Dissertations / Theses: 'Law and environmental licensing'

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Cunha, Tadeu Henrique Lopes da. "A efetivação dos direitos sociais por meio da atuação preventiva: a exigência de licenciamento social para a instalação de indústrias." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2138/tde-12022014-160504/.

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Este estudo tem por objeto a efetivação dos direitos sociais por meio da atuação preventiva do Poder Público. Os direitos sociais fazem parte dos direitos fundamentais, posições jurídicas de suma relevância no ordenamento jurídico, objetivando à concretização da dignidade humana. Os direitos sociais são direitos fundamentais referentes à concretização da justiça social por meio da transformação das estruturas sociais e, por isso, sua não observância ou violação representa sério desrespeito aos princípios fundantes do Estado Democrático de Direito. Atualmente, os mecanismos jurídicos existentes, de forma geral, priorizam a atuação repressiva do Estado. Logo, a atuação em defesa dos direitos sociais (deveres de proteção do Estado), normalmente, acontece posteriormente à não observância ou violação do direito. O presente estudo, então, propõe a atuação preventiva do Poder Público para a efetivação de direitos sociais, considerando-se que esta forma de atuação pode ser uma forma de concretização de direitos fundamentais, pois visa a evitar o desrespeito a tais direitos, sendo, por via oblíqua, uma forma de sua efetivação. Nesse sentido, defende-se a utilização de instrumentos jurídicos de caráter preventivo existentes no âmbito do Direito Ambiental para a tutela de direitos sociais, mais especificamente, do licenciamento ambiental, que, no caso seria chamado de licenciamento social para os casos de instalação de indústrias.
The aim of this study is the fulfillment of social rights through preventive action of the Government. Social rights are part of fundamental rights, legal positions of utmost relevance in the legal system, aiming the achievement of human dignity. Social rights are fundamental rights relating to the achievement of social justice through the transformation of social structures and, therefore, your non-compliance or violation represents serious disrespect to the founding principles of the Democratic State of Law. Currently, the existing legal mechanisms, in general, prioritize the repressive actions of the state. Therefore, the acting in defense of social rights (state duties of protection) usually happens after the non-compliance or violation of right. Then, this study proposes the preventive action of the Government for the realization of social rights, considering that this mode of working can be an achievement of fundamental rights, because it aims to prevent disrespect of such rights, and, aslant, a form of its implementation. In this sense, advocates the use of legal instruments of preventive character existing under Environmental Law for the protection of social rights, more specifically, the environmental licensing, which in this case would be called social licensing for cases of installation of industries.

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Dias, Eugênia Antunes. "Desculpe o transtorno, estamos em obras para melhor servi-lo! a educação ambiental no contexto da apropriação privada da natureza no licenciamento ambiental." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2014. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/6019.

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A apropriação privada e degradante da natureza é desigual, pois exclui as classes oprimidas, fenômeno denominado de injustiça ambiental. A natureza é privatizada via licenciamento ambiental, mediante atuação articulada entre Estado e capital, respaldados pelo mito do Desenvolvimento Sustentável promotor da aliança impossível entre crescimento e proteção ambiental, discurso amortecedor de resistências e maquiador de impactos e conflitos ambientais, processo que desenha a crise ecológica e sua relação direta com o modelo hegemônico capitalista. Valendo-se do método dialético, mediante revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa documental em documentos públicos relativos ao processo licenciamento ambiental da duplicação da rodovia BR-116/392 no RS, de informativos produzidos pelo licenciado (DNIT) e de jornais locais, a pesquisa objetivou identificar limites e potencialidades da Educação Ambiental (EA) na gestão ambiental pública como medida mitigadora e compensatória de impactos ambientais e sociais, e suas implicâncias na participação das comunidades atingidas para o controle social do Estado e na distribuição do ônus e do bônus de obras e/ou atividades efetivas ou potencialmente poluidoras, na perspectiva do enfrentamento da injustiça ambiental. Para tanto, especificidades da EA neste cenário foram identificadas e relacionadas com a sua potência em manter (EA Conservadora) ou superar a injustiça ambiental e a degradação na natureza (EA Transformadora) aproveitando-se do caráter contraditório do Estado. Destacou-se a influência do Liberalismo e do Neoliberalismo no arcabouço legal brasileiro, apontando o papel contraditório e atuante do Estado frente aos ímpetos da acumulação do capital concluindo-se que as políticas ambientais, onde está inserida a EA, em geral não tem obtido êxito em mitigar e/ou compensar a crise ecológica na escala necessária, mas tão somente regular a degradação e a apropriação privada da natureza, reificando quem ganha e quem perde neste processo. Por fim, são apontados aperfeiçoamentos a EA vinculada ao licenciamento ambiental.
The private appropriation of nature and degrading is uneven, as it excludes the oppressed classes, called environmental injustice phenomenon. Nature is privatized via environmental licensing by the articulation between state and capital, backed by the myth of Sustainable Development promoter alliance impossible between growth and environmental protection, shock resistance and speech makeup of environmental impacts and conflicts, a process that draws the ecological crisis and its direct relationship with the hegemonic capitalist model. Making use of the dialectical method, through literature review and documentary research in public documents relating to the licensing process of doubling the highway BR- 116/392 in RS, licensed by the produced information (DNIT) and local newspapers, the survey aimed to identify limits and potential of environmental education (EE) in public management as mitigation and compensatory measure environmental and social impacts and their implications on the participation of affected communities for social control of the state and distribution of the burden and the bonus works and/or effective activities or potentially polluting, in view of the environmental injustice confrontation. Therefore, specific EE in this scenario were identified and related to its power to keep (EE Conservative) or exceed environmental injustice and degradation in nature (EE Manufacturing) taking advantage of the contradictory character of the state. Highlighted the influence of liberalism and neoliberalism in the Brazilian legal framework, pointing the contradictory and active role of the state to the front of capital accumulation outbursts concluding that environmental policies, where it operates the EE in general has not been successful to mitigate and/or compensate for the ecological crisis on the scale required, but only regulate the degradation and the private appropriation of nature, reifying who wins and who loses in this process. Finally, improvements are pointed EE linked to environmental licensing.

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SERRA, REYNALDO C. "Licenciamento de reatores: proposta de uma estrutura regulatória integrada com abordagem em qualidade e meio ambiente para reatores de pesquisa no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2014. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/23656.

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Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Bustamante, Maria Magalhães de. "Licenciamento como instrumento de regulação ambiental no Brasil: análise crítica da proposta do novo marco regulatório." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18430.

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Environmental licensing, in recent years in Brazil, has been the center of the great public debates, exceeding the juridical-environmental field. As a main instrument of the National Environmental Policy, responsible for making the protection of natural resources compatible with the demands imposed by the development of economic activity, the instrument assumed an excessive role in the environmental regulator sphere. However, criticism regarding the instrument is constant, especially in relation to the delay in conducting the procedure and excess of bureaucracy that might jeopardize new investments of projects that would leverage the country´s economic development. In this sense, in spite of specific problems that could compromise the effectiveness of the regulatory instrument, there are a series of structural and instrumental deadlocks that exceed its scope. Nevertheless, discussions on the subject are limited to changing the environmental licensing procedure, through reform proposals that seek to make licensing more flexible. The analysis undertaken in this dissertation intends to consider the structural aspects of the National Environmental Policy, as well as the main obstacles faced by environmental licensing procedure, in order to confirm the hypothesis of the lack of effectiveness of the regulatory instrument. The present work also intend to analyse critically the main legislative proposal regarding environmental licensing procedure, aiming to verify if this proposal has the potential to give greater effectiveness to the regulatory instrument.
O licenciamento ambiental, nos últimos anos no Brasil, vem ocupando a pauta dos grandes debates públicos, exorbitando a seara jurídica ambiental. Como instrumento principal da Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente, responsável por compatibilizar a proteção dos recursos naturais às demandas impostas pelo desenvolvimento da atividade econômica, o instrumento assumiu protagonismo excessivo na esfera regulatória ambiental. No entanto, as críticas ao instrumento revelam-se constantes, sobretudo no que se refere à morosidade e ao excesso de burocracia na condução do procedimento, inviabilizando o aporte de novos investimentos para projetos que alavancariam o desenvolvimento econômico do país. Nesse sentido, em que pese a existência de problemas específicos que comprometem a efetividade do instrumento regulatório, há uma série de impasses de ordem estrutural e instrumental que exorbitam o seu escopo. Todavia, as discussões referentes ao tema limitam-se à alteração de sua regulamentação, mediante propostas de reforma que visam flexibilizar o licenciamento sob o pretexto de solucionar o impasse ambiental. A análise empreendida na presente dissertação pretende considerar os aspectos estruturais da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente, bem como os principais obstáculos enfrentados na condução do licenciamento ambiental, a fim de confirmar a hipótese da falta de efetividade do instrumento regulatório decorrente destes aspectos. Pretende-se ainda analisar criticamente o Substitutivo ao Projeto de Lei Geral do Licenciamento Ambiental, no objetivo de constatar se a proposta normativa confere maior efetividade ao instrumento regulatório.

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Milaré, Lucas Tamer. "O licenciamento ambiental: contribuições para um marco legislativo à luz do pacto federativo ecológico instituído pela Lei Complementar 140/2011." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/18870.

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In Brazil, the environmental licensing process entered, in an innovative way, the gates of the environmental control agencies in the states of Rio de Janeiro (1975 ) and São Paulo (1976 ) and, only since 1981, with the enactment of the National Environmental Policy though Law 6,938/1981 and the creation of the National Environmental System - SISNAMA, has developed a national coverage. It is through this instrument that the Public Power, when examining the submitted projects, check their suitability to the principles of National Environmental Policy, assess the positive and negative consequences of their implementation, in terms of environmental aspects, in the view of the sustainable development, and decides by the authorization of their implementation, formulating the necessary requirements to minimize their negative environmental impacts and to maximize its positive impacts. Throughout its application, however, there have been dissatisfactions of all types. The main complaints relate to the excess of rules related to the matter, many outdated and inaccurate, the high costs, delays and excessive bureaucracy to obtain environmental licenses. For this reason, there should be no delay in the adoption of measures necessary for its improvement, because, as it is well known, there are many opportunities at the moment related to the growth of our economy, but there are also many obstacles that need to be overcome for the achievement of this goal. Among them is the need for more stable regulatory and institutional environments, providing greater legal certainty and less bureaucracy, favorable to the performance of the productive sector and the growing demand for investment in all productive sectors. Indeed, in a globalized world, Brazil, to be able to compete, must reduce its production costs and develop its capacity to technological innovation, in addition to overcome structural bottlenecks, such the ones related to the infrastructure area, which will be possible solely with the efficiency of the licensing process, which, unfortunately, in the the view of many, is nothing but a stubborn obstacle to development. Within this context, our commitment, far from any pretense, focused - based on indicators of qualified sources: World Bank, Secretariat of Strategic Affairs of the Presidency, the National Industry Confederation, the Brazilian Association of State Entities Environment and Legislative Advisory Chamber of Deputies – in the identification of the main structural problems of environmental licensing process in Brazil, with the objective to present, de lege ferenda, contributions to its improvement. Thus, in the course of our investigations, surrounded with a myriad of innovative legislative proposals already under way in Congress, we seek not just point the fragmentation and non-systemicity of existing rules, but mainly the opportunity to approve a legal instrument that will the discipline, in the light of new ecological federal pact established by Complementary Law 140/2011, the general rules for environmental licensing, capable, in short term, to guide an uniform environmental management system for the entire country
No Brasil, o licenciamento ambiental entrou, pioneiramente, pelas portas dos órgãos de controle ambiental dos Estados do Rio de Janeiro (1975) e de São Paulo (1976), e somente em 1981, com a promulgação da Lei da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente- PNMA pela Lei 6.938/1981 e a criação do Sistema Nacional de Meio Ambiente- SISNAMA, passou a ter abrangência nacional. É por meio deste instrumento que o Poder Público, ao examinar os projetos a ele submetidos, verifica sua adequação aos princípios da PNMA, avalia as consequências positivas e negativas de sua implantação, em termos ambientais, tendo em vista o desenvolvimento sustentável, e decide pela autorização ou não de sua implantação, formulando as exigências cabíveis para minimização de seus impactos ambientais negativos ou maximização de seus impactos positivos. Ao longo de sua aplicação, no entanto, surgiram insatisfações de toda sorte. As principais reclamações relacionam-se com a pletora de normas, muitas ultrapassadas e imprecisas, a reger o assunto, os altos custos, a demora e o excesso de burocracia para a obtenção das licenças ambientais. Por esta razão, não se deve retardar a adoção das medidas necessárias para o seu aperfeiçoamento, pois, como é notório, muitas são as oportunidades que, no momento, se entreabrem para o crescimento de nossa economia, mas muitos também são os obstáculos que precisam ser ultrapassados para o atingimento de tal desiderato. Entre eles está a necessidade de ambientes regulatórios e institucionais mais estáveis, que proporcionem maior segurança jurídica e menor burocracia, favoráveis a atuação do setor produtivo e à demanda crescente por investimentos em todos os setores produtivos. Deveras, em um mundo globalizado, o Brasil, para que tenha condições de competir, deverá reduzir seus custos de produção e desenvolver capacidade de inovação tecnológica, além de superar gargalos estruturais, como, por exemplo, os da área de infraestrutura, o que só será possível com a eficiência do processo de licenciamento ambiental, que, infelizmente, ao ver de muitos, não passa de um obstáculo teimoso ao desenvolvimento. Dentro desse contexto, o nosso empenho, longe de qualquer pretensão de engenho, centrou-se – com base em indicativos de qualificadas fontes: Banco Mundial, Secretaria de Assuntos Estratégicos da Presidência da República, Confederação Nacional da Indústria, Associação Brasileira de Entidades Estaduais de Meio Ambiente e Consultoria Legislativa da Câmara dos Deputados – na identificação dos principais problemas estruturais do licenciamento ambiental no País, com vistas a apresentar, de lege ferenda, contribuições para o seu aprimoramento. Destarte, no curso de nossas investigações, embaladas por uma miríade de inovadoras proposições legislativas já em curso no Congresso Nacional, buscamos não apenas apontar a fragmentação e a assistematicidade das normas vigentes, mas, principalmente, a oportunidade de aprovação de um Diploma Legal que venha a disciplinar, à luz do novo pacto federativo ecológico estabelecido pela Lei Complementar 140/2011, as normas gerais para o licenciamento ambiental, capaz, no curto prazo, de orientar um sistema de gestão ambiental uniforme para todo o País

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Furuiti, Naoka Sera. "A atuação do Ministério Público no licenciamento ambiental de empreendimentos de geração de energia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-11022011-081356/.

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Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar como o Ministério Público brasileiro tem exercido a função inovadora que lhe foi atribuída pela Constituição Federal de 1988 para zelar pelo efetivo respeito dos Poderes Públicos e dos serviços de relevância pública ao direito constitucional do meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, especificamente no tocante à sua atuação em processos de licenciamento ambiental. Para tal fim, adotou-se a metodologia de estudo de caso, com o levantamento de dados junto aos órgãos oficiais (Ministério Público do Estado de São Paulo, Secretaria de Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo, Poder Judiciário, Ministério de Minas e Energia, Agência Nacional de Energia e Eletricidade) e entrevistas com atores representativos dos segmentos envolvidos ou com o caso estudado, associado à revisão legislativa e bibliográfica. O caso concreto foi escolhido a partir da delimitação do recorte geográfico e temporal: as pesquisas limitaram-se ao Estado de São Paulo, aos processos de licenciamento conduzidos pela Secretaria de Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo e à atuação do Ministério Público do Estado de São Paulo, no período compreendido entre 2001 e 2006. Verificou-se que, especialmente a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, as atribuições e prerrogativas do Ministério Público brasileiro, sem similares no sistema político de outros Estados ocidentais, conferiram-lhe o papel de promover a coercibilidade das normas de proteção ambiental e, ainda, atuar em foro alternativo ao Poder Judiciário para o gerenciamento de conflitos ambientais. Restando incontroversa a relevância de sua atuação na proteção do meio ambiente, constatou-se que, no tocante à fiscalização de processos de licenciamento ambiental conduzidos pelo órgão licenciador, na prática essa atuação acaba por ensejar novos conflitos com a Administração Pública, com reflexos sobre os atores envolvidos com o projeto sob discussão no processo de licenciamento ambiental. Propostas para seu equacionamento são analisadas neste trabalho.
This research seeks to evaluate how the District Attorney Office of Brazil (Ministério Público) has been performing the innovating function of watching over the effective respect of the Public Power and relevant public services regarding the constitutionally right to an ecologically-balanced environment, attributed to it by the Federal Constitution of 1988, wish specific focus on environmental licensing processes. With such purpose, based on the case study methodology, a collection of data within official bodies (District Attorney of São Paulo State, Environmental Protection Agency of the State of São Paulo, Judiciary Power, Mine and Electricity Ministry, National Agency of Energy and Electricity) has been performed, as well as interviews with representative players of the involved segments, legislative and bibliographic reviews. Choice of case study was determined by the scope definition of space and time: researches were limited to the State of São Paulo, to the environmental licensing procedures conducted by the State Environmental Protection Agency and the performance of the District Attorney of São Paulo State, in the period comprehended between 2001 and 2006. Main findings include the fact that, due to the unique role of responsibilities and authority given to the District Attorney Office of Brazil by the Federal Constitution of 1988, it is responsible to promote the effectiveness of the environmental protection legislation as well as acting alternatively to the Judiciary System in the resolution of environmentally-based conflicts and the uncontroversial relevance of its role on the protection of the environment. However, when analyzing its role on the monitoring of environmental licensing processes conducted by the administrative licensing authorities, it was also identified that new conflicts with the Public Administration arise, with reflexes on all actors involved in the environmental licensing process. Purposes for its solution are analyzed in this work.

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Soares, Alexandre Silva. "JUSTIÇA, AMBIENTE E ETNICIDADE: O controle judicial das licenças ambientais lesivas a grupos étnicos." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2015. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/663.

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The dissertation investigates the criteria used by the judiciary for the trial of disputes concerning the environmental licensing of projects identified as harmful to ethnic groups, especially indigenous and quilombo communities. By adopting as theoretical works of François Ost, Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu, we proceeded to initially examine the construction of the legal discourse on the environment, from the examination of the legal and constitutional order; then proceeded to the examination of the theme of ethnic identities in the Constitution, as well as its relationship with the protection of the environment, specifically analyzing the environmental licensing instrument, about the administrative actions of control of natural resources, along with the legalization public policies on the environment. We conducted case studies of three projects (HPPs Belo Monte, Teles Pires and the transposition of the river São Francisco) from the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court brasilian, proposing to reflect on the decision criteria effectively adopted.
A dissertação investiga os critérios utilizados pelo Poder Judiciário para o julgamento dos conflitos relativos ao licenciamento ambiental de empreendimentos apontados como lesivos a grupos étnicos, especialmente indígenas e remanescentes de comunidades de quilombos. Ao adotar como referenciais teóricos as obras de François Ost, Michel Foucault e Pierre Bourdieu, procedeu-se inicialmente à análise da construção do discurso jurídico sobre o meio ambiente, a partir do exame do ordenamento jurídico-constitucional; em seguida, procedeu-se ao exame do tema das identidades étnicas na Constituição de 1988, bem como sua relação com a proteção ao ambiente, especificamente analisando o instrumento do licenciamento ambiental, quanto à atuação administrativa de controle dos recursos naturais, ao lado da judicialização de políticas públicas em matéria de meio ambiente. Realizouse o estudo de casos de três empreendimentos (UHEs Belo Monte, Teles Pires e a Transposição do rio São Francisco) a partir da jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal, propondo-se a reflexão sobre os critérios decisórios efetivamente adotados.

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Artigas, Priscila Santos. "Contribuição ao estudo das medidas compensatórias em direito ambiental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-15052013-163336/.

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Este trabalho estuda o instituto das medidas compensatórias como uma nova obrigação imposta pelo direito aos empreendimentos com potencial de causar impactos negativos ao meio ambiente. A pesquisa do tema se deu de forma crítica, enfrentando as contradições do sistema econômico vigente. Verificou-se que as medidas compensatórias emergiram da mais evidente crise ambiental ou à crescente escassez dos recursos naturais, buscando, ao mesmo tempo, a proteção ambiental e a manutenção do sistema de mercado. Procurando a melhor funcionalidade das medidas, pretendeu-se demonstrar que elas não se equiparam a uma forma de reparação por dano futuro, tampouco se enquadram necessariamente em uma espécie tributária; podem, como quis o Supremo Tribunal Federal, ser chamadas de compartilhamento de despesas entre o Poder Público e os empreendedores pelos custos da utilização dos recursos naturais no processo produtivo. Na verdade, em razão de serem dotadas das características da transversalidade e da interdisciplinaridade, as medidas compensatórias apresentam-se com diversas facetas, podendo mostrar características predominantes de mecanismos de comando e controle, como também de instrumentos econômicos. Assim, concluiu-se nesta tese ser um instituto híbrido, não enquadrável em uma categoria jurídica estanque. Verificou-se, ainda, ser necessária uma análise estrutural a fim de serem eficazes. Nesse sentido, propôs-se a sua instituição por normas primárias, nas quais se fixem padrões mínimos e com critérios objetivos de aplicação. Para tanto concluir, o estudo partiu dos debates já travados, tanto pela jurisprudência quanto pela doutrina, acerca da constitucionalidade, metodologia de cálculo e natureza jurídica de uma das medidas compensatórias, chamada compensação ambiental, instituída pela Lei nº 9.985/2000 (Lei do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação-SNUC). A partir daí, buscou-se demonstrar o processo subjacente à edição de normas ambientais, recaindo nos princípios do Direito Ambiental, dentre eles o importante princípio do poluidor-pagador, cuja premissa é internalizar os custos pela utilização dos recursos naturais no processo produtivo, para não serem assumidos pelo Poder Público e por toda a coletividade. Ainda, buscou-se diferenciar os conceitos de dano ambiental e de impacto negativo ao meio ambiente, porquanto as medidas compensatórias visam a compensar o meio ambiente pelos impactos negativos, significando uma perda aceita, prevista e gerenciada; o dano ambiental, por sua vez, é algo intolerável, indesejado e, por isso, objeto de reparação civil objetiva, de responsabilidade administrativa e, ainda, da penalização criminal
This paper studies the institution of compensatory measures, considered as a new obligation imposed by law for projects with the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts. The theme was investigated critically, facing the contradictions of the current economic system. In this regard, we verified compensatory measures instituted to cope with an increasingly apparent environmental crisis and the growing shortage of natural resources, while seeking environmental protection and maintenance of the market. In the search for a better functionality of the measures, we sought to demonstrate that they do not represent a form of compensation for future damages, nor do they necessarily fall within the range of any legitimate taxation. In fact, these measures were adopted by the Supreme Court more as a sharing of costs between government and entrepreneurs for the use of natural resources in the production process. Fundamentally, the compensatory measures of this instrument, equipped with characteristics of transversality and interdisciplinarity, present different aspects, which can deploy features to carry out command and control mechanisms, as well as economic instruments. Our thesis has therefore led us to the conclusion that this instrument is not readily classifiable under any isolated legal category, and should be looked upon as a hybrid mechanism. Nevertheless, we considered that a structural analysis was necessary to ensure the effectiveness of the measures. In this respect, we proposed it be instituted on primary norms, with the establishment of minimum standards and objective application criteria. This required starting with debates conducted in jurisprudence and doctrine over the constitutionality, method of calculation, and legal nature of a compensatory measure called environmental compensation, established by Law No. 9.985/2000 (Law of the National System of Conservation Units, SNUC). From there, we sought to demonstrate the process behind the issuing of environmental standards falling within the principles of environmental law; among which the important polluter pays principle, which is premised on the environmental externalities of economic activities that use natural resources, and prevents that pollution costs be borne by Government and, ultimately, by the whole community. We went on by delimiting the concepts of environmental damage and negative environmental impact, considering that compensatory measures aim at providing compensation for adverse impacts, which signify accepted, provided and managed losses. Environmental damage, in turn, is something unacceptable and undesirable, and must therefore be subject to civil liability, as well as criminal penalties.

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Morais, Filipe de. "Gestão do patrimônio arqueológico em contexto minerário: construindo um modelo a partir do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6816.

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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
This dissertation, entitled Management of Archaeological Heritage in a Mining Context: Building a Model from the Brazilian Legal System", aims to propose a technical-scientific model for environmental licensing of potentially harmful mining activities regarding the speleological heritage in cases where it contains evidence of archaeological materials (lithics, ceramics, hearths or rock art) showing the presence of ancient indigenous occupations. Based on discussion of the theoretical, conceptual, methodological and legal bases, the text focuses on the possible interaction between the speleological comprising aspects of the physical and biotic environment, as natural environmental assets and the archaeological heritage comprising the signatures anthropogenic the past, such as cultural environmental assets. From this point of view, we propose a technical-scientific model for cultural resource management studies linked to environmental licensing of mining activities that may impact the natural cavities as natural and cultural environmental assets
Esta dissertação de mestrado intitulada Gestão do Patrimônio Arqueológico em Contexto Minerário: construindo um modelo a partir do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro tem por objetivo construir e propor um modelo técnico-científico para o licenciamento ambiental de empreendimentos minerários potencialmente lesivos ao patrimônio ambiental espeleológico qualificado pela presença de evidências ou indícios de materiais arqueológicos (líticos, cerâmicas, estruturas de combustão ou arte rupestre) que demonstram a presença de antigas ocupações indígenas. A partir da discussão das bases teóricas, conceituais, metodológicas e jurídicas, o texto foca a interação possível entre o patrimônio espeleológico que compreende os aspectos do meio físico e biótico, como bens ambientais naturais e o patrimônio ambiental arqueológico que compreende as assinaturas antrópicas do passado, como bens ambientais culturais. A partir dessa colocação, é proposto um modelo técnico-científico para os estudos de arqueologia preventiva vinculados ao licenciamento ambiental de empreendimentos minerários que possam impactar as cavidades naturais como bens patrimoniais ambientais naturais e culturais

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Falcão, Cristina. "Construção de grandes empreendimentos hidrelétricos: aspectos regulatórios, ambientais e principiológicos: o caso da UHE São Manoel." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18077.

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A partir de um trabalho descritivo e analítico da estrutura regulatória destinada ao planejamento da expansão da capacidade de geração de energia hidrelétrica e da inserção do paradigma ambiental em tais políticas, tendo como balizador um caso concreto ‒ a construção da UHE São Manoel ‒ esta dissertação almeja questionar se os caminhos trilhados pelos órgãos públicos responsáveis pelo planejamento do setor elétrico e pela avaliação de impactos ambientais causados pela implantação de grandes empreendimentos hidrelétricos são capazes de sustentar a deferência técnica necessária ao desenvolvimento regular dos projetos definidos e desenhados para a expansão da capacidade de geração de energia hidrelétrica. Mais do que a correção técnica dos estudos desenvolvidos, a crença da sociedade na imparcialidade dos órgãos públicos envolvidos em todo o longo processo técnico (de engenharia e ambiental) para instalação de empreendimentos hidrelétricos ‒ pressupondo-se que não haja a contaminação por decisões políticas anteriores ‒ é essencial para que se garanta estabilidade ao processo de expansão almejado pelo Poder Público. Assim, no decorrer deste estudo se questiona a existência de um procedimento administrativo eficaz ‒ seja na fase de planejamento, seja no processo de licenciamento ambiental ‒ para prevenção de controvérsias entre os vários interessados no processo de licenciamento ambiental. Por fim, ao analisar ações judiciais que discutem o processo de licenciamento ambiental da UHE São Manoel, identifica-se que as questões técnicas são relegadas a segundo plano, dando-se ênfase à utilização de princípios constitucionais e ambientais utilizados para justificar qualquer argumento ‒ seja a favor, ou seja contra ‒ em relação à construção de uma usina hidrelétrica.
From a descriptive and analytical work of the regulatory structure built to planning the expansion of the hydroelectric power generation capacity and the insertion of the environmental paradigm in such policies, having as a focal point a concrete case - the construction of the HPP São Manoel, this dissertation aims to question whether the paths taken by public agencies - responsible for planning the electric sector and assessing the environmental impacts caused by the implementation of large hydroelectric projects - are capable of sustaining the technical deference necessary for the regular development of projects defined and designed for the expansion of hydropower generation capacity.More important than the technical correction of the studies carried out by public branchs, is the society's belief in the impartiality of the studies involved in the whole technical process (engineering and environmental) for the installation of hydroelectric projects, assuming that there is no contamination by political decisions. This belief is essential to guarantee stability to the expansion process desired by the Government. Thus, in the course of this study, is questioned the existence of an effective administrative procedure, either in the planning phase or in the environmental licensing process, to prevent controversy among the various stakeholders in the environmental licensing process. Finally, analyzing lawsuits that discuss the environmental licensing process of the HPP São Manoel, we identify that technical issues are relegated to the background, with emphasis on the use of constitutional and environmental principles, which are used to justify any argument, whether in favor or against, the construction of a hydroelectric plant.

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Cardoso, Ana Lúcia Brunetta. "Implicações jurídicas e ecológicas do licenciamento ambiental para mineração." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2006. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/187.

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A necessidade de se estabelecer maiores garantias jurídicas na efetivação de uma busca de preservação do meio ambiente, tem nos levado a discutir suas diferentes abordagens pelas Ciências Jurídicas, uma vez que atuará o Poder Judiciário, como um mediador deste conflito. O direito a um meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado e sadio e o o desenvolvimento econômico cada vez mais se tornam pertinentes, ante a ausência de uma correta exploração dos recursos naturais. O sistema jurídico necessita possuir instrumentos jurídicos hábeis, como o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental e o Relatório de Impacto Ambiental, meios estes capazes a compatibilizar o desenvolvimento econômico e as atividades econômicas geradoras de riquezas, sob pena de uma perda da qualidade de vida existente no planeta. O sistema legal para a concessão do licenciamento ambiental na mineração assim, deverá atuar como um compatibilizador da permissão para a extração de minérios e a possibilidade de recuperação da área explorada, com o seu conseqüente plano de recuperação, que deverá avaliar a impactação necessária a sustentabilidade da atividade.
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The need of establishing wider legal guarantees in the interest of environment preservation has raised the discussion of its different approaches in Legal Sciences, since the Judiciary Power would act as the mediator of this conflict. The entitlement of an ecologically and healthy balanced environment and the entitlement of the economic development have become more relevant because of the absence of a correct natural resources exploration. The juridical system must have clever juridical methods capable of making the economic development compatible with the economic activities that generate wealth, in risk of, otherwise, harming the quality of life existent in the planet. The juridical system of the environment licensing in mining must therefore act as a conciliator in the mining extraction allowance and the possibility of recovery of the explored area, including its regeneration plan that should evaluate the necessary effort to make this activity sustainable.

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Sousa, Paulo Moraes de. "An?lise do licenciamento ambiental como instrumento de pol?tica do meio ambiente no Rio Grande do Norte Per?odo 1992-2003." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2005. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12388.

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This analysis on the ambient licensing is based on a research that identifies the fragilities and advances of the application of this instrument of politics of the environment in the ambient politics of the Rio Grande do Norte, in the period of 1992 the 2003. The isolated urban area of B?zios, situated in the City of N?sia Floresta/RN, situated in the eastern coast of the State, where concentrates the boarding of the ambient question as a matter in the Brazilian process of urbanization, over all the institutionalization and implementation of the ambient licensing. They are distinguished in the used methodology in consultation to the diverse involved social segments with the ambient subject in study, the example of the managers, technician and specialists, as well as the application of the legislation and norms techniques, the forms of appropriation of the common wealth and the procedures of ambient licensing of the competent agencies. The results of the research designate that the ambient licensing while instrument of the ambient politics is one of the alternatives more efficient as techniques in the process of sustainable development, since it is beyond the prerogatives to conciliate the activities and enterprises with the conservation of the environmental resources and natural benefits to the societies. In the RN one evidenced progress in the ambient legislation and the instructions techniques, and that the imperfections and limitations in the system of ambient licensing are not directly on to the instruments, but in the implementation of mechanisms of the ambient agencies. This because they do not make use of operational structure to apply in practical and established abilities, as an ambient management, institutional joint and deliberations of the State Counselor for Environment
Esta an?lise sobre o licenciamento ambiental est? fundamentada numa pesquisa que identifica fragilidades e avan?os da aplica??o deste instrumento de pol?tica do meio ambiente na pol?tica ambiental do Rio Grande do Norte, no per?odo de 1992 a 2003. Tem como universo de estudo a ?rea Urbana Isolada de B?zios situada no Munic?pio de N?sia Floresta, litoral oriental do Estado, onde se concentra a abordagem da quest?o ambiental e suas especificidades no processo de urbaniza??o brasileiro, sobretudo a institucionaliza??o e implementa??o do licenciamento ambiental. Destacam-se na metodologia utilizada a consulta aos diversos segmentos sociais envolvidos com o tema ambiental em estudo, a exemplo dos gestores, t?cnicos e especialistas, bem como a aplica??o da legisla??o e normas t?cnicas, as formas de apropria??o do patrim?nio p?blico e os procedimentos de licenciamento ambiental dos ?rg?os competentes. Os resultados da pesquisa assinalam que o licenciamento ambiental enquanto instrumento da pol?tica ambiental ? uma das alternativas t?cnicas mais eficientes no processo de desenvolvimento sustent?vel, visto que desfruta de prerrogativas para conciliar a operacionaliza??o das atividades e empreendimentos impactantes com a conserva??o dos recursos ambientais e naturais em benef?cio das sociedades. No RN constatou-se progressos na legisla??o ambiental e nas instru??es t?cnicas, e que as falhas e limita??es no sistema de licenciamento ambiental n?o est?o diretamente ligadas aos instrumentos, mas na implementa??o de mecanismos por parte dos ?rg?os ambientais nas tr?s esferas do poder. Isso porque n?o disp?em de estrutura operacional para desempenharem na pr?tica suas compet?ncias estabelecidas, notadamente quanto ? gest?o ambiental, articula??o institucional e delibera??es do Conselho Estadual do Meio Ambiente

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Želvys, Arūnas. "Problems of Trademark Licensing." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110222_154716-87464.

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Analysis of dissertation is focused on problematic aspects of trademark license agreement that exist throughout the conclusion, validity and termination of a contract. Problematic aspects are understood as legal interpretation cases where common and special norms have to be interpreted taking into account specifics of a contract object (right to a trademark). Problematic aspects are conditioned by two reasons: non comprehensive regulation of trademark license and sui generis nature of a contract. Those aspects are related to registration of license in trademark register, legal status of parties of license agreement, right to a trademark (its validity and modifications), transfer of a right to trademark, competition law, delimitation of trademark license agreement from other types of agreements and other problematic aspects. It is concluded that trademark license registration system does not correspond to the tendencies of modern trademark law anymore and registration system should be transformed by refusing of license registration as a condition to use license against third parties, however, leaving a possibility to register license if any of the parties wish to do so; right to apply to a court should be broadened for a non-exclusive license; licensee should not be per se deemed acting unfairly if he takes an action to revoke a trademark that is being license to him because of non use or invalidate it is because of non compliance to absolute grounds; absence of quality... [to full text]
Disertacijoje nagrinėjami prekių ženklo licencinės sutarties probleminiai aspektai, egzistuojantys licencinės sutarties sudarymo, jos galiojimo ir pasibaigimo metu. Probleminiai aspektai darbe suprantami kaip sutartį reglamentuojančių teisės normų aiškinimo atvejai, kuriems esant bendrąsias ir specialiąsias teisės normas būtina aiškinti atsižvelgiant į sutarties objekto (teisės į prekių ženklą) specifiką. Probleminiai aspektai yra sąlygojami dviejų priežasčių: neišsamaus licencinės sutarties reglamentavimo ir sui generis sutarties pobūdžio. Tai aspektai, susiję su sutarties registracija prekių ženklų registre, su sutarties šalių teisiniu statusu, su teise į prekių ženklą (jos galiojimu ar modifikavimu), šios teisės perdavimu, konkurencijos teise, licencinės sutarties atribojimu nuo kitų sutarčių ir bei kiti probleminiai aspektai. Darbe daromos išvados, jog prekių ženklų licencinių sutarčių registracijos sistema neatitinka šiuolaikinės teisės tendencijų ir licencinės sutarties registracijos kaip sąlygos sutartį panaudoti prieš trečiuosius asmenis turėtų būti atsisakyta, tačiau paliekant galimybę registruoti sutartį vienos iš sutarties šalių valia; siūloma išplėsti neišimtinio licenciato teisės kreiptis į teismą ribas; pažymima, kad licenciato veiksmai ginčijant jam licencijuojamą ženklą remiantis absoliučiais ženklo negaliojimo pagrindais ar dėl ženklo nenaudojimo neturėtų būti laikomi savaime nesąžiningais; licenciaro atliekamos kokybės kontrolės licencinėje sutartyje... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

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Volotão, Romilson de Almeida. "O processo de licenciamento de empreendimentos de infraestrutura no Brasil: estudo de caso da intervenção ambiental no setor elétrico." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/16220.

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A adoção da modelagem institucional de governança do processo de avaliação ambiental norte-americano, centrada na figura da agência líder, deverá demandar a edição de uma lei formal, prevendo o referido arranjo jurídico-institucional, na forma de uma moldura (framework) adaptável às necessidades especificas e peculiaridades de cada setor da Administração. Dessa forma, a referida lei formal funcionaria como uma norma geral, e como tal poderia ser complementada pela legislação infralegal, que viria a estabelecer as disposições especificas para dar efetividade ao instituo da agência líder nos setores em que seja desejável e oportuna a implantação do mesmo, a critério da Administração. Destarte, a atuação do Poder Legislativo estaria restrita à introdução ao sistema jurídico doméstico do instituto estrangeiro, estabelecendo apenas seus contornos básicos, cabendo à Administração a avaliação da oportunidade e conveniência da escolha dos setores específicos, do estabelecimento dos contornos normativos e do momento da efetiva regulamentação concreta do instituto.
O trabalho foi aprovado e publicado em cumprimento a Norma Interna NP- 40.001.00
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The issue of staggered performance of the Brazilian public administration, indeed evident in some cases is extremely worrying from the point of administrative efficiency of decision-making systems and processes of the various sectors that make up its structure. In this line, the general objective of this study is to analyze the dysfunctions caused by the lack of coordination in the exercise of administrative activity by the Brazilian state. However, because the topic is too broad to fit in the narrow confines of a dissertation, choose a specific institutional arrangement to serve the north of this study: the administrative and environmental licensing process for infrastructure projects. The infrastructure projects require a range of permits and licenses issued by numerous agencies or government entity, have jurisdiction to rule, each within their respective area of expertise, and on the basis of various laws. Therefore, the uncoordinated activities of these actors causes considerable economic losses, mainly due to the delay in decision-making, the exaggerated strictness of the requirements and environmental conditions and excessive legalization sector disputes. Thus, the theme-problem of this dissertation is to seek the best legal response to the propositional problem related to the inefficiency of the licensing process for infrastructure projects in Brazil. In this goal, the economic rationale was chosen as theoretical framework. With this expected to formulate proposal that the licensing process for infrastructure projects in Brazil could become a new institutional governance modeling formulated based on the study compared to the US legal system more efficient if it were adopted, whose environmental assessment process is based on interagency coordination and central figure in the so-called lead agency.
A problemática da atuação desconcertada da Administração pública brasileira é deveras evidente em alguns casos, e extremamente preocupante sob o aspecto da eficiência administrativa dos sistemas e processos decisórios dos diversos setores que compõem sua estrutura. Nessa toada, o objetivo geral do presente estudo é analisar as disfunções geradas pela falta de coordenação no exercício da atividade administrativa pela Estado brasileiro. Entretanto, como o tema é abrangente demais para caber nos estreitos limites de uma dissertação de mestrado, escolhemos um arranjo institucional específico para servir de norte deste estudo: o processo de licenciamento administrativo e ambiental de empreendimentos de infraestrutura. Os empreendimentos de infraestrutura demandam uma gama de autorizações e licenças emanadas de inúmeros órgãos ou entidade do poder público, igualmente competentes para decidir, cada qual dentro de sua respectiva área de atuação, e com fundamento em legislações diversas. Por conseguinte, a atuação descoordenada desses atores causa consideráveis prejuízos econômicos, mormente em decorrência da demora na tomada de decisões, do rigorismo exacerbado dos requisitos e condicionantes ambientais e do excesso de judicialização de controvérsias do setor. Destarte, o tema-problema da presente dissertação consiste em buscar a melhor resposta jurídica para o problema propositivo relacionado à ineficiência do processo de licenciamento de empreendimentos de infraestrutura no Brasil. Nesse desiderato, foi escolhida a racionalidade econômica como referencial teórico. Com isso espera-se formular proposta no sentido de que o processo de licenciamento de empreendimentos de infraestrutura no Brasil poderia tornar-se mais eficiente caso fosse adotada uma nova modelagem de governança institucional formulada com base no estudo comparado com o sistema jurídico norte-americano, cujo processo de avaliação ambiental está baseado na coordenação interagências e na figura central da chamada agência líder.

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Gallagher, Thomas. "An economic analysis of compulsory licensing in copyright law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396161.

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CHEVALIER, DIOGO DE ROSSI. "BRAZILIAN FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSING ASSESSMENT AND OPPORTUNITIES OF IMPROVEMENT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=32315@1.

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A pesquisa realizou um diagnóstico e sugeriu oportunidades de melhoria ao processo de licenciamento ambiental federal de empreendimentos e atividades com significativo impacto ambiental. O objetivo definido foi a avaliação da eficácia do processo de licenciamento por agentes participantes. Para a realização da pesquisa foram conduzidas revisão bibliográfica, 11 entrevistas com partes interessadas chave no processo do órgão licenciador e de todos os órgãos intervenientes do processo. Foi ainda realizada pesquisa com questionário com 57 respondentes, atores do processo nos órgãos licenciadores e intervenientes, empresas privadas e consultores. O estudo analisou e consolidou as oportunidades de melhoria em 4 eixos principais: 1) alterações de processo - participação, publicidade, flexibilidade do processo, fluxograma, metodologia, implantação de sistema de gestão com indicadores e uso de ferramentas tecnológicas; 2) integração e planejamento conjunto das políticas públicas - gestão territorial, ambiental, social, econômica, agrária, energética, de saúde, de acesso à informações e planejamento setoriais; 3) regulamentação do processo de licenciamento ambiental, de procedimentos nas instituições e órgãos ambientais, revisão das sanções e penalidades administrativas e penais, revisão das normas legais, implantação de um código ambiental e tribunais de arbitragem e ambiental; 4) gestão e disponibilização dos recursos humanos e materiais, notadamente a capacitação, desenvolvimento e utilização de ferramentas, e informatização completa do sistema. A eficácia média foi a resposta de 68,42 por cento dos pesquisados. O tema é complexo, multisetorial e necessita de evolução e maturação em diversas áreas para a obtenção do salto necessário de eficiência, eficácia e efetividade no licenciamento federal.
The improvement of environmental policies with procedures, action plans and control measures is demanded to the environmental-community-economic conflicts management, inherent of the development. States shall enact effective environmental legislation. Environmental standards, management objectives and priorities should reflect the environmental and developmental context to which they apply. Standards applied by some countries may be inappropriate and of unwarranted economic and social cost to other countries, in particular developing countries (Rio Declaration of Environment and Development, United Nations, ON, 1996). The Brazilian environmental national policy has as objective to preserve, improve and restore the environmental quality, and has multiple tools systems to achieve it, as the environmental impact assessment, environmental zoning, environmental planning among others. Although is undeniable the relevance of the remains means of the national environment policy, the environmental licensing had build up as one of the most effective to conserve the natural resources and ecological balance, regardless of the several brittleness that still need to be corrected (TRENNENPOHL, 2011). Environmental licensing is the administrative procedure run by the competent environmental institution to license the feasibility, implementation and operation of projects and activities considered effective or potential polluters. It is a complex procedure, with multidisciplinary studies, interaction with institutions and agencies, and usually run at the conceptual project stage, when it may has significant changes and the parameters still uncertain. The delay of the environmental licenses and permits issuance, the excessive bureaucracy, the lack of technical contingent, the imposition of excessive demands and the lack of the transparency results of significant schedule shortfalls and costs increase, what undermine the planning and cause legal uncertainty (FMASE, 2015).

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Clendenning, Robert J. "The licensing of wireless technologies in Canada : an examination of the use of ministerial licensing." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29822.

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Our examination of ministerial licensing under the Radio Act, attempts to first show that its use in the early 1980s was driven more by a desire within the Department of Communications to be dominant in setting policy than by necessity. The case studies we then discuss show that the argument advanced at the time of the Department's announcement to license cellular---that there is greater accountability in expanding elected officials' powers in regulatory affairs---fails to prove itself in practice. After careful examination of the two cases in which Ministerial licensing has been used in Canada, this paper points problems with ministerial licensing. First, as our case studies will clearly show, Ministerial licensing is apparently incapable of providing any of the policy leadership or public accountability. Second, and perhaps more important in the long term, Ministerial licensing in telecommunications contravenes all of Canada's own efforts to secure a fair and procedurally defined international regime for telecom regulation. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Psarras, Alkiviadis C. "Trade mark licensing in England and Greece : a comparative approach." Thesis, University of Kent, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358920.

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Jayapravitra, Yudh. "Telecommunications regulation in the convergence era : developing a theory of divergent regulation, a divergent licensing model, and the NTC licensing model." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609073.

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Lordh, Hanna. "Quality control in trade mark licensing - a privilege or an obligation? : With a law and economic perspective it is examined how EU trade mark law deals with quality control within trade mark licensing." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353685.

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Licensing agreements are commonly used when, for instance, exploiting new areas or countries. Trade mark licences are one such example. A trade mark licence gives the proprietor the opportunity to keep its exclusive rights at the same time as another party uses the trade mark in commercial purposes. When licensing an EUTM to a third party, it is possible to include quality control clauses in the agreement in order for the licensor to control that the licensee uses the trade mark correctly. The possibility to include quality control implies that there is no such obligation within EU trade mark law. Yet, in the US, quality control is not only a possibility but also an obligation in order to keep the trade mark registered. Therefore, it is of interest to examine European trade mark law in relation to quality control in licensing. The American view of quality control is examined for illustrative purposes. Within the EU, the essential function of an EUTM means the ability to identify the origin. In addition, one single undertaking is responsible for the quality that is needed for the trade mark to fulfil its essential role in the system of undistorted system. Quality is seen as an economic function of the trade mark and therefore it should not be an obligation to include quality control in trade mark licences. The proprietor should bear the responsibility him- or herself when not including quality control. As a contrast, in the US, the consumers must be protected from deception and therefore it is a requirement for the proprietor to control and maintain the quality by including quality control in trade mark licences. If a trade mark licence does not include quality controls, the licence is considered invalid and the trade mark is considered abandoned. Furthermore, a law and economics perspective is included in the thesis and specifically the theory of TCE and the belonging terms or bounded rationality, opportunism, uncertainty and trust. While the EU seems to value trust more when settling licence agreements, the US seems to value opportunism and uncertainty more due to de fact that consumers must be protected from the proprietors. Since quality control within trade mark licensing appears to lock the proprietor into a situation where it is difficult to differentiate and change the direction of the trade mark, it should not be an obligation to include quality controls in trade mark licences. It should be a privilege for the proprietor to decide on whether to use or not and bear the consequences of that choice.

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Swiecicki, Ewa. "Legal aspects of licensing of airline transport pilots : international standards versus Canadian aviation safety regulations." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61155.

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The laws and regulations governing certification of aviation personnel constitute one of the essential elements of aviation legislation. They have a significant effect upon the global safety of the civil air transportation system.
This dissertation aims at describing the existing regulations in the field of pilot licensing. Its scope is narrowed down to the highest category of licence applicable to professional pilots and known as the airline transport pilot licence. The thesis depicts and analyses the process of creation and the contents of licensing standards and recommended practices as developed by various ICAO bodies and incorporated in Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention.
The survey of pilot licensing system currently in force in Canada provides the example of domestic legislation applicable in this respect. It is performed with the aim of exploring the compatibility of Canadian law with the global legal requirements as prescribed in Annex 1 and other supporting ICAO documentation.

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Kilander, Fredric. "Compulsory Licensing of Intellectual Property Rights : With emphasis on the EC Commission's Decision COMP/C-3/37.792 Microsoft." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-103.

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Recently, the potential conflict between intellectual property law and competition law within the European Union has become political as many of the Member States see the economic Holy Grail through the so called knowledge economy, an economy to which intellectual property is inextricable linked.

The general rule in EC-law is that a holder of an intellectual property right is not obliged to license the use of that right to others. However, the law can intervene in certain specific circumstances, forcing an owner to license his right. Remedies of this kind are called compulsory licenses and have as their purpose to work as a safety valve, hindering the possible abuse of the exclusiveness following an IPR.

An analysis of the EC Commission’s Microsoft Decision reveals that the Decision is inconsistent with settled case law from the European Court of Justice in a number of respects. The Decision is unclear and it will be difficult, close to impossible to predict how this approach will be applied in future cases.

The Decision taken by the Commission in Microsoft states a new legal and economic policy for Europe, a paradigm applying a new standard on when a compulsory license could be ordered. The analysis show that this paradigm represent a considerable loosening of the circumstances when a remedy of a compulsory license could be ordered

and, as a consequence, introduces a considerable degree of legal uncertainty. This uncertainty can have a substantial effect on innovations by market leaders around the whole world who market their products in Europe.

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Bueno, José Roberto Fabbri. "O licenciamento urbanístico e ambiental integrado para a regularização fundiária de interesse social." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8975.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Roberto Fabbri Bueno.pdf: 863564 bytes, checksum: 59fbdb1e74f11fb15a6f507061daa55e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-12
The integrated urban and environmental licensing has the ability for the City to use it as an instrument to permit the land planning and the informal settlements regularization. The land regularization of social concern aims at social justice and fundamental rights sought by the Brazilian citizens. It is worth to say that the Environmental and Urban politics integrated with fundamental rights interferes with the Property Rights, intimately bound to fulfill a social and environmental function, above all as decent housing for its inhabitants. In this decent housing fundamental right we find the basis for the land regularization of social concern, ruled by the Urban Planning Law. The City s regulations lay down general guidelines for the application of the urban politic, claimed constitutional, leaving for the city trough its Director Plan to run it, ordering the use and occupation, regularizing informal settlements, protecting the environment, permitting a sustainable development and social welfare. Thus it is for the City, federal entity responsible for common administrative act, establishing administrative licensing urban and environmental for small and medium enterprises, set amidst one of them very important, the land regularization of social concern
O Licenciamento Urbanístico e Ambiental integrado tem o objetivo de atuar como um instrumento para o Município possibilitar o ordenamento do solo e regularizar os assentos informais. A regularização fundiária de interesse social vai de encontro com a justiça social e os direitos fundamentais almejados pelos cidadãos brasileiros. Vale dizer que as Políticas Urbanas e do Meio Ambiente interligadas aos Direitos Fundamentais, interfere sobre o Direito de propriedade intimamente vinculado a cumprir uma função sócio-ambiental, sobre tudo como o moradia digna a seu habitante. A esse direito fundamental de moradia digna encontra-se a base para a regularização fundiária de interesse social, regrada pelo Direito Urbanístico. O Estatuto da Cidade estabelece as diretrizes gerais para a implantação da Política Urbana, reclamada constitucionalmente, cabendo ao município através de seu Plano Diretor executá-la, ordenado o uso e ocupação do solo, regularizando assentamentos informais, protegendo o meio ambiente, permitindo o desenvolvimento sustentável e o bem-estar social. Desta forma cabe ao município, ente federado com competência comum para atuar administrativamente, estabelecendo o processo administrativo de licenciamento urbanístico e ambiental integrado, para pequenos e médios, empreendimentos, entres eles um de suma importância, a regularização fundiária de interesse social

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HAFNER, ANDREA MARGRIT. "CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSING IN BRAZIL CONSIDERING THE ANALYSIS OF IMPACTS AND MEASURES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=29307@1.

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Algumas críticas e dificuldades ao processo de licenciamento ambiental brasileiro têm sido apresentadas tanto pela academia, como por órgãos governamentais e setores empresariais. Das dificuldades identificadas, a relação entre identificação de impacto e a proposição de programas que os mitigue, compense ou potencialize motivou o Estudo de Caso, por ser a base do licenciamento e da avaliação de impactos. A pesquisa realizada foi em caráter exploratório, com base no conteúdo de análises documentais e estudo de caso de 35 processos de licenciamentos ambientais no Brasil, cujos EIA/RIMA foram apresentados ao órgão federal - Ibama entre 2001 e 2014 para verificar as semelhanças e divergências entre eles. Como resultado, foi verificado que a quantidade de impactos e programas identificados nos EIA/RIMA aumentaram ao se comparar dois momentos temporais: de 2001 a 2007 e de 2008 a 2014, particularmente os do meio antrópico. No entanto foi surpreendente verificar que alguns impactos e programas não guardam relação clara e direta entre si. Para a avaliação dos impactos do meio físico e biótico, claramente é possível a padronização na identificação de impactos e seus programas de forma a otimizar a análise efetiva dos impactos, facilitando a análise, reduzindo prazos e custos e trazendo mais informações para a sociedade como um todo.
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the licensing process in Brazil, trying to understand how it has changed over the past few years and how it has been perceived by society. Brazil, a continental country with an accelerated process of urbanization which requires investments in its industrial parks and infrastructure, shows an increasing number of environmental licensing processes. Environmental agencies and intervening organizations have resource deficits. Municipalities have difficulties to generate revenue and to enforce essential public policies. Society sees in the large investors a possible solution to attend suppressed demands to improved quality of life. This is the scenario in which enterprises need to be inserted and be licensed. The environmental licensing process in Brazil can be conducted by environmental agencies of all three government levels (federal, state and municipal). Characteristics of the project and its location will determine which of them will lead the process. Although the licensing process is conducted by a single environmental agency, there is still the need for participation of other governmental entities linked to different Ministries. In Brazil there are currently 39 Ministries, and it cannot be expected for institutional interrelations to be well established and with a clear hierarchy. The Preliminary License should be authorized upon determination of environmental viability, however with so many factors and stakeholders involved it is natural that conflicts should arise. The environmental licensing process in Brazil has been criticized by the various stakeholders involved. While impacts to the physical and biotic environment generate fewer conflicts in the identification and proposal of measures, those impacts associated with social and economic aspects often arouse conflicts of difficult resolution that have often led to judicial processes.

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Lanegra, Quispe Iván Kriss. "Environmental damage in the General Environmental Law." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116482.

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This paper looks at environmental damage definition stipulated by Peruvian General Environmental Law as well as its implications for the environmental policy development. It also outlines complexities involved identifying environmental damage as much as designing and implementing public policies according to Peruvian legislation processing.
El presente ensayo analiza la definición de daño ambiental querecoge la Ley General del Ambiente, así como sus implicancias para el desarrollo de la política ambiental. Describe las complejidades presentes en la identificación del daño ambiental así como en el diseño y aplicación de las políticas públicas relacionadas a su tratamiento en la legislación peruana.

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Huerta, Guerrero Luis Alberto. "Constitutionalization of environmental law." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116115.

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This article analyzes how Environmental Law can take intoconsideration some of fundamental rights study categories, by a constitutional point of view, particularly the right to a balanced and appropriate environment recognized in article 2, paragraph 22 of the 1993 Peruvian Constitution in order to develop policies oriented to implementation of constitutional legal status for environment rights and property.
El presente trabajo analiza la manera en que el derecho ambiental puede tomar en consideración categorías propias del estudio de los derechos fundamentales desde una perspectiva constitucional, en particular del derecho al medio ambiente equilibrado y adecuado reconocido en el artículo 2, inciso 22, de la Constitución de 1993, con miras al desarrollo de las políticas orientadas a la concretización de los derechos y bienes jurídico constitucionales relacionados con el medio ambiente.

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Dysart, Thomas. "Systems within systems : free and open source software licences under German and United States law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4632118c-1ef6-47b9-ac89-2b3c7889f881.

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Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) licences channel the exclusionary and individualising force of copyright to establish a qualitatively different, somewhat subversive, system for the exploitation of software. This thesis examines how it is that FOSS licences establish this 'system within a system' under both German and United States law. The inquiry begins with a detailed examination of FOSS licence templates as the instruments which transform code from its default position as the 'res' of proprietary relations to its status as 'open' or 'free'. The thesis then considers whether FOSS licence templates, as the legal basis for this subversive move, are valid and enforceable under domestic law. In addressing this question, the thesis undertakes a critical analysis of the leading case law in each jurisdiction. Going beyond the immediate case law, the thesis considers the broader systemic effects of FOSS licence enforcement. It highlights how building a system within a system foments certain tensions and contradictions within the law, in turn giving rise to unintended consequences and legal uncertainty. By highlighting these tensions, the thesis argues that the questions of FOSS licence enforcement in Germany and the United States may not be as settled as some may think.

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Sheinbein, Rachel Felice 1975. "Applying supply chain methodology to a centralized software licensing strategy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34781.

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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 76).
Eleven percent of companies spend between $150K and $200K per year per engineer on software development tools and nine percent spend more than $200K, according to a Silicon Integration Initiative/Gartner/EE Times study from 2002. For Agilent Technologies, these costs result in spending tens of millions of dollars each year on software, and for Motorola, the costs are more than $100M each year. From the current trends in software spending, one can infer that companies will pay even more for software in the future, because the cost of the software itself is rising and because of the complexity of the technology needed for innovation. In order to understand whether the total spending on software is appropriate and necessary, Agilent sponsored this project to create a model that analyzes the trade-offs between the cost of software and the cost of software unavailability. The model treats software licenses as supplies to the development of a product, and thus, supply chain methodologies such as inventory (cost of licenses), stock outs (cost of unavailability) and service level are applied. The goal of the model is to minimize software costs while maintaining a satisfactory level of service. The thesis explains the model and then shows the results from applying it to four software products that Agilent currently uses. The results show that in the absence of this type of analysis, Agilent spends more than necessary for software licenses. In fact, Agilent can reduce costs by at least 5%. This model can be used by Agilent and other companies to optimize software purchases.
by Rachel Felice Sheinbein.
S.M.
M.B.A.

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Erthal, Thiago Serpa. "Revisibilidade das licenças ambientais." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8081.

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Este trabalho tem como escopo analisar e delimitar o conceito, espécies, requisitos e consequências da revisibilidade das licenças ambientais. Não raras vezes, empreendedores, administradores públicos, juízes e todos os demais operadores do direito se veem em situações que contrapõem a estabilidade das relações jurídicas e a confiança legítima do comportamento estatal à necessidade de proteger o meio ambiente equilibrado para as presentes e futuras gerações. A revisão de licenças ambientais ainda vigentes é exatamente um dos campos onde essa análise tem espaço. Seja em circunstâncias provisórias ou definitivas, seja advinda de uma nulidade anterior ou de um fato ulterior, em determinadas hipóteses a iminência de dano ambiental faz com que o poder público não possa esperar o término da vigência do ato autorizativo para agir. Ao longo do texto, fixam-se as premissas para examinar cinco espécies de revisão: suspensão, modificação, cassação, invalidação e revogação das licenças ambientais, todas orientadas por algumas ideias comuns, mas cada uma delas com suas especificidades. Apresentam-se, outrossim, alguns contrapontos ao cabimento dessas medidas, notadamente a garantia constitucional de proteção do direito adquirido, não como objeção indiscriminada à atuação estatal, mas como forma de limitação dessa nos estreitos contornos traçados pelos princípios envolvidos. Ao final, trata-se também das consequências que podem advir desse ato revisor, em especial no que tange ao eventual cabimento de indenização ao empreendedor por ele afetado.
This work has the objective to analyze and define the concept, species, requirements and consequences of revisibility environmental licenses. Too often, entrepreneurs, public administrators, judges and all other law enforcement officers find themselves in situations that contradict the stability of legal relations and the legitimate expectations of state behavior to the need to protect the balanced environment for present and future generations. A further review of existing environmental permits is one of the fields where this analysis has room. Whether in temporary or definitive circumstances, whether arising from an earlier invalidity or an ulterior fact, under certain circumstances the imminence of environmental damage means that the government can not expect the expiration date of the primitive act to take action. Throughout the text, the assumptions set up to examine five species for revision: suspension, modification, revocation, invalidation and revocation of environmental licenses, all guided by some common ideas, but each with its specificities. They appear, moreover, some counterpoints to the appropriateness of these reviews, notably the constitutional guarantee of protection granted, not as indiscriminate objection to state action, but by way of limitation in this narrow contours outlined by the principles involved. Finally, it is also about the consequences that this act reviewer, in particular with regard to the appropriateness of any compensation to the entrepreneur affected by it.

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Basson, F. C. (Frederick Christoffel). "A spatial decision support system for groundwater abstraction impact assessment and licensing." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50279.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water resources in South Africa are limited and groundwater plays an important role in supporting basic human needs, sustaining ecosystems and enabling industrial and agricultural development. Sound management practices are necessary to ensure sustainable development of water resources. All groundwater usage must be licensed in compliance with the National Water Act of 1998. A Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) can be used to assist in the groundwater usage licensing process of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). The main aim of this study was to develop a SDSS, named Groundwater Abstraction & Licence Evaluation Tool (GALET), that could assist in the process of allocating water use licences and determining the local impact of abstraction, based on existing theory and data. The development was done within ArcView 3.2 using the scripting language Avenue. The Sandveld, an arid stretch of land along the west coast of South Africa that is heavily impacted by groundwater abstraction, was the chosen study area. The data collected for this study included existing borehole, recharge, rainfall and geological information. GALET proved to be capable of calculating essential information needed to evaluate groundwater abstraction, which included drawdown in the water table, zone of influence and the possible effects on features such as rivers and wetlands. Targeted potential users regarded GALET as a useful tool in the process of licensing and groundwater abstraction impact assessment and plans are under way to implement GALET or a derivative thereof at the DWAF regional offices.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Waterhulpbronne in Suid-Afrika is beperk en grondwater speel 'n belangrike rol in die ondersteuning van basiese menslike behoeftes, volhouding van ekosisteme asook industriële en landbou-ontwikkeling. Betroubare bestuurspraktyke is noodsaaklik om die volhoubare ontwikkeling van waterhulpbronne te verseker. Alle grondwatergebruik moet volgens die Nasionale Waterwet van 1998 gelisensieer word. 'n Ruimtelike Besluitnemings Ondersteuning Stelsel (RBOS) kan as 'n hulpmiddel gebruik word in die lisensiëringsproses van die Departement van Waterwese en Bosbou. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om 'n RBOS, genoem Groundwater Abstraction & Licence Evaluation Tool (GALET), te ontwikkel wat as hulpmiddel gebruik kan word in die allokeringsproses van watergebruiklisensies en die bepaling van die impak van grondwateronttrekking op die omgewing, gebaseer op bestaande teorie en data. Die ontwikkeling is in ArcView 3.2 met die programmeringstaal Avenue gedoen. Die Sandveld, 'n ariede streek aan die weskus van Suid-Afrika wat onderhewig is aan grootskaalse grondwateronttrekking, is gekies as die studie area. Die data wat vir hierdie studie ingesamel is sluit bestaande boorgat, grondwateraanvulling, reënval en geologiese inligting in. GALET was in staat om belangrike inligting aangaande die evaluering van grondwateronttrekking te bereken, o.a. die daling van die grondwatervlak, die impaksone en die moontlike effekte op landvorms soos riviere en vleilande. Die teikengroep potensiële gebruikers het GALET as 'n nuttige hulpmiddel in die proses van lisensiëring en grondwateronttrekking impakbepaling beskou en planne is onderweg om dit of 'n aangepaste program by die streekskantore van die Departement van Waterwese en Bosbou te implementeer.

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Wang, Yu. "The making of Environmental law in China : The making of Environmental law in China." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-309457.

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This thesis analyses the history of politics of environmental law in China and its applications today. Looking back at the formation of China's political system, from the administrative organ to the legal system, the thesis gives an overview of the long term roots in traditional political ideology in contemporary Chineses political practive. The history of enviromental law is discussed in detail and the complexity of central, provincial and local governments and legislative organizations is discussed, The negotiation between envoernment and enterprise, as a first part; through the environmental impact assessment law, and as a second part the relationship between government and individual referred to here as pubi participation is high lightened. I will analse in detail particular case studies such as the Xiamen PX project and the Tianjin explosions. As I will show although China's environmental protection department has regulatory responsibilities of unified supervision or nominal level and management of environmental protection this supervision exist only on a theoretical or nominal level and the negation betweeen different political interest on local, regional and national scale hampers the implementation of the environmental law in China.

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Ellis, Jaye. "Soft law as topos : the role of principles of soft law in the development of international environmental law." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37857.

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This dissertation addresses the impact of principles of soft law on the development of international regimes for environmental protection. It focuses on three such principles that have attracted a certain degree of consensus in international environmental law and are therefore influential in international environmental regimes: namely, the principle of common but differentiated obligations; the principle of common heritage of mankind and its corollary, the principle of common concern of humankind; and the precautionary principle. The regimes analysed are the Antarctic regime, the regime for control of trade in endangered species, the regime for protection of the stratospheric ozone layer, and the emerging regime governing conservation and management of straddling fish stocks. It is argued that these principles influence normative development in international environmental regimes through processes of discourse in which participants, both state and non-state actors, seek to determine the rules by which their mutual relations will be governed and their common interests protected. Such discourse also connects the evolution of legal rules with a broader set of concerns relating to the interest of human communities in achieving a certain level of environmental protection. In this respect, the legal rules may be contemplated within a moral framework in which members of international society seek to determine what they ought to do with respect to global environmental protection.

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Yeomans, Henry. "Spirited measures and Victorian hangovers : public attitudes to alcohol, the law and moral regulation." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1006.

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From alarm about the prospect of ‘twenty-four drinking’ to campaigns for a minimum price per unit, the last decade has shown that alcohol consumption is an inflammatory issue in this country. It has become commonplace to hear that drinking is ‘out of control’ and that it is a new and worsening problem largely unique to Britain. However, comparative research reveals that alcohol consumption in Britain is not unusually high and even a cursory glance at history shows that extreme bouts of alarm about drinking have been common on these shores since at least the eighteenth century. What is at the root of this national neurosis about alcohol? This thesis considers the historical development of both public attitudes to alcohol and laws relating to alcohol in England and Wales. Covering issues of crime, disorder, health and immorality, it investigates the various means through which alcohol has been constructed as a social problem through time. This qualitative focus on change and continuity in history allows for the attitudinal and legal impact of certain key developments to be assessed. Particular attention is paid to the Victorian temperance movement which, drawing especially on the ideas of Hunt and Ruonavaara, is characterised as a moral regulation project. It is argued that, although the temperance movement itself declined in the early twentieth century, the moral regulation project it initiated continues, in certain ways, to shape public attitudes towards drinking and the legal regulation of alcohol in the present day. Rather than being a response to contemporary behavioural trends, this thesis proposes that continuing anxieties, apparent in how we think about and regulate alcohol, are more usefully understood as a hangover from the Victorian period.

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K, Nilsson Annika. "Enforcing Environmental Responsibilities : A Comparative Study of Environmental Administrative Law." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-151797.

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This thesis is about the distrubution of responsibilities in the environmental law enforcement procedure, between the state and the individual environmental actor. The state and its public authorities have a fundamental environmental responsibility. This responsibility is nevertheless shared with the actors. Actor responsibilities include taking sufficient precautionary measures, and controling the own activities. This also covers responsibilities for knowledge and investigation, which are in focus in the thesis analysis. Such responsibilities are enforced by administrative authorities. Enforcement, however, also entails exercise of public power against the individual, and thus warrants proper procedure and safeguards of legal certainty. Such procedural responsibilities include ensuring decision making materials to support their exercise of authority. It also means that the authority has formulate clearly to the actor what their legal duties are, and what they need to do to avoid further enforcement. These administrative duties may entail the authority taking over the actor's information responsibilities under environmental law. Enforcement of actor responsibilities thus becomes inconsistent, or even contraproductive. This thesis comprises analysis of the meeting of environmental and administrative law in the enforcement situation. The analysis is focused on balancing effective implementation and enforcement of policy aims, and the safeguards of the individual's rights and freedoms. The aims is to find ways to coordingate instead of prioritising these objectives. The research is based on a comparative study and analysis of the enforcement systems of Sweden, the United Kingdom (England and Wales), and the Netherlands. The importance of distinguising between the different purposes and aims of the responsibilities is argued. Actor responsibilities for precaution and information should be recognised also in the enforcement procedure. A communicative enforcement procedure, and more purposive assessment of the proper distribution of responsibilities in the individual case may provide both effective enforcement and legal certainty.
ENFORCE

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Azerrad, Cecilia. "Progresses and challenges of environmental law." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115466.

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Plücken, Milan. "The regulatory approach of ICAO, the United States and Canada to Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems in particular to certification and licensing." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106618.

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Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) have increased in variety and importance. They offer applications that can replace manned aircraft in certain areas or that are unprecedented by their manned counterparts and unique to UAS. The current national and international regulatory framework for aviation regulates 'aircraft' and does hence generally not differentiate between manned and unmanned formats. However, most of its regulations were developed in the light of manned aircraft making their application to UAS a difficult task. The potential of UAS has been recognized, work on future regulations is underway and the first legal instruments aiming for UAS integration have been developed. This thesis explains and contrasts the regulatory approaches of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the United States and Canada to UAS. Present rules and proposals for future regulations are analyzed. In a closer look, the actual certification and licensing rules for UAS and their resultant operational possibilities are examined and compared.
Les véhicules aériens civils sans équipage se sont développés en termes d'importance et de variété. Ils offrent des utilisations remplaçant les aéronefs avec équipage dans certains domaines, ou bien même, ils sont utilisés dans des nouveaux domaines qui leur sont désormais uniques. L'actuel cadre juridique en aviation, aux niveaux national et international, règlemente l' 'aéronef' sans généralement dissocier entre ceux qui sont avec ou sans équipage. Cependant, la plupart de ces règlements ont été développés à la lumière de l'aéronef avec équipage, ce qui peut rendre leur application aux aéronefs sanséquipage quelque peu difficile. Le potentiel des véhicules sans équipage a été reconnu, des travaux pour une nouvelle règlementation est en cours et le premier instrument légal visant l'intégration de ces véhicules à été développé. Cette thèse explique et contraste les différentes approches règlementaires relatives aux véhicules sans équipage que peuvent avoir l'Organisation Internationale de l'Aviation Civile, les Etats-Unis et le Canada. Les règles actuelles ainsi que des propositions pour defuturs règlements seront analysés. Plus précisément, l'actuelle certification et les règles d'émission de licence pour les véhicules sans équipages, ainsi que les possibilités opérationnelles de ces derniers seront examinées et comparées.

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Mineiro, Michael C. "Commercial human space flight in the United States : federal licensing and tort liability." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111580.

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In the early 21st century, the private commercial space transportation industry demonstrated that commercial human space flight is both technologically and economically feasible. In 2004, the United States Congress responded by passing legislation authorizing the Department of Transportation to license and regulates commercial human space flight.
This thesis examines and assesses the U.S. commercial human space flight vehicle licensing and regulatory law. Tort liability is inextricably linked to the success of the commercial human space flight industry and to that end this thesis provides an analysis of U.S. tort liability law in the event of a commercial human space flight vehicle accident.

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Li, Phoebe Hung. "Revisiting public health emergency in international law : a precautionary approach." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6393.

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This work develops a means to encourage states to take advantage of the flexibilities of compulsory licensing in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) which promotes access to medicines in a public health emergency. In pursuing this solution, the precautionary approach (PA) and the structure of risk analysis have been adopted as a means to build a workable reading of TRIPS and to help states embody the flexibilities of intellectual property (IP). This work argues for a PA reading of TRIPS and that states have the precautionary entitlements to determine an appropriate level of health protection from the perspective of “State responsibility” in international law. A philosophical review is conducted followed by the examination of existing international legal instruments including the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, the WHO International Health Regulations, the Codex Alimentarius, and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. The PA has been found to have a pervasive influence on risk regulation in international law, yet the application is fraught with fragmentations in different legal regimes. In order to reach a harmonious interpretation and application of the PA in the WTO, the legal status of PAs of different WTO instruments have been analysed. Further, a comparative study on PAs in terms of legal status in the exemptions of the WTO and TRIPS obligations has been proposed. The political and moral basis for compulsory licencing in a public health emergency has been bolstered through the interpretation and the creation of legal status of the PA in WTO/TRIPS law.

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Gabbott, Mark. "Second-hand car dealer licensing in Scotland : issues and implications for consumer policy." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3260.

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This thesis investigates the operation of a system of second hand car dealer licensing introduced to Scotland in 1982. The aim is to assess whether or not this policy is having a beneficial impact upon the experiences of second hand car purchasers in Scotland. The second hand car trade exhibits a number of characteristics of market failure with respect to consumer's interests. The complexity of the product and the infrequency of purchase make information about both product and dealer particularly difficult to obtain and evaluate. One regulatory response to consumer problems in this market is to licence second hand car dealers. This approach has been adopted in a number of other countries notably, Canada, Australia and some states of the US. The policy has provoked a great deal of debate about the achievement of consumer benefits associated with information and standards as opposed to producer benefits associated with restrictions to entry and mobility. In the Scottish case the power to licence second hand car dealers was delegated to Scottish district councils who were able to take advantage of considerable discretion in designing, implementing and operating their own licensing system. When seen from a national perspective, this delegation has led to a number of undesirable consequences. This thesis presents two major findings. The first is that district councils in Scotland have largely neglected their licensing systems. As a result the licensing of second hand car dealers in Scotland is only partially operative. The second is that second hand car dealer licensing in Scotland is having no impact upon the purchase experiences of consumers. There are two implications of these findings. First, without a fully operational system no evaluation of licensing as a policy is possible. Secondly, far from being unaffected by this partially operating system, consumers are worse off than without licensing. This raises issues for consumers, district councils and policy makers.

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SANTOS, ARTUR WILLCOX DOS. "THE ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSING AND INTEGRATED PLANNING OF GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY: LIMITATIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR BRAZIL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=31703@1.

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No presente trabalho, analisa-se e discute-se a confiabilidade no planejamento do setor elétrico brasileiro à luz das limitações e desafios do processo de Licenciamento Ambiental. Serão abordados nesta pesquisa alguns temas importantes como o marco legal e institucional, os agentes envolvidos, além da contextualização do licenciamento ambiental no Brasil para a geração de energia elétrica através de fontes renováveis e transmissão de energia elétrica. A partir disso serão discutidos alguns aspectos históricos do setor elétrico, além de apresentar os principais planos e programas que embasam o seu planejamento. A evolução do Licenciamento ao longo dos anos será debatida, com forte interlocução entre os aspectos socioambientais, econômicos e de engenharia, fazendo uma análise crítica e correlação com os leilões ao longo dos últimos quinze anos. Com esta avaliação serão identificados os principais pontos críticos do descompasso entre a geração e transmissão e do rito de Licenciamento Ambiental. Por fim, serão feitas propostas para otimização do Licenciamento Ambiental em seu estágio atual, tendo em vista uma contribuição efetiva para este setor estratégico do país, que necessita de planejamento e agilidade nos processos. Isto irá propiciar a geração de energia elétrica para a população e confiabilidade no sistema, respeitando as questões ambientais previstas na legislação e cumprindo os cronogramas e prazos estalabelecidos pela ANEEL.
The economic and sustainable growth of a country does not occur without the existence of an efficient and planned infrastructure, integrating the population to the national economy and offering appropriate conditions in key sectors, such as transportat, water and sanitation, telecommunication and energy. This economic development is related to energy supply, establishing the conditions for economic growth. Energy crises are signs of economic slowdown and productive disarticulation, which have consequences and are associated with lack of planning. Many countries have experienced economic and energy crises over the last years, such as China, United States, Argentina and Brazil. According to Tolmasquim (2000), part of the causes of this 2001 energy crisis in Brazil would be placed in the lack of investments in transmission and the lack of its integration to generation. In addition, the absence of environmental planning and regulatory uncertainties brought this scenario. Currently, the Brazilian electric power plant has 4,676 electric generation projects in operation and an installed power of 152.17 GW, based mainly on hydroelectric generation (61.6 percent of the total), considered clean, with low productive costs and privileged generation privileged in regard to greenhouse gases emissions. In addition to the water matrix, the energy sources used are divided among biomass (8.7 percent), wind (6.5 percent), fossil (16.9 percent), nuclear (1.2 percent) and solar (0.014 percent), plus the energy from imports (5.1 percent). Today, both the generation and transmission projects have faced some difficulties related to their implementation, in particular the Environmental Licensing process. Many authors (De Castro et al, 2012, Sales, 2012; Pires, 2011; Cardoso Jr, 2014) have attributed to the licensing process responsibility for delays in the implementation and operation of transmission systems. Although environmental legislation defines actors and legal deadlines, there are obstacles, bureaucracy and external agents that bring up discussions about environmental impact assessment.

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Coniglione, Giuseppina Claudia. "Business method patents : characters in search of legal protection." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/36216.

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The aim of this research is to investigate the phenomenon of business method patents in Europe. Not only the issue of patentability of business methods is discussed, but also the possible strategic use of these patents and patent applications is explored. For this purpose, a data set has been specifically created, including all the applications submitted in the class G06Q (namely data processing systems or methods, specially adapted for administrative, commercial, financial, managerial, supervision or forecasting purpose) at the EPO. A quantitative analysis of the data has been performed, revealing the huge volume of business method patent applications (more than 34,000) filed at the EPO over the last 20 years. Equally, a continued interest of large companies in patenting business methods has been demonstrated. However, these empirical observations seem to be inconsistent with both the legal framework (most notably Article 52 EPC 2000 establishes that business methods are not patentable) and the low rate of acceptance of applications (only a small fraction of patents have eventually been granted) in the category of business methods at the EPO. All of this supports the hypothesis that firm demand for business method patent protection can be driven by strategic purposes, often resulting in inefficiencies in the market and reducing in competition. Hence, the research presented intends to highlight overcoming inefficiencies, as well as possible antidotes provided by the EU competition law. On this purpose, some of the common practices, such as hold-up or tacit collusion, are identified. At the same time, the beneficial effects of mutual licensing agreements are highlighted. In particular, the research examines the European legal framework on the technology transfer agreements. Their effectiveness in contrasting business method patents' strategic uses is analysed, particularly regarding reduction on competition. Based on this, the thesis argues ultimately that a wider opening in granting patent protection to business methods will not result in discouraging new entries in the field.

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Niesporek, Anna. "Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceutical Products & Access to Essential Medicines in Developing Countries." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5488.

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For many years pharmaceutical patents and their impact on prices have been at the centre of the international debate over insufficient access to lifesaving HIV/AIDS medicines in developing countries. The conflict has largely revolved around the implementation of an intellectual property system in the developing world, subsequent the adaptation of the TRIPS Agreement, which has made a 20 year pharmaceutical patent protection mandatory for these countries and consequently contributed to high drug prices for patented medicines as well as limited the use of generic drugs.

Developing countries, where patents are already in place, have sought to reduce high drug prices by making use of compulsory licensing, a safeguarding practice allowing the production or importation of a generic medicine without the consent of the patent holder. Compulsory licences are allowed under the TRIPS Agreement, but disagreements about the conditions, under which compulsory licences are available for ‘essential medicines’, have restricted their use. A definition of the extent to which compulsory licensees can export generic drugs to developing countries unable to manufacture their own has been missing, but on 30 August 2003 the WTO announced that it had resolved this problem by lifting the TRIPS Agreement’s restrictions on exports and permitting exports of drugs produced under a compulsory license as an exception to a patent right. The main question is whether the compulsory licensing system as prescribed in the recent Decision is an ample means of improving access to patented AIDS medicines in the developing world.

By means of legal and economic reasoning this master thesis argues that the 30 August Decision on lifting TRIPS’ restrictions on exports of patented pharmaceuticals produced under compulsory licences provides complex and uncertain rules, rendering an unreliable employment of compulsory licensing. It is desirable that further recommendations are given on which generic producing companies should be awarded compulsory licences and also on which premises. In reality, the debate about compulsory licensing is part of a much wider structural problem in development policy. The solution to the inaccessibility problem requires a mix of courses of action with a functioning compulsory licensing system included. However, disagreements such as how necessary funding should be divided equitably between developed countries could protract the reaching of a pragmatic solution.

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Chiu, Kam-ming. "Comparison of environmental law of China and Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18734790.

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Johnson, Laurie T. "Perceptions of cost and distribution and the demand for environmental regulation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7449.

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Mehta, Dhvani. "The environmental rule of law in India." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:730202ce-f2c4-4d2f-9575-938a728fe82a.

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This thesis offers a new conceptual framework - the environmental rule of law - to describe weaknesses in the development of Indian environmental law, and uses this description to critique the dominant discourse on environmental institutional reform. A secondary framework-fragmentation is also used to supplement the analysis of Indian environmental law. Part I develops the conceptual framework of the environmental rule of law by considering the special challenges that the inherent polycentric and interdisciplinary nature of environmental law present for commonly understood rule of law values such as clarity, certainty and consistency. It also relies on Jeremy Waldron's conception of articulated governance to demonstrate that the rule of law is linked to the principle of separation of powers. This conception lays emphasis on the role of the three institutions of government - the legislature, the executive and the judiciary - in strengthening or weakening the rule of law. To determine institutional contribution to the rule of law, I develop three broad indicators to assess the legal quality of the instruments of each of these institutions of government. These indicators are: a) capacity of statutes to guide executive and judicial behaviour by goal-setting and balancing competing interests; b) the ability of the executive to make flexible yet reasoned decisions grounded in primary legislation; and c) the use of statutory interpretation and consistent standards of judicial review by the courts as they give effect to environmental rights and principles. Through the use of case studies in Part II that span environmental impact assessment, forest conservation, and indigenous rights, I demonstrate that the lack of adherence to these indicators produces a body of environmental law that is fragmented i.e. one characterised by multiple overlapping yet self-contained legal regimes with conflicting provisions and the absence of unifying norms. In Part III, I use this understanding of fragmentation to critically analyse environmental legal and institutional reform proposals. I show that existing proposals address only the structure, rather than the process of functioning of the institutions of government. The rule of law framework that I develop also has potential for application to other areas of the law.

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Zhu, Chenwei. "Authoring collaborative projects : a study of intellectual property and free and open source software (FOSS) licensing schemes from a relational contract perspective." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/294/.

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The emergence of free and open source software (FOSS) has posed many challenges to the mainstream proprietary software production model. This dissertation endeavours to address these challenges through tackling the following legal problem: how does FOSS licensing articulate a legal language of software freedom in support of large-scale collaboration among FOSS programmers who have to face a rather hostile legal environment underlined by a dominant ideology of possessive individualism? I approach this problem from three aspects. The first aspect examines the unique historical context from which FOSS licensing has emerged. It focuses on the most prominent “copyleft” licence—GNU General Public Licence—which has been shaped by the tension between the MIT-style hacker custom and intellectual property law since the 1980s. The second aspect tackles the legal mechanism of FOSS licences, which seems not dissimilar from other non-negotiated standard-form contracts. My analysis shows that FOSS licences do not fit well with the neoclassical contract model that has dominated software licensing jurisprudence so far. I therefore call for replacing the neoclassical approach with Ian Macneil’s Relational Contract Theory, which has remained conspicuously absent in the software licensing literature. The third aspect explores FOSS programmers’ authorship as manifested in FOSS licensing. It argues that the success of a FOSS project does not merely depend on the virtuosity of individual programmers in isolation. More importantly, a core team of lead programmers’ efforts are essential to channel individual authors’ virtuosity into a coherent work of collective authorship, which can deserve credit for the project as a whole. The study of these three aspects together aims to create a synergy to show that it is possible to graft a few collaborative elements onto the existing legal system—underpinned by a neoliberal ideology assuming that human beings are selfish utility-maximising agents—through carefully crafted licensing schemes.

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Romson, Åsa. "Environmental Policy Space and International Investment Law." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-74521.

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This dissertation analyses the implications of international investment law on host states’ legal ability to protect the environment, regulate sustainable use of natural resources, and develop new approaches to manage environmental risks and uncertainties. ‘Environmental policy space’ is found to be a useful term when exploring the regulatory autonomy in this context. On one hand, investment law aims to ensure stability of the investment environment. On the other hand, environmental law needs flexibility to react to the degradation of the environment. It is found that those different aims do not have to be in conflict. There are useful mechanisms in national environmental law which provide for accessible, transparent and predictable decisions for the private actor. These mechanisms can fulfill the aim of stability in investment law. It is, however, concluded that core provisions of international investment treaties risk to put constraints to environmental law in a variety of ways. To diminish these risks, states, when concluding investment treaties, should make clear that constraining environmental regulation is not compatible with the overarching aim of sustainable development. Furthermore, the interpretation of provisions of investment protection must respect principles and instruments of environmental law not to continue being unbalanced towards investor interests. It is also concluded that allowing for investor – state arbitration, without the investor exhausting local remedies, will ignore the important national administrative review system of public environmental measures.

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Mihalopoulos-Filippopoulos, Andreas. "Environment : autopoiesis, environmental law and the city." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271363.

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Oraee-Mirzamani, Nikzad. "Sustainability, environmental law and rules-based systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/33129.

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The thesis aims to create a rule-based framework in order to facilitate corporate strategy making and regulatory drafting pertaining to sustainable development. To do so, the premise is set that business sustainability can be broadly categorised in four interdependent pillars, namely, Environmental, Economic and Social sustainability and Corporate Governance. Accordingly, four case studies are devised, each focusing on one of said areas of business sustainability in different industries and business sectors. The findings of each case study are instrumental to the final conclusions of the current thesis. Covering a vast array of examples in corporate behaviour with regards to business sustainability led to the understanding that industries and regulators suffer from a lack of a standardised approach to implement a common theme within sustainability. It is submitted that the current sustainability reporting standards do not distinguish between rules and advantageous reporting criteria. To alleviate this problem the thesis draws from the findings of each case study and devises a rules-based system which drafters of legislation and corporate sustainability strategists can benefit from as a set of guiding norms and principles to aid them in their implementing behaviours. These rules are discretionary in application and non-exhaustive; readers of said framework may choose which rules are most applicable and if so, how they would apply to their circumstances. Therefore, extensive opportunity for further research remains in order to complement the implementation of these rules.

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Holznagel, Bernd. "Environmental mediation and negotiation : new approaches to the resolution of environmental disputes." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65372.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Law and environmental licensing'

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