Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Law, cambodia'

The years 1978 and 1979 were critical in shaping mainland China's foreign policy towards Cambodia during the 1980s up until the international peace treaty of 1991. For China, this involved utilizing Cambodian forces to halt the spread of Vietnamese hegemony in Southeast Asia while countering an increased Soviet presence on its southern periphery. Unfortunately, China's policy of supporting both Prince Sihanouk politically and the Khmer Rouge militarily was instrumental in reestablishing the Khmer Rouge as the most powerful faction in Cambodia's uncertain future. Therefore, the Khmer Rouge became something of a Chinese enigma, nurtured by Beijing to fight the Vietnamese but completely free from PRC control or responsibility.

Rule of law objectives have assumed an integral role in post-Cold War democratisation initiatives and state-building operations. More than US$10 billion has been spent by the international community on democratic state-building in Cambodia since the Paris Peace Agreements (PPA) were signed in 1991 and the deployment of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) (1992-93). While the 1993 Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia provides for a democratic government with separation of powers, judicial independence and human rights guarantees consistent with international legal instruments, Cambodia continues to rank poorly in international indices of the rule of law. This dissertation investigates the deficient application of the rule of law in Cambodia against the standard provided for by the text of the 1993 Constitution and the legal-institutional framework it established. The study assesses Cambodia’s performance in this area of governance against a conceptual framework for a ‘thin’, procedural rule of law consistent with the country’s civil law system and institutional structure. To investigate the rule of law in Cambodia, interviews were conducted with spokespersons for the Council of Ministers and the Ministry of Justice, National Assembly members, judges, lawyers, international and local non-government organisations, independent researchers and foreigners working within the Cambodian legal sector. The dissertation argues that the deficient application of the rule of law in Cambodia is attributable to the combination of the country’s political culture of patron-clientelism and the legal-institutional framework established during the UNTAC period. The dissertation finds that despite decades of internationally-sponsored good governance and judicial reform efforts, Cambodia is deficient across all indicators of a thin rule of law. The constitutional arrangements established during the UNTAC period provide for a parliamentary system, where the executive is embedded in the legislature, and the basic framework for a civil law system, which remains underdeveloped. In the Cambodian political context, this enables control of the legislature by the hegemonic Cambodian People’s Party (CPP). In a civil law system, the purpose of the judiciary is to give expression to the will of the legislature, as statutes are the primary source of law. The legal system in Cambodia, in turn, gives expression to the will of the CPP. The result of this is endemic corruption and political interference in the judiciary according to international standards of good governance and the rule of law.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Govt & Int Relations
Griffith Business School
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By any standard, victim participation is a relatively new phenomenon in international criminal law proceedings. Incredible advances have been made in the effort to end impunity for crimes against 
umanity, war crimes, genocide and, more recently, aggression. As a result, great strides have been made in ensuring the direct participation of victims of grave violations of human rights 
in court proceedings against their perpetrators. Prior to this, grave violations of human rights committed during conflicts or periods of mass violence were either largely ignored or even if action 
was taken, victims of the crimes hardly had a &lsquo
say&rsquo
in the proceedings. With the advent of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) 
 
new dawn in the proceedings of international criminal law has emerged. The statutes that govern the ICC and ECCC have given a voice to victims in court proceeding buy ensuring 
victims participation.Despite these advances, scholars have criticized victim participation for being inconsistent in its application at the International Criminal Court.1 The criticism has come from 
scholars who have highlighted the unintended consequences of victim participation in court proceedings, arguing that their participation has resulted in the under- or misrepresentation of the 
actual experience of survivors of war, mass violence, or repression. These problems have arisen largely because the need to establish the guilt or innocence of the accused and to protect their 
due process rights, to abide by the rules of evidence and procedure, and to conserve judicial resources all cut against victim-witnesses'ability to tell their stories at these tribunals thereby 
resulting in a limited, and sometimes inaccurate, record of victims' experience.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the relationship between the Khmer Rouge tribunal in Cambodia and the national reconciliation process. A qualitative method involving secondary source analysis as well as field study interviews is being used. The point of departure is a theoretical framework of reconciliation assembled from different sources, as there seems to be no coherent and widely accepted framework available for use. An analysis model is constructed, focusing on the concepts of justice and truth. The findings indicate that reconciliation is nowhere near fulfillment, although a few steps towards national reconciliation have been taken. The Cambodian process of reconciliation is only at its earliest stages. Furthermore, the findings suggest that there is a strong relationship between the tribunal and the reconciliation process, inasmuch as the tribunal is perceived to have positive effects on reconciliation, and that continued reconciliation would not be possible without the tribunal. The tribunal is not the only part in reconciliation though, it is a necessary but not sufficient precondition for continued reconciliation. The tribunal can not bring reconciliation close to fulfillment on its own, other mechanizms must be involved in order to do so.

Magister Legum - LLM
The aim of this study is to scrutinise, in particular, the legal bases of and decisions taken by various hybrid courts with regards to such consolidating or fragmenting effects on substantive international criminal law. The first section (Chapter 2), it will examine what is to be understood by the notion of a hybrid court. This will be followed by an analysis of the hybrid courts that have been established thus far. Furthermore, the advantages and reasons for which hybrid courts have been established in recent decades will be discussed, especially regarding their potential advantages as a transitional justice instrument. Moreover, disadvantages of hybrid courts and their deficiencies in the past will be addressed. Subsequently, the role of hybrid courts within the international legal system and their utility in the future will be discussed. This will include, on the one hand, the scope of the jurisdiction of hybrid courts in relation to other national and international criminal courts, especially vis-à-vis the ICC. On the other hand, it will be addressed whether hybrid courts will – or should – be established in the future, given the creation of the permanent ICC as well as the shortcomings of hybrid courts in the past. Against this background, the impact of hybrid courts on the further development of international criminal law will be assessed in the third section of the paper (Chapter 4). In this regard, the discussion will focus on a representative selection of hybrid courts, namely the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL). It will be discussed how their legal bases as well as their jurisprudence relate to the previous state of international criminal law, and whether they constitute adverse diversifications or positive contributions to international criminal law. In a concluding section (Chapter 5), the results of the study will be analysed and possible correlations between the structural elements of hybrid courts and their impact on international criminal law will be discussed. Finally, further questions regarding the use of hybrid courts in the future will be addressed.

As a mode of intervention in which the UN assumed direct authority over disrupted states, transitional administrations represent unique examples of ambitious state-building projects. This thesis investigates the apparent failure of transitional administrations to establish the rule of law in Cambodia, Kosovo and East Timor. It identifies nine explanatory factors which are tested against each case study. In addition, it seeks to enhance conceptual understandings of the UN???s state-building agenda and to add to empirical studies regarding attempts by external actors to establish the rule of law in disrupted states. Three findings emerge. First, in each case, UN transitional administrations failed in each of the following ways: to make the best use of their mandate; to establish effective state justice institutions; to build local commitment to the rule of law as a value system; to promote social relationships supportive of the rule of law; to ensure sufficient state capacity post-intervention; to maintain adequate levels of security; to address the existence of informal justice structures; to deal with the legacies of the past; and to ensure an adequate level of mission performance. Of these, establishing effective state justice institutions, building local commitment and addressing informal justice structures proved most crucial. Second, the state-based ???enforcement??? approach adopted by transitional administrations proved ineffective. Enacting laws and establishing coercive state structures such as judicial, police and prison services were critical to, but could not be equated with the rule of law. This approach did not account sufficiently for the importance of entrenched informal justice institutions, of the voluntary consent of local actors, or of appropriate institutional design choices. As a result, it did not offer real solutions to real problems faced by local actors. Finally, the UN failed to consider fully how to create an enabling ???space??? in which internal processes of change could occur, to engage appropriately with local actors, to overcome the tyrannies of truncated deployment, or to address these issues at the ???front-end??? of the mission. This ???entry without strategy??? approach to state-building seriously undermined the UN???s ability to establish the rule of law, as the self-declared touchstone of its state-building agenda.

À travers l’analyse du travail gouvernemental de 1993 à 2015 dans l’optique de la stabilité constitutionnelle et politique, il s’est révélé que la transposition au Cambodge des grands principes de l’État de droit, de la démocratie libérale et pluraliste sur le modèle occidental, par la mise en œuvre des Accords de Paris de 1991 ne s'est pas effectuée de façon satisfaisante. L’objectif consistant à faire de la société cambodgienne, une société démocratique où chacun s’incline devant la loi, où la justice est indépendante du pouvoir exécutif, où les forces armées comme les forces économiques sont soumises à l'autorité publique gardienne de l’intérêt général, où à tout pouvoir se voit opposé un contre-pouvoir, n’a pas été atteint. Les obstacles à cette transposition effective résident dans le grand écart qui existe entre les principes du modèle importé, voire imposé, et les pesanteurs de l’histoire tragique que les Cambodgiens ont vécue entre les années 1970 et 1980, d’une part et les fondements traditionnels de la société cambodgienne encore très présents à ce jour d’autre part
Through the analysis of governmental work from 1993 to 2015 within the perspective of the constitutional and political stability, it is obvious clear that the implementation in Cambodia of the main principles of the Western model of the rule of law, liberal and pluralistic democracy, with the implementation of the 1991 Paris Agreements did not take place satisfactorily. The goal to make the Cambodian society, a democratic one where everyone obeys to the law, where justice is independent from the Executive where the armed forces as economic forces are subject to the public authority which is of the guardian general interest, where every power can be balanced by a counter-power, has not been reached. The obstacles to this actual transposition reside in the gap between the principles of an imported or imposed model and the burdens of the tragic history that Cambodians have lived between the years 1970 and 1980, on the one hand and the traditional foundations of Cambodian society still very present to nowadays on the other hand

Depuis l’arrivée massive de l’aide internationale dans les années 1990, les Cambodgiens évoluent dans un environnement social mondialisé, composé d’un vaste réseau d’acteurs issus d’horizons socioculturels diversifiés. Des systèmes de référence, des manières de faire et de penser hétéroclites cohabitent et s’enchevêtrent. La thèse se concentre sur l’étude d’une norme globalisée appréhendée comme une porte d’entrée pour mieux cerner les mécanismes d’imbrication entre le global et le local. Aujourd’hui, rares sont les programmes de lutte contre l’épidémie à VIH qui n’impliquent pas les usagers pour la mise en œuvre des activités les concernant et la discussion des choix collectifs. La participation profane est devenue une norme globalisée promue par l’ensemble des institutions de lutte contre le sida. Une fois défini le caractère collectivement partagé des règles qui composent cette norme, un éclairage de ses usages et de ses significations locales dans le contexte du Cambodge est effectué. La participation repose sur des principes de partage des savoirs, de répartition des pouvoirs, de valorisation des profanes et de démocratisation des processus de prise de décision qui se concrétisent difficilement au Cambodge. Depuis l’expansion de cette norme, les acteurs profanes sont impliqués massivement à tous les niveaux du parcours de soins sur la plus grande partie du territoire, cependant ils endossent principalement des rôles d’exécutants. Dès qu’il est question d’exercer une influence sur les décisions publiques, un double mécanisme de rejet de la norme se met en place. D’un côté des acteurs profanes sont réticents à s’imposer comme des personnes de pouvoir, à même de débattre ouvertement dans l’arène publique, de l’autre la majorité des élites qui décident et implantent les actions de développement contrôlent la participation et « ensablent » les voix des profanes. Pour une pléthore d’acteurs, les principes de hiérarchie et de non contestation qui caractérisent la société cambodgienne entrent en contradiction avec les principes et valeurs inhérents à la participation. La norme est reformulée en fonction du contexte structurel et sociohistorique du Cambodge. Elle prend une toute autre forme, parfois contraire à son but initial
Since the arrival of an enormous amount of international aid in the 1990s, Cambodia has evolved into a globalised society constituted by a vast network of socio-culturally diverse actors. Heterogeneous value systems and ways of acting and thinking cohabit and become entangled. This thesis offers a study of the operation of a globally established norm within Cambodia, in order to contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interconnection between the global and the local. Today, almost all HIV/AIDS programmes involve users in the implementation of activities that concern them and in discussions on community choices. Lay participation has become a global norm, promoted by all institutions combating AIDS. The first part of the thesis defines the generally agreed rules of this norm ; this is followed by a description of its uses and its local meaning in Cambodia. Participation is based on the principles of knowledge-sharing, distribution of authority, valuation of lay status and democratization of the process of decision-making, which are difficult to achieve in Cambodia. Since the spread of this norm, lay actors have been introduced at all levels of the care structure in most parts of the country, although in the main these actors assume executive roles. Where there are opportunities to exercise influence over decisions within the public domain this norm is undermined in two ways. On the one hand, lay actors hesitate to show that they have any authority, even to debate openly in public; on the other hand, most members of the elite who decide on and set up development activities retain control over participation and ‘silt up’ lay voices. For many actors, the principles of hierarchy and non-confrontation, which are characteristic of Cambodian society, contrast with the principles and values of participation. The globalised norm is thus reinterpreted in accordance with the Cambodian structural and socio-historical context. It takes a completely different form, which is sometimes contrary to its initial goal

Cette thèse propose une étude globale sur les contrats build-operate-transfer (BOT). Ils sont traités dans leurs aspects financiers, juridiques et contractuels. Les investissements dans les infrastructures publiques telles que les transports, l’eau, l’énergie constituent non seulement un outil de développement économique, mais aussi contribuent à l’amélioration des conditions de vie humaine. Mais, pour réaliser ces projets souvent de taille importante, le financement est un des principaux soucis des décideurs publics. En particulier, le Cambodge figure parmi les États à bas revenus. Les contraintes financières sont telles que l’État recourt de plus en plus au secteur privé, notamment par le biais des contrats BOT. Par cette technique, l’État peut cibler ses besoins spécifiques, tout en évitant le déficit budgétaire. En contrepartie, le secteur privé bénéficie d’un droit d’exploiter une infrastructure en cause pour une durée généralement longue pendant laquelle il rentabilise ses investissements.En se basant sur l’association des intérêts publics et privés, la mise en œuvre des contrats BOT nécessite un cadre juridique adéquate, sans lequel les intérêts publics pourraient être menacés, et cela pourrait être dissuasif pour la décision des investisseurs, notamment étrangers
This thesis suggests a comprehensive study on the build-operate-transfer contracts (BOT). They are analysed in their financial, legal and contractual aspects.Investment in public infrastructure such as transport, water, energy is not only a tool for economic development, but also contributes to the improvement of human life’s conditions. However, to achieve these major projects, funding is a major concern of policy makers. In particular, Cambodia is among the States with low income. Financial constraints are such that the State resorts increasingly to the private sector, including through BOT contracts. By this technique, the State can target their specific needs, while avoiding the budget deficit. In return, the private sector has a right to operate the infrastructure in question for a period generally long during which it recovers its investments.Based on a combination of public and private interests, the implementation of BOT contracts requires a proper legal framework, without which public interests might be threatened, and that could be a deterrent for the decision of investors, especially foreigners

The study aims to analyse the factors affecting FDI determinants in ASEAN region. The cases of Cambodia, Lao, Vietnam and Thailand will be studied deeper, looking at the strategies carried on by the governments.

This research explores whether international trade can drive sustainable development by investigating whether labour provisions in regional trade agreements can influence gender equality at work. Such research is critical to justify incorporating labour provisions and alleviate fears that these provisions were only included for protectionist or window dressing purposes. The International Labour Organisation has highlighted the paucity of research on the effectiveness of labour provisions. Additionally, the credibility of existing studies is reduced by the lack of information on labour provisions and working conditions, and a strong theoretical framework to explain causation. To address this gap in knowledge, two normative tools were developed to explain causation. Drawing from existing studies and autopoietic systems theory, a theoretical framework was developed to explain how labour provisions could stimulate improvement in working conditions by influencing context-specific factors instrumental to the trade-labour standards relationship. Using theories of information regulation and autopoietic systems theory, a regulatory model was developed to explain how a labour provision could change social norms by regulating compliance information on labour standards. A case study was conducted on the labour provision in the US-Cambodia Bilateral Textiles Agreement, primarily selected because information was available on its operation and working conditions in Cambodian garment factories. The two normative tools revealed that labour provisions can influence gender equality at work by targeting context-specific factors instrumental to working conditions and regulating the creation, quality and utilisation of compliance information. However, labour provisions can succumb to the neoliberal drive for economic growth and efficient markets, domestic policies of repression and local cultural norms. When this occurs, labour provisions effect superficially positive changes such as compliance with a statutory minimum standard while obscuring deeper issues such as discrimination and repression, and the maintenance of an underclass of informal workers. More positively, labour provisions can empower women to seek changed social norms at work through transparency and education.

The species of Amomum Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam are revised. Thirty-five species and two varieties are recognised, all names are typified, and detailed descriptions and a key are provided. Nine new species are described and one species is validated. Whilst revising Amomum for the Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêtnam, we have proposed to conserve the name Amomum villosum Lour. with a recent collection from Laos, which was not included in the protologue, as its type. Our research on the use of Amomum focuses on the use of plants during pregnancy, parturition, postpartum recovery and infant healthcare among three ethnic groups, the Brou, Saek and Kry. The investigations aim to identify culturally important traditions that may facilitate implementation of culturally appropriate healthcare. Data were collected in Khammouane province, Lao PDR, through group and individual interviews with women by female interviewers. More than 55 plant species are used in women's healthcare, of which > 90 % are used in postpartum recovery. This wealth of novel insights into plant use and preparation will help to understand culturally important practices such as confinement, dietary restrictions, mother roasting and herbal steam baths and their incorporation into modern healthcare. Through chemical analyses of Amomum we have recorded compounds with antimicrobial, analgesic and sedative effects that point to an empirical development of the traditional treatments around childbirth. Essential oils of three species used in hotbed and mother roasting, Amomum villosum Lour. Amomum microcarpum C.F.Liang & D.Fang and Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. were found to contain significant amounts of the following terpenes: b-pinene, camphor, bornylacetate, borneol, linalool, D-limonene, fenchone, terpinen-4-ol and a-terpinene.

Le lac de Tonlé Sap (TSL), Cambodge, est un écosystème lac-rivière de forêt alluviale au régime d'écoulement alternatif. Le lac est un déversoir lors de l'inondation saisonnière du Mékong et sert de réservoir en période de basses eaux. La superficie du lac pendant la saison sèche (février à mai), est d'environ 2 700 km2 pour une profondeur d'environ 1 mètre. Cette superficie est pratiquement multipliée par six quand arrive la saison des pluies, pour atteindre près de 16 000 km2 et une profondeur de 9 mètres, noyant rizières et forêts. C'est le plus grand lac d'eau douce d'Asie du Sud-Est. C'est aussi l'une des zones de pêche d'eau douce les plus importantes et productives du monde avec près de 75% du volume annuel de pêche en eau douce du Cambodge, ce qui permet la survie de près de 2,5 millions de personnes. Les changements saisonniers du cycle hydrologique ont une influence sur la structuration des communautés de poissons à l'échelle temporelle et spatiale, mais aussi sur les comportements trophiques des principales espèces qui n'exploitent alors pas les mêmes habitats. Toutefois, le bassin versant du Mékong est en changement constant avec un développement important des infrastructures en lien avec l'eau : production d'hydro-électricité, besoins important en irrigation, maitrise des inondations, eau potable, ... Les changements climatiques accélèrent les modifications du cycle hydrologique annuel. Il est alors supposé que ces modifications ont des effets forts sur les habitats et les proies disponibles et finalement sur la biodiversité, notamment de l'ichtyofaune et sur l'abondance des poissons disponibles pour les pêcheries.Dans un premier temps, nous avons caractérisé les variations spatio-temporelles de la composition taxonomique des poissons et mis en lumière quels sont les déterminants de ces variations. À cette fin, nous avons estimé la diversité bêta comme la variance totale de la matrice site par communauté d'espèce et l'avons divisée en contribution locale à la diversité bêta (LCBD) et contribution des espèces à la diversité bêta (SCBD). Nous avons ensuite effectué plusieurs régressions linéaires pour déterminer si la richesse taxonomique, l'abondance des espèces et le niveau de l'eau expliquaient la variation temporelle de la contribution du site et de l'espèce à la diversité bêta. Nos résultats indiquent une forte variation temporelle de la diversité bêta due aux contributions différentielles des sites et des espèces à la variation spatiale de la composition taxonomique des poissons. Nous avons également constaté que la direction, la forme et l'effet relatif de la richesse spécifique, de l'abondance et du niveau de l'eau sur la variation temporelle des valeurs LCBD et SCBD varient grandement selon les sites. Ces résultats suggèrent ainsi une variation spatiale des processus conduisant à une variation temporelle de la composition de la communauté. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que la composition taxonomique des poissons n'est pas distribuée de manière homogène dans l'espace et dans le temps et risque d'être affectée à l'avenir si la dynamique saisonnière d'écoulement du système est altérée par les activités humaines et/ou les changements climatiques. Dans un second temps, nous avons cherché à étudier le modèle d'évolution temporel des principales espèces en terme d'occurrence et d'abondance à travers le cycle saisonnier hydrologique
The Tonle Sap Lake (TSL), Cambodia, is a flood-pulse system. It is the largest natural lake in South- East Asia and constitutes one of the largest fisheries over the world, supporting the livelihood 2.5 million peoples. Seasonal change in annual hydrological cycle appears to have influence on fish community structure, both spatial and temporal variation, particularly on feeding behavior of TSL's fishes. Nonetheless, the Mekong River Basin is changing rapidly due to accelerating water infrastructure development (hydropower, irrigation, flood control, and water supply) and climate change, bringing considerable modifications to the annual flood-pulse of the TSL. Such modifications are expected to have strong impacts on fish biodiversity, abundance, reduced habitat and food availability within the lake. To invest how TSL's fish community structure responds to the seasonal change, how they shift their diet across hydrological cycles and feeding competing for food resource: First, we aim to characterize the spatio-temporal variations of fish taxonomic composition and to highlights the underlying determinants of these variations. For this purpose, we estimated beta diversity as the total variance of the site-by-species community matrix and partitioned it into Local Contribution to Beta Diversity (LCBD) and Species Contribution to Beta Diversity (SCBD). We then performed multiple linear regressions to determine whether species richness, species abundances and water level explained the temporal variation in the contribution of site and species to beta diversity. Our results indicate strong temporal variation of beta diversity due to differential contributions of sites and species to the spatial variation of fish taxonomic composition. We further found that the direction, the shape and the relative effect of species richness, abundances and water level on temporal variation in LCBD and SCBD values greatly varied among sites, thus suggesting spatial variation in the processes leading to temporal variation in community composition. Overall, our results suggest that fish taxonomic composition is not homogeneously distributed over space and time and is likely to be impacted in the future if the flood-pulse dynamic of the system is altered by human activities. Second, we aim to investigate the temporal pattern of the most occurrence and abundance species and how their co-occurrence pattern across hydrological cycles. We found that occurrence and abundance patterns were temporally varied at all water level seasons. Strong temporal variation in species occurrence was occurred with visiting species such as Labiobarbus leptocheilus and Poropuntius deauratus while water level starts to fill into the TSL. We further observed that the abundance of 17 species was strongly varied while other 22 species (mainly TSL's residential species) were stable within the year. Positive species co-occurrence pattern was generally higher than negative species co-occurrence at all water level seasons. Highest positive co-occurrence patterns were found during the period of decrease and low water level seasons while fishes are migrating from flooded areas, competing for resource and habitats during low water season. Study on temporal distribution and species co-occurrence of fish and how community responds to the seasonal change in hydrological cycles provides critical information for fisheries management and conservation in the Tonle Sap Lake (TSL) as well as maintaining fish biodiversity in the Mekong system. Third, the implications of seasonality on food web structure have been notoriously understudied in empirical ecology, particularly in TSL's system. The current study, we focus on seasonal changes in one key attribute of a food web, vertical trophic position of consumers

Notre travail de recherche traite des problématiques de l’indemnisation des préjudices, qu’ils soient patrimoniaux ou extrapatrimoniaux, en droit cambodgien de la responsabilité civile. Il concerne, principalement mais pas exclusivement, les problématiques portant sur les caractères indemnisables du préjudice subi, l’identification des postes de préjudice indemnisables, les modalités d’indemnisation et l’évaluation des préjudices subis. Cette étude présente des avantages dans la mesure où la société cambodgienne actuelle se heurte à l’explosion des risques dans tous les domaines, et que la mentalité des cambodgiens à l’égard des préjudices subis a considérablement changé. Ces constats nous permettent de déduire que les besoins indemnitaires des victimes sont de plus en plus pressants. S’il est vrai que le droit de la responsabilité civile en vigueur pose certaines règles d’indemnisation, mais celles-ci sont parfois insuffisantes ou incohérentes. Dans certains cas, elles ne sont pas équitables et ne correspondent pas aux contextes socio-économiques de la société cambodgienne actuelle. Notre objectif est donc de proposer, sans prétendre à l’exhaustivité, certains remèdes aux règles actuelles d’indemnisation des préjudices afin de permettre à la victime d’obtenir la compensation intégrale ou sinon d’aboutir la plus proche possible à la compensation intégrale des seuls préjudices subis. Également, les solutions proposées pourront permettre d’éviter l’enrichissement de la victime en raison d’un fait dommageable commis par un tiers et de réduire les disparités entre les victimes
Our research seeks to address the compensatory damages, both economic loss and moral damages, in Cambodian Civil Liability Law. The compensatory damages that our research focuses on are, mainly but not limited to, the characteristics of the compensable damage, the identification of the type of compensable damages, the modes of compensation, and the evaluation of the damages. Our study is useful insofar as the current Cambodian society is facing the explosion of risks in all areas and the attitude of the people therein towards the damages suffered has significantly changed. These observations allow us to say that the need of compensation for damages becomes more and more necessary. There is no denying that the current Civil Liability Law has adopted some rules for compensation, the numbers thereof are insufficient, and they are sometime incoherent. In some cases, these rules are not equitable and lack consistency with the socio-economic contexts of current Cambodian society. Our goal is to propose, without pretending to be exhaustive, remedies to the current compensatory rules. Hence, the victims could get either full compensation or nearly-full compensation for the damages suffered. The proposed solutions would also prevent enriching the victims due to the third party’s wrongful act as well as discriminating among the victims

La reconnaissance du droit de participation et du droit à réparation des victimes est l’évolution la plus remarquable des dernières décennies dans le domaine des droits nationaux et dans le cadre de la justice pénale internationale. Les Juridictions Pénales Internationales construisent le statut des victimes. Confrontés à des concepts innovants, les juges doivent créer des précédents et organiser les modalités des droits des victimes. Ils doivent allier la coordination de la représentation légale de milliers de victimes avec les impératifs de la justice. Au vu des premières décisions, la place des victimes est acquise puisque les juges ont accepté leur participation. Cependant, leur interprétation des règles apporte de sérieuses restrictions aux droits des victimes dans la pratique. La participation des victimes n’est pas pleinement effective et leur réparation se révèle exceptionnelle. Ainsi, l’intérêt de l’étude de la jurisprudence réside dans la détermination du statut réel des victimes au sein des procès internationaux et l’importance des droits appliqués. Des évolutions positives sont possibles en faveur de la reconnaissance du statut de parties au procès et de l’effectivité des droits des victimes
The recognition of the right to participate and the right to reparation to the victimes is the most remarkable evolution of these last decades in the national laws and in the International Criminal Justice. The International Criminal Jurisdictions built the victims’ status. Confronted to innovative concepts, the judges have to create precedents and organise the modalities of the victim’s rights. They have to combine the coordination of the legal representation of thousands of victims with the necessity of justice. In view of the first decisions, the place of the victimes is established since the judges grant them the right to participate. However, their interpretation of the rules brings serious limitations to the rights of the victims in the practice. The victims’ participation is not fully applied and their reparation turns out to be exceptionnal. So, the interest of the jurisprudence study resides in the determination of the real status of the victims in the international trial and the importance of the granted rights. Positive evolutions can be made in favor of the recognition of the status of parties in the trial and the effectiveness of the rigths of the victims

Le lac Tonle Sap (TSL) est l'un des plus grands lacs du monde et est connu comme un hot-spot de la biodiversité en Asie du Sud-Est. En raison de la grande diversité ainsi que de la productivité élevée de poissons, le lac contribue à un apport important en protéines pour la population cambodgienne. Cette étude vise principalement à étudier (1) la dynamique spatiale et temporelle de la composition des communautés de poissons, (2) les effets des facteurs environnementaux sur la distribution des espèces et (3) l'effet de l'abolition des lots de pêche sur la biomasse, les communautés de poissions et le structure des poissons. En utilisant des méthodes statistiques multivariées sur les données de poissons et de variables environnementales, je suis en mesure de mettre en évidence les principales conclusions suivantes: * Les communautés de poissons du TSL étaient composées de deux assemblages de poissons: l'assemblage du nord, principalement caractérisé par des poissons noirs, et l'assemblage du sud, principalement lié aux poissons blancs, gris et estuariens. Les assemblages de poissons de la période 1994-1995 étaient représentés par l'abondance de tous les groupes fonctionnels, c'est-à-dire les poissons noirs, blancs et gris, et pour la période de 1996 à 1999, les assemblages étaient liés aux poissons blancs et gris. * Les distributions des abondances espèces de poissons n'étaient pas homogènes dans le TSL. De plus, les aires de distributions des espèces étaient différentes et étaient régies par des combinaisons distinctes de caractéristiques de l'habitat et de facteurs climatiques. * H. lobatus et H. siamensis peuvent coexister ensemble, mais la synchronisation et la migration de H. lobatus conduisent toujours à celles de H. siamensis. Ces résultats suggèrent que la population de H. lobatus est plus sensible aux variations d'impulsion de flux que celles de H. siamensis. Ceci indique que les variations des impulsions d'écoulement sont les principaux déterminants responsables de la dynamique temporelle de chaque espèce.[...]
Tonle Sap Lake (TSL) is one of the world's largest lakes and is a biodiversity hotspot in Southeast Asia. It supports high fish productivity which sustains protein supply for millions of people in the region. This study aims to investigate (1) spatial and temporal dynamics of fish community composition, (2) the effects of environmental factors on fish distribution and (3) effects of fishing lot abolishment on fish biomass, community and structure in TSL. By using multivariate statistical methods on fish and environmental data, the thesis highlights that: * There were two fish assemblages in TSL: the northern assemblage, mostly characterised by black fishes, and the southern assemblage, mainly linked to white, grey and estuarine fishes. Fish assemblages from earlier years (1994 and 1995) were represented by the abundances of all functional groups, i.e. black, white and grey fishes, and from 1996 to 1999, the assemblages were linked only to white and grey fishes. * Fish species distributions were not homogeneous within TSL. In addition, species distribution areas were different and were governed by distinct combinations of the local habitat characteristics and regional climatic factors. * H. lobatus and H. siamensis can co-occur together, but synchronisation and migration of H. lobatus always lead those of H. siamensis. These results suggest that the population of H. lobatus is more responsive to flow pulse variations than those of H. siamensis.[...]

L'objectif général de ce travail était d'évaluer les stratégies des moyens de subsistance dans le lac Tonle Sap en rapport avec divers facteurs de changement. Plus précisément, l'étude visait à étudier les variations et les déterminants des moyens de subsistance (spatial et temporal), ainsi que les impacts des futurs changements et des communautés de pêcherie (CFis) dans les plaines inondables de Tonle Sap. En utilisant les approches multivariées, j'ai pu mettre en évidence les résultats suivants : Les différentes caractéristiques écologiques déterminent les différentes stratégies des moyens de subsistance et les ressources environnementales sont indispensables pour la période post-conflit des pays comme le Cambodge ; Les divers facteurs humains, naturels et économiques, sociaux et physiques ont influencé le choix et le revenu des ménages ; parmi lesquels, la possession de terrain était le plus important; La perte de net revenu est attendue dans tous les futurs scenarios de changement, particu- lièrement avec ceux qui dépendent uniquement un moyen de subsistance, subi une perte en moyenne de 18% dans tous les scénarios, comparativement à 9% pour le groupe des multi-moyens de subsistance ; La taille idéale de la zone communautaire est de 2 310 hectares et l'impact positif des CFis peut être réalisé en améliorant la planification, le processus opérationnel et le mécanisme de résolution des conflits, également qu'en développant et renforçant des réseaux et la conformité des règles. Les résultats suggèrent que les moyens de subsistance sont spécifiques au contexte et le choix des stratégies des ménages est associé à une gamme de facteurs socio-écologiques. Nous devons éviter une prescription unique pour aborder les problèmes des moyens de subsistance dans le Tonle Sap. Effectivement, les implications politiques pour améliorer la participation aux moyens de subsistance ainsi que pour maximiser les avantages économiques et sociaux à long terme pour les ménages devraient accorder une attention particulière aux ménages pauvres en ressources. Par conséquent, l'augmentation de la richesse et des biens du ménage, ainsi que l'établissement des programmes efficaces de conservation des ressources améliorent effective- ment la capacité d'adaptation des ménages en réponse aux changements inattendus et également contribuent à renforcer et soutenir les organisations des CFis
The overall goal of this research was to assess the livelihood strategies in the Tonle Sap in the face of various drivers of change around the lake. Specifically, the study intended to investigate livelihood variations and determinants (both spatial and temporal), and the impact of future scenario changes and of the Community Fisheries (CFis) in the Tonle Sap's floodplain. By using multivariate approach, I am able to highlight the fol- lowing findings: - different ecological characteristics influencing livelihood strategies and the environmental resources are imperative in post-conflict Cambodia; - various human, natural and economic, social, and physical capitals have influenced household's choice and income. Land was the most significant; - net income loss is expected for under all future scenarios, with those engaged in single livelihoods experiencing an average loss of 18% across all scenarios compared to 9% for the multi-livelihood group; - an ideal size of community area is 2,310 hectares and the positive impact of CFis can be achieved by improving planning, operational process and conflict resolution mechanism, developing networks and reinforcing rule compliance. The findings suggest that livelihood is context specific and the choice of household's strategies is associated with a range of socio and ecological factors and we should avoid a one-size-fit prescription to tackle livelihood problems in the Tonle Sap. Policy impli- cations to improve livelihood participation and maximize the long-term economic and social benefits for household should consider special attention to resource poor house- holds, increase household's wealth and assets, design and implement effective resource conservation programs, improve households' adaptive capacity in response to unex- pected changes and continue strengthening and supporting the CFi organizations

This thesis studies the Cambodian Constitution from a socio-legal and ethnographic perspective, highlighting some of the multiple ways in which diverse constitutional discourses and practices manifest themselves in the country outside of judicial, or even state, institutions. The thesis starts by recognising that existing literature typically associates constitutionalism exclusively with the work of courts, and with liberal-democracy, before providing a series of case studies that focus on constitutional practices that are typically obscured from view by such a focus. These case studies provide accounts of how, for example: international actors and local civil society groups engaged in Cambodia’s 1993 constitution-making process; Cambodia’s apparently liberal-democratic Constitution has been used publicly by the government to facilitate and justify authoritarianism; court cases are themselves used by local activists to conduct domestic and internationally-focused advocacy; constitutional provisions have helped to shape the way Buddhist monks understand their role in society and politics; and artists are helping to shape constitutional definitions of national identity and culture through their interactions with or avoidance of state censorship. The result is a nuanced, empirically grounded account of a constitutional order that has been largely overlooked by scholars in the country and abroad. However, it is also an exploration of the ways in which constitutionalism can be understood to operate outside of courts or state institutions, and how a liberal-democratic constitution can simultaneously act as a source of legitimacy for and challenge to authoritarianism.
Graduate
2021-12-05

This diploma thesis at first analyzes the brutal regime in Cambodia beetween the years 1975-1979. The goal for the readers is briefly to describe this Khmer Rouge regime. It was inhuman and genocide regime which, after taking control of this land began to implement a huge social experiment. This experiment resulted into two milions deads. One half of the diseases, overwork and starvation, one half of the executions. The purpose of this big disaster was a attempt to put this southeast Asia land into self-sufficiency agriculture state. This situation was a work of a small group of people. The main of them was o Pol Pot. In the second part diploma describes a reflection of this regime in communist Czechoslovakia. This part is based on the research in newspapers of this era and research in archive of Ministry of external affairs. The regime in Czechoslovakia was a communist and very conform to foreign policy of the Soviet Union. So the articles in the communist press was not the official statepoint of Czechoslovak govement. At first the governement was a very happy of winning the new regime, because the previous Lon Nol's was very fixed to the United States. After the year 1976 the locals confrontations beetween Cambodia and Vietnam began. In this time carried on the clash beetween China and Soviet...

Yes
The global language of scholarly research is English and so the obstacle of getting noticed is montainous when the article is not written in the English language. Indeed, despite rapid advances in technology, the “tyranny of language” creates a segmentation inhibiting scholarly research and innovation generally. Mass translation of non-English language articles is neither feasible nor desirable. Our paper proposes a strategy for remedying this segmentation – such that, the work of non-English language scholars become more discoverable. The core piece of this strategy is a “reverse-engineering” [RE] application of Faff’s (2015, 2017a) “pitching research” template. More specifically, we provide access to translated versions of the “cued” template across thirty-three different languages, and most notably for this journal, including the Romanian and French languages. Further, we showcase an illustrative dual language French-English example.