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1
Nakissa, Aria Daniel. "Islamic Law and Legal Education in Modern Egypt." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10523.
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This dissertation examines the transmission of Islamic legal knowledge in modern Egypt. It is based on two years of ethnographic fieldwork in Cairo among formally trained Islamic scholars. With governmental permission, I was able to attend classes at both al-Azhar’s Faculty of Sharīʿah and Cairo University’s Dār al-ʿUlūm. I also participated in the network of traditional study circles operating in and around al-Azhar mosque. Combining ethnographic data with extensive archival research, I trace the effects of government-led initiatives over the past century and a half to reform traditional religious learning. Such have revolved around increased incorporation of Western educational methods. There are two themes on which I focus. The first centers on ethics and subjectivity. Talal Asad has suggested that for pre-modern Muslim jurists, accurate understanding of sacred texts presupposed an appropriate "habitus". Drawing on Wittgenstein and Bourdieu, I elaborate Asad’s brief remarks along the following lines. Given that how a text is read depends upon the attributes of the reader, religious authorities insisted that proper interpretations could only be generated by proper character. The way in which to produce proper character was to mold it through a suitable program of ethical discipline. I demonstrate that pre-modern Islamic educational techniques were structured with the aim of imparting a particular habitus (modeled on that of the Prophet) by enjoining meticulous and constant imitation of the Prophet’s personal habits (Sunnah). By transforming themselves into living replicas of the Prophet, jurists believed that they acquired the ability to mirror his textual interpretations. I then describe how traditional linkages between knowledge and ethics have been eroded by the importation of Western learning techniques, scrutinizing the effects of these changes on substantive legal doctrine. The second overarching theme of my research examines how changes in pedagogical methods have produced a corresponding shift in "episteme". Using Foucault, I argue that premodern religious learning was dominated by an episteme centered on language and grammar. I proceed to describe how modern educational reforms have succeeded in inaugurating a new episteme modeled on the natural sciences. I assess the impact of this shift on modes of legal reasoning.Anthropology
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Moustafa, Tamir. "Law versus the state : the expansion of constitutional power in Egypt, 1980-2001 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10730.
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Ferreira, Andriëtte. "The legal rights of the women of ancient Egypt." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://etd.unisa.ac.za/ETD-db/ETD-desc/describe?urn=etd-03112005-145236.
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Schmoll, Moritz. "Broken promises : the politics of lax enforcement of tax laws in Egypt." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3765/.
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This thesis seeks to explain the lax enforcement of tax laws in Egypt. While I acknowledge that existing explanations emphasising amongst other things the importance of low administrative capacity, neopatrimonialism, or rentseeking may discern some of the drivers of tax collection performance, I claim that other factors have been neglected. Based on a combination of historical and ethnographic research, I show how historical legacies and contemporary political dynamics intertwine and shape taxation at the three levels of microlevel tax relations, intra-bureaucratic relations, and the administrative and political leadership. I argue that deep-seated distrust on the one hand, and the consequences of a persistent but broken social contract on the other, contribute to the lax enforcement of tax laws. I show how repressive statebuilding resulted in a legacy of distrust that became institutionalised over time and that permeates tax relations to this day. I also explain how post-colonial populist state-building has led to the formation of moral economies of a “caretaker state”, widely-held norms, expectations and beliefs with respect to what the state should do for its citizens and its employees. The persistence of core aspects of this social contract until this day, in combination with its breaking by the state, shapes state and bureaucratic politics in important ways. On the one hand, tax collectors are in many different ways less inclined to do their jobs effectively and to strictly enforce the law against their fellow citizens. On the other hand, lenient enforcement is influenced by regime fears that the strict application of tax laws could provide a trigger for regimethreatening popular mobilisation. These findings make a number of different contributions to the literatures on taxation in developing countries, everyday governance and the enforcement of laws, as well as Middle East political science. Most crucially however, my research shows that both distrust and normative-ideational factors have to be taken seriously not only when it comes to explaining the willingness of taxpayer to pay, but also the willingness of tax collectors to collect.
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Landolt, Laura K. "Norms, population control, USAID and Egypt." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290116.
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This dissertation examines the conceptualization, promotion and diffusion of the norm of population control at international and domestic levels, as well as adoption and implementation in Egypt. It also offers a critique of mainstream constructivism, an increasingly popular analytical approach to norm diffusion. Constructivists present convincing evidence that nonstate actors change state preferences through the promotion and diffusion of norms, or "shared expectations about appropriate behavior held by a community of actors" (Finnemore 1996, 22). To emphasize the independent influence of social factors, and to downplay material factors, however, constructivists select cases in which norm diffusion occurred before state sponsorship. Constructivist research answers the question, 'How are norms diffused in the absence of material constraint?' Aside from its censorship of material factors, additional constructivist shortcomings include its proclivity for examining only liberal or progressive norms, and its inattention to domestic political process and elites' broader decision-making options. This dissertation demonstrates that diffusion of the norm of population control depended on a combination of material and social factors related to an alliance among strange bedfellows, namely the United States and allied donors and INGOs, UN agencies, populationist and liberal feminist NGOs, and international financial institutions. In this case, the 'norm cascade' of formal state adoptions of population control followed formal social and material support by the United States and, subsequently, the United Nations. This research seeks to demonstrate that relationships of social and material inequality strongly condition the norms that are selected or rejected by international society and states, and the ways in which opponents conceptualize and mobilize for change. The case of population control suggests interesting answers to a different question, namely: How and why are certain international norms, and not others, successfully promoted, diffused and adopted by states? This dissertation also examines the mechanics of norm mutation, or efforts by the international women's health movement to substitute the original population control paradigm, family planning, with the new reproductive health paradigm. This new paradigm was adopted at the 1994 UN International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), and the final chapter examines the current prospects for paradigm change in Egypt.
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Pohl, Dietrich Fritz Reinhold. "Nationhood and peace : challenges to official Islam in Egypt, 1952-1981." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670372.
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Karanasou, Floresca. "Egyptianisation : the 1947 Company Law and the foreign communities in Egypt." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336019.
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Elgawhary, Tarek A. "Restructuring Islamic law| The opinions of the 'ulama' towards codification of personal status law in Egypt." Thesis, Princeton University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3665313.
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This dissertation explores the process, effects, and results of codification of Egyptian personal status laws as seen through the eyes of the 'ulamā'. The codification process began in the mid-1800s and continued until the abolishment of the Sharī'a courts in 1955 with the absorption of personal status statutes into the newly drafted civil code and the national courts that administered them. Throughout this time period the codification process entailed finding appropriate rulings from the annals of Islamic law and structuring these rulings using the model and language of European legal codes, usually the French code.
Prior to the abolition of the Sharī'a courts in 1955 the area of personal status law was the exclusive domain of the 'ulamā' and the Sharī'a. In Egypt, personal status laws were exclusively based on H&dotbelow;anafī law, and issues of consolidation and codification of these laws first took place within the framework of classical Islamic law, not outside of it. To understand the significance of the process of codification of personal status law, therefore, one must examine the attitudes of the 'ulamā' regarding it and consider its place within the edifice of Islamic law.
From a prima facie reading it would seem that a codification of Islamic law is something that the 'ulamā' would consider an anathema. There were those, however, who supported it. In fact early drafts of codified personal status and civil laws were written and compiled by certain 'ulamā'. There were also others who had mixed feelings about it. The purpose of this study is to acknowledge and understand these various positions since they have been largely ignored throughout the secondary literature, and when they have been considered, have been viewed as uniform and singular.
Ultimately this dissertation seeks to draw out these nuances and to draw conclusions as to why the codification of Islamic law is today a forgone conclusion amongst the 'ulamā'.
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Sharafeldin, Marwa. "Personal status law reform in Egypt : women's rights : NGOs navigating between Islamic law and human rights." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9d389f66-f8f6-4c0a-8755-1f7d2186a1ba.
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This thesis explores the ways in which Islamic law and human rights interact within the work of women’s rights non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that advocate the reform of the Egyptian Personal Status Law (PSL) in the period between 2006 and 2010. The thesis shows the relevance of the human rights framework as well as the flexibility of Islamic legal discourse in the work of the NGOs. Drawing on both Islamic law and human rights enabled NGOs to develop a more gender-sensitive religious discourse, which supported their PSL reform demands. However the interaction between these two frameworks was largely affected by several important factors, which sometimes led NGOs to dilute some of their demands. These factors included the implications of the change in the form of Shari‘a as codified law under the modern nation-state; the Egyptian political context both internally and externally; the common local perception that human rights are a Western production and an extension of Western colonialism; the dominant religious but patriarchal discourse governing the PSL; the implications of activism through the NGO structure; and the personal religiosity of individual activists. The thesis explores NGOs’ PSL reform demands in depth bearing in mind these factors. It investigates NGOs’ discourse and shows its strengths and weaknesses. It shows that the interaction between Islamic law and human rights within NGOs’ work in this particular Egyptian context produced reform demands that were innovative and practically appealing on one hand, but epistemologically problematic in some instances, on another.
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Robertson, Barbara Allen. "Judicial reform and the expansion of international society : the case of Egypt." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299884.
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Sarie, Eldin Hani Salah. "Consortia agreements in the international construction industry : with special reference to Egypt." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338431.
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Lutfallah, Samiha Kamel. "Non-Muslims in a Muslim state with special reference to contemporary Egypt." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308071.
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Ahmed, Mohamed Helmi Essa [Verfasser]. "Contributions to the law of succession in Ancient Egypt / Mohamed Helmi Essa Ahmed." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1240673116/34.
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Shahein, Heba. "The development of competition law and policy in Egypt : international and national factors." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521010.
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Competition law and policy in Egypt -with its long- history of socialism- are not just a luxury but constitute a critical necessity for creating a fair and open market economy. Egypt has been considering enactment of a competition law since 1995, and finally the law was issued in 2005. Given the potential importance of this legislation there is much uncertainty about how this law will be applied. One way of gaining an insight into this is by considering what factors (national and international) have influenced the development of the competition law in Egypt, and what roles these factors are likely to play in the shaping and implementation of such a law. Therefore, the research question that the thesis addresses is: what were the international and national factors that have affected the adoption of the competition law and policy in Egypt? And how did they influence its development and implementation? This question is addressed in three different parts in the thesis: the first part studies the phenomena of the adoption of competition laws in developing countries and the design and shape of such laws. Three models that are followed by developing countries in the process of designing their competition laws are discussed. The first model deals with a `cut and paste' approach, which is found when a country adopts uncritically the competition laws of a developed country; while the second deals with a `contextualised' approach according to which the country only adopts basic concepts from developed countries and carefully adapts the law to suit its country-specific requirements. Besides these two models, there is a `tailor-made' approach adopted by a smaller number of developing countries, which tailors specific competition rules to fit their market's characteristics. In the second part, the key factors that have played a role in the development and shaping of the competition legislation in Egypt and that are likely to influence the institutional framework of such a law, are surveyed. The main argument is that the central dynamic in both the creation of the statute and its structuring has been the interaction of domestic pressure (the 1991 Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Programme (ERSAP) coupled with the legal reform as means to establish a market environment that facilitates competition and develop its national economy) and the international influence from its major trading partner namely the EU, who sought to "push" the Egyptian legislators in certain directions. In the third and final part, the thesis provides insights into how the interaction of the domestic and international factors affected the shape of the Egyptian competition law and how the law will likely be applied. These two concepts-domestic pressure and international influence-are also explored in relation to the theory of institutional development. There has been little systematic study of how the laws in developing countries have enacted or even useful insights of what factors have influenced their implementation and development to be generated. Thus, the thesis offers some analytical tools that can provide insight into the evolution of competition law in Egypt and thereby into the factors that have influenced its design and probably its operations in the future. These tools have potentially far broader applications. I expect them to prove valuable for analysing any situation in which a introduction of a national law is or may be influenced and developed by factors within and beyond its borders, especially in the context of economic globalisation, but I leave that topic for future exploration.
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Hussin, Iza R. "The politics of Islamic law : local elites, colonial authority, and the making of the Muslim state /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10783.
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Rosberg, James H. (James Howard). "Roads to the rule of law : the emergence of an independent judiciary in contemporary Egypt." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11370.
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ʻAli, Muḥammad Abū Zayd Muḥammad. "al-Izdiwāj al-barlamānī wa-atharuhu fī taḥqīq al-dīmuqrāṭīyah dirāsah muqāranah wa-taṭbīqīyah ʻalʹa al-niẓām al-dustūrī al-Miṣrī /." [Cairo] : al-Hayʼah al-Miṣrīyah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Kitāb, 1995. http://books.google.com/books?id=QjmOAAAAMAAJ.
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Ferreira, Andriette. "The legal rights of the women of ancient Egypt." Diss., [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://etd.unisa.ac.za/ETD-db/ETD-desc/describe?urn=etd-03112005-145236.
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Greiss, Mourad. "Evaluating the influence of EU competition rules and Islamic principles on the treatment of abuse of dominance under Egyptian competition law." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7581/.
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Egypt faced three central pressures to introduce its own competition law in 2005: first, EU/Egypt trade relations, second, introduction of the 1991 privatisation programme and third, its long-term desire by virtue of its Constitution to follow Islamic principles that condemn monopoly. However, Egypt was not forced to transplant EU rules as a result of EU/Egypt trade relations, although it is implicit that the EU deems it desirable to do so. By employing the functional method of comparative law for the purposes of the study on EU, Islamic, and Egyptian laws, the central argument of this thesis is that the Egyptian treatment of abuse of dominance is distinctive in three ways. First, Egyptian rules do not prohibit the practice of excessive pricing. Although in jurisdictions that prohibit it, most notably the EU system, competition authorities do not contemplate it as an investigation priority, it is argued that the lack of its prohibition raises Islamic law concerns and may lead to potential effects on the Egyptian economy. However, the difficulties which investigators face in settling such practice (as the South African Mittal case demonstrates) suggest that the Egyptian legislator may have adopted the right approach not to prohibit it; otherwise, this may have increased the likelihood of committing type II errors and, as a result, violate Islamic law principles of injustice. Second, in contrast with EU law, Egyptian rules do not cover the practice of below-cost margin squeeze. Although it is argued that its omission does not pose potential effects to the economy, it is suggested that it raises Islamic law concerns on the basis of fairness and intentions principles. Given that it is relatively easier to investigate, compared to excessive pricing, it is suggested that the Egyptian legislator should re-consider encompassing it in the future while drawing on the approach adopted in EU law. Third, the Egyptian Competition Law reflects the EU Commission‘s initiative of employing an effects-based approach to abuse of dominance. However, the Egyptian system, arguably influenced by the Islamic principles on market intervention, goes a little further to require an actual effects standard. Despite an effects-based analysis being difficult to employ in emerging economies with inadequate economic expertise like Egypt, it is argued in its favour for two reasons. First, it increases the chances of avoiding type II errors, which, similar to excessive pricing and margin squeeze, violate Islamic law and; second, the Egyptian Competition Authority‘s analysis in the Steel study shows that it is capable of employing this approach at this stage. For the purposes of re-considering the foregoing (gaps) in the future, the Egyptian Competition Authority should focus on increasing economic expertise and seek technical assistance from competition authorities of the developed world.
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Shlala, Elizabeth H. "Mediterranean migration, cosmopolitanism, and the law a history of the Italian community of nineteenth-century Alexandria, Egypt /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/459742089/viewonline.
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Buchanan, Elizabeth Fuller. "Debt in Late Antique Egypt, 400-700 CE : approaches to a time in transition." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5558d838-ffd4-4671-a801-0073fa017210.
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Modern scholars are deeply divided over the extent to which early Byzantine provinces such as Egypt adopted imperial Roman law. This thesis undertook a diachronic study of the published debt acknowledgements from Egypt and Nessana for the fifth through seventh centuries CE to examine the degree of adoption of imperial legal changes. The debt acknowledgements are one of the largest sets of papyri documents for this period, consisting of 283 Greek and fifty-seven Coptic documents. Having created a database of these documents, in their original Greek or Coptic plus an English translation and information from the major commentaries, I had an unparalleled opportunity to analyse change, both legal and socio-economic. The research shows that while many legal changes, including the requirement for regnal dating and changes in the liability of co-debtors, were generally adopted, there was resistance to other changes. For example, the interest rate reduction ordered by Justinian I in 528 was clearly disseminated because some documents reflect the reduction. Most people, however, continued to charge the earlier higher rates. Furthermore, some sectors of the population appear to have struggled with the imperial changes. Model formats for a simplified Greek debt acknowledgement and a very similar Coptic debt acknowledgement were developed and disseminated in the sixth century. These simplified formats did not use regnal dating or many of the other customary clauses of the formal Greek debt acknowledgment. The early development of these simplified formats, together with evidence of the privatisation and localisation of many imperial functions, including dispute resolution, support the view that the later sixth century experienced an unravelling of ties with the Roman Empire. The catastrophic seventh century, with its civil wars and Persian and Arab invasions, resulted in a shift in language from Greek to Coptic for personal legal documents. The disruption of the seventh century, however, only accelerated and finalised a process of change that was already well established in the sixth century.
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Al-Fadhel, Faisal M. A. "Party autonomy and the role of the courts in Saudi arbitration law with reference to the arbitration laws in the UK, Egypt and Bahrain and the UNCITRAL model law." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/353.
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Arbitration plays an effective role in settling commercial disputes. It is indeed the first and oldest means of dispute settlement mankind has ever known. Its importance has shored up the Court System by reducing the burden of backlog of cases. In addition to its wide acceptance as a matter of party autonomy, countries have adopted such a method of dispute settlement in parallel to the existing national judicial system. Saudi Arabia is among the countries that has benefited from arbitration. The new Arbitration law was issued under the Royal Decree Number M/46 dated 12/7/1403 Hejira, - 25 April 1983 Gregorian. Ten years later, the establishment of the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) States Commercial Arbitration Center at the GCC meeting in Riyadh was approved. In 1993, Saudi Arabia ratified the New York Convention on Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 (The New York Convention) and in 2005, joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). This thesis, examines the existence and extent of respect for party autonomy under the current Saudi Arbitration Law with particular reference to Arbitration Agreement, the freedom of parties to choose arbitration as an alternative to dispute resolution in courts under applicable law and tribunal will be examined in the light of best practice, and its compatibility with best practice will also be assessed. It also examines the role of Saudi courts in arbitration. Specifically, the role of the courts at the beginning of arbitration, during the Arbitral proceedings, and after the award has been rendered will be analysed to evaluate whether the Saudi courts support the Arbitral tribunal or intervene in the process. In an attempt to justify the theme of this research, references have been made to the English Arbitration Act 1996, the 1985 UNCITRAL Model Law, and Egyptian Law Concerning Arbitration in Civil and Commercial Matters. Recommendations, related to the party autonomy principle and the role of the courts in arbitration under the current Saudi Arbitration Law, are submitted at the conclusion of this thesis. It is divided into three chapters in addition to an Introduction and Conclusion that includes the Most Important Results that have emerged and the Recommendations.
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Elfegiry, Moataz Ahmed Ahmed Mohamed. "Islamic law and human rights in the thought and practice of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2016. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/23687/.
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El, Alami Dawoud Sudqi. "The marriage contract in the Sharīʻah and in the Aḥwāl Shakhṣīyyah laws of Egypt and Morocco : a comparative study." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1990. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1202/.
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Elfar, Mostafa [Verfasser], and Stephen [Akademischer Betreuer] Oeter. "International Investment Law and Domestic Legislation in MENA : Egypt, Jordan and Morocco / Mostafa Elfar ; Betreuer: Stephen Oeter." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1190285797/34.
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Boauod, Marai. "The Making of Modern Egypt: the Egyptian Ulama as Custodians of Change and Guardians of Muslim Culture." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3102.
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Scholarship on the modern history of the Middle East has undergone profound revision in the previous three decades or so. Many earlier perceptions, largely based on modernization theory, have been either contested or modified. However, the perception of the Egyptian ulama (the traditionally-educated, religious Muslim scholars) in academic scholarship remains largely affected by the legacy of hypotheses of the modernization theory. Old assumptions that the Egyptian ulama were submissive to political power and passive players incapable of accommodating, let alone of fathoming, conditions of the modern world, and who chose or were forced to retreat from this world, losing much, if not all, of their relevance and significance, still infuse the scholarly literature.
Making use of materials obtained from the Egyptian National Archives, this study offers an examination of modern legal reform in Egypt from the nineteenth century through the first part of the twentieth century with the ulama and their legal institutions in mind. As the findings of this study effectively illustrate, the Egyptian ulama were by no means submissive. Rather, they were patient. Far from being passive agents of the past, the Egyptian ulama were active participants who played a critical role in the building of modern Egypt. The ulama had at their disposal sustained social and moral influence, a long-standing position as community leaders, a reputation as defenders and representatives of Islam, the power to validate or invalidate the political establishment by means of public and doctrinal legitimization, and the final authority over laws of family and personal status. Through these strengths, the ulama were able to influence the direction of change and to impact its scope and nature during transitional period that witnessed the making and remaking of modern Egypt.
Considering the nature of changes that they allowed to be introduced to the shari-based justice system and the ones they resisted, as well as their stance regarding social matters, the Egyptian ulama comprehended and recognized modernity as useful. Advanced techniques had to be embraced to strengthen state institutions. However, the ulama thwarted massive and sudden adoption of modernity's cultural elements, so that Egypt would not become a chaotic country and go astray. On the weight of their position as the ultimate authority over family law, the Egyptian ulama blocked rapid social change imposed from the top. Alterations to family law and the social structure were undertaken gradually and with a great deal of delicacy. Therefore, the long-standing social order was not suddenly destroyed and replaced with a new one. Instead, changes to the long-standing social structure were allowed to evolve slowly, while the core was largely preserved.
The ulama's far-reaching plan, which was realized in the long run, was to maintain Islam's position in modern Egypt as a guide and as the main source of legitimacy. As will be shown in this study, the history of the Egyptian ulama reveals not passivity, detachment, or submission but careful, and deliberate action.
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Meshal, Reem A. "The state, the community and the individual : local custom and the construction of orthodoxy in the Sijills of Ottoman-Cairo, 1558-1646." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=108871.
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Through the evidence of the court records (sijills), this dissertation examines the interplay between Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), codified sultanic law (qanun) and customary law in the shari'a courts of Ottoman-Cairo in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The thesis forwarded suggests that custom was a declining source of law in these centuries as a result of two factors: the imposition of a codified qanun, and a redacted fiqh.En se basant sur des procès-verbaux authentiques provenant des tribunaux (sijills), cette thèse examine l'interaction entre la jurisprudence islamique (fiqh), la loi sultanique codifiée (qanun) et la loi coutumière des shari'a des cours de justice d'Ottoman-Caire aux seizième et dix-septième siècles. La théorie développée ici suggère que cette coutume fut une source de loi en déclin durant ces siècles à cause de deux éléments: l'abus d'un qanun codifié, et un fiqh rédigé.
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Johnson, Ginger Ann. "Framing Violence: The Hidden Suffering and Healing of Sudan's 'Lost Girls' in Cairo, Egypt." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4699.
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This dissertation examines the specific forms of embodied suffering war and its refugee aftermath brings to female Sudanese refugees currently living in post-revolution Cairo, Egypt in order to illustrate the suffering and healing enacted within everyday life. These women, displaced from the Second Sudanese Civil War, are what I label Sudan's `Lost Girls.' The theoretical framework I employ in order to discuss their lives is a critical medical anthropology perspective based on the mindful body. I engage anthropological literature on the body in order to better understand the embodied suffering, sexual violence, and refugee aftermath of war. My research seeks to do this through distinctly gendered analyses and equally importantly, visual analyses. The research draws on historical news data collected through content analysis, contemporary qualitative data collected during fieldwork in the form of observation and interviews, with a particular emphasis on photovoice methodology. The work proposes that the humanizing aspect of emotions revealed by Lost Girls' photography of their everyday lives in urban Cairo allows for critical analysis of the many and varied ways in which women's `ordinary' experiences of war have been hidden, the implications of this for international responses to their suffering, and areas for exploring new, non-emergency refugee policies based on more ethnographically informed, gendered contextualizations of `extraordinary' violence.
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Althabity, Mohammad M. "Enforceability of arbitral awards containing interest : a comparative study between Sharia law and positive laws." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/23090.
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The dynamics of our globalised world open the way for international trade and transactions between different countries; this may lead to conflicts in laws where transactions and trade may be subject to different legal systems. One of the biggest issues in international commercial law is disputes over the charging of interest, for example with regard to late payment, interest-based loans, or compensation for damages. Interest disputes are considered to be a complex area of law and even more complex in the international field. At the international level, interest claims may be connected to many areas of commerce and thus governed by various laws, which are different from one country to another; moreover, each country has its own interest rate and such rates are changeable according to the nature of law and economics under some jurisdictions. Furthermore, the concept of interest itself is affected by influences such as religious beliefs and economic, political and cultural trends. Interest can be treated as a substantive or a procedural matter. The settlement of these disputes therefore faces difficulties. Arbitration, as a method for settlement of disputes, is characterised by special features that assist in resolving these issues; but it faces some obstructions, especially in international commercial arbitration. The practices of arbitral tribunals and national courts in this regard are different. The results of different interpretations, approaches, and theories with regard to arbitration, at the pre-arbitration, during arbitration and post-arbitration stages, may also differ widely due to the diversity of financial and legal systems such as Common Law, Civil Law and the Islamic legal system – Sharia Law – across different countries. Each legal system has a different methodology and theories, even within an individual country under one legal system, and a state within a federal system has its own laws, which may have different interpretations in this respect. The New York Convention of 1958 on enforcing foreign arbitral awards was established in favour of arbitral awards and for the purpose of unifying international rules of arbitration. This Convention provides some procedural and substantive rules for the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, but also provides some grounds for refusal. These rules have been affected by different interpretations under different jurisdictions and legal systems, which lead to different perspectives on the matter of charging interest and settlement by arbitration. The outcome of applying the NYC under these interpretations often has the opposite of its intended effect: the rejection of foreign arbitral awards. Due to such ambiguities, courts occasionally intervene in arbitration in all its stages. The interventions of national courts occur in three stages: enforcement of the arbitration agreement, enforcement of the contract under the applicable law to the agreement, and enforcement of the foreign arbitral award. The confusion between substantive and procedural laws also creates confusion with respect to public policy, non-arbitrability and enforceability. In addition, there may be a lack of clarity on the scope of arbitration with respect to the parties’ agreement, whether or not the parties have agreed to the interest rates and periods and whether or not they have agreed to the authority of the arbitrator. These issues affect the enforceability of an arbitration agreement, the law applicable to the disputed contract, the freedom of parties, the authority of the arbitrators and the enforceability of the awarded interest. The thesis studies how arbitral awards containing interest have been interpreted across the three aforementioned legal systems under the NYC 1958 in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the UAE, England, France, and the US and the enforceability of such awards.
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Jones, Bronwen Hilary. "Implementing TRIPS in Egypt : a postcolonial analysis : the continuing relevance of Egypt's juridical history to understanding developments in Egyptian intellectual property law." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2817.
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This study sets out to investigate Egyptian implementation of international intellectual property (IP) obligations, in the context of Egypt's legislative and juridical history, particularly considering post-colonial implications. It examines the extent to which the effects and experience of colonialism may continue to shape the Egyptian response to unwelcome international pressure to reform its domestic law. It further considers whether Orientalism can help to explain some external perceptions of Egypt's approach to the protection of IP. The study (while it does not offer a comprehensive analysis of the law) examines the historical context in which Egypt's IP law has emerged, identifies aspects of the current IP law that have attracted controversy and attempts to uncover explanations for controversial aspects of the law. The investigation is largely conducted through an examination of relevant literature and black letter analysis of the law but, additionally, summer 2008 was spent immersed in an Egyptian law firm to update current awareness, collect documents and conduct a small number of elite interviews. The study finds that external explanations of Egypt's approach to IP do appear to have been distorted by Orientalist interpretation and (focusing mainly on the patent and copyright provisions) that Egypt's IP law reflects postcolonial tensions in its attempt to satisfy irreconcilable demands. Egypt has experienced a period of major social and political upheaval since 2011, with many unresolved consequences. Eventually, the question of IP reform will be raised again. Issues raised here will likely be relevant to future developments in Egyptian IP law.
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Orre, Christoffer. "Misappropriation Sanctions : Discovering the Threshold for Freezing Assets of Ousted Kleptocrats with EU Restrictive Measures." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-393171.
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The misappropriation sanctions refer to the European Union sanctions adopted against foreign kleptocrats to address the suspected theft of public funds. After the regimes had been successfully overthrown in the Arab Spring in Tunisia and Egypt in 2011 as well as the Maidan Revolution in Ukraine in 2014, the misappropriation sanctions were imposed, in all three cases, as the ousted leaders and their close associates were suspected of stealing vast amounts of public funds from their respective countries and hiding the misappropriated funds overseas. The misappropriation sanctions take the form of asset freezes against individuals considered being responsible for “misappropriation of state funds”. The sanctions in question have been extensively reviewed by the Court of Justice of the European Union as numerous of the targeted individuals have applied for annulment of the sanctions in the parts that concern them. The purpose of this thesis is to examine, on the basis of the case law of the CJEU, the threshold for legitimate listing of a targeted individuals in the misappropriation sanctions. It is concluded that threshold vis-à-vis the criteria or the listing grounds must be regarded as reasonable, while the threshold concerning the respect of fundamental rights is creating a heavy burden to bear.
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Helmi, Amr Shoukry. "The enforcement of digital copyright in Egypt : the role and liability of internet service providers." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/12628.
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The thesis examines to what extent copyright holders can enforce the online reproduction and communication rights against online service providers in Egypt. The objective of the thesis is therefore to highlight that the existing Egyptian copyright law 2002/82 is insufficient to impose liability on internet service providers, both substantively and also with regards to enforcement. Various recommendations are thus made to improve the legislative framework in Egypt, all with a view of achieving that a fair balance is struck for all those parties, who/which are involved in digital communications, particularly online end users, so that their rights to online privacy and access to information are preserved. For this purpose, a comparative methodology has been adopted and recourse is made to US and European laws. This comparative approach is further complemented by a critical examination of existing deficiencies within the legislative liability regime for internet service providers in the US and Europe in order to ensure that foreign laws are not merely transplanted, but that the best and most suitable legislative framework is adopted by the Egyptian legislator.
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Cleary, Jessica E. "The effects of national policy on refugee welfare and related security issues : a comparative study of Lebanon, Egypt and Syria /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2008/Dec/08Dec%5FCleary.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Middle East, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Baylouny, Anne M. "December 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 28, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-85). Also available in print.
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Waris, Attiya. "The freedom of the right to religion of minorities : a comparative case study between Kenya and Egypt." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1121.
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"Every country has religious minorities. Any study of religious minorities and the protections afforded to them must also examine the significance of minorities per se. Minorities have no internationally accepted definition. Definitions are either broad and with little specificity or narrow and exclusive. Generally, two trends with regard to minority rights can be observed. On the one hand, in many countries, a comprehensive system of the legal protection of minorities has been introduced. Here the biggest problems stem from the difference between formal and informal rights. On the other hand, a number of countries have not legally committed themselves to the protection of minorities; ranging from inadequate safeguards to non-recognition of the minority. National minorities have received broad, although not well-differentiated, reporting in the international media and attention in international organisations and its impact on the discourse on religious rights have been minimal. However, minority religious rights have featured less significantly on the public agenda. The implications of the status of national minorities and religious groups are that many minorities believe that the majority group generally receive privileged status in state structures, while the minorities are viewed with suspicion. The issue of religious representation and safeguards arose within the Constitution of the Republic of Kenya ("Kenyan Constitution") where there is a recently concluded Constitutional Review Commission that had the Christian majority object to the "excessive protection" being granted to the Muslim minority. There was a huge debate as to the extent of inclusion of Sharia in the resultant draft constitution as well as the protection of fundamental principles of human rights and Islam. The question thus arises, should one apply Sharia or enshrine it in the constitution of a country, or will this involve overprotection that may lead to long-term exploitation of the law by the minority. The Arab Republic of Egypt ("Egypt") and the Republic of Kenya ("Kenya") have been chosen as case studies as they are interesting reflections of the development of states in Africa: Kenya with a Muslim minority maintaining a hold on the application of Islamic law where there is a Christian majority, while in Egypt the Copt and Shia Muslim populations are trying to assimilate into the state. Sharia is of imporance both to Kenya and Egypt. In Egypt the entire legal system is premised on the constitutional provision that Sharia is the principle source of law, thus some religious minorities in Egypt look for ways to maintain their identity and circumvent the application of Sharia provisions. Kenya, with a Muslim religious minority, is grappling with the concept of Sharia and how far it should apply to Muslims in a country. Thus these two countries have an inverse mirror image problem of each other as between the two major world religouns, Christianity and Islam. ... Chapter one sets out the content of the research, identifies the problem and applies the methodology. Chapter two discusses the international and regional law on religious minorities with a regional emphasis on African and the Arab region. Chapter three discusses the Islamic law on religious minorities, both Muslim minorities in non-Muslim states and non-Muslim minorities in Muslim states. Chapter four will focus on case studies comparing the protection accorded to the Muslims in Kenya with the Copts in Egypt, and analysing the extent to which Kenya and Egpyt have complied with international and regional law. Chapter five will set out recommendations and conclusions." -- Introduction.Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Naz Modirzadeh at the Department of Political Sciences, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, The American University in Cairo, Egypt
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Blouët, Alexis. "Le pouvoir pré-constituant : contribution à l'étude de l'exercice du pouvoir constituant originaire à partir du cas de l'Egypte après la Révolution du 25 janvier (février 2011-juillet 2013)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D039.
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La théorie du droit constitutionnel tend, en raison de la prégnance de certains présupposés épistémologiques, à négliger l’étude de l’exercice du pouvoir constituant originaire, c’est à dire le processus d’élaboration d’une nouvelle constitution. Cette thèse entend participer à combler cette lacune à travers le recours à un concept de «pouvoir pré-constituant», qui renvoie à la compétence de définir les règles d’élaboration d’un nouveau texte constitutionnel. Nous postulons que ces règles ont pour fonction d’instituer une procédure constituante et ainsi de justifier et contraindre le phénomène constituant. Nous avançons aussi qu’elles ont pour caractéristique d’irrémédiablement disparaître du système juridique dès l’adoption de la constitution dès lors que l’acte constituant n’est pas justifié par sa conformité aux énoncés qui ont encadré sa production mais par la seule volonté du souverain. La première partie montre comment l’adoption des règles d’élaboration de la nouvelle constitution est tributaire de l’ensemble du système juridique existant lors de la période transitoire. Dans la seconde partie, le recours au concept de pouvoir pré-constituant permet d’envisager l’exercice du pouvoir constituant originaire en tant qu’objet normatif auquel est articulé un ensemble de règles doté d’une autonomie relative vis-à-vis des règles non pré-constituantes. Dans la troisième partie nous montrons comment les acteurs de la procédure constituante peuvent, en raison du caractère provisoire du pouvoir préconstituant, être contraints de précipiter son déroulé afin d’empêcher la contestation de sa légalité. Cette thèse repose sur une étude approfondie à partir de l’analyse de sources primaires du processus constituant égyptien entre la chute du président Hosni Moubarak en février 2011 et celle du président Morsi en juillet 2013. Elle apporte également un éclairage nouveau à la trajectoire du pays après la Révolution du 25 janvier 2011, puisque la question constituante a représenté l’un des enjeux politiques majeurs de la période postrévolutionnaireDue to certain epistemological assumptions, constitutional law theory tends to neglect the study of the exercise of original constituent power, namely, the process of new constitution-making. This PhD intends to address the gap in investigation by proposing the concept of “pre-constituent power”, which entails the competence to define rules for drafting a new constitution. We argue that these rules serve to institute a constituent procedure and thus justify and constrain the constituent phenomenon. We also maintain that these rules inevitably vanish from the legal system as soon as the constitution is adopted, as a constitution’s adoption does not derive its legal legitimacy from the rules that framed its production, but rather from the sole will of the sovereign. The first part of this work demonstrates how the establishment of rules for new constitution drafting is reliant on the rest of the legal system in existence during the transitional period. In the second part, employing the concept of pre-constituent power enables us to consider the constitution-making process as an object of normativity, governed by a set of rules characterized by relative autonomy vis-à-vis non-pre-constituent rules. In the third part, we illustrate how actors in the constituent procedure can be compelled to precipitate the process. This occurs as the actors attempt to prevent contestations regarding the legality of the process, given the provisional character of the pre-constituent power. This PhD is rooted in an in-depth case study, based on the analysis of primary sources detailing the Egyptian constitution-making process that took place between the fall of President Hosni Mubarak in February 2011 and that of President Morsi in July 2013. It also sheds new light on the country's trajectory after the January 25, 2011 Revolution, given that the constitutional issue represented one of the major political concerns in the post-revolutionary period
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Al-Azem, Talal. "Precedent, commentary, and legal rules in the Madhhab-Law tradition : Ibn Quṭlūbughā's (d. 879/1474) al-Taṣḥīḥ wa-al-tarjīḥ." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:79f46ee8-df8c-42e3-8757-298d4029b090.
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This thesis examines the role that scholarly digests and commentaries played in the formation of legal rules in the Muslim legal institution known as the madhhab. I posit that a shared approach to legal rule-determination, and the respect of juristic precedent that it entails, underlies the jurisprudential processes of all of the four post-classical Sunni madhhabs (the Ḥanafī, Mālikī, Shāfi'ī, and Ḥanbalī), and unites them in a wider ‘madhhab-law tradition’. Taking the Ḥanafī madhhab as a case study, the thesis analyses a commentary written by the late Mamluk jurist Ibn Quṭlūbughā (d. 879/1474) upon the digest of the celebrated Abbasid-era Abū al-Ḥusayn al-Qudūrī (d. 428/1037). In discussing the madhhab's heritage of precedent, Ibn Quṭlūbughā's commentary weaves an intricate tapestry of quotations and references from previous jurists and works, providing us with insight into how author-scholars reacted to, and interacted with, other jurists over space and time. Chapter 1 provides a short introduction to the lives of Qudūrī and Ibn Quṭlūbughā, and the contexts within which they produced their works. Chapter 2 employs both quantitative and qualitative analysis of the commentary, in order to deduce historical and geographical patterns out of which a periodisation of rule-determination in the Ḥanafī madhhab is proposed. In Chapter 3, Ibn Quṭlūbughā's jurisprudential theory of rule-determination is studied, examining both the justifications and the processes employed by jurists in arriving at a legal rule in the Ḥanafī madhhab. Chapter 4 then turns to the craft of commentary itself, analysing over eighty case examples for the logical relationships, rhetorical devices, and legal arguments that inform the actual practice of rule-determination through commentary. A final chapter then summarises the conclusions, and situates them within a broader discussion as to the nature of the madhhab-law tradition.
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Berger, Maurits Servaas. "Sharia and public policy in Egyptian family law." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2005. http://dare.uva.nl/document/89007.
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Shahrani, Shahreena. "The Social (Re)Construction of 'Urfi Marriage." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1276045137.
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Flaux, Clément. "Paléo-environnements littoraux Holocène du lac Maryut, nord-ouest du delta du Nil, Egypte." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3011/document.
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La cité d'Alexandrie s'est développée sur un cordon littoral étroit, baigné au sud par le Maryut, lagune du delta du Nil qui s'est trouvée ainsi au coeur de l'économie industrielle et commerciale de la cité et de son arrière-pays depuis l'antiquité jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Dans ce riche contexte géo-archéologique, l'objectif de cette thèse de géomorphologie littorale a été de proposer une clef de lecture environnementale de l'histoire de l'occupation de la région du Maryut. L'analyse bio-sédimentologique des archives sédimentaires datées au radiocarbone, ainsi que la mesure du rapport isotopique du strontium dans des coquilles d'ostracode ont été utilisées pour reconstituer l'évolution hydrologique et géographique de la lagune à l'Holocène. La dépression du Maryut est transgressée par la mer vers 7,5 ka cal. BP. Les apports du Nil deviennent ensuite progressivement dominant dans le budget hydrologique, parallèlement à la progradation du littorale deltaïque. A partir de 5,5 ka cal. BP, nos données décrivent le retour progressif de conditions marines dominantes, associées à la réduction des débits du Nil, dans le contexte de la terminaison de la Période Africaine Humide. Cette lagune marine apparaît pérenne jusque 3ka cal BP, puis, dans le courant du 3ème millénaire BP, les intrants nilotiques redeviennent prépondérant. Ensuite, les archives sédimentaires et les données historiques disponibles décrivent une histoire environnementale contrastée est apparue corrélée à des phases de dynamisme et de récession agricole et met en évidence, selon nous, l'impact croissant des pratiques d'irrigation sur le fonctionnement du Maryut, situé en terminaison de la chaîne hydrauliqueThe ancient city of Alexandria was founded upon a narrow beach ridge, washed by the Maryut to the south. This Nile delta lagoon has been at the heart of the industrial and commercial economies of the city from Antiquity through to present day. Against the backdrop of this rich geoarchaeological context, the aim of this coastal geomorphology thesis is to elucidate the environmental history of the Maryut region.We have reconstructed the hydrological and geographical evolution of the lagoon during the Holocene using: (1) bio-sedimentology of radiocarbon-dated sediment archives; and (2) strontium isotopes in ostracod shells. The Maryut basin was transgressed by the sea around 7.5 ka cal. BP. Progressively, Nile inputs became dominant in the lagoon's hydrological budget, concomitant with the coastal progradation of the delta. After 5.5 ka cal. BP, our data attest to a gradual return to dominant marine conditions, which we link to a reduction in Nile flow in the context of the end of the African Humid Period. This marine lagoon seems to have been perennial until 3 ka cal. BP before Nile inflow became dominant, from the 3rd millennium BP until 0.8-0.9 ka cal. BP. The sediment archives and the historical data support an important retraction of the waterbody around 1 ka cal. BP, recorded by evaporite deposits. This was followed by a new highstand around 0.7 ka cal. BP before a retraction centred on 0.3-0.2 ka cal. BP. Since around 2000 years, this contrasting environmental history is correlated with phases of agriculture peaks and recessions and shows the increasing impact of irrigation practices on the functioning of the Maryut, located at the end of the hydrological conveyor
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Abdelrazik, Donia. "The determinants of audit fees and report lag : a comparative study of Egypt and the UK." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/9510.
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The determinants of audit fees and report lag: A comparative study of Egypt and the UK Despite the occurrence of recent economic and political events such as the global financial crisis and Arab spring in the Middle East, researchers have not addressed the effects of such events on the auditing profession. That is has given a motive to this study to explore this point of research. This study has three main objectives. The first objective is to investigate the determinants of audit fees and audit report timeliness in the Egyptian and UK contexts. The second objective is to point out how the economic and political events could affect these determinants. The third objective is to make a comparison between the response of auditors towards economic and political instability in both countries. These objectives are set to solve the research problem of this study which is to investigate how the price behaviour of audit fees and report timeliness can vary in two different contexts: Egypt and the UK, and to highlight how auditors respond to such economic (Global Financial Crisis) and political events (Egyptian Revolution). A special attention has been addressed to tourism industry while investigating audit pricing and timeliness decisions throughout this study for two reasons. First, tourism industry play a critical role for the economy of many developing and developed countries. Second, tourism industry is highly affected by any economic and political events. For these reasons, tourism industry is surrounded by high risk during the economic or political instability, and thus this might result in special procedures and decisions taken by the auditors regarding tourism industry clients during instable periods. To take into account the most recent economic and political events, the study sample covers the period of six financial years from 2008 to 2013. This sample period has been chosen to capture the global financial crisis that has taken place during 2008-2009 and also to investigate the effects of the Egyptian revolution that has taken place on January 25, 2011, and subsequent political events. The study sample includes 212 Egyptian companies listed in the Egyptian stock market and the top 350 companies (FTSE 350) listed in the London Stock Exchange. For guaranteeing the preciseness of the findings, advanced panel data Prais-Winsten statistical analysis technique has been used throughout this study. Results of this study reveal consistency between Egypt and UK in most signs of coefficients of audit fees determinants. However, a lot of differences exist between the audit report lag determinants in the Egyptian and UK context that suggest that a one-size-fits-all approach cannot be generalized in audit report lag determinants for various countries. Despite that tourism is a very risky industry that is easily affected by economic and political instability, results reported in Egypt and UK reveal that audit fees charged and audit delay reported for tourism did not differ from other industries in both contexts. Results also reveal that Big N auditing firms in the UK have competitive advantages of not charging an audit fee premium and offering a more timely audit report than non-big N. These advantages increase the demand of Big N in the UK and increase their dominance. On the other side, in Egypt, Big N auditing firms do not offer such advantage of timely audit reports than non-big N, besides, they charge their clients with audit fee premium. That enabled medium sized and small auditing firms to penetrate the Egyptian auditing market and increase their market share, and thus, Big N dominance is not high in the Egyptian audit market as that in the UK. Different auditor responses to global financial crisis (GFC) have been documented in both countries. As auditors in Egypt decreased their audit fees and offered more timely audit report to face the economic recession and the anxiety of investors accompanied with the GFC. However, neither the pricing of auditing services nor the audit report lag have been affected during the GFC in the UK audit market. According to the results of this study, during the Egyptian Revolution, auditors tended to charge audit fees premium without increasing/decreasing audit delay. This implies that the increase in audit fees during revolution was a risk premium due to the instability in economic and political conditions and was not accompanied by any increase in audit effort and delay.
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Ardehali, Golshid. "Droit et pratique de la convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes de l’ONU de 1979 dans les pays de culture musulmane -l’Égypte, l’Arabie Saoudite et l’Iran-." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO30045.
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Mesurer l’impact des réserves Charia sur l’application des dispositions essentielles de la Convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes (la CEDEF) est l’élément principal de cette étude. À cette fin, le statut juridique de la Femme est examiné, à la lumière des dispositions de la Convention, dans trois pays de culture musulmane (Egypte, Arabie Saoudite et Iran). La présente étude tend à démonter que le statut moindre de la Femme, dans les pays de culture musulmane, est la conséquence de la primauté de l’Islam, en tant que doctrine politico-religieuse, au sein des sociétés civiles. L’étude met l’accent sur l’antagonisme qui existe entre le droit international positif, de nature essentiellement séculaire, et le droit religieux, d’essence divine en vigueur dans la majorité des États de culture musulmane. Elle insiste également sur cette réalité persistante qui consiste, dans de nombreux pays, à nier l’application des droits humains aux femmes, au prétexte de leur incompatibilité avec la loi religieuse supérieure. C’est l’ambition de cette recherche que de proposer que, seule, une séparation nette, de la Religion et du Droit serait à même de garantir l’application universelle et uniforme du droit international de l’Homme et la FemmeMeasuring the impact of Sharia reservations on the application of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is the principal subject of this paper. In this respect, the legal status of women is examined, in the light of the Convention (CEDAW), within three Muslim countries (Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Iran). The present study tries to demonstrate that the lesser status of Muslim women is the result of Islam’s primacy, as a politico-religious ideology, within civil societies. The paper emphasizes on the existing irreconcilable conflict between, the international positive law, essentially of secular nature, and the religious law, mainly of divine nature. This paper also advocates that the persistent denial of basic human rights of women in Muslim countries is mainly due to the incompatibility of those rights with imposed religious norms (sharia law). In it’s ambition this study aims to prove that only a strict separation between law and religion could guarantee the universal application of human rights of men and women
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Ilberg, Antje. "Einflussfaktoren auf Wachstum und Morphologie informeller Siedlungen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-61337.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit prüft unterschiedliche Einflussfaktoren und deren Auswirkung auf die Merkmale informeller Siedlungen. Hypothese ist, dass die Morphologie und weitere physischen Merkmale informeller Siedlungen trotz der Wirksamkeit lokaler und kulturspezifischer Rahmenbedingungen auf die Wirkung bestimmbarer Einflussfaktoren zurückgeführt werden können, die entsprechend erkennbarer und prognostizierbarer Gesetzmäßigkeiten wirken. Es werden die Gesetzmäßigkeiten geprüft, die mit informeller Stadtbildung in Verbindung stehen und sich in Morphologie und weiteren physischen Merkmalen von informellen Siedlungen äußern. Dabei werden konstante und variable Faktoren unterschieden, die bei der Ausbildung informeller Stadtstrukturen wirken. Die meisten Faktoren stellen sich als variabel heraus. Mit dem Verständnis über deren Bedeutung und Zusammenhänge kann daher die informelle Siedlungsbildung beeinflusst werden und Planungsempfehlungen können für schnell und informell wachsende Städte formuliert werden. Die Morphologie und bautypischen Merkmale informeller Siedlungen sind prognostizierbar und die Folgen bestimmter Entscheidungen einschätzbar. Die Beeinflussung der Einflussfaktoren ist insbesondere auf der Ebene von Politik und Gesetzgebung möglich. Fast alle Handlungs- und Planungsentscheidungen müssen das Bodenrechtssystem und die vorliegenden Verhältnisse des Bodeneigentums beachten. Als Fallstudien dienen fünf Städte in Afrika, die von einer Bandbreite an Rahmenbedingungen beeinflusst werden und die aktuell einem besonders rasanten, doch jungen Verstädterungsprozess ausgesetzt sind. In Afrika finden sich unterscheidbare Rechtssysteme, die zum Teil aus der Kolonialgeschichte hervorgehen. Die Wahl der Beispiele wurde während der Bearbeitung und Vertiefung des Themas getroffen. Vor allem fußt die Analyse auf Originalmaterial, das die Autorin durch eigene Aufenthalte zusammengetragen und erhoben hat. Spezielle Planunterlagen, Planungs- und Gesetzesinformationen waren im Allgemeinen nicht anders aufzufinden. Es gibt auch nur wenige vorangegangene, einzelne Analysen informeller Siedlungen aus architektonischer oder planerischer Sicht. Wie keine der wenigen vorhandenen Analysen beansprucht diese Arbeit nun das Erarbeiten der Zusammenhänge von Rahmenbedingungen und Siedlungscharakteristik unter Beleuchtung der Bandbreite informeller Siedlungsformen. Von Bedeutung ist daher die intensive Arbeit mit dem Kartenmaterial auf Siedlungs- und Bebauungsebene, dessen Betrachtung vor dem Hintergrund landesspezifischer Informationen und die Erkenntnisgewinnung aus dem Vergleich der ausgewählten Beispiele stattfindenThis work examines the factors influencing the characteristics of informal settlements. Hypothetically, the morphology and other physical characteristics of informal settlements can be attributed to the effect determinable factors, which function with predictable regularities, despite a locally and culturally specific framework. Examined are those regularities, which are related to the formation of informal urban growth, and which are expressed in the morphology and further physical characteristics of informal settlements. Constant and variable factors are differentiated when examining their influence on informal urban morphologies. It is discovered that most factors can be influenced on the level of politics and legislation and therefore, the formation and the physical characteristics of informal settlements can be steered. Planning recommendations for fast, informally growing cities can be formulated and the consequences of planning and policy decisions can be predicted equally. Nearly all action and planning decisions must consider the local juridical system and specific conditions of land ownership. The research clearly shows that the physical form of informal urban development, i.e. morphology and townscape, is directly connected to the given land ownership system in a country in general, and to the land rights specifically for settled land. In other words, current as well as former land ownership conditions in a country influence the physical characteristics of the informal settlements. In principle, the land law determines type, extent and functioning of plot allocation and transfer processes; and indirectly, the type and degree of nonconformity to this legal defines the type, extent and functioning of the informal land market. The research is based on case studies in five African cities with varying legal, administrative, historic and cultural frameworks, and which are currently exposed to a rapid process of urbanization, which has started only recently. In Africa, there are distinguishable juridical systems, which partially result from colonial history. Above all, the analysis is based on original material, which was gathered by the author during field research. There are only few analyses of informal settlements, which take an architectural or planning perspective, and those are limited to individual settlements. This work now stresses the interrelation of different aspects in the framework with physical settlement characteristics, while analyzing the respective range of informal settlement forms for each case example
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Abdel-Sattar, Nesrine M. A. K. "Innovation in Arabic online newsrooms : a comparative study of the social shaping of multimedia adoption in Aljazeera Net, Almassae and Almasry Alyoum in the context of the Arab Spring." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a442328b-2288-4731-b140-2c3a6d0bd91b.
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This study focuses on the factors shaping innovation in online newsrooms in three nations of the Arab World, with particular interest in the adoption of multimedia news innovations. Applying theoretical perspectives from the social shaping of technology and the diffusion of innovation literature, this study sought to identify the key factors shaping the innovation process. Field studies were based in three Arabic newsrooms: Aljazeera Net in Qatar, Almasry Alyoum in Egypt, and Almassae in Morocco. The case studies are grounded in two weeks of participant-observation field research within each online newsroom, along with over 100 in-depth interviews with those involved in the production of online news, and online archival reviews of the three news portals since their inception. Field research began with participant observation at Aljazeera in 2010, prior to the uprisings of the Arab Spring, and continued through early 2013. The political context of each newsroom during the field research became a major aspect of the innovation process of each case study. The thesis reinforces a wide range of social, economic, and organizational factors in the adoption and adaptation of multimedia technologies in the newsrooms studied, supporting earlier research on newsroom innovation across other regions of the world. For example, conceptions about ‘ideal’ industry multimedia models for the modern newsroom were important in each case. However, in the political context of events related to the Arab Spring, the overriding importance of the larger political context emerged in each case. The significance of this observation suggests that research on news organizations cannot take the political context for granted and should more explicitly embed it in discussion of the social shaping of innovation, even under more stable and liberal political conditions. There is a relative lack of systematic empirical research on Arabic newsrooms among studies of news innovation. Looking at the political context of emergent or weak democracies and their influence on modern multimedia newsrooms especially during crisis events, therefore, can contribute to the development of theory and research in Western democracies; and reintroduce politics into theories of innovation within modern newsrooms. This study suggests that future scholarship brings politics into the study of the social shaping of newsroom innovation without losing the many significant advances of existing research in more liberal democratic Western contexts of the multimedia newsroom.
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Abdo, Mohamed. "Conflits de valeurs et conflits de lois en droit international privé comparé : le cas du divorce." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0006.
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Cette étude a pour objet l’analyse critique des règles de conflit de lois relatives au divorce en droit international privé comparé. Elle prend comme exemple le système juridique français et les systèmes des pays arabes pluri-législatifs. Les solutions adoptées dans la résolution des conflits de lois en matière de divorce sont fortement liées au problème du conflit de valeurs juridiques de chacun des systèmes comparés et, au-delà, les conflits de lois et les conflits de valeurs ne cessent d’être dissociés dans la justification des solutions apportées en la matière. Cela exprime non seulement la philosophie juridique du législateur et son affection pour ses valeurs mais aussi les tendances de la jurisprudence dans la pratique. La thèse répond donc à la question de savoir dans quelle mesure les valeurs de chaque système en comparaison influent sur la résolution des conflits de lois en matière de divorce. La réponse à cette question suit l’itinéraire de la règle de conflit. La démarche conflictuelle et fonctionnelle des règles applicables au divorce implique en effet de vérifier la forme et la densité de l’influence des valeurs. Dans ce contexte, la thèse s’articule autour de deux grandes parties. Dans la première sont examinées les spécificités des systèmes comparés en analysant les règles de rattachement. Cette partie démontre l’influence des valeurs sur le choix du rattachement. La deuxième partie vise à examiner le poids donné aux valeurs de la loi du for lors de la mise en œuvre des règles de conflits de lois. Elle démontre ainsi l’influence des valeurs des systèmes en comparaison sur les difficultés rencontrées lors de la mise en œuvre des règles de rattachementThis study aims to analyse and criticise the conflict of laws rules in matter of divorce from the viewpoint of comparative private international law. It takes the example of the French legal system and the Arab States multi-legislative legal systems. The adopted solutions in the resolution of conflicts of laws in matter of divorce are closely linked to the problem of value conflicts and even cannot be dissociated. This expresses not only the legal philosophy of the legislator and his affection by his values but also the judicial tendencies in legal practice. For that, the thesis answers the question to what extent the values of each legal system impact on the resolution of conflicts of laws in matter of divorce. To answer to this question, it needs to proceed through the pathway of the conflict rule. The conflictual and functional approach of the rules applicable to divorce suppose and imply effectively the scrutiny of the form and the intensity of the influence of values. Based on this conceptual framework, the thesis proceeds in two main parts. The first part examines the specificities of the compared legal systems while analysing the choice-of-law rules. This part demonstrates the influence of values on the choice-of-law rules. The second part assesses and examines the excessive importance attributed to the values of the forum state while applying the conflict of laws rules. Based on this assessment, this part illustrates the impact of the values of the legal systems by comparison with the challenges and the difficulties faced by judges while applying the choice-of-law rules
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Houssais, Frédéric. "Les règles de droit patrimonial et successoral à la Basse Epoque égyptienne et à l'époque ptolémaïque (664 - 30 avant notre ère)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020019.
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Les présents travaux portent sur une période particulière de l’Égypte pharaonique, marquée par l’apparition d’une nouvelle écriture cursive – le démotique – transcrivant un état plus récent de la langue égyptienne, et par une évolution marquée de la société égyptienne sous l’influence des dominations étrangères successives. Parmi la documentation juridique disponible, de nombreux textes ont trait aux règles de droit patrimonial et à leurs modes de transmission : des textes théoriques ( tel le Code d’Hermopolis), mais également, et en plus grands nombres, de la documentation d’application de ces règles de droit et des décisions judiciaires s’y rapportant, ainsi que des textes littéraires qui nous éclairent sur le mode de fonctionnement de la famille égyptienne du premier millénaire avant notre ère. Outre la description des règles de transmission patrimoniale intrafamiliale, l’analyse de cette documentation permet de percevoir le rôle des différents éléments composant la famille égyptienne : père, fils aîné, femme, principalement, et d’en mieux comprendre les mécanismes successoraux en tant que vecteur, non seulement du patrimoine familial, mais aussi et surtout, du rôle de chef de famille, de patriarche, au sein de l’indivision familiale. Enfin, les sources juridiques relevant de la pratique démontrent que les Égyptiens du premier millénaire avant notre ère interprétaient les règles liées aux transmissions patrimoniales et en usaient de façon stratégique, afin de les façonner de la manière désirée, quitte à passer outre aux principes établis, parfois depuis de nombreux sièclesThe present work concerns a particular period of Pharaonic Egypt, marked by the appearance of a new cursive writing – the demotic writing – transcribing a more recent state of the Egyptian language, and a loss of political independence. Among the available legal documentation, numerous texts concerned the rules of patrimonial law and their modes of transmission: theoretical texts (such as the Legal Code of Hermopolis), but also, and in larger numbers, the application documentation of these legal rules and the court orders relating to it, and literary texts which give us another view of the first millennium B.C. Egyptian family way of functioning. Besides the description of the rules of the family intra family holdings transmission, the analysis of this documentation allows to determine what the role of the family main component was: father, first son, woman, and to understand the inheritance process as vector, not only of the family goods, but mostly of the family chief (or patriarch) role in the family undivided possession. Then, the useful judicial sources show that the first millennium B.C. Egyptians interpreted the rules of patrimonial transmissions and used of them strategically in order to disregard the established principles, often since centuries
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Sohbi, Sabrina I. "Penser la loi en Egypte et en Syrie entre la fin de l'époque mamelouke et le début de l'époque ottomane (XVe-XVIe s.)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3012.
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Cette étude vise à définir les caractéristiques de la pensée légale de plusieurs auteurs importants de la fin de l’époque mamelouke et du début de l’époque ottomane en Egypte et en Syrie. Tirant profit de leur positionnement original et distancié par rapport à leurs pairs, en même temps que leur insertion plus ou moins harmonieuse dans le milieu savant, elle met en lumière leur singularité, la manière dont ils adaptent celle-ci à la tradition légale ou, au contraire, leurs oppositions aux développements spécifiques parmi les savants et gens du commun de leur temps. Un examen global des sources historiques et biographiques rappelant les traits majeurs du contexte politico-juridique constitue le point de départ d’une enquête qui se poursuit sur la base d’une analyse comparative des textes d’auteurs parmi lesquels se distinguent Zakariyyā al-Anṣārī, Ǧalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī, Ibn Maymūn al-Fāsī et ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Šaʿrānī. Les thèmes principaux sélectionnés à travers leurs œuvres offrent un éclairage sur certaines tendances juridiques de l’époque et mettent en exergue l’existence de questionnements plus intemporels à propos de la ‘‘Loi musulmane’’. C’est ainsi que ce travail posera les questions plus générales de la définition de la šarīʿa, de sa dimension intérieure et du rapport de ces savants avec la Loi révéléeThis study aims to analyze the characteristics of the legal thought of several significant authors at the end of the Mameluke era and the beginning of the Ottoman period in Egypt and Syria. The study considers the author’s original and critical position toward their peers, simultaneously with their almost harmonious integration in the scholars’ realm. It spotlights their singularity, and the way they adapt it to the legal tradition or, on the contrary, their oppositions to the specific developments among the scholars and the laypeople. A comprehensive examination of the historical and biographical sources, which retraces the major features of the political-juridical context, forms the departure point of this survey. The main part of this research is based on a comparative analysis of the texts of authors, among whom Zakariyyā al-Anṣārī, Ǧalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī, Ibn Maymūn al-Fāsī and ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Šaʿrānī distinguish themselves the most. The main topics selected through their works shed some light on different juridical tendencies in that epoch, and throw into relief the existence of interrogations concerning ‘‘Islamic law’’ that are more timeless. Consequently, this study explores questions about the definition of šarīʿa, its inner dimension and the relation of those scholars to the revealed Law
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Mohamed, Ayman Fathy Mohamed. "Le contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois en France et en Egypte." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0048/document.
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Dans un contexte politique, économique et culturel différent, la justice constitutionnelle se développe en Égypte et en France. D’un point de vue purement juridique, le contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois s’exerce dans les deux pays selon une procédure différente. Le développement du contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois dans les deux pays avait, toutefois, pour effet de reproduire progressivement des rapprochements quant au contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois. L’Égypte établit en 2005 un mécanisme a priori sur la constitutionnalité des certaines catégories des lois électorales. De son côté, la France finit en 2008 par inaugurer un mécanisme du contrôle a posteriori (la QPC). Cette thèse propose de montrer que la justice constitutionnelle dans les deux pays s’appuie sur les mêmes fondements, tant sur un plan matériel que formel. Le contrôle exercé par la Cour constitutionnelle dans chacun des deux pays peut être considéré comme une application du modèle européen de justice constitutionnelle adaptée aux différentes données politiques, juridiques, économiques et culturelles de chacun de deux paysIn the political, economic, and cultural status quo, constitutional justice has been developed in both Egypt and France. From the legal perspective, it has been realized that various difference between both countries within the mechanism of the constitutional review of laws. Recently, the development of this legal issue in both countries leads to some of similarities between the mechanism in both Egypt and France, especially on the procedural level. Egypt adopted the same French scheme in 2005 with respect to some of the election laws. Further, France adopted the same constitutional review as Egypt via subordinate claim in 2008. But that does not mean that the constitutional review in both countries include only the procedural levels but also the main principle of the legal constitutional reviews in Egypt and France
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Hosseinioun, Mishana. "The globalisation of universal human rights and the Middle East." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8f6bdf79-2512-4f32-840a-3565a096ae8d.
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The goal of this study is to generate a more holistic picture of the diffusion and assimilation of universal human rights norms in diverse cultural and political settings such as the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The overarching question to be investigated in this thesis is the relationship between the evolving international human rights regime and the emerging human rights normative and legal culture in the Middle East. This question will be investigated in detail with reference to regional human rights schemes such as the Arab Charter of Human Rights, as well as local human rights developments in three Middle Eastern states, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Having gauged the take-up of human rights norms on the ground at the local and regional levels, the thesis examines in full the extent of socialisation and internalisation of human rights norms across the Middle East region at large.
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Hirtzlin-Pinçon, Olivier. "L'influence de la situation géopolitique au Moyen-Orient sur la génération des accords israélo-arabes depuis "Camp David I" : la frontière d'Israël." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences Sociales - Toulouse I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00300769.
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La question moyenne-orientale est dans l'actualité depuis 1948. C'est en cette année que se crée l'Etat d'Israël sur les décombres du mandat britannique en Palestine. Dès le commencement, la guerre va commencer à fixer les frontières entre Israël et ses voisins arabes. Cependant, après 1967, une nouvelle question va apparaître, celle des relations avec les Territoires occupés. En conséquence, l'Etat d'Israël aura deux questions frontalières à gérer : la question interétatique classique et la question interne avec les Palestiniens. Cette recherche tente de démontrer les voies employées par les différents acteurs régionaux et internationaux pour trouver une solution à cette question juridique qui cause l'instabilité régionale. On s'appuiera sur le droit, l'Histoire, la science politique (en particulier, l'étude des idéologies sioniste et arabiste) et les relations internationales pour trouver une cohérence aux réussites et aux échecs qui ont émaillé l'histoire du Moyen-Orient depuis 1948 et le fait qu'Israël n'ait encore que deux frontières internationalement reconnues, une avec l'Egypte et l'autre avec le royaume de Jordanie.
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Daly, Marwa El. "Challenges and potentials of channeling local philanthropy towards development and aocial justice and the role of waqf (Islamic and Arab-civic endowments) in building community foundations." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16511.
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Diese Arbeit bietet eine solide theoretische Grundlage zu Philanthropie und religiös motivierten Spendenaktivitäten und deren Einfluss auf Wohltätigkeitstrends, Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und einer auf dem Gedanken der sozialen Gerechtigkeit beruhenden Philanthropie. Untersucht werden dafür die Strukturen religiös motivierte Spenden, für die in der islamischen Tradition die Begriffe „zakat“, „Waqf“ oder im Plural auch „awqaf-“ oder „Sadaqa“ verwendet werden, der christliche Begriff dafür lautet „tithes“ oder „ushour“. Aufbauend auf diesem theoretischen Rahmenwerk analysiert die qualitative und quantitative Feldstudie auf nationaler Ebene, wie die ägyptische Öffentlichkeit Philanthropie, soziale Gerechtigkeit, Menschenrechte, Spenden, Freiwilligenarbeit und andere Konzepte des zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagements wahrnimmt. Um eine umfassende und repräsentative Datengrundlage zu erhalten, wurden 2000 Haushalte, 200 zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen erfasst, sowie Spender, Empfänger, religiöse Wohltäter und andere Akteure interviewt. Die so gewonnen Erkenntnisse lassen aussagekräftige Aufschlüsse über philanthropische Trends zu. Erstmals wird so auch eine finanzielle Einschätzung und Bewertung der Aktivitäten im lokalen Wohltätigkeitsbereich möglich, die sich auf mehr als eine Billion US-Dollar beziffern lassen. Die Erhebung weist nach, dass gemessen an den Pro-Kopf-Aufwendungen die privaten Spendenaktivitäten weitaus wichtiger sind als auswärtige wirtschaftliche Hilfe für Ägypten. Das wiederum lässt Rückschlüsse zu, welche Bedeutung lokale Wohltätigkeit erlangen kann, wenn sie richtig gesteuert wird und nicht wie bislang oft im Teufelskreis von ad-hoc-Spenden oder Hilfen von Privatperson an Privatperson gefangen ist. Die Studie stellt außerdem eine Verbindung her zwischen lokalen Wohltätigkeits-Mechanismen, die meist auf religiösen und kulturellen Werten beruhen, und modernen Strukturen, wie etwa Gemeinde-Stiftungen oder Gemeinde-„waqf“, innerhalb derer die Spenden eine nachhaltige Veränderung bewirken können. Daher bietet diese Arbeit also eine umfassende wissenschaftliche Grundlage, die nicht nur ein besseres Verständnis, sondern auch den nachhaltiger Aus- und Aufbau lokaler Wohltätigkeitsstrukturen in Ägypten ermöglicht. Zentral ist dabei vor allem die Rolle lokaler, individueller Spenden, die beispielsweise für Stiftungen auf der Gemeindeebene eingesetzt, wesentlich zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beitragen könnten – und das nicht nur in Ägypten, sondern in der gesamten arabischen Region. Als konkretes Ergebnis dieser Arbeit, wurde ein innovatives Modell entwickelt, dass neben den wissenschaftlichen Daten das Konzept der „waqf“ berücksichtigt. Der Wissenschaftlerin und einem engagierten Vorstand ist es auf dieser Grundlage gelungen, die Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) zu gründen, die nicht nur ein Modell für eine Bürgerstiftung ist, sondern auch das tradierte Konzept der „waqf“ als praktikable und verbürgte Wohlstätigkeitsstruktur sinnvoll weiterentwickelt.This work provides a solid theoretical base on philanthropy, religious giving (Islamic zakat, ‘ushour, Waqf -plural: awqaf-, Sadaqa and Christian tithes or ‘ushour), and their implications on giving trends, development work, social justice philanthropy. The field study (quantitative and qualitative) that supports the theoretical framework reflects at a national level the Egyptian public’s perceptions on philanthropy, social justice, human rights, giving and volunteering and other concepts that determine the peoples’ civic engagement. The statistics cover 2000 households, 200 Civil Society Organizations distributed all over Egypt and interviews donors, recipients, religious people and other stakeholders. The numbers reflect philanthropic trends and for the first time provide a monetary estimate of local philanthropy of over USD 1 Billion annually. The survey proves that the per capita share of philanthropy outweighs the per capita share of foreign economic assistance to Egypt, which implies the significance of local giving if properly channeled, and not as it is actually consumed in the vicious circle of ad-hoc, person to person charity. In addition, the study relates local giving mechanisms derived from religion and culture to modern actual structures, like community foundations or community waqf that could bring about sustainable change in the communities. In sum, the work provides a comprehensive scientific base to help understand- and build on local philanthropy in Egypt. It explores the role that local individual giving could play in achieving sustainable development and building a new wave of community foundations not only in Egypt but in the Arab region at large. As a tangible result of this thesis, an innovative model that revives the concept of waqf and builds on the study’s results was created by the researcher and a dedicated board of trustees who succeeded in establishing Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) that not only introduces the community foundation model to Egypt, but revives and modernizes the waqf as a practical authentic philanthropic structure.