Academic literature on the topic 'Law, cambodia'

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Journal articles on the topic "Law, cambodia"

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Williams, Sarah. "Public International Law." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 53, no. 1 (January 2004): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/53.1.227.

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In May 2003 the United Nations General Assembly approved an agreement between the United Nations and the Cambodian government (UN Agreement) providing for United Nations assistance in the establishment and operation of ‘Extraordinary Chambers’ within the domestic court structure of Cambodia.1The UN Agreement is the result of a lengthy process of negotiation between the United Nations and the Cambodian government, with the intervention of several interested states.2The final agreement reflects a compromise between the need to address impunity and the need to preserve Cambodian sovereignty.
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Trzcinski, Leah M., and Frank K. Upham. "Creating Law from the Ground Up: Land Law in Post-Conflict Cambodia." Asian Journal of Law and Society 1, no. 1 (February 24, 2014): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2013.3.

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AbstractSince 1990, successive waves of foreign experts have introduced legal transplants into Cambodia dealing with the possession, use, and ownership of land. The Land Law of 2001, sponsored by the World Bank, first created a registration system that made land ownership dependent exclusively on a central cadastral registry. The 2007 Civil Code, sponsored by the Japanese International Cooperation Agency, subsequently cast doubt on the exclusivity of the registry by declaring it only presumptive evidence of ownership. Both laws are based on foreign models that presume economic, technical, and professional resources that Cambodia, as a very poor, post-conflict country, lacks. Despite recent efforts to reconcile the laws, implementation remains uneven and legal ambiguity persists. While it is too early to make conclusive judgments, the Cambodian experience brings into question not only the wisdom of top-down foreign intervention but also the desirability of any form of centralized formal legal construction in a society without the necessary social, political, and institutional prerequisites.
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Weeramantry, Romesh. "International Investment Law and Practice in the Kingdom of Cambodia: An Evolving ‘Rule Taker’?" Journal of World Investment & Trade 18, no. 5-6 (December 7, 2017): 942–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340067.

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Abstract Cambodia has undertaken several initiatives to attract foreign direct investment (FDI), which has been growing rapidly in recent years, particularly through participating in Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) investment agreements and free trade agreements (FTAs). This article first outlines Cambodia’s arbitration law and practice, its Law on Investment, the court system, problems relating to corruption, and foreign direct investment (FDI) patterns. It then surveys trends in Cambodia’s comparatively belated signing of investment treaties, and their main contents (including recent treaties with India and Hungary, adopting very different models). The article then discusses the only investment arbitration instituted against Cambodia, which was successfully defended, followed by a comment on the future prospects for Cambodia’s investment treaty program.
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Boyle, David. "Establishing the responsibility of the Khmer Rouge leadership for international crimes." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 5 (December 2002): 167–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900001070.

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Dragged reluctantly into the debate over Khmer Rouge accountability, the United Nations Secretariat has spent the last five years attempting to find a mutually acceptable judicial structure to try the leaders of the former government of Cambodia for international crimes committed between 1975 and 1979.In response to a request for aid from the Cambodian government in June 1997, the UN originally came down in favour of establishing a thirdad hocInternational Criminal Tribunal. Taking that proposal as a starting point, this paper documents the series of events leading the Organisation towards unwilling participation in potentially unjust domestic trials after Cambodia's refusal of the UN proposal. Each time the negotiations seemed to have broken down, the UN and Cambodia came under pressure from certain Member States to return to the negotiating table. Beset with its responsibility in supporting the Khmer Rouge after the Vietnamese invasion in 1979, the UN compromised successively concerning the nature of the court (part 3) and its structure (part 4). A consensus finally seemed to have been reached in July 2000, when a UN negotiating team left Phnom Penh with a draft Memorandum of Understanding concerning ‘significant international co-operation’ in trials before ‘Extraordinary Chambers’ of the Cambodian courts (the ‘draft MOU’). However, the law finally promulgated on 10 August 2001 in order to set up these Chambers (the ‘Tribunal Law’) was not entirely consistent with the terms of the draft MOU, the exact legal status of which then became a bone of contention (part 5).
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Hall, John. "In the Shadow of the Khmer Rouge Tribunal: The Domestic Trials of Nuon Paet, Chhouk Rin and Sam Bith, and the Search for Judicial Legitimacy in Cambodia." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 5, no. 3 (2006): 409–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180306778938700.

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AbstractIn 1994, Khmer Rouge guerrillas attacked a train in Kampot province, Cambodia, taking hostage three young Western backpackers. Two months later, after negotiations for their release collapsed, the three were murdered. Australian, British, and French government representatives exerted considerable diplomatic pressure on the Cambodian government, demanding that those responsible for the kidnapping and murders be brought to justice. In response, three former Khmer Rouge commanders, Chhouk Rin, Nuon Paet and Sam Bith, were arrested, and in a series of trials that lasted from 1999 until 2006, were convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment by Cambodian domestic courts.Crucially, these trials took place in the middle of difficult negotiations between Cambodia and the United Nations over the scope and nature of the proposed Khmer Rouge tribunal. A key point of disagreement was over the proper role in the tribunal for Cambodia's notoriously inefficient, corrupt and government-dominated judiciary. For that reason, the trials became a closely watched test of the Cambodian legal system, and took on a symbolic weight unusual for domestic trials. Dismissed by some observers as mere show trials aimed at legitimizing Prime Minister Hun Sen on the international stage, the trials nevertheless marked a significant step forward in the development of a functioning – albeit seriously flawed – judiciary.This article is the first to examine these highly significant cases. The Paet, Bith and Rin trials demonstrate the ability of Cambodian judges to convict Khmer Rouge members brought before them; what remains less clear is whether the Cambodian judicial appointees to the tribunal will be capable of meeting internationally recognized standards of justice. Perhaps, if permitted by their government to do so, they will grow to meet this historic challenge. If they do not, then the trials of Paet, Bith and Rin, may prove to be the high watermark in the search for judicial legitimacy in Cambodia.
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MEISENBERG, Simon M. "Complying with Complementarity? The Cambodian Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Asian Journal of International Law 5, no. 1 (April 8, 2014): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2044251314000010.

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Learning from past atrocities, Cambodia has taken positive steps to ensure that future international crimes may be adequately prosecuted through its ratification of the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2002. However, an effective accountability mechanism and deterrence for any future crimes requires more than simply joining the ICC. There is a growing consensus that Member States should adopt the ICC crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes as part of their domestic law, as the absence of legislation may result in an inability to prosecute under the principle of complementarity. Cambodia has followed this trend and enacted implementing legislation into its new 2009 Cambodian Criminal Code (CCC). Scrutinizing the enacted international crimes provisions in the CCC, it becomes apparent that some modifications and reform to the current Cambodian criminal statutes are necessary in order to comply with the complementarity principle in the ICC Statute.
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McCaffrie, Caitlin. "An educational legacy: Exploring the links between education and resilience at the ECCC." Leiden Journal of International Law 33, no. 4 (September 4, 2020): 975–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156520000424.

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AbstractAbout half a million Cambodians have attended hearings or outreach activities about the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) since public hearings began in 2009. Countless more have watched the trials unfold on television, and increasingly on social media. To date, the majority of conversations around the legacy of the ECCC have come from international scholars focusing on the legal impact the trials may have. This article instead presents the often-missing views of Cambodian youth about the Tribunal. It also, more broadly, explores the ECCC’s impact on education and young people’s understanding of history. Based on research carried out with university students, this article argues that the contribution of the ECCC to education has often been overlooked and is in fact one of its most significant legacies. In Cambodia, government and non-government organizations, as well as academic institutions, have the unique opportunity to incorporate testimony, footage, and documents from the ECCC into their programmes, greatly adding to the existing repertoire of Khmer-language resources dealing with the past. The result is a more well-rounded programme of transitional justice and reconciliation than the court alone could have provided, and certainly a higher level of external resilience than would have occurred had the court been located outside of Cambodia.
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Baaz, Mikael, and Mona Lilja. "Using International Criminal Law to Resist Transitional Justice." Conflict and Society 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 142–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2016.020113.

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An increasing body of literature focuses on negotiations of transitional justice, but not much has been written so far regarding contestations over its practices and the refusal of states and individuals to participate. Given the remaining legalistic dominance, this is particularly true regarding the field of international criminal law. Very little, if any, work in international criminal law engages with the topic of “resistance.” Departing from this gap in research, focusing on Cambodia and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), the objective of this article is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the “strategy of rupture”—as developed by the late French lawyer Jacques Vergès—and the ways in which this legal defense has been applied in practice at the ECCC in order to resist not only the Tribunal per se, but also the entire Cambodian transitional justice process and, by extension, the post–Cold War global liberal project.
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Un, Kheang. "Cambodia in 2011." Asian Survey 52, no. 1 (January 2012): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2012.52.1.202.

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Abstract Cambodia's economy in 2011 recovered from the global economic downturn with a rise in garment exports. Hun Sen and the ruling Cambodian People's Party further consolidated power via the exercise of rule by law and patronage politics. Relations with Thailand returned to normal; ties with China strengthened with increased assistance and trade. The Khmer Rouge Tribunal proceeded amid allegations of political interference by the Cambodian government, making the further expansion of indictments unlikely.
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Keo, Chenda, Thierry Bouhours, Roderic Broadhurst, and Brigitte Bouhours. "Human Trafficking and Moral Panic in Cambodia." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 653, no. 1 (March 28, 2014): 202–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716214521376.

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This article examines the backgrounds of traffickers in Cambodia: why they became involved in trafficking, how they operate, their earnings, and the criminal justice system’s response to their activities. Our research draws from interviews with justice officials, NGOs, and detained alleged traffickers; and from a review of police and prison records. The results challenge alarmist claims about the high prevalence, profitability, or role of organized crime in human trafficking. In Cambodia, 80 percent of incarcerated traffickers are poor uneducated women who lack legitimate opportunities and whose unsophisticated illicit activities earn very little. We argue that the Cambodian government, in return for foreign aid, adopted a repressive law that defines human trafficking ineptly; in the hands of a dysfunctional justice system, the law has turned into an instrument of corruption and injustice against powerless individuals.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Law, cambodia"

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Millard, Jeffrey Paul 1967. "Chinese involvement in Cambodia, 1978-1991." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291845.

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The years 1978 and 1979 were critical in shaping mainland China's foreign policy towards Cambodia during the 1980s up until the international peace treaty of 1991. For China, this involved utilizing Cambodian forces to halt the spread of Vietnamese hegemony in Southeast Asia while countering an increased Soviet presence on its southern periphery. Unfortunately, China's policy of supporting both Prince Sihanouk politically and the Khmer Rouge militarily was instrumental in reestablishing the Khmer Rouge as the most powerful faction in Cambodia's uncertain future. Therefore, the Khmer Rouge became something of a Chinese enigma, nurtured by Beijing to fight the Vietnamese but completely free from PRC control or responsibility.
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West, Lucy. "The Confines of the Rule of Law in Contemporary Cambodia: Political Culture and Legal-Institutional Framework." Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/381010.

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Rule of law objectives have assumed an integral role in post-Cold War democratisation initiatives and state-building operations. More than US$10 billion has been spent by the international community on democratic state-building in Cambodia since the Paris Peace Agreements (PPA) were signed in 1991 and the deployment of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) (1992-93). While the 1993 Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia provides for a democratic government with separation of powers, judicial independence and human rights guarantees consistent with international legal instruments, Cambodia continues to rank poorly in international indices of the rule of law. This dissertation investigates the deficient application of the rule of law in Cambodia against the standard provided for by the text of the 1993 Constitution and the legal-institutional framework it established. The study assesses Cambodia’s performance in this area of governance against a conceptual framework for a ‘thin’, procedural rule of law consistent with the country’s civil law system and institutional structure. To investigate the rule of law in Cambodia, interviews were conducted with spokespersons for the Council of Ministers and the Ministry of Justice, National Assembly members, judges, lawyers, international and local non-government organisations, independent researchers and foreigners working within the Cambodian legal sector. The dissertation argues that the deficient application of the rule of law in Cambodia is attributable to the combination of the country’s political culture of patron-clientelism and the legal-institutional framework established during the UNTAC period. The dissertation finds that despite decades of internationally-sponsored good governance and judicial reform efforts, Cambodia is deficient across all indicators of a thin rule of law. The constitutional arrangements established during the UNTAC period provide for a parliamentary system, where the executive is embedded in the legislature, and the basic framework for a civil law system, which remains underdeveloped. In the Cambodian political context, this enables control of the legislature by the hegemonic Cambodian People’s Party (CPP). In a civil law system, the purpose of the judiciary is to give expression to the will of the legislature, as statutes are the primary source of law. The legal system in Cambodia, in turn, gives expression to the will of the CPP. The result of this is endemic corruption and political interference in the judiciary according to international standards of good governance and the rule of law.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Govt & Int Relations
Griffith Business School
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TEILEE, Kuong. "Trying the Past Atrocities in Cambodia: Another Pass to the Implementation of International Criminal Law." 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10649.

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Mwesigwa, Peter Katonene. "An analysis of the difficulties related to victim participation before the International Criminal Court and the extraordinary chambers in the courts of Cambodia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7360_1373278546.

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By any standard, victim participation is a relatively new phenomenon in international criminal law proceedings. Incredible advances have been made in the effort to end impunity for crimes against 
umanity, war crimes, genocide and, more recently, aggression. As a result, great strides have been made in ensuring the direct participation of victims of grave violations of human rights 
in court proceedings against their perpetrators. Prior to this, grave violations of human rights committed during conflicts or periods of mass violence were either largely ignored or even if action 
was taken, victims of the crimes hardly had a &lsquo
say&rsquo
in the proceedings. With the advent of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) 
 
new dawn in the proceedings of international criminal law has emerged. The statutes that govern the ICC and ECCC have given a voice to victims in court proceeding buy ensuring 
victims participation.Despite these advances, scholars have criticized victim participation for being inconsistent in its application at the International Criminal Court.1 The criticism has come from 
scholars who have highlighted the unintended consequences of victim participation in court proceedings, arguing that their participation has resulted in the under- or misrepresentation of the 
actual experience of survivors of war, mass violence, or repression. These problems have arisen largely because the need to establish the guilt or innocence of the accused and to protect their 
due process rights, to abide by the rules of evidence and procedure, and to conserve judicial resources all cut against victim-witnesses'ability to tell their stories at these tribunals thereby 
resulting in a limited, and sometimes inaccurate, record of victims' experience.

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Persson, Fredrik. "The Khmer Rouge Tribunal : Searching for Justice and Truth in Cambodia." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Social Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-2578.

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The aim of this thesis is to analyze the relationship between the Khmer Rouge tribunal in Cambodia and the national reconciliation process. A qualitative method involving secondary source analysis as well as field study interviews is being used. The point of departure is a theoretical framework of reconciliation assembled from different sources, as there seems to be no coherent and widely accepted framework available for use. An analysis model is constructed, focusing on the concepts of justice and truth. The findings indicate that reconciliation is nowhere near fulfillment, although a few steps towards national reconciliation have been taken. The Cambodian process of reconciliation is only at its earliest stages. Furthermore, the findings suggest that there is a strong relationship between the tribunal and the reconciliation process, inasmuch as the tribunal is perceived to have positive effects on reconciliation, and that continued reconciliation would not be possible without the tribunal. The tribunal is not the only part in reconciliation though, it is a necessary but not sufficient precondition for continued reconciliation. The tribunal can not bring reconciliation close to fulfillment on its own, other mechanizms must be involved in order to do so.

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Gillespie, Josephine Suzanne. "Monumental challenges : local perspectives on world heritage landscape regulation at Angkor Archaeological Park, Cambodia." Phd thesis, School of Geosciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8765.

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Rindler, Julian. "Hybrid courts and their impact on the development of substantive international criminal law." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4533.

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Magister Legum - LLM
The aim of this study is to scrutinise, in particular, the legal bases of and decisions taken by various hybrid courts with regards to such consolidating or fragmenting effects on substantive international criminal law. The first section (Chapter 2), it will examine what is to be understood by the notion of a hybrid court. This will be followed by an analysis of the hybrid courts that have been established thus far. Furthermore, the advantages and reasons for which hybrid courts have been established in recent decades will be discussed, especially regarding their potential advantages as a transitional justice instrument. Moreover, disadvantages of hybrid courts and their deficiencies in the past will be addressed. Subsequently, the role of hybrid courts within the international legal system and their utility in the future will be discussed. This will include, on the one hand, the scope of the jurisdiction of hybrid courts in relation to other national and international criminal courts, especially vis-à-vis the ICC. On the other hand, it will be addressed whether hybrid courts will – or should – be established in the future, given the creation of the permanent ICC as well as the shortcomings of hybrid courts in the past. Against this background, the impact of hybrid courts on the further development of international criminal law will be assessed in the third section of the paper (Chapter 4). In this regard, the discussion will focus on a representative selection of hybrid courts, namely the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL). It will be discussed how their legal bases as well as their jurisprudence relate to the previous state of international criminal law, and whether they constitute adverse diversifications or positive contributions to international criminal law. In a concluding section (Chapter 5), the results of the study will be analysed and possible correlations between the structural elements of hybrid courts and their impact on international criminal law will be discussed. Finally, further questions regarding the use of hybrid courts in the future will be addressed.
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Bull, Carolyn Humanities &amp Social Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "No entry without strategy : an evaluation of UN transitional administration approaches to building the rule of law in disrupted states." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/39526.

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As a mode of intervention in which the UN assumed direct authority over disrupted states, transitional administrations represent unique examples of ambitious state-building projects. This thesis investigates the apparent failure of transitional administrations to establish the rule of law in Cambodia, Kosovo and East Timor. It identifies nine explanatory factors which are tested against each case study. In addition, it seeks to enhance conceptual understandings of the UN???s state-building agenda and to add to empirical studies regarding attempts by external actors to establish the rule of law in disrupted states. Three findings emerge. First, in each case, UN transitional administrations failed in each of the following ways: to make the best use of their mandate; to establish effective state justice institutions; to build local commitment to the rule of law as a value system; to promote social relationships supportive of the rule of law; to ensure sufficient state capacity post-intervention; to maintain adequate levels of security; to address the existence of informal justice structures; to deal with the legacies of the past; and to ensure an adequate level of mission performance. Of these, establishing effective state justice institutions, building local commitment and addressing informal justice structures proved most crucial. Second, the state-based ???enforcement??? approach adopted by transitional administrations proved ineffective. Enacting laws and establishing coercive state structures such as judicial, police and prison services were critical to, but could not be equated with the rule of law. This approach did not account sufficiently for the importance of entrenched informal justice institutions, of the voluntary consent of local actors, or of appropriate institutional design choices. As a result, it did not offer real solutions to real problems faced by local actors. Finally, the UN failed to consider fully how to create an enabling ???space??? in which internal processes of change could occur, to engage appropriately with local actors, to overcome the tyrannies of truncated deployment, or to address these issues at the ???front-end??? of the mission. This ???entry without strategy??? approach to state-building seriously undermined the UN???s ability to establish the rule of law, as the self-declared touchstone of its state-building agenda.
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Chhiv, Yiseang. "Le travail gouvernemental au Cambodge de 1993 à 2015." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED001/document.

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À travers l’analyse du travail gouvernemental de 1993 à 2015 dans l’optique de la stabilité constitutionnelle et politique, il s’est révélé que la transposition au Cambodge des grands principes de l’État de droit, de la démocratie libérale et pluraliste sur le modèle occidental, par la mise en œuvre des Accords de Paris de 1991 ne s'est pas effectuée de façon satisfaisante. L’objectif consistant à faire de la société cambodgienne, une société démocratique où chacun s’incline devant la loi, où la justice est indépendante du pouvoir exécutif, où les forces armées comme les forces économiques sont soumises à l'autorité publique gardienne de l’intérêt général, où à tout pouvoir se voit opposé un contre-pouvoir, n’a pas été atteint. Les obstacles à cette transposition effective résident dans le grand écart qui existe entre les principes du modèle importé, voire imposé, et les pesanteurs de l’histoire tragique que les Cambodgiens ont vécue entre les années 1970 et 1980, d’une part et les fondements traditionnels de la société cambodgienne encore très présents à ce jour d’autre part
Through the analysis of governmental work from 1993 to 2015 within the perspective of the constitutional and political stability, it is obvious clear that the implementation in Cambodia of the main principles of the Western model of the rule of law, liberal and pluralistic democracy, with the implementation of the 1991 Paris Agreements did not take place satisfactorily. The goal to make the Cambodian society, a democratic one where everyone obeys to the law, where justice is independent from the Executive where the armed forces as economic forces are subject to the public authority which is of the guardian general interest, where every power can be balanced by a counter-power, has not been reached. The obstacles to this actual transposition reside in the gap between the principles of an imported or imposed model and the burdens of the tragic history that Cambodians have lived between the years 1970 and 1980, on the one hand and the traditional foundations of Cambodian society still very present to nowadays on the other hand
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Bureau, Eve. "Anthropologie d’une norme globalisée : la participation profane dans les programmes de lutte contre le sida au Cambodge." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21722/document.

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Depuis l’arrivée massive de l’aide internationale dans les années 1990, les Cambodgiens évoluent dans un environnement social mondialisé, composé d’un vaste réseau d’acteurs issus d’horizons socioculturels diversifiés. Des systèmes de référence, des manières de faire et de penser hétéroclites cohabitent et s’enchevêtrent. La thèse se concentre sur l’étude d’une norme globalisée appréhendée comme une porte d’entrée pour mieux cerner les mécanismes d’imbrication entre le global et le local. Aujourd’hui, rares sont les programmes de lutte contre l’épidémie à VIH qui n’impliquent pas les usagers pour la mise en œuvre des activités les concernant et la discussion des choix collectifs. La participation profane est devenue une norme globalisée promue par l’ensemble des institutions de lutte contre le sida. Une fois défini le caractère collectivement partagé des règles qui composent cette norme, un éclairage de ses usages et de ses significations locales dans le contexte du Cambodge est effectué. La participation repose sur des principes de partage des savoirs, de répartition des pouvoirs, de valorisation des profanes et de démocratisation des processus de prise de décision qui se concrétisent difficilement au Cambodge. Depuis l’expansion de cette norme, les acteurs profanes sont impliqués massivement à tous les niveaux du parcours de soins sur la plus grande partie du territoire, cependant ils endossent principalement des rôles d’exécutants. Dès qu’il est question d’exercer une influence sur les décisions publiques, un double mécanisme de rejet de la norme se met en place. D’un côté des acteurs profanes sont réticents à s’imposer comme des personnes de pouvoir, à même de débattre ouvertement dans l’arène publique, de l’autre la majorité des élites qui décident et implantent les actions de développement contrôlent la participation et « ensablent » les voix des profanes. Pour une pléthore d’acteurs, les principes de hiérarchie et de non contestation qui caractérisent la société cambodgienne entrent en contradiction avec les principes et valeurs inhérents à la participation. La norme est reformulée en fonction du contexte structurel et sociohistorique du Cambodge. Elle prend une toute autre forme, parfois contraire à son but initial
Since the arrival of an enormous amount of international aid in the 1990s, Cambodia has evolved into a globalised society constituted by a vast network of socio-culturally diverse actors. Heterogeneous value systems and ways of acting and thinking cohabit and become entangled. This thesis offers a study of the operation of a globally established norm within Cambodia, in order to contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interconnection between the global and the local. Today, almost all HIV/AIDS programmes involve users in the implementation of activities that concern them and in discussions on community choices. Lay participation has become a global norm, promoted by all institutions combating AIDS. The first part of the thesis defines the generally agreed rules of this norm ; this is followed by a description of its uses and its local meaning in Cambodia. Participation is based on the principles of knowledge-sharing, distribution of authority, valuation of lay status and democratization of the process of decision-making, which are difficult to achieve in Cambodia. Since the spread of this norm, lay actors have been introduced at all levels of the care structure in most parts of the country, although in the main these actors assume executive roles. Where there are opportunities to exercise influence over decisions within the public domain this norm is undermined in two ways. On the one hand, lay actors hesitate to show that they have any authority, even to debate openly in public; on the other hand, most members of the elite who decide on and set up development activities retain control over participation and ‘silt up’ lay voices. For many actors, the principles of hierarchy and non-confrontation, which are characteristic of Cambodian society, contrast with the principles and values of participation. The globalised norm is thus reinterpreted in accordance with the Cambodian structural and socio-historical context. It takes a completely different form, which is sometimes contrary to its initial goal
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Books on the topic "Law, cambodia"

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Cambodia. Laws of Cambodia. Phnom Penh: Cambodian Legal Resources Development Center, 1998.

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Group, Mekong Law, and Dirksen Flipse Doran & Le. (Firm), eds. Cambodia legal & investment guide. [Phnom Penh, Cambodia]: Mekong Law Group, 2006.

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Cambodia. Labour law in the Kingdom of Cambodia. Edited by Sok Siphana and Cambodian Legal Resources Development Centre. Phnom Penh: CLRDC, 1997.

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Siphana, Sok. Legal aspects of doing business in Cambodia. Phnom Penh: Cambodian Legal Resources Development Center, 1998.

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Bar Association of the Kingdom of Cambodia., ed. Legal profession in Cambodia. [Phnom Penh]: Bar Association of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2005.

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Siphana, Sok. The legal system of Cambodia. Phnom Penh: Cambodian Legal Resources Development Center, 1998.

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Lu, Zeng. Cambodia corporate tax paying guide. [Phnom Penh: Alpha Book Center, 2005.

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University of San Francisco. Center for Law and Global Justice, University of San Francisco. Community Legal Education Center (Phnom Penh, Cambodia), and University of San Francisco. Cambodia Law and Democracy Project, eds. The constitution and government of Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: University of San Francisco School of Law Community Legal Education Center, 1999.

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Manuss, Sambănth Khmaer Jaṃrẏan niṅ Kārbārsiddhi. Violence against women in Cambodia, 2006. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights, 2007.

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Rendall, Matthew. Land law of Cambodia: A study and research manual. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: CLRDC, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Law, cambodia"

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Szablewska, Natalia. "Cambodia." In International Conflict and Security Law, 1229–55. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-515-7_55.

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Ganea, Peter. "Cambodia." In MPI Studies on Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law, 1–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89702-6_1.

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Batesmith, Alex. "Cambodia and the progressivist ‘imaginary’." In The Incoherence of Human Rights in International Law, 207–26. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032702162-14.

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Sakano, Issei. "Registration of land-ownership in Cambodia." In Land Law and Disputes in Asia, 32–42. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003170600-3.

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Beauvallet, Olivier, and Jeanne-Thérèse Schmit. "The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia." In International Conflict and Security Law, 619–32. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-515-7_29.

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Bruckmayr, Philipp. "Islamic legal crossings and debates in Cambodia." In Islamic Law in the Indian Ocean World, 129–49. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003185741-7.

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Sprague Barnes, William. "United States Recognition Policy and Cambodia." In The Vietnam War and International Law, Volume 3: The Widening Context, 148–61. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400868247-010.

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Subedi, Surya P. "Contribution to Democracy and Human Rights in Cambodia." In The Workings of Human Rights, Law, and Justice, 56–76. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003271543-4.

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Bender, John C. "Self-Defense and Cambodia: A Critical Appraisal." In The Vietnam War and International Law, Volume 3: The Widening Context, 138–47. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400868247-009.

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Stevenson, John R. "United States Military Action in Cambodia: Questions of International Law." In The Vietnam War and International Law, Volume 3: The Widening Context, 23–32. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400868247-004.

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Conference papers on the topic "Law, cambodia"

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Beuting, Anderson, and Bruno César Volpato Martins. "Evolução histórica da verticalização de Balneário Camboriú: Orla da Praia e área central da cidade." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6258.

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Balneário Camboriú localiza-se em Santa Catarina, conta com 108.089 habitantes (IBGE 2010) e área territorial de 46 km², com 100% desta área em perímetro urbano. Este trabalho tem como objetivo o mapeamento e a análise da evolução histórica da verticalização, relativa a distribuição espacial dos edifícios na área central do município e dos índices urbanísticos presentes nos Planos Diretores vigentes desde a sua emancipação em 1964, como também, dos dados estatísticos demográficos dos censos ao longo desde período, levantados junto à prefeitura municipal e ao IBGE. Os resultados demonstram a crescente verticalização em bairros contíguos ao centro, a partir do desenvolvimento da orla e do aumento das populações fixa e flutuante, e consequentemente a demanda por novos empreendimentos – algo que já é visto como característica única de Balneário Camboriú no contexto em que está inserida. Balneario Camboriu is located in Santa Catarina, with 108.089 inhabitants (IBGE 2010) and an area of 46 sq km, with 100% of this area in the urban perimeter. This research aims to map and analyze the Historical Evolution of the Verticalization relative to the spatial distribution of the buildings within the city and Urban Index within the current and past Master Plan zoning laws since its emancipation in 1964, as well as statistical demographic data retrieved from the various census in this period, gathered with the Urban Planning division of the city hall, as well as with IBGE. The results show an increase of the city.s verticalizationin the areas adjacent from the center, from the development of the seashore and increase of population (fixed and floating) . and the consequent demand for new undertakings . something well known as a strong characteristic of BalnearioCamboriu in the context it is inserted.
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Chin, Chan Daraly, Chanthan Hel, and Rothna Pec. "Fab Lab Initiative in Higher Education: Digital Solutions Diverted to Traditional Farming in Cambodia Context." In 2021 6th International STEM Education Conference (iSTEM-Ed). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istem-ed52129.2021.9625134.

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Hoy, Chanbormey, Varene Huy, Techchung Khou, Sokanha Mao, and Pichmoninea Sophea. "The Impact of COVID-19 on the Garment Sector in Cambodia." In International Research Symposium on How did a Health Crisis Translate to an Economic Crisis? The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. ALLIED PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.62458/camed/oar/symposium/2021/67-76.

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INTRODUCTION As of 2020, business plans, studying, traveling, working-life have been completely ruined by an infectious disease called “COVID-19” which took their first spotlight in Wuhan, China. Since it is a disease that could heavily infect the lungs, it can spread more easily and much worse and faster than expected. Consequently, many schools, restaurants, movie theaters, and other public places have been closed. With fear and concern, people have to practice social distancing, washing their hands, wearing masks, and avoiding the crowds. In the worst-case scenario, some cities were in lockdown due to immoderate cases going up. In terms of the marketplace, when everything is closed, the demands for maty products and services including clothing started to shrink significantly in the first few months. Therefore, companies, corporations, and local businesses whether they were medium or large, it somehow affected them in various ways. Some enterprises had a hard time making meet ends struggling to survive and some are encountering bankruptcy. Ever since COVID-19 existed, not only has it affected people’s lives, it also affects the nation as a whole. It is quite worrisome that most of the fundamental sectors in Cambodia such as the garment, tourism, agriculture, and transport have now run into numerous difficulties. Regarding transportation, neither imports nor exports are being traded, some countries even closed their borders for their safety. Not to mention tourism where some airlines have declared bankruptcy because tourists are nowhere to be found. The garment [actories in Cambodia and across Southeast Asia were also severely alfected by the pandemic. ‘I’he majority of the population in impoverished countries are mostly blue-collar workers because they have limited access to education, which is the reason why Europe or any other parts of the world like having their products being made here with low wages provided and they can make more profits. However, with the demands from Europe and other parts of the world diminished, these workers are facing massive layoffs and the unemployment rate, especially in developing countries such as Cambodia increased dramatically.
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"Community Practice - Sustainable Cassava Value Chain through Knowledge and Technology Transfer in Thailand, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, and Myanmar." In Agricultural Waste Management for Sustainable Food Production. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56669/olqf7556.

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Pereira, M. B., B. Jordani, D. B. Nunes, and J. Chies. "Desplacamento de revestimento cerâmico de fachadas em edifícios: estudo de caso em balneário Camboriú-SC." In XVII Congreso Latinoamericano de Patología de la Construcción y XIX Congreso de Control de Calidad en la Construcción. Alconpat Internacional, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/conpat2023/pc6630.

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O presente estudo tem como objetivo principal analisar quais as possíveis causas de desplacamento de revestimento cerâmico em fachada de edifício localizado no município de Balneário Camboriú/SC, com ênfase também nas principais formas de prevenções e soluções para as manifestações patológicas encontradas. A metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa para realização da inspeção predial do condomínio iniciou-se através da comparação dos problemas estudados com dados coletados principalmente dos registros fotográficos. O estudo de caso evidenciou que existem fatores importantes a serem observados na construção, que podem ocasionar um futuro desplacamento de revestimento cerâmico, como a execução com mão de obra qualificada, projeto, planejamento, materiais de qualidade e influência da temperatura.
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Pereira, M. B., B. Jordani, D. B. Nunes, and J. Chies. "Desplacamento de revestimento cerâmico de fachadas em edifícios: estudo de caso em balneário Camboriú-SC." In XVII Congreso Latinoamericano de Patología de la Construcción y XIX Congreso de Control de Calidad en la Construcción. Alconpat Internacional, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/conpat2023/v2pc6630.

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O presente estudo tem como objetivo principal analisar quais as possíveis causas de desplacamento de revestimento cerâmico em fachada de edifício localizado no município de Balneário Camboriú/SC, com ênfase também nas principais formas de prevenções e soluções para as manifestações patológicas encontradas. A metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa para realização da inspeção predial do condomínio iniciou-se através da comparação dos problemas estudados com dados coletados principalmente dos registros fotográficos. O estudo de caso evidenciou que existem fatores importantes a serem observados na construção, que podem ocasionar um futuro desplacamento de revestimento cerâmico, como a execução com mão de obra qualificada, projeto, planejamento, materiais de qualidade e influência da temperatura.
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Özer, Ali, Adem Türkmen, and Bülent Diclehan Çadırcı. "An Analysis of the Effects of 2008 Global Crises on Transition Economies using Cluster Analysis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00748.

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In 2008 the global financial crisis on economic conjuncture had affected on not only developed and developing countries but also remarkably on transition economies. Effects of financial crisis in 2008 showed up impacts on developed countries in 2008, on the other hand, it is known that the reflection of crisis has emerged in 2009. In this study, it is examined that transition economies has moved different depends on time, additionally the phenomenon of facing crisis has followed heterogeneous patterns transition economies in 2009 the while transition economies has seemed as showing homogenous economic performances/movements on either specification or previously their structure. It is analysed in three cluster using classification of chosen countries. Among chosen countries, taking place in same cluster Belarus, Cambodia, Kazakhstan, Lao, Latonia, Lithuania, Romania and Russia between 2007 and 2010 have responded similar to both input and output of crisis. Moreover, the cluster for Kirgizstan, Macedonia and Moldova is determined as the most moving group between clusters and this group, which moved homogeneously within cluster, is affected on crisis differed from other countries. The cluster analysis has been investigated with 20 transition economies has appropriate data and it is determined that the relatively low level of current account economies has weak impact on the crisis contagion; while the exit from crisis is created stronger effects in the relatively high level of domestic savings economies.
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Nguyen, Phuong Lien. "Conceptualizing Religions (Confucianism and Buddhism): From Poetic-Stories to Reality in Indochina." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2020. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2020.14-1.

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Influenced by being situated between China and India, two historical giants, the people of the three nations of Viet, Lao and Khome exhibit strong histories of imported cultures. The religions of these regions, which closely connect to people’s lives, offer strong symbolisms of lifeworlds and enculturations. People in Indochina assign great significance to living and to interpersonal relationships, more so than toward deities and spiritual agents, as well as to the creation of the cosmos. Here, folk stories frequently include the ‘first man,’ the messages from which serve to educate society. This study aims to present that Indochinese poetic stories exhibit imported theories, the moral messages within which have reached levels of mastery in the literary genre, that is, the poetic story. These moral lessons emerge in texts such as Luc Van Tien (Vietnam), Thao Hung Thao Chuong (Lao) and Tum Tieu (Cambodia). Based on historical facts, these texts expose people’s attention to humanity’s opinions of Confucianism (China) and Buddhism (India). The stories also present differences and similarities, the descriptions of which can offer pathways to explaining social dynamics in modernity. As such, locating markers within figurative talk in this literary genre may inform theories in larger narratives and philosophical texts.
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Alves Zapater, Juan Antonio. "La construcción de sistemas de indicadores de sostenibilidad socioambiental y urbana: el caso de Playa Central en la ciudad Balnerario Camboriú (SC, Brasil) y la zona costera este en la ciudad de Montevideo (Uruguay)." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Facultad de Arquitectura. Universidad de la República, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6191.

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La carencia de instrumentos de evaluación, que integren y articulen la complejidad de los aspectos involucrados en las costas urbanas, es uno de los grandes desafíos para las políticas públicas costeras en América Latina. La inclusión de instrumentos de monitoreo y control, que permitan visualizar e identificar el estado de las cualidades socioambientales y urbanas, así como las mejorías o empobrecimiento de las calidades de vida de sus habitantes, son necesarios para la generación de políticas responsables y participativas. Para ello se propone elaborar un Sistema de Indicadores de Sostenibilidad aplicable en la Playa Central de la ciudad Balnerario Camboriú y la zona costera este en la ciudad de Montevideo. Para su realización se ejecutaran cuatro fases de trabajo. El trabajo permitirá identificar los indicadores más robustos y con mayor adherencia para la evaluación, validación y posterior toma de decisiones en los procesos de políticas públicas costeras urbanas. The lack of instruments of evaluation that integrate and articulate the complexity of the issues involved in urban coast, is one of the major challenges for public policy coastal in Latin America. The inclusions of instruments of monitoring and control, that allow visualize and identify the state of socio-environmental and urban qualities, well as the improvements or impoverishment of the quality of life of its inhabitants, are necessary for the generation of responsible and participatory policies. For this, proposes development a system of indicators Sustainability applicable in Playa Central in Balnerario Camboriú and the east coast in the city of Montevideo. For the realization the labor will be executed in four phases. The work will identify the indicators more robust and most grip for the evaluation, validation and subsequent decision-making processes of urban coastal public policy.
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Ghisleni, Camilla Sbeghen, and Lucas de Mello Reitz. "Condição de abandono em edificações à margem da BR-101 em Balneário Camboriú: configuração urbana e sintaxe espacial como ferramentas para entendimento do vazio edificado." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6274.

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Este trabalho capta, através da sintaxe espacial, a relação entre a condição de abandono de edificações e movimento natural. Os casos estudados localizam-se na margem leste da BR-101 na cidade de Balneário Camboriú e são visualizados no sentido sul-norte. Inicialmente faz-se uma breve retomada teórica sobre a sintaxe espacial, em seguida explora-se o conceito terrain vague, adotando a terminologia edificação abandonada ou em condição de abandono como correspondente português. Em seguida, expõe-se o método de análise que busca aporte para o movimento no diagnóstico de integração global e local, escolha e conectividade em mapas sintáticos de segmentos. As análises captaram diferentes comportamentos para movimento, sendo que as edificações abandonadas se encontram, predominantemente, em segmentos de baixa integração local e alta integração global. Estes dois fatos combinados levam a concluir que o movimento influencia no processo de abandono funcional dessas edificações. This the relationship between the condition and natural movement using space syntax analysis The cases are located on the east roadside of BR-101 highway in Balneário Camboriú, Brazil. First, a theoretical resume, it develops the analysis method based on movement, taking local and global integration, connectivity and choice. When movement analysis ran, it showed that abandoned sites and buildings are mostly located onlow local integration spots.thefabric As conclusion, we find that the combination of low local integration and high global integration contributes in the process of generating a terrain vague situation.
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Reports on the topic "Law, cambodia"

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Brickel, Katherine, and Emma Greengrass. Investigating Domestic Violence Law in Cambodia. Institute of Development Studies and The Impact Initiative, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii340.

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Leclercq, Fabrice. Programa de Reducción de la Pobreza a través de las Exportaciones (PRPE). Inter-American Development Bank, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007059.

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Presentación sobre el Programa de Reducción de la Pobreza a través de las Exportaciones, en el cual se detalla la estrategia de la reducción de la pobreza, así como los proyectos y logros en diversos países, tales como: la India, Brasil, Camboya y Sudáfrica.
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Slater, Jessica, Diane Archer, Connie O'Neill, Jenny Yi-Chen Han, and Fedra Vanhuyse. Air Pollution and the World of Work in Southeast Asia: Findings from Regional Case Studies. Stockholm Environment Institute, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2023.022.

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Four independent research projects undertaken by researchers in Cambodia, Vietnam, Lao PDR and Thailand, aimed to improve the state of knowledge on air pollution and workers’ exposures in southeast Asia, focusing on both informal and formal labour in certain occupations.
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Schaper, Michael T., James P. Villafuerte, and Emma R. Allen. Building Better Local Business Environments: Accelerating Pandemic Recovery of Small Firms in Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/brf220500-2.

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Roth, Anita, and Steven Schipani. Alternative Accommodations in Southeast Asia. Asian Development Bank, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/brf230520-2.

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This brief shows how bookings for non-hotel rooms via platforms such as Airbnb have soared in Southeast Asia and why stronger regulation can help maintain quality standards, increase tax revenue, and maximize local economic benefits. The brief explains that while up to 55 percent of room supply in Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand, Lao PDR, Viet Nam, and the Philippines is now in alternative accommodations such as homestays and villas, regulation is still limited. It outlines why measures to implement safety and quality standards, ensure fair competition, and minimize the impact on local housing are important to help manage this fast-growing sector.
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Thanda Kyaw, Ai. Socio-Economic Impacts of Foot and Mouth Disease Among Cattle Farmers in Sagaing and Mandalay Areas, Myanmar. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/standz.2784.

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The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Sub-Regional Representation for South East Asia (OIE SRR-SEA) implemented the Stop Transboundary Animal Diseases and Zoonoses (STANDZ) Programme funded by AusAID to strengthen the veterinary services and effectively manage the control and eradication of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar. The purpose of the study is to understand how FMD outbreaks impact smallholder farmers, both men and women, at the household and village level and how control and eradication of FMD would benefit them. Specific aims are to estimate the direct and indirect socio-economic costs associated with the outbreaks of FMD as well as of the measures taken by farmers to deal with such outbreaks and to identify issues that contributed to the socio-economic impacts of FMD outbreaks and opportunities to reduce them.
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Chauhan, Dharmistha, and Swapna Bist Joshi. The World Bank in Asia: An assessment of COVID-19-related investments through a care lens. Care-responsive investments and development finance. Oxfam, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8182.

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International financial institutions (IFIs) and multilateral development banks have been playing a vital role in the response, recovery and ‘build back anew’ agenda from the COVID-19 pandemic. This is especially true of the World Bank Group (WBG), given its high volumes of committed investments across sectors, especially in low-income and vulnerable countries. This report presents, through case studies, how care-responsive the World Bank’s COVID-19-related investments have been in four member countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and the Philippines. It does so by using the Care Principles and Care-Responsive Barometer for IFIs to assess the nature of the WBG’s post-COVID recovery investments in these select countries, and by building evidence through a gender- and care-responsive budget review. The foundation for care inclusion has already been laid in WBG policy. The report uses this as an entry point to urge it to bring women’s unpaid, underpaid and paid work to the centre of the IFI agenda in order to move towards rebuilding a more gender-just and equal future.
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Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.

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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.
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Siem Reap Declaration. Vientiane, Lao PDR: Mekong River Commission Secretariat, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.52107/mrc.ajg7ai.

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The Siem Reap Declaration reiterates the MRC member countries’ highest-level political commitment to the 1995 Mekong Agreement and the primary and unique role of the MRC in cooperating on sustainable development of water and related resources in the Mekong River Basin. It was adopted at the 3rd MRC Summit on 5 April 2018 in Cambodia’s Siem Reap by the MRC member countries, represented by Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia Samdech Akka Moha Sena Padei Techo Hun Sen; the Prime Minister of the Lao People's Democratic Republic H.E. Dr. Thongloun Sisoulith; the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Thailand H.E. General Prayut Chan-o-cha; and the Prime Minister of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam H.E. Mr. Nguyen Xuan Phuc.
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Transboundary Fisheries Management Issues in the Mekong and Sekong Rivers of Cambodia and Lao PDR. Vientiane, Lao PDR: Mekong River Commission Secretariat, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.52107/mrc.ajg7fn.

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The report describes priority issues for fisheries management in the Mekong and Sekong Rivers along the borders of Cambodia and Lao PDR. This is a joint paper produced by the two countries under the Mekong Integrated Water Resources Management Project.
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