Journal articles: 'Law – Classification'

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Zhyltsov, Oleksandr Leonidovich. "CLASSIFICATION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT DISCRETION." Law Bulletin 9 (2019): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32850/2414-4207.2019-9.03.

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Manaris, Bill, Juan Romero, Penousal Machado, Dwight Krehbiel, Timothy Hirzel, Walter Pharr, and Robert B. Davis. "Zipf's Law, Music Classification, and Aesthetics." Computer Music Journal 29, no. 1 (March 2005): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/comj.2005.29.1.55.

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Ryzhenkov, Anatoliy. "On Classification of the Land Law Principles." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 5. Jurisprudencija, no. 4 (November 2016): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu5.2016.4.3.

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Radchenko, O. I. "Classification of citizenship in modern constitutional law." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav spec_3, spec_3 (December 1, 2018): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2018-5-204-210.

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Ordina, Olga N. "A Classification of Russian Administrative Law Sources." Administrative law and procedure 9 (August 5, 2020): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2071-1166-2020-9-32-34.

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O, Khomenko. "Functions of law definitions: concept and classification." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 31 (2020): 485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2020-31-485-496.

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The article is devoted to an overview of the problems of the functions of law definitions and their variants. It is noted that the functions of law definitions in modern domestic and foreign scientific literature are usually explored through the prism of their legislative variety. The latter is due, among other things, to the fact that the use of the notion «function of law definitions» by some modern scholars is largely formal in nature, because the term «law» merges with the meaning of «legislative» or «positive law». While accepting in general that legal law definitions perform certain functions that are inherent in the whole system of legal definitions, yet they, like any other kind of legal definitions, perform certain specific functions that are not peculiar to others types of law definitions, in particular, doctrinal ones. In this context, it is first and foremost about the regulatory function of legal law definitions, which is one of the varieties of legal norms, in connection with which it is necessary to speak about the necessity or obligation to take it into account when taking legally significant actions. Although the content of a legal law definition does not include an indication of the respective rights and obligations of participants in certain legal relationships, it always contains specific features or circumstances (legal facts) that underlie a legal relationship. Turning to the group of general functions of law definitions, first of all, we note that the main functions within this group, in our opinion, are the following: cognitive (epistemological), modeling, ontological, cultural, communicative, cumulative and axiological functions. The above mentioned functions of law definitions are general or those that in one way or another appear within each of their varieties, in particular, legal (legislative), doctrinal and judicial, and, secondly, the list of general functions of law definitions is not exhaustive, given the complexity of the dynamic nature of modern law reality, the development of which provides the opportunity to talk about other common functions of law definitions (for example, ideological). In addition to general functions, law definitions also have some special functions that appear within their particular variety. In particular, legislative or legal definitions perform such special functions as constituent, regulatory, integrative, law enforcement, and others. Doctrinal law definitions are inherent, in particular, such special functions as prognostic, didactic, heuristic, methodological, etc. Judicial law definitions fulfill, in particular, such important special functions as interpretative, law-concretizing, regulatory-orientational, and so on. As a result of the research, the author draws the following conclusions: 1. The functions of law definitions as a whole phenomena are a sufficiently extensive system of main directions of their influence on public relations and their subjects (participants) in order to ensure socially useful reproduction of such relations within the defined law-and-order. 2. The functions of law definitions are the directions of their influence on the development of social relations in general and legal practice in particular, and in the case of their normative fixing – on the direct behavior and activities of persons in which their nature and purpose are manifested, as well as their role in ensuring a stable functioning law-and-order. 3. The general functions of law definitions, that is those, which in one way or another appear within each of their varieties, are primarily cognitive (epistemological), modeling, ontological, cultural, communicative, cumulative and axiological functions. Special functions of law definitions are manifested within their specific variety and are determined by the specifics of the nature of law science (doctrinal law definitions), positive law (legal law definitions), and law enforcement activities (judicial law definitions).

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Bećirović-Alić, Maida. "Classification of material evidence in criminal law." Univerzitetska misao - casopis za nauku, kulturu i umjetnost, Novi Pazar, no. 17 (2018): 188–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/univmis1817188b.

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Sagan, Adam. "The classification as ‘worker’ under EU law." European Labour Law Journal 10, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952519886143.

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The paper discusses the concept of the term worker in European labour law, focusing on the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the Matzak case. First, the facts that are essential to Mr Matzak’s qualification as a worker are presented. In a second step, the part of the Court’s decision which refers to the concept of ‘worker’ is analysed. The third and main part deals in detail with the current discussion of the concept of the term ‘worker’ in EU law. This analysis should make it possible to systemise the decisions of the Court. Finally, an attempt is made to classify the decision of the Court in the Matzak within its own case law and to assess its consequences for future decisions.

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Witro, Doli, Neni Nuraeni, and Muhammad Fauzan Januri. "CLASSIFICATION OF AQAD IN SHARIA ECONOMIC LAW." Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari'ah dan Masyarakat 21, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v21i1.8387.

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As social beings, humans cannot be separated from each other to fulfill their daily needs. One of the relationships between one human being and another is manifested by an agreement. The agreement process is generally referred to as aqad or contract. Many parties who enter into contracts do not understand the rights and obligations they must fulfill, so even though they use the Islamic legal agreement system, the values in this concept have not been fully implemented. This paper discusses the classification of aqad in sharia economic transactions, which is analyzed using the opinions of the mazhab scholars. This paper aims to explain the classification of aqad in sharia economic law. The research method used in this research is library research. In this case, the writer obtains literary sources through literature such as books, journals, and encyclopedias related to the theme being studied. This research is oriented towards discussing the urgency or importance of aqad in Islamic economic law. The data in the research are presented in a descriptive narrative way. The analysis technique used is the data analysis technique introduced by Miles and Huberman, namely data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The results showed that aqad is an agreement in an agreement between two parties. In general, the classification is divided into two aqad/agreements, namely aqad tabarru’ and aqad tijarah.

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Kovalenko, B. V. "CLASSIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF OFFICIAL LAW." Juridical scientific and electronic journal 2, no. 2 (2020): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2020-2-2/6.

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Korostashova, I. M. "Judicials and law enforcement authorities (classification issues)." Legal position, no. 3 (2021): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32836/2521-6473.2021-3.9.

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Kuemzhieva, S. A., L. F. Netishinskaya, D. D. Oblogin, and V. V. Goncharov. "Classification of public companies in Russian law." Право и государство: теория и практика, no. 12 (2020): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1337_2020_12_100.

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Guyvan, P. D. "CLASSIFICATION FEATURES OF CERTAIN CIVIL LAW TERMS." Scientific notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University. Series: Juridical Sciences, no. 2 (2021): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/tnu-2707-0581/2021.2/02.

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Jaffey, Peter. "Classification and Unjust Enrichment." Modern Law Review 67, no. 6 (November 2004): 1012–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2004.00521.x.

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15

Carron, Djemila. "Transnational Armed Conflicts." Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 7, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18781527-00701002.

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Situations of hostility between States and armed groups located on the territories of other States are difficult to classify because they call into question the categories of international and non-international armed conflicts. This contribution argues for the single classification of non-international armed conflicts of those transnational armed conflicts. The article starts with a clarification on the relevant circumstances for the contribution. The different classifications proposed by scholars, tribunals and States are then examined, leading us to our arguments for a single classification of non-international armed conflicts, and to the test adopted for a rapid categorization of those transnational hostilities. Finally, we mention some important observations and challenges on this topic, like the classification of situations involving at the same time hostilities between a State and an armed group located on the territory of another State and the occupation of the territory of this second State.

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EREMIN, Sergey, Konstantin LUKICHEV, Sergey KAMOLOV, Elena MIGACHEVA, and Tatiana VERSHILO. "Systematization and Classification of ‘Soft Law’ Sources in the Financial Law of Russia." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.3(49).14.

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The aim of this work is to develop a classification of soft law sources in the financial law of the Russian Federation and their systematization. The study revealed the fact that Russian fiscal authorities and courts have increasingly turned to the documents of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) especially in connection with the taxation issues. The study discloses an important soft-law feature – to transform to the financial law and become legally binding. It was adjusted that there are a large number of soft law legislative acts, regarding transfer pricing and double taxation avoiding have been passed by international organizations and bodies nowadays. These acts are being used a lot in the Russian financial law. The study investigates the most important soft law act – OECD Model Tax Convention and its comments - issued by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). According to the result of the study, the classification of soft-law acts was carried out. The classification is based on the following criteria: functions, goals, scope (influence), bill passing authorities, types of adopted acts, bill scope. The developed classification and systematization ensure a more efficient and uniform application of the soft law sources in practice. At work there were used general and specific scientific research methods: method of interpretation of the rules of laws, system-structural and formal-legal methods, logical method.

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Yatsko, V. A. "Automatic text classification method based on Zipf’s law." Automatic Documentation and Mathematical Linguistics 49, no. 3 (May 2015): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0005105515030048.

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Świątkowski, Andrzej Marian, and Marcin Wujczyk. "The Classification of Employment in Polish Labour Law." King's Law Journal 27, no. 2 (May 3, 2016): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09615768.2016.1211381.

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Campbell, David. "Classification and the Crisis of the Common Law." Journal of Law and Society 26, no. 3 (September 1999): 369–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6478.00130.

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Bragin, M. K. "Classification of employer's acts containing labor law norms." Аграрное и земельное право, no. 5 (2021): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1329_2021_5_90.

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Al-Swelmee, Mohammad Mousa. "The International Law Classification as an Understanding of the Built of International Law." Journal of Social Sciences 2, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/jssp.2006.104.107.

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22

Fennell, Lee Anne. "Sizing Up Categories." Theoretical Inquiries in Law 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2021-0002.

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Abstract Categories intentionally create discontinuities. By breaking the world up into cognizable chunks, they simplify the information environment. But the signals they provide may be inaccurate or scrambled by strategic behavior. This Article considers how law might approach the problem of optimal categorization, given the role of categories in managing and transmitting information. It proceeds from the observation that high categorization costs can be addressed through two opposite strategies—making classifications more fine-grained (splitting), and making classifications more encompassing (lumping). Although continuizing and other forms of splitting offer intuitive answers to inaccurate classification and gaming along category lines, lumping is sometimes a better solution. If category membership carries multiple and offsetting implications, the incentive to manipulate the classification system is dampened. To take a simple example, insurance that covers only one risk is more vulnerable to adverse selection than is an insurance arrangement that covers two inversely correlated risks. Making categories larger, more durable, and more heterogeneous can produce such offsets. These and other forms of bundling can arrest damaging instabilities in categorization.

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Arias-Schreiber Barba, Félix L., and Antonio Alfonso Peña Jumpa. "Hacia una clasificación socio-jurídica de las leyes que sea funcional al análisis de efectividad legislativa (To a functional socio-legal classification of the legal norms for the regulatory effectiveness analysis)." Oñati Socio-legal Series 9, no. 6 (July 2, 2019): 880–923. http://dx.doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1054.

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El artículo presenta una propuesta de clasificación de las leyes, que tomando en cuenta los postulados de la sociología del derecho busca ser funcional al análisis de efectividad legislativa. Partimos de la hipótesis de que la diversidad de normas y, específicamente, de las leyes que emite un Estado pueden sistematizarse bajo el marco teórico de la sociología del derecho con criterios funcionales de efectividad. Para ello, nuestra investigación parte del contexto actual del Estado y su capacidad regulatoria y termina en una propuesta de clasificación socio-legal de las leyes. En nuestro estudio presentamos y examinamos la utilidad de una clasificación funcional de las leyes, el enfoque socio jurídico como marco teórico para esta clasificación, los aspectos del proceso legislativo que son inherentes al análisis de efectividad, y las clasificaciones conocidas desde el derecho y las ciencias políticas sobre normas legales y efectividad regulatoria. Al final del trabajo presentamos una alternativa de clasificación. The article presents a proposal for the classification of laws, which taking into account the postulates of the sociology of law seeks to be functional to the analysis of legislative effectiveness. We start from the hypothesis establishes that the diversity of norms and, specifically, laws issued by a State can under the theoretical framework of the sociology of law be systematized under functional criteria of effectiveness. For this, our research starts from the current context of the State and its regulatory capacity and ends with a proposal of a socio-legal classification of laws. In our study we expose and examine the usefulness of a functional classification of the laws, the socio-legal approach as a theoretical framework for this classification, the aspects of the legislative process that are inherent to an effectiveness analysis, and the known classifications from law and political science on legal norms and regulatory effectiveness. In the end of the work we present an alternative classification.

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Mitchell, Charles. "Classification of Terms in Insurance Contracts." King's Law Journal 16, no. 2 (January 2005): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09615768.2005.11427616.

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Ruiter, Dick W. P. "A Basic Classification of Legal Institutions." Ratio Juris 10, no. 4 (December 1997): 357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9337.00066.

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Сидоренко, Элина, and Elina Sidorenko. "Administrative Prejudice in Criminal Law: Law Enforcement Problems." Journal of Russian Law 4, no. 6 (May 30, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19772.

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The author analyzes the problem of inclusion in the Russian criminal law of the institute of administrative prejudice. The paper comprises three blocks: assessment of the need to introduce rules on prejudice in the Criminal Code; the timing of bringing persons to administrative responsibility and consideration of private issues of classification of individual components. The aim of the study is to develop scientifically based and up-to-date recommendations for the application of criminal law to administrative prejudice. The author achieves the goal through solving specific problems associated with the beginning of the expiration of the period of limitation for bringing persons to administrative responsibility, revealing differences in understanding by administrative and criminal legal institutions of the concepts of duplicity and recurrence and others. The author proposes the solution of these problems through the use of privatescientific methods of analysis: comparative legal, formal-legal methods, content analysis, and others. The study of court decisions and doctrinal positions on the classification of acts containing administrative prejudice has allowed the author to formulate a number of conclusions regarding the inconsistency of legislative structures of some articles of the Criminal Code. In particular, the use of different approaches to determining the time for bringing a person to administrative responsibility, the absence in Art. 154 and Art. 180 of the Criminal Code of indication on the prejudicial character of the rules etc draw objections. The author pays particular attention to assessing the recurrence of administrative offences and transition of this concept to criminal law relations.

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Fraser, Patrick Thomas, and Ameer Sarwar. "A Compatibility Law and the Classification of Theory Change." Scientonomy: Journal for the Science of Science 2 (December 28, 2018): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/js.v2i0.31278.

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The current formulation of the zeroth law (the law of compatibility) is marred with a number of theoretical problems, which necessitate its reformulation. In this paper, we propose that compatibility is an independent stance that can be taken towards epistemic elements of all types. We then provide a new definition of compatibility criteria to reflect this change. We show that the content of the zeroth law is deducible from our definition of compatibility. Instead of a static law of compatibility, we propose a new dynamic law of compatibility that explains how the stance of compatibility obtains. Unlike the zeroth law, this new law has empirical content, as it forbids certain conceivable scenarios. Having established these notions, we propose a classification space that exhaustively covers all the possible states a theory may occupy and all the transitions it may undergo during its lifecycle. Suggested Modifications [Sciento-2018-0015]: Accept the following definition of compatibility: Compatibility ≡ the ability of two elements to coexist in the same mosaic. Also accept the following corollary: Compatibility Corollary: at any moment of time, the elements of the scientific mosaic are compatible with each other. Accept that all theorems that take the current zeroth law as their premise are recoverable when the compatibility corollary is used as a premise instead. Reject the zeroth law. [Sciento-2018-0016]: Accept compatibility as a distinct epistemic stance that can be taken towards epistemic elements of all types. Also accept that compatibility is binary, reflexive, and symmetric. Transitivity of compatibility holds only within mosaics, not sui generis. [Sciento-2018-0017]: Accept the following definition of compatibility criteria: Compatibility Criteria ≡ criteria for determining whether two elements are compatible or incompatible. Reject the previous definition of compatibility criteria. [Sciento-2018-0018]: Accept the following law of compatibility as a scientonomic axiom: The Law of Compatibility: if a pair of elements satisfies the compatibility criteria employed at the time, it becomes compatible within the mosaic; if it does not, it is deemed incompatible; and if assessment is inconclusive, the pair can become compatible, incompatible, or its status may be unknown. [Sciento-2018-0019]: Accept the new definition of theory acceptance: Theory Acceptance ≡ an accepted theory is a scientific theory that is taken as the best available description or prescription of its object. Reject the previous definition of theory acceptance. [Sciento-2018-0020]: Accept the following theorem: Demarcation-Acceptance Synchronism theorem: every theory that becomes accepted satisfies the demarcation criteria employed at the time of acceptance.

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Cherneha, V. M. "FAMILY LAW BINDING RULES AS OBJECTS OF SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION." Comparative-analytical law 5 (2019): 148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0390/2019.5.34.

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Schwartz, Elisheva. "Library of Congress Islamic and Jewish Law Classification Schedule." International Journal of Legal Information 29, no. 2 (2001): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500009562.

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Islamic and Jewish law has, for years, been the orphan of the Library of Congress classification scheme. Left without a place of its own it has been either shoehorned into the religion schedules, or set aside in homegrown organizational schemes. In either case access to these materials was often compromised, and retrieval difficult.Fortunately, LC, in its work on the law schedules, has finally been able to generate draft versions of KBM–Jewish Law, and KBP–Islamic Law. We are fortunate that someone of Jolande Goldberg's prodigious talent and incredible energy was assigned the task of developing both of these schedules. She has overcome numerous roadblocks, and found consensus where there seemed to be none. The new schedules, as you will see, are both elegant structures in themselves, as well as constructed in such a way as to be a powerful tool for comparative research.

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Noor, Azman Mohd. "Rape: A Problem of Crime Classification in Islamic Law." Arab Law Quarterly 24, no. 4 (2010): 417–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302510x526724.

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AbstractIn Islam, rape is considered a serious sexual crime. Since it consists of forced sexual intercourse, most of the classical jurists called it zinā bī l-ikrāh, that is, forced unlawful sexual intercourse. The question arises whether rape is part of zinā or an isolated crime. This article focuses on the notion of rape, including a definition of this crime, its punishments, and a comparison between rape and zinā in Islamic jurisprudence.

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Khodak, S. M. "CLASSIFICATION OF INTEREST IN FAMILY LAW BY DIFFERENT CRITERIA." Dnipro Scientific Journal of Public Administration, Psychology, Law, no. 1 (2021): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.51547/ppp.dp.ua/2021.1.22.

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Sirojiddinova, Shahribonu, and Ganisher Rahimov. "Improvement classification of law terms through content-based learning." Общество и инновации 2, no. 4/S (May 20, 2021): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol2-iss4/s-pp57-62.

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This research work is devoted to the features of the classification of legal terminology through content based learning. Including these legal services are necessary in professional activities. A high-quality written classifying terms through content based will be useful, for example, both for the owner of a judicial organizations who has concluded a lucrative contract abroad and for an ordinary foreman who wants to read a competent classification of instructions for legal documents.

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KATORGIN, Stanislav Sergeevich. "Classification of economic interests in the field of law." Право и государство: теория и практика, no. 3 (2021): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1337_2021_3_205.

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Feinman, Jay M. "The Jurisprudence of Classification." Stanford Law Review 41, no. 3 (February 1989): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1228882.

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McGurn, Patrick S. "Classification Cancels Corporate Accountability." Stanford Law Review 55, no. 3 (December 2002): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1229672.

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Irons, Ashley. "Classification and compulsory treatment." Clinical Risk 12, no. 5 (September 2006): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/135626206778494929.

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Garbatovich, Denis A. "CLASSIFICATION OF NON-CRIMINAL ACTS STIPULATED BY CRIMINAL LAW PROVISIONS IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW." International criminal law and international justice 1 (January 14, 2021): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2071-1190-2021-1-3-5.

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The article presents a classification of non-criminal criminal acts in international criminal law depending, first, on their social significance, second, on their compliance with the sources of international criminal law, third, on how they affect criminal law relations as legal facts.

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Abraham, Kenneth S. "Efficiency and Fairness in Insurance Risk Classification." Virginia Law Review 71, no. 3 (April 1985): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1072963.

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Weinrath, Michael, and Ron Coles. "Third generation prison classification: the manitoba case." Criminal Justice Studies 16, no. 4 (December 2003): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0888431032000183506.

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CLEMENTS, CARL B. "Offender Classification." Criminal Justice and Behavior 23, no. 1 (March 1996): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854896023001009.

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Borichev, Konstantin, and Mihail Pavlik. "The problems of classification of the modern terrorism." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, no. 2 (July 21, 2020): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-2-102-110.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of such a phenomenon as modern terrorism and the problem of its classification. For today, domestic and foreign scientists and practicians have proposed numerous options for classifying terrorism, some of which will be considered in this study. In particular, an analysis of the classifications of terrorism will be carried out, proposed by doctors of law, professors V.V. Luneev, Yu.M. Antonyan and S.U. Dikaev, doctor of philosophy V.V. Kaftan and other Russian scientists, as well as a representative of foreign science - the American psychologist J. Post. In the explored types of classifications, the most successful and universal ones were allotted, as well as those that are due to their novelty and non-standard approach of interest. At the same time, a number of disadvantages were identified not to let to recognize many classifications as universal and appropriate to the norms of criminal law. The article also pays special attention to the mistakes made by members of the public and the mass media, highlighting such types of terrorism that do not take place either in reality or in the theory of legal science. Based on the analysis of existing classifications, the authors proposed the most acceptable options from the point of view of the science of criminal law and criminology, accounting the trends of modern terrorism.

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Черепанова, Екатерина, and Ekaterina Cherepanova. "Legal Problems of Corruption Crimes Classification." Journal of Russian Law 4, no. 9 (August 29, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21225.

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The main goal of criminal legal science is determination of correlation between action and characteristics of corpus delicti which is constituted by criminal legislation. Only correct classification of crimes can guarantee justice preserved by law. The criminal legal assessment of corruption crimes is a separate problem of classification. Classification of such crimes is difficult in current activity of lawenforcement authorities and courts because of the conflict of law, redundancy of estimation definitions, etc. Besides the problem of counteraction of corruption was formulated as the main challenge of state. In the article are analyzed the legislation and law-enforcement practice. The conclusion contains recommendations which can lower the amount of mistakes in corruption crimes classification.

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Weinrib, Jacob. "What can Kant Teach Us about Legal Classification?" Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 23, no. 1 (January 2010): 203–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900004872.

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In Dimensions of Private Law, Professor Stephen Waddams describes the obstacles that an adequate classification of private law must overcome. The purpose of this essay is to offer a theoretical account of legal classification that explains how these obstacles can be overcome and what the resulting classification of private law might look like. I begin with the catalogue of obstacles that Waddams presents and argue that, because they are rooted in misconceptions about the classificatory project, they pose no threat to an adequate conception of legal classification. In search of such a conception, I consider how three great legal theorists – Aristotle, Kant, and Hegel – answer three fundamental classificatory questions about private law. First, what is the unitythat underlies the seemingly chaotic array of legal instances? Second, what is the principle of differentiationthat applies to this unity? Third, how are legalinstancessubsumed under this differentiated unity? The focus of this essay is the enduring significance of Kant’s conception of legal classification, which provides an alternative to Waddams’ conception and offers a set of coherent answers to the fundamental classificatory questions. In contrast, both Aristotle and Hegel respond to the fundamental classificatory questions by providing a conception of the unity of private law that fails to cohere with their ensuing accounts of its differentiation.

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Vakaryuk, Lyudmila, and Igor Babin. "On the question of the criteria for the classification of labor regimes." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.37.

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The article analyzes the basic approaches to the classification of legal regimes proposed by the representatives of the general theoryof law and other branch sciences, proposes the criteria for the separation of the labour-law regime. It is emphasized that the classificationof legal regimes in labor law is of great scientific and practical importance, and the classification of labour-law regimes can beconsidered as one way of knowing the development of labor law as a branch.The labor-law regime, like other sectoral regimes, is a legal category, so it is logical that it will be classified from a legal perspective.Regimes characterized by an impact on the homogeneous sphere of social relations in the labor field are classified accordingto the legal means, thus forming a multilevel division, which is associated with the transition from generic objects to species, which,uniting in a single system, form a single branch regime that characterizes the specifics of labor law as an branch. Since labor law as abranch of law is a combination of private and public elements, this feature is also reflected in the classification of types of labor-lawregime. Therefore, depending on the criterion of interest being satisfied, the whole array of legal regimes in the field of hired labor canbe divided into such types as legal regimes in private law and legal regimes in public law.Depending on the functions of labor law, it is advisable to distinguish the social-legal regime, which, in combination with allother types of legal regimes, in particular, with the private-law and public-law regime, covers all institutions of labor law, provides differentiationof legal regulation of labor relations, the principle of equality, the principle of freedom of work, non-discrimination, etc. Itis concluded that the most complete socio-legal nature and legal content of legal regimes in labor law reveals precisely the social-legalregime, which is divided into restrictive and stimulating.

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Юрій Анатолійович Пономаренко. "The types of of criminal law remedies." Problems of Legality, no. 149 (June 10, 2020): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.149.199986.

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The article contains structured criminal-law remedies and the accumulated amount of knowledge about them. It has been established that the structuring of the system of criminal legal meaning begins with the advent of “multicolumnite” of criminal law. It was determined that the classification of criminal law remedies by way of suffering two drawbacks: the inability to clearly outline the range of those criminal law meanings that are allocated to the “ways” of criminal law influence; and the lack of a clear criterion for the distribution of criminal law meanings between separate “paths”. Depending on the peculiarities of the combination of coercion and encouragement in the application of a particular criminal legal meaning, they are divided into incentive and coercive. The compulsory nature of incentive measures is exemplified. According to the criterion of the presence or absence of punitive properties in criminal legal meaning, they are divided into two groups: punitive and non-punitive. The disadvantages of existing classifications are explained.It is offered to separate the classification of criminal law remedies that determine the criminal legal consequences of committing a criminal offence from criminal law remedies, regarding such an offence as the institution of criminal law. Depending on the role of meaning in legal regulation, they can be divided into meanings of establishment and meanings of action. Criminal legal meanings determine those provisions of the criminal law that determine the types and sizes of influence on the legal status of a person in connection with the commission of a criminal offence. Criminal legal means of action are the practical implementation of the powers of the state defined by the criminal law on the application of criminal legal means of decrees to specific entities.

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Zhao, Fen, Penghua Li, Yuanyuan Li, Jie Hou, and Yinguo Li. "Semi-Supervised Convolutional Neural Network for Law Advice Online." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (September 3, 2019): 3617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173617.

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With the rapid developments of Internet technology, a mass of law cases is constantly occurring and needs to be dealt with in time. Automatic classification of law text is the most basic and critical process in the online law advice platform. Deep neural network-based natural language processing (DNN-NLP) is one of the most promising approaches to implement text classification. Meanwhile, as the convolutional neural network-based (CNN-based) methods developed, CNN-based text classification has already achieved impressive results. However, previous work applied amounts of manually-annotated data, which increased the labor cost and reduced the adaptability of the approach. Hence, we present a new semi-supervised model to solve the problem of data annotation. Our method learns the embedding of small text regions from unlabeled data and then integrates the learned embedding into the supervised training. More specifically, the learned embedding regions with the two-view-embedding model are used as an additional input to the CNN’s convolution layer. In addition, to implement the multi-task learning task, we propose the multi-label classification algorithm to assign multiple labels to an instance. The proposed method is evaluated experimentally subject to a law case description dataset and English standard dataset RCV1 . On Chinese data, the simulation results demonstrate that, compared with the existing methods such as linear SVM, our scheme respectively improves by 7.76%, 7.86%, 9.19%, and 2.96% the precision, recall, F-1, and Hamming loss. Analogously, the results suggest that compared to CNN, our scheme respectively improves by 4.46%, 5.76%, 5.14% and 0.87% in terms of precision, recall, F-1, and Hamming loss. It is worth mentioning that the robustness of this method makes it suitable and effective for automatic classification of law text. Furthermore, the design concept proposed is promising, which can be utilized in other real-world applications such as news classification and public opinion monitoring.

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Goldberg, Jolande E. "Religious Law in a Secular Setting: New Classification Approaches for Jewish, Canon and Islamic Law." International Journal of Legal Information 29, no. 2 (2001): 465–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500009549.

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Library of Congress' Bicentennial Summer 2000 was set as the deadline for completion of Class K for law, the only class of the Library's classification system (LCC) not yet fully developed. The last section of Class K - KB-KBX: Religious law (see detailed outline in the Appendix) - will at its implementation close the lacunae in the LCC.

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KUNOY, Bjørn. "Classification of Seafloor Highs According to Legal Hermeneutics." Asian Journal of International Law 10, no. 2 (April 17, 2020): 196–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2044251320000016.

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AbstractThe classification of seafloor highs as submarine elevations that are natural components of the continental margin is the core exercise in the application of Article 76 of UNCLOS. Its outcome determines whether the outer limits are necessarily constrained by a 350 nautical mile distance line from the baselines, or, alternatively, whether the outer limits may extend far beyond that constraint where the outer edge of the continental margin goes beyond that distance. This paper examines in depth the constitutive criteria that govern the classification of seafloor highs as submarine elevations that are natural components of the continental margin. It is concluded that the interpretation of Article 76(6) of UNCLOS is necessarily dictated by a textual approach.

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Glister, J. A. "THE NATURE OF QUISTCLOSE TRUSTS: CLASSIFICATION AND RECONCILIATION." Cambridge Law Journal 63, no. 3 (November 2004): 632–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197304006701.

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Duffy, Christopher E. "The Statutory Classification of Cable-Delivered Internet Service." Columbia Law Review 100, no. 5 (June 2000): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1123489.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Law – Classification'

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