre la conca i el llac. Els resultats obtinguts en aquesta tesi a partir de la combinació d’estudis d’anàlegs sedimentaris moderns i les reconstruccions paleoecològiques d’alta resolució proporcionen series de dades llargues i contínues que ens ajuden a entendre els canvis ecològics actuals i la història ambiental del passat com a part d’un continu de temps.

Depuis toujours, l’Homme a eu recours à la nature pour subvenir à ses besoins. Aujourd’hui encore, le secteur de la santé (animale et humaine) s’intéresse aux ressources naturelles pour découvrir des principes actifs originaux permettant de développer de nouveaux traitements. Ce secteur est notamment à la recherche de nouvelles molécules pouvant lutter contre les processus biologiques impliqués dans les affections liées au vieillissement, qui induisent une problématique de santé publique. Bien que la bioressource végétale ait été la plus étudiée pour ses propriétés pharmacologiques, d’autres ressources naturelles restent à explorer, telle que la bioressource microbienne. Les microorganismes non pathogènes, notamment ceux régulièrement consommés au travers des aliments et boissons fermentés, représentent une source intéressante de métabolites potentiellement actifs sur ces processus. Parmi ces aliments, le fromage au lait cru présente un fort potentiel grâce à la richesse de sa biodiversité microbienne. Une stratégie innovante a été développée au cours de cette thèse pour rechercher des métabolites bioactifs dans un caillé lactique caprin. Cette stratégie a permis l’obtention de plusieurs extraits de fromage, à l’aide d’une méthode d’extraction dont l’efficacité a été validée. Le criblage de l’effet des extraits sur le vieillissement a ensuite été réalisé à l’aide de modèles biologiques in vitro et in vivo. Leurs impacts sur la longévité du modèle Caenorhabditis elegans et sur sa survie sur un milieu oxydant ont notamment été évalués. Plusieurs des extraits (fromage lyophilisé, extrait apolaire, 3 extraits aqueux différents) ont par ailleurs montré des effets bénéfiques au cours de ces expériences. Les voies biologiques impliquées dans l’action des extraits ont également pu être identifiées (voie DAF-2/ILR et voie p38 MAPK). En parallèle, deux extraits (extrait apolaire et un des extraits aqueux) ont induit une diminution de la production de radicaux libres dans un modèle de leucocytes humains. Enfin, l’étude de la composition des extraits ayant présenté des résultats bénéfiques a débuté, avec pour objectif de cibler, parmi toutes les molécules les composant, celles pouvant être porteuses de l’activité biologique. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus est prometteur, et encourage à poursuivre les études de la composition des extraits issus du fromage ainsi que de leurs activités biologiques, notamment sur des modèles plus spécifiques du vieillissement<br>Natural products have always been a successful source of new drugs. Nowadays, the health sector (animal and human) is still looking for new compounds from natural resources, especially those which can exhibit a beneficial effect on the biological processes involved in the age-related affections (which have become a public health issue). The plants have already been investigating for this application. However, other natural resources, such as the microbial diversity, remain unexplored for the bioactivity of their compounds. The non-pathogenic microorganisms, especially those that can be found in fermented foods and drinks, could be considered as an interesting and innovative source of new metabolites that could exhibit beneficial effects. Among those fermented foods, the raw-milk cheese appears to have a great potential, as a source of new compounds, due to its rich microbial diversity. An innovative strategy was developed in this thesis with the aim of discovering new bioactive metabolites in a raw goat milk cheese. Several cheese extracts were obtained via an extraction method, which efficacity has been validated. The effect of the extracts on aging has been determined on in vitro and on in vivo models. Their impacts on the longevity of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and on its survival on an oxidative medium have been evaluated. Some extracts (freeze-dried cheese, apolar extract and three aqueous extracts) have demonstrated beneficials effects during these experiments. Moreover, two signalling pathways (DAF-2/ILR pathway and p38 MAPK pathway) were identified to be involved in the mechanisms of action of the extracts. In parallel, two extracts (apolar extract and an aqueous extract) demonstrated a capacity to reduce the ROS production in human leukocytes. Finally, the study of the chemical composition of the bioactive extracts has begun, with the aim of determining the compounds that could be responsible of the biological activity and deserve to be isolated and studied. All the results obtained during this thesis are promising. The study of the chemical composition of the extracts will be pursued, as well as the study of their biological activity, especially on other in vitro and in vivo models more specific to aging

Cette thèse étudie le procédé d’ultrafiltration tangentiel assisté par ultrasons aux échellesmacro et nanométriques. Différentes dispersions colloïdales ont été filtrées (argiles, micelle decaséine, nanocristaux d’amidon et de cellulose). Les propriétés d'écoulement et les changementsinduits par les ultrasons (US) ont été caractérisés. Les organisations structurelles à proximité de lamembrane ont été mises en évidence pour la première fois aux échelles nanométriques, lors de lafiltration par diffusion de rayons X aux petits angles in-situ. L’application des US a permis uneaugmentation significative des flux de perméation d’un facteur 1,6 à 13,5, selon l'organisationstructurale des colloïdes. Trois mécanismes induits par les US ont été identifiés : une érosioncomplète, une rupture partielle ou pas de changement (nanométrique) des couches de particulesaccumulées. Grâce aux profils de concentration obtenus, une approche de modélisation a permisune prévision du flux perméation<br>This thesis studies an ultrasonic assisted cross-flow ultrafiltration process from macro tonano scales. Different types of colloids were investigated: synthetic and natural clay dispersions,casein micelles (skim milk) and starch or cellulose nanocrystal suspensions. Firstly, flowproperties and the changes due to ultrasound (US) were investigated. Secondly, structuralorganizations at nanometer length scales in the vicinity of the membrane during filtration havebeen revealed for the first time by real-time in-situ Small Angle X-ray Scattering. The applied USincreased significantly the permeate flux of ultrafiltration by an enhancement factor of 1.6 to13.5, depending on the structural organization of the colloids. The applied US has led to threemain effects: a removal of accumulated particle layer, a partial disruption or no change of thenano-organization. Thirdly, thanks to the obtained concentration profiles, a modeling approachhas allowed a prediction of the permeate flux

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009<br>Este trabalho propõe analisar o fenômeno da terceirização desenvolvido ao longo das duas últimas décadas em Bio-Manguinhos. Trata-se de um estudo de caso realizado na unidade de produção de vacinas e reagentes para diagnóstico da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Inicialmente foi realizado um estudo de cenário, analisando a política de gestão do trabalho desenvolvida pelo Estado brasileiro para as instituições públicas. A seguir, a análise passou a verificar a inserção da Fiocruz nessas políticas, desde a sua criação e no decorrer de vigência de diferentes formas de contratação, alternando da extrema rigidez para a total flexibilidade sempre com foco na gestão do trabalho, e, como essas políticas se refletiram no desempenho de Bio-Manguinhos. Baseado no contexto da conformação do Estado e na análise do desempenho da unidade, o trabalho critica a falta de planejamento e de prospecção dessas políticas, que favoreça a inovação de processos, produtos e procedimentos e o desempenho pleno de uma unidade de produção de insumos para a saúde, tão necessários ao atendimento das necessidades da população brasileira. Critica também, a ausência de um modelo de Estado consolidado que sirva de arcabouço à formulação dessas políticas. Devido às fortes críticas dos órgãos de controle acerca da extrapolação dos limites da terceirização praticada nas últimas duas décadas e à falta de definição clara desses marcos legais, o trabalho apresenta uma metodologia baseada nas atribuições dos cargos do plano de carreiras da Fiocruz e culmina com a apresentação de uma matriz de atribuições passíveis de serem realizadas por contratação indireta. Conclui pela necessidade de convivência de dois quadros de trabalhadores: um permanente formado por servidores, estáveis e de carreira e outro flexível, executado por contratação indireta, de caráter eventual, temporário ou de apoio às atividades relacionadas à missão de Bio-Manguinhos. O trabalho ainda sugere a aplicação da mesma metodologia às demais unidades da Fiocruz e que a instituição afirme, frente aos órgãos de controle, quais atividades que ela precisa manter no quadro de servidores permanente e quais ela quer delegar a terceiros sem contudo, ferir a legislação vigente. Por fim, constata-se que a metodologia apresentada ameniza, mas não resolve o problema, dessa forma, recomenda-se à Fiocruz buscar mecanismos que altere o modelo de gestão pelo qual está submetida a fim de viabilizar as duas formas de incorporação de mão-de-obra.

La première partie de l’étude est consacrée à l’invocation, intra et extra muros, du droit à un procès équitable. Sont analysés ainsi, dans un premier temps, l’applicabilité directe de l’article 6 et la subsidiarité de la Convention par rapport au droit national et de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme par rapport aux juridictions nationales. Le droit à un procès équitable étant un droit jurisprudentiel, l’étude se focalise, dans un second temps, sur l’invocabilité des arrêts de la Cour Européenne et plus précisément sur l’invocabilité directe de l’arrêt qui constate une violation du droit à un procès équitable dans une affaire mettant en cause l’Etat et l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme à l’arrêt qui interprète l’article 6 dans une affaire mettant en cause un Etat tiers. L’introduction dans l’ordre juridique français et hellénique de la possibilité de réexamen de la décision pénale définitive rendue en violation de la Convention a fait naitre un nouveau droit d’accès à la Cour de cassation lequel trouve son terrain de prédilection aux violations de l’article 6 et constitue peut-être le pas le plus important pour le respect du droit à un procès équitable après l’acceptation (par la France et la Grèce) du droit de recours individuel. Quant au faible fondement de l’autorité de la chose interprétée par la Cour Européenne, qui est d’ailleurs un concept d’origine communautaire, cela explique pourquoi un dialogue indirect entre la Cour Européenne et la Cour de cassation est possible sans pour autant changer en rien l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme et le fait que l’existence d’un précédent oblige la Cour de cassation à motiver l’interprétation divergente qu’elle a adoptée.La seconde partie de l’étude, qui est plus volumineuse, est consacrée aux garanties de bonne administration de la justice (article 6§1), à la présomption d’innocence (article 6§2), aux droits qui trouvent leur fondement conventionnel dans l’article 6§1 mais leur fondement logique dans la présomption d’innocence et aux droits de la défense (article 6§3). Sont ainsi analysés le droit à un tribunal indépendant, impartial et établi par la loi, le délai raisonnable, le principe de l’égalité des armes, le droit à une procédure contradictoire, le droit de la défense d’avoir la parole en dernier, la publicité de l’audience et du prononcé des jugements et arrêts, l’obligation de motivation des décisions, la présomption d’innocence, dans sa dimension procédurale et personnelle, le « droit au mensonge », le droit de l’accusé de se taire et de ne pas contribuer à son auto-incrimination, son droit d’être informé de la nature et de la cause de l’accusation et de la requalification envisagée des faits, son droit au temps et aux facilités nécessaires à la préparation de la défense, y compris notamment la confidentialité de ses communications avec son avocat et le droit d’accès au dossier, son droit de comparaître en personne au procès, le droit de la défense avec ou sans l’assistance d’un avocat, le droit de l’accusé d’être représenté en son absence par son avocat, le droit à l’assistance gratuite d’un avocat lorsque la situation économique de l’accusé ne permet pas le recours à l’assistance d’un avocat mais les intérêts de la justice l’exigent, le droit d’interroger ou faire interroger les témoins à charge et d’obtenir la convocation et l’interrogation des témoins à décharge dans les mêmes conditions que les témoins à charge et le droit à l’interprétation et à la traduction des pièces essentielles du dossier. L’analyse est basée sur la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise et centrée sur la position qu’adoptent la Cour de cassation française et l’Aréopage<br>The first party of the study is dedicated to the invocation of the right to a fair trial intra and extra muros and, on this basis, it focuses on the direct applicability of Article 6 and the subsidiarity of the Convention and of the European Court of Human Rights. Because of the fact that the right to a fair trial is a ‘‘judge-made law’’, the study also focuses on the invocability of the judgments of the European Court and more precisely on the direct invocability of the European Court’s judgment finding that there has been a violation of the Convention and on the request for an interpretation in accordance with the European Court’s decisions. The possibility of reviewing the criminal judgment made in violation of the Convention has generated a new right of access to the Court of cassation which particularly concerns the violations of the right to a fair trial and is probably the most important step for the respect of the right to a fair trial after enabling the right of individual petition. As for the weak conventional basis of the authority of res interpretata (“autorité de la chose interprétée”), this fact explains why an indirect dialogue between the ECHR and the Court of cassation is possible but doesn’t affect the applicant’s right to request an interpretation in accordance with the Court’s decisions and the duty of the Court of cassation to explain why it has decided to depart from the (non-binding) precedent.The second party of the study is bigger than the first one and is dedicated to the guarantees of the proper administration of justice (Article 6§1), the presumption of innocence (Article 6§2), the rights which find their conventional basis on the Article 6§1 but their logical explanation to the presumption of innocence and the rights of defence (Article 6§3). More precisely, the second party of the study is analyzing the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, the right to a hearing within a reasonable time, the principle of equality of arms, the right to adversarial proceedings, the right of the defence to the last word, the right to a public hearing and a public pronouncement of the judgement, the judge’s duty to state the reasons for his decision, the presumption of innocence, in both its procedural and personal dimensions, the accused’s right to lie, his right to remain silent, his right against self-incrimination, his right to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and the potential re-characterisation of the facts, his right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence, including in particular the access to the case-file and the free and confidential communication with his lawyer, his right to appear in person at the trial, his right to defend either in person or through legal assistance, his right to be represented by his counsel, his right to free legal aid if he hasn’t sufficient means to pay for legal assistance but the interests of justice so require, his right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him and his right to the free assistance of an interpreter and to the translation of the key documents. The analysis is based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on the position taken by the French and the Greek Court of Cassation (Areopagus) on each one of the above mentioned rights

The interpretation of proxies of paleo monsoons has been based primarily on changes in incident solar radiation. The role of feedbacks has not been examined in depth. In this thesis, we have used a diagnostic model of monsoons to quantitatively discern the role of various forcings and feedbacks on monsoons in idealized as well as realistic simulations of the climate over the last 22,000 years. The diagnostic model is based on the energetic framework of monsoons. This model ascribes precipitation to net energy fluxes into the atmosphere (top + bottom; referred to as Qdiv) and a measure of the efficiency of the atmosphere in exporting moist static energy (MSE) known as the total gross moist stability (TGMS). We start by evaluating the contribution of Qdiv and TGMS to changes in precipitation. This is followed by an investigation of the parameters that led to changes in Qdiv and TGMS. We find that on orbital timescales, the role of changes in circulation on the amount of MSE exported out of the Indian subcontinent is small. The changes in precipitation over India are mainly driven by changes in insolation. Over land, net energy fluxes at the surface are negligible. Hence, Qdiv is influenced mainly by insolation and cloud radiative feedbacks. Over the Bay of Bengal, however, the perturbations in surface latent heat flux are large enough to counter the changes in insolation forcing. This results in a different response of precipitation over land and ocean to variations in insolation. Hence insolation can be a trigger for changes in precipitation on orbital timescales, but the final response is a result of complex feedbacks. The role of TGMS is important during cold periods (glacials) and periods of large variations in greenhouse gases and ice sheets (such as the deglacial). We have shown that greenhouse gases and ice sheets do not affect Qdiv, but influence only TGMS. These variations in TGMS are due to the effect of water vapor. We have demonstrated that insolation drives monsoon through different pathways during cold and warm periods, thereby highlighting the changing role of internal factors. Since water vapor has similar fluctuations over India and the Bay of Bengal, during TGMS dominant periods, precipitation over these two regions is in phase. The phase shift between India and the Bay of Bengal depends on the relative contribution of Qdiv. These results are supported by proxies. It is well known that the terrestrial proxies for precipitation are nearly in phase with the insolation. Several marine proxies indicate a lag of 9 Kyrs with respect to insolation. For example, the proxies for the southwesterly winds in the Arabian Sea, as well as a proxy for the sea surface salinity in the Bay of Bengal, agree with our predictions. These marine proxies were, however, interpreted in the previous literature as a measure of monsoon strength over India. Thus, sparking off a longstanding debate due to these differences in terrestrial and marine proxies. The large phase lag with insolation was attributed to the role of water vapor transported from the southern hemisphere. Our results tend to resolve several aspects of this debate. The vertical moist stability, along with water vapor, determines the netMSE exported from the monsoon domain at decadal-to-millennial timescales. Circulation, however, plays a crucial role at interannual timescales. The diagnostic model provides new insights on how El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impacts the Indian monsoon. We find that ENSO primarily affects precipitation over India through its impact on TGMS, whereas it also modulates Qdiv over the Bay of Bengal. We have further elucidated the versatility of the diagnostic model, by using it to explain the influence of volcanic eruptions on tropical precipitation. We find that volcanoes of different magnitude affect precipitation differently. Only the large eruptions (global annual mean AOD > 0.15) affect precipitation through Qdiv, whereas all the other smaller eruptions affect the export of MSE. The response of precipitation over land and ocean to the large eruptions are different. Precipitation over ocean has a lag of about 2 years with respect to the peak in AOD following an eruption. The impact of Qdiv lasts longer over land than over the ocean. In this thesis, we have formulated a hierarchy of diagnostic models for the Indian monsoon. We find that it is enough to attribute the orbital scale variability of monsoons to Qdiv and water vapor. Thermodynamics governs monsoons on the decadal-to-millennial timescales, whereas circulation controls the interannual variability. This diagnostic approach suggested in this thesis can be used to examine monsoon response to future climate change.

I nuclei galattici attivi, in inglese Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), sono delle sorgenti anche molto intense di raggi gamma ad energie del MeV/GeV/TeV, emissione dovuta alla presenza di getti relativistici originati da un buco nero di grande massa, 108-109 masse solari, situato al centro della galassia ospite. Tra gli AGN spiccano per la loro peculiarità i cosiddetti blazars, per la presenza di moti superluminali rivelabili nel radio, emissione a largo spettro, intensa luminosità anche molto variabile, ed emissioni non termiche tipicamente provenienti dal centro della galassia. A loro volta i blazars si possono suddividere in base alle loro caratteristiche osservative in due sottoclassi, i Flat-Spectrum Radio Quasars (FSRQs) ed i cosiddetti oggetti di tipo BL Lacertae (BL Lacs) ed ognuna delle peculiarità sopra elencate può essere ascritta al comportamento dei getti relativistici ed a effetti prospettici (beaming) dovuti all’effetto Doppler relativistico. Nonostante l’importanza degli effetti di beaming, non solo per i blazars ma anche per altre sorgenti extragalattiche, difficilmente si può misurare direttamente ed al piú se ne può dare una descrizione qualitativa. In questa tesi tenteremo di darne una stima. Dopo avere presentato un vasto campione di blazar rivelati da Fermi-LAT nei raggi gamma, abbiamo proceduto corredando i dati con numerose altre informazioni provenienti da altri cataloghi o da osservazioni dirette, integrandone le proprietà con altri aspetti che includono ma non sono limitati alla dominanza del nucleo emissivo, al modello di radiazione a due componenti ed alla misura del Doppler nei raggi gamma. Attraverso queste stime indirette, abbiamo cercato di trovare il metodo piú diretto per misurare il beaming relativistico per descrivere al meglio questo affascinante fenomeno extragalattico.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>地質科學研究所<br>99<br>Active tectonic activities and frequent typhoon visits make Taiwan unique in having very high rates of uplift, precipitation, denudation and sedimentation. Particularly, intense rainfall associated with typhoons often causes natural disasters in river systems, such as flooding, large-scale landslides and debris flows, affecting human activities at the present time and in the past. Typhoon Morakot in 2009 may serve as a modern analog of such events in the geological past. Site Kiwulan is a newly discovered archaeological site of the Iron Age in Lan-Yang Plain. A cultural hiatus, found around 1200-1500 cal. yr AD, suggests that the settlement was once abandoned. It remains a mystery what caused this abandonment. This study assembles radiocarbon dates of upland river terraces, organic proxies in flood plain lake sediments and content of wood shreds in nearby marine sediment core. These records are synthesized to infer the frequency and magnitude of ancient floods over the past millennium in the Lan-Yang River system in northeastern Taiwan. Alluvial fan terraces distributed along the banks of upper Lan-Yang River are considered to be remains of ancient debris flow events, and their radiocarbon dates fall in two time ranges: 850-1100 and 1400-1600 cal. yr AD. Organic proxies such as TOC and C/N ratio representing terrestrial plant input were measured from bulk sediments of Lake Dahu and Lake Meihwa in the Lan-Yang Plain. Peak values of TOC, C/N ratio and organic indicator plus optical and radiographic images from ITRAX-XRF core scanner are conspicuous during 900-950, and 1400-1500 cal. yr AD, implying frequent flood events. Abundance peaks of wood shreds in marine box core ORI-801-7A occurred during 950-1050 and 1450-1550 cal. yr AD, coinciding with those terrestrial input events recorded in lake sediments. In summary, different lines of evidence collected from the Lan-Yang River system suggest that flood events were more frequent during two particular periods: 900-950 cal. yr AD and 1400-1500 cal. yr AD. The later period corresponds to the cultural hiatus at Site Kiwulan, suggesting that the lost civilization may be related to severe and frequent flooding of the Lan-Yang Plain during that period.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1996.<br>Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-37).

There has been confirmation in the last two decades, through instrumental measurements onboard satellites, that the 'solar constant' does, as has long been hypothesized, vary. While there is no consensus as to the best method for estimating past variations in solar output, it seems likely that over the last 500 years, the sun has played a role in the changing climate. However, there is little evidence to suggest that changes in irradiance are having a large impact on the current warming trend. A complementary approach of empirical and model-based analysis is used to determine if the climate effects of an estimated change in solar irradiance were significant in the pre-industrial era and what climate patterns emerge in response to reduced solar forcing at that time. Also investigated is the modification of solar-induced climate patterns by a hitherto underrepresented forcing - changes in Earth's orbit - and how solar and orbital forcing compare to that of increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration. Finally a brief analysis of the effects of a Maunder Minimum-like solar irradiance on a climate forced by doubled CO2 is undertaken. Clear evidence is established herein for the ability of relatively small changes in solar irradiance to impact the global climate. Both at the century scale and at shorter periodicities, the variability of the solar 'constant' is influential in defining the global mean climate and more importantly, the regional characterization of that climate. Influencing the preferred mode of decadal variability, such as North Atlantic Oscillation, solar variability alters the mean climate for northern Europe and the North Atlantic region. The global response for temperature is found to be near-linear, while precipitation is more complex. Excitation of important feedbacks, such as sea-ice, plays an important role in determining the resulting pattern of response and ensures that even a much smaller forcing (solar variability) can exert a similar fingerprint to that of a larger forcing (greenhouse gases). Orbital forcing, typically excluded from model experiments for the decadal-to-centennial scale, is found to provide important modification of regional response and may be critical for determining a more accurate 'forecast' for future climate.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Estudos Americanos apresentada à Universidade Aberta<br>Resumo - Nesta dissertação tem-se como objectivo fazer a relação entre pintura (Thomas Cole) e literatura (James Fenimore Cooper) americanas, mostrando que a arte nos EUA adquiriu um estatuto próprio que a diferenciou da europeia durante o século XIX, defendendo uma identidade cultural que se fundia com a Natureza selvagem. As obras destes autores, durante a era do presidente Jackson, manifestaram uma grande apreensão devido à destruição da Natureza pela Civilização e pelo Progresso avassalador, que pode ser encarada como uma das origens dos movimentos ecologistas na América do Norte. Por isso, pode falar-se da ligação entre Literatura, Pintura e Ecologia, já nesse século. O corpus desta dissertação é constituido pela obra de James Fenimore Cooper The Last of the Mohicans e pelos quatro quadros que Thomas Cole pintou baseados nesta obra: Scene from the Last of the Mohicans: Cora Kneeling at the Feet of Tamenund (1827), Landscape, Scene from the Last of the Mohicans (1827), Landscape, Scene from “The Last of the Mohicans" (Death of Cora), (1827) Landscape with figures: A Scene from the Last of the Mohicans, (The Death of Magua), (1826). Estudaram-se especificamente estes dois artistas, porque além de serem representativos do movimento americano romântico, foram pioneiros da literatura e da pintura americanas, uma vez que as suas temáticas focavam e realçavam a identidade americana vísivel em de The Last of the Mohicans. A influência de Cooper e de Cole sobre a Literatura e a Pintura americanas fez-se sempre sentir até ao presente, e daí eles serem considerados marcos na cultura americana<br>Résumé - Cette thèse a pour objectif de réaliser des relations réciproques entre la Peinture (Thomas Cole) et la Littérature Américaines (James Fenimore Cooper), montrant que l’árt aux États-Unis a acquis un statut propre qui l’a différencié de l’Europe durant le XIXème siècle, défendant une identité culturelle qui se fond avec la nature sauvage. Les oeuvres de ces auteurs, durant l’époque du président Jackson, ont manifesté une grande appréhension face à la destruction de la Nature par la civilisation et par le progrès niveleur qui peut être envisagé comme une des origines des mouvements écologistes de l’Amérique du Nord. Pour cela, nous pouvons parler de liaison entre la Littérature, la Peinture et l’Écologie, déjà à cette époque. Le corpus de cette thèse et constitué par l’oeuvre de James Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans, ainsi que les quatre tableaux inspirés de cette oeuvre et peints par Thomas Cole : Scene from the Last of the Mohicans: Cora Kneeling at the Feet of Tamenund (1827), Landscape, Scene from the Last of the Mohicans (1827), Landscape, Scene from “The Last of the Mohicans" (Death of Cora), (1827) Landscape with figures: A Scene from the Last of the Mohicans, (The Death of Magua), (1826). Nous avons étudié spécifiquement les deux artistes parce que outre le fait qu’ils soient représentatifs du Mouvement Romantique Américain ; ils ont aussi été les pionniers de la Littérature et de la Peinture Américaines, étant donné que leurs thématiques se concentrent et mettent en valeur l’Identité Américaine visible dans le The Last of the Mohicans. L’influence de James Fenimore Cooper et de Thomas Cole sur la Littérature et la Peinture Américaines s’est toujours faite sentir jusqu’à nos jours, ceux-ci étant considérés des références premières de la culture Américaine<br>Abstract - The author’s objective in this dissertation is to establish the link between American painting (Thomas Cole) and literature (James Fenimore Cooper), by showing that in the 19th century, in the USA, art took on a status of its own that differentiated it from European art, in which it defended a cultural identity that merged with nature in the wild. During the time of President Jackson these artists’ works displayed a great deal of concern or even fear at the destruction of nature by civilisation and the shackles of progress, which can be seen as one of the origins of the ecological movements in North America. This is why it is already possible to speak about a link between Literature, Painting and the Ecology in that century. The corpus of this dissertation is composed of James Fenimore Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans and the four paintings which Thomas Cole based on the book: Scene from the Last of the Mohicans: Cora Kneeling at the Feet of Tamenund (1827), Landscape, Scene from the Last of the Mohicans (1827), Landscape, Scene from “The Last of the Mohicans" (Death of Cora), (1827) Landscape with figures: A Scene from the Last of the Mohicans, (The Death of Magua), (1826).This study was focused on these two artists, specifically, because in addition to being representative of the American Romantic Movement, they were pioneers of American literature and painting, in that their subject matters highlighted the American identity that is to be seen in The Last of the Mohicans. The influence that Cooper and Cole have always had on American Literature and Painting can be felt until the present day, and they can therefore be considered milestones in American culture

American jurisprudence currently applies two incompatible validity standards to determine which laws are enforceable. The natural law tradition evaluates validity by an uncertain standard of divine law, and its methodology relies on contradictory views of human reason. Legal positivism, on the other hand, relies on a methodology that commits the analytic fallacy, separates law from its application, and produces an incomplete model of law. These incompatible standards have created a schism in American jurisprudence that impairs the delivery of justice. This dissertation therefore formulates a new standard for legal validity. This new standard rejects the uncertainties and inconsistencies inherent in natural law theory. It also rejects the narrow linguistic methodology of legal positivism. In their stead, this dissertation adopts a pragmatic methodology that develops a standard for legal validity based on actual legal experience. This approach focuses on the operations of law and its effects upon ongoing human activities, and it evaluates legal principles by applying the experimental method to the social consequences they produce. Because legal history provides a long record of past experimentation with legal principles, legal history is an essential feature of this method. This new validity standard contains three principles. The principle of reason requires legal systems to respect every subject as a rational creature with a free will. The principle of reason also requires procedural due process to protect against the punishment of the innocent and the tyranny of the majority. Legal systems that respect their subjects' status as rational creatures with free wills permit their subjects to orient their own behavior. The principle of reason therefore requires substantive due process to ensure that laws provide dependable guideposts to individuals in orienting their behavior. The principle of consent recognizes that the legitimacy of law derives from the consent of those subject to its power. Common law custom, the doctrine of stare decisis, and legislation sanctioned by the subjects' legitimate representatives all evidence consent. The principle of autonomy establishes the authority of law. Laws must wield supremacy over political rulers, and political rulers must be subject to the same laws as other citizens. Political rulers may not arbitrarily alter the law to accord to their will. Legal history demonstrates that, in the absence of a validity standard based on these principles, legal systems will not treat their subjects as ends in themselves. They will inevitably treat their subjects as mere means to other ends. Once laws do this, men have no rest from evil.

Invitato a Costantinopoli da una delegazione nicena, che ne chiedeva l’intervento a sostegno della comunità ortodossa locale, Gregorio di Nazianzo accantonò il desiderio di dedicarsi alla vita contemplativa e si recò nella Neja ÔRwvmh: non poteva certo immaginare che negli anni trascorsi nella capitale (dagli inizi del 379 al luglio del 381) avrebbe conosciuto, a distanza di breve tempo, l’apice e il fallimento della sua attività politico-ecclestiastica. Alla guida di un piccolo gruppo di fedeli, radunati in una sala udienze privata ribattezzata Anastasia, Gregorio esercitò con impegno i suoi doveri pastorali, spendendosi soprattutto nella lotta dottrinale contro l’eresia ariana. L’elezione come vescovo della città, avvenuta per volere dell’imperatore Teodosio, rappresentò il riconoscimento dei meriti del Cappadoce nella restaurazione e nel consolidamento dell’ortodossia nicena, ma, allo stesso tempo, aprì la strada a una stagione tutt’altro che scevra di asprezze, destinata a lasciare amari ricordi nel cuore dell’autore. Chiamato a presiedere il concilio episcopale del 381, indetto con l’obiettivo di risolvere lo scisma antiocheno e condannare le eresie del tempo, il Nazianzeno sperimentò sulla propria i conflitti interni ed i giochi di potere cui si era ridotto l’episcopato. Alla malattia, che debilitò il fisico dell’autore e ne ostacolò la partecipazione a svariate attività pubbliche, si aggiunse l’ostilità dei colleghi, in particolare di alcuni vescovi egiziani, che contestarono la legittimità della sua elezione sul seggio di Costantinopoli, in quanto già vescovo nella sede di Sasima. Stanco e malato, amareggiato dai continui scontri e dall’ennesimo attacco subito dagli avversari, Gregorio decise di farsi da parte e, rassegnate le dimissioni dalla cattedra episcopale, lasciò Costantinopoli, senza neppure aspettare la conclusione del sinodo. Nella natia Cappadocia, lontano fisicamente dal clima tumultuoso e dai dispiaceri della capitale, ma turbato dalle calunnie e dalle ingiustizie subite da coloro che riteneva amici, il Nazianzeno sfogò le proprie delusioni nella scrittura poetica. All’esperienza costantinopolitana e in particolare al contesto delle dimissioni dalla cattedra vescovile fanno riferimento i carmi oggetto di questa tesi di dottorato: II,1,10 (Ai sacerdoti di Costantinopoli e alla città stessa) e II,1,13 (Ai vescovi), rispettivamente di 18 distici elegiaci e 217 esametri. In essi si intrecciano più suggestioni: la meditazione e il riecheggiamento interiore degli eventi che hanno coinvolto l’autore, la difesa del suo operato, ma soprattutto la violenta invettiva contro i vescovi, scaturita non solo dal risentimento per le vicende personali, ma dallo sdegno dell’autore per la corruzione morale e l’impreparazione della gerarchia ecclesiastica. La tesi di dottorato si apre con una bibliografia ricca e aggiornata degli studi concernenti il Cappadoce; in essa sono indicati i diversi contributi, cui si fa riferimento nel mio lavoro. Segue un’ampia introduzione che presenta i carmi sotto molteplici aspetti. Dal momento che l’invettiva contro i vescovi costituisce l’argomento principale di entrambi i componimenti, ho approfondito innanzitutto questo aspetto, ripercorrendone le testimonianze nell’esperienza biografica e nell’opera letteraria dell’autore: da quanto emerso, la polemica contro la gerarchia ecclesiastica raggiunge certamente il suo apice negli eventi costantinopolitani, ma non va ad essi circoscritta, dal momento che se ne ha traccia anche negli scritti gregoriani riconducibili ai primi anni del sacerdozio e al periodo successivo al ritorno a Nazianzo. Si è cercato poi di stabilire la data di composizione dei carmi in analisi, che, dati i contenuti, furono sicuramente scritti dall’autore nel periodo di ritorno in patria, fase in cui gli studiosi collocano buona parte della produzione poetica del Cappadoce. Più precisamente ho individuato il terminus post quem nel luglio del 381, mese in cui la cattedra costantinopolitana lasciata vacante dal Nazianzeno fu affidata a Nettario: in entrambi i testi, infatti, si fa riferimento a questo personaggio, sebbene non sia menzionato esplicitamente. Segue un’analisi dettagliata della struttura compositiva e delle tematiche dei carmi, nella quale si mostra come, pur nella loro diversità, le due poesie presentino moltissime consonanze e parallelismi a livello strutturale, in particolare nella parte incipitaria, in cui si registra la condivisione dello stesso verso iniziale, e nella sezione conclusiva. Sempre nell’introduzione è affrontato lo studio della tradizione manoscritta e dei rapporti tra i codici: i carmi in oggetto risultano attestati in 34 manoscritti (di cui 17 fondamentali per la costituzione del testo) databili dall’XI al XVI secolo e riconducibili alle raccolte antiche Σ e Δ, nei quali sono traditi sempre uno di seguito all’altro: nello specifico II,1,13 precede immediatamente II,1,10. La parte centrale della tesi è costituita dal testo critico di ciascun carme, seguito da traduzione e commento. La tesi costituisce il primo lavoro di questo tipo per il carme II,1,13; II,1,10 è stato invece oggetto di studio di due recenti edizioni: quella dei primi undici poemata de seipso del Nazianzeno curata da Tuilier - Bady - Bernardi per LesBL ed edita nel 2004 e un’edizione commentata di Simelidis, pubblicata nel 2009. Suddetti lavori non hanno rappresentato un ostacolo al progetto. Nessuno di essi infatti ha previsto lo studio simultaneo dei due testi poetici, che, a mio giudizio, non possono essere compresi a fondo se svincolati l’uno dall’altro; non sono risultati immuni da pecche sotto il profilo della critica testuale; il commento è assente nell’edizione francese, scarno e non sempre condivisibile in quella del Simelidis. La tesi è infine corredata da tre appendici che permettono di seguire la fortuna dei componimenti poetici. La prima di esse è dedicata al Commentario di Cosma di Gerusalemme ai Carmi del Nazianzeno, collocato tra la fine del VII e inizio l’VIII secolo. Il commentario, tradito da un unico manoscritto, il Vaticanus graecus 1260 del XII secolo, ha visto la sua editio princeps nel 1839 a cura del cardinale Angelo Mai nel secondo volume del suo Spicilegium Romanum, ristampata con lievi modifiche nel volume 38 della Patrologia Graeca. Una più recente edizione è stata curata da Lozza nel 2000. Nell’opera di Cosma vengono analizzati trentaquattro versi di carme II,1,13 e due di carme II,1,10; l’ampiezza delle citazioni va da un minimo di un verso a un massimo di 5. Segue un’appendice dedicata alle parafrasi bizantine, che in alcuni manoscritti contenenti i carmi, accompagnano il testo poetico. Tali spiegazioni in prosa, composte in un momento non precisabile della trasmissione dell’opera gregoriana, sono anonime, di diverso livello letterario e da intendere come un testo in continua evoluzione, oggetto di modifiche da parte di ciascun copista. Nel caso dei testi in oggetto le parafrasi trasmesse sono tre, chiamate, sulla scia di studi precedenti, Paraphr. 1, Paraphr. 2, Paraphr. 3 e delle quali la tesi fornisce l’editio princeps. L’ultima appendice è costituita dalla traduzione latina dei carmi di Giacomo Oliva da Cremona, redatta nella seconda metà del XVI secolo per incarico del Cardinal Guglielmo Sirleto e testimonianza del grande interesse per il Cappadoce in questo periodo storico. Il lavoro dell’Oliva, rimasta inedito per la morte del committente e probabilmente anche per il suo scarso valore letterario, è trasmesso da due manoscritti autografi, il Vaticanus Barberinianus lat. 636 (B) e il Vaticanus lat. 6170 (V) e trova nella tesi la sua editio princeps.