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1
Papi, Ramin, Sara Attarchi, Ali Darvishi Boloorani, and Najmeh Neysani Samany. "Characterization of Hydrologic Sand and Dust Storm Sources in the Middle East." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (2022): 15352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215352.
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Due to diverse hydroclimatic conditions and human interventions, the Middle East hosts a variety of active sources of sand and dust storms (SDS). Discrimination of different types of SDS sources is the most important factor for adopting optimal mitigation measures to combat SDS. This study employed a binary mask-based modeling framework to identify Middle East SDS sources. Accordingly, using time series of remotely sensed data of land surface and atmospheric aerosol parameters, SDS sources covering an area of 1 million Km2 were identified with an overall accuracy of 82.6%. Considering the type of land use and spatial-temporal changes in water bodies, SDS sources were categorized into seven types in terms of origin. Desert sources have the largest share (>79%), whereas hydrologic sources accounted for about 8.4%. The results showed that water bodies had a declining trend after 2000. The occurrence of two severe drought periods in 2000–2001 and 2007–2012 led to a 52% decrease in water bodies and a 14–37% increase in SDS emission compared to the pre-2000 period. The latter drought period also led to a sharp decrease in groundwater resources across the region. Our results revealed that natural circumstances and drought actively contribute to the depletion of water resources that led to the formation of SDS sources in the Middle East, while the role of anthropogenic factors is predominant in the case of hydrologic SDS sources.
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Badawy, Tarek. "The General Principles of Islamic Law as the Law Governing Investment Disputes in the Middle East." Journal of International Arbitration 29, Issue 3 (2012): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2012016.
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The recent collapse of certain Arab regimes and the subsequent rise to power of Islamic parties that call for the general application of Islamic law (sharia) will certainly generate debates about the compatibility of sharia with modern principles of justice. The uncertainty surrounding the seriousness of these politicians' calls and the general lack of knowledge about sharia among western lawyers and investors increase the worries of foreign companies regarding their projects in the Middle East. This article provides its readers with information about the principles of contract law under sharia, and demonstrates how investors who are forced to accept sharia as the law governing their disputes - either in the context of an international arbitration or a regular state court - will likely receive equal, if not more, protection than the safeguards offered by international law. The article starts by demonstrating how the sources of Islamic law sanction arbitration. It further explores some of the unique rules of contract law under sharia (e.g., lack of procedural formalities, and the negation of state immunity), that give certain privileges to foreign investors. Such particular rules allow investors to resort to legal tricks - known as hiyal - to circumvent certain prohibitions pertaining to the charging of interest. The article's main conclusion is that should the principles of sharia be properly applied to investment disputes in the Middle East, foreign investors will likely receive more protection against abusive nationalization than they would under international law. Having said that, the possible application of Islamic law to state contracts remains uncertain at this stage, albeit not unlikely.
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Painter, Kenneth. "The Traprain Law Treasure and ‘Irish Pirates’." Antiquaries Journal 92 (July 5, 2012): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581512000121.
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The treasure of Roman Hacksilber from Traprain Law, a massive hill fort east of Edinburgh, has been interpreted since its publication in 1923 by Alexander Curle as an illustration of the last days of Roman Britain, and as having been broken up by Irish pirates or raiders in or about ad 405. The attribution resulted from an attempt to link historical or semi-historical sources, in particular about the Irish hero Niall of the Nine Hostages and St Patrick, with an archaeological discovery. Modern scholarship, however, has shown that Niall and St Patrick are to be dated to the middle or late fifth century, not to the late fourth and early fifth century, and so the argument that the Traprain Law treasure was connected with ‘Irish pirates’ fails.
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Shakhatreh, Hisham. "COMPARISON OF COMMERCIAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS IN JORDAN AND THE MIDDLE EAST." Public Administration and Law Review, no. 2(18) (June 30, 2024): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36690/2674-5216-2024-2-51-66.
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This article provides a comprehensive comparison of commercial dispute resolution mechanisms across Jordan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Egypt. With the increasing globalization of business and the growth of foreign investments in the Middle East, an effective and efficient legal framework for dispute resolution is critical. The primary goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive comparative analysis of commercial dispute resolution mechanisms in Jordan and key Middle Eastern countries, with the aim of understanding their impact on the business climate and investor confidence in the region. The research employs a comparative analysis approach, drawing on a variety of sources including legal texts, case studies, and interviews with legal experts and business professionals from Jordan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Egypt. This comparative analysis examines the similarities and differences in the dispute resolution frameworks of these four countries, focusing on judicial processes, arbitration practices, and the adoption of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods. All four nations share a common legal heritage influenced by Islamic Sharia law and have adopted international standards such as the UNCITRAL Model Law to modernize their arbitration systems. Each country has established specialized commercial courts to expedite the resolution of business disputes and is a signatory to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, facilitating cross-border enforcement of decisions. However, there are distinct differences shaped by local legal and economic policies. For instance, the UAE features a dual judicial system that includes Sharia-influenced local courts and common law-based courts in its free zones, which are absent in the other three countries. The study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each jurisdiction's dispute resolution mechanism and discusses ongoing reforms aimed at enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of legal processes. This analysis not only aids in understanding each country's approach to dispute resolution but also serves as a guide for international businesses and investors considering operations in these regions.
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Ahmed, Faiz. "Courts and Constitutions in South Asia and the Global South: A View from the Middle East." Law and History Review 41, no. 2 (2023): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073824802200058x.
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AbstractNot long ago, the study of comparative law in U.S. law schools was dominated by North American and European constitutional systems. Thanks to the contributions of a new generation of legal historians, including those canvassed in this special issue, the landscape is changing. In this special issue, scholars of courts and constitutions in twentieth century Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, India, and Nepal have come together to share novel sources, perspectives, and analyses of significant constitutional experiments in the Global South, specifically twentieth century South Asia. This afterword reflects on these important scholarly contributions by highlighting common threads and divergences in the case studies presented in this volume—from the perspective of a legal historian of the late Ottoman Empire and modern Middle East. Ultimately, the author concludes that the articles in this special issue persuasively stamp modern South Asian legal history “on the map” not only for specialists of this large and populous region, but for students and scholars of comparative constitutionalism and global legal history more broadly.
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Peerenboom, Randall. "China and the Revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa." Middle East Law and Governance 3, no. 1-2 (2011): 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633711x591549.
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The 2011 revolutions in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) led to considerable hope for some people that China would experience a similar political uprising, as well as considerable anxiety for the ruling regime. The government’s immediate response was to downplay the risk of a similar event occurring in China by distinguishing between China and MENA, while at the same time cracking down on activists and other potential sources of instability—including attempts to organize popular revolutionary protests in China. Although the government has so far managed to avoid a similar uprising, neither response has been entirely successful. Despite a number of significant diff erences between China and MENA countries, there are enough commonalities to justify concerns about political instability. Moreover, relying on repression alone is not a long-term solution to the justified demands of Chinese citizens for political reforms and social justice. Whether China will ultimately be able to avoid the fate of authoritarian regimes in MENA countries will turn on its ability to overcome a series of structural challenges while preventing sudden and unpredictable events, like those that gave rise to the Arab revolutions, from spinning out of control.
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Kadarudin, Kadarudin. "PORTRAITS IN INDONESIA: INTERNATIONAL REFUGEES FACE UNCERTAIN FUTURE (A STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE LAW)." Veritas et Justitia 4, no. 1 (2018): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25123/vej.2920.
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This paper discusses the issue of refugees from an international law perspective. It is known that Indonesia is not a party to either the 151 Refugee Convention as well as the 1967 Protocol, but mostly as transit country house a number of refugees running away from conflict areas in Myanmar, the Middle East and Afghanistan. This legal research employs a juridical normative method. By tracking down and analyzing all relevant legal sources it is revealed that Indonesia’s treatment of refuges is based on the general obligation to protect and honor human rights (on the basis of international minimum standard). It is further recommended that Indonesia should actively support the global compact on refugees.
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Iannario, Eleonora. "Shaping Citizenship in a Globalized World." McGill GLSA Research Series 2, no. 1 (2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/glsars.v2i1.181.
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Citizenship and membership in a nation state may constitute a significant element of identity. Every society looks for the legitimacy of the principles governing it within its own origins. Therefore, cultural diversity is synonymous with juridical and ethical difference, which can range from the recognition of several sources of legitimacy of law to a different relationship between these sources. In the legal sphere, each society’s constant pursuit of its own origins has its greatest expression in the rules of citizenship chosen. For example, the provision of citizenship tests within the EU Member States’ naturalization policies bears witness to this attitude, strengthening the requirements to obtain the citizenship. In fact, during the last decade, the European Union has experienced the rise of test-based forms of integration and this indicates the adaptation of the legal system to increasing flows of migration. Similarly, in the Middle East, the State of Israel represents a paradigmatic case of how the survival of cultural ties is nowadays maintained in granting citizenship. This also highlights how the national law adapts to the historical context in order to allow the respect of economic, political and social rights. Against the perceived Jewish diaspora, indeed, the State of Israel established the Law of Return (ḥok ha-shvūt), namely every Jew has the right to return and obtain, along with citizenship, other facilities to rebuild his life there (‘aliyah). Could these two approaches from Western Europe and the Middle East testify to a strong state sovereignty in choosing their ideal citizens? In conclusion, the purpose of the paper is to show how naturalization policies are deeply influenced by historical, cultural and social elements. Could therefore these naturalization systems be considered anachronistic in the context of the XXI century globalized world?
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OMRAN, Hossein. "Transformation of Ukraine’s trade relations in the Middle East and Africa." Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 122, no. 3 (2022): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2022(122)10.
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Introduction. On February 24, 2022, the territory of Ukraine was attacked by the Russian Federation, and for the fourth month the country’s economy has been under the destructive influence of this aggression. Problem. At the stage of post-war reconstruction, which begins in various regions of Ukraine as soon as active hostilities cease, it will be important to restore the stable functioning of Ukrainian industries and return to international markets of major domestic exporters. Increasing the effectiveness of foreign trade is one of the main sources of financial resources to fill the budgets of different levels. The aim of the article is to identify the changes in Ukraine’s trade cooperation with the states of the Middle East and Africa in the post-war reconstruction. Methods. A set of complementary methods of scientific identification of economic processes and phenomena is applied: system-structural, comparative and statistical analysis, as well as process, information and institutional approaches. Results. The conditions and factors of development of each of the countries of the Middle East and North Africa lead to the formation of its own trajectory of trade ties with Ukraine. In order to determine the prospects and strategic priorities in the formation of relations with these countries, a comparative analysis of trade cooperation with each of them. The calculated indicators demonstrate the importance of the region's markets as strategic, their loss may have a negative impact on Ukraine’s balance of payments, especially in martial law and further post-war reconstruction. Conclusions. Solutions that can ensure the rapid recovery of Ukraine should combine existing support instruments, as well as the process of forming a comprehensive long-term approach to the planning and implementation of national economic interests.
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Badar, Mohamed, Masaki Nagata, and Tiphanie Tueni. "The Radical Application of the Islamist Concept of Takfir." Arab Law Quarterly 31, no. 2 (2017): 134–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730255-31020044.
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The ideology and actions of certain militant groups in the Middle East are often condemned as a perversion of Islamic precepts. In order to achieve a theologically ideal society, these groups espouse takfirism, a minority ideology that endorses violence, and in particular advocates the killing of other Muslims who are declared to be unbelievers. These groups justify their words and deeds with direct quotations from the Qur’an and the Sunna, which are the sources of Islamic law (Shari‘a), as well as by citing historical precedents such as the Khawarij movement and Ibn Taymiyya’s fatawa. This article aims to analyse how these groups (and in some cases state actors) defend their actions in legal terms and how mainstream Islamic scholars respond to what they consider to be doctrinal deviations.
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Tsiouri, Vasiliki, Konstantinos E. Kakosimos, and Prashant Kumar. "Concentrations, sources and exposure risks associated with particulate matter in the Middle East Area—a review." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 8, no. 1 (2014): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11869-014-0277-4.
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Dannies, Kate, and Stefan Hock. "A Prolonged Abrogation? The Capitulations, the 1917 Law of Family Rights, and the Ottoman Quest for Sovereignty during World War 1." International Journal of Middle East Studies 52, no. 2 (2020): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074382000001x.
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AbstractThe 1917 promulgation of a new Ottoman family law is recognized as a landmark moment in the history of Islamic law by scholars of women and gender in the Middle East. Yet the significance of the 1917 law in the struggle over religious jurisdiction, political power, and Ottoman sovereignty has been overlooked in the scholarship on both Ottoman legal reform and World War 1. Drawing on Ottoman Turkish, German, French, and English sources linking internal interpretations of the law and external reactions to its passage, we reinterpret adoption of the family law as a key moment in the geopolitics of World War 1. We demonstrate that passage of the law was a critical turning point in the wartime process of abrogating the capitulations and eliminating the last vestiges of legal extraterritoriality in the Ottoman Empire. The law is situated in its wartime political context and the geopolitical milieu of larger Europe to demonstrate that, although short-lived, the 1917 family law was a centerpiece of the wartime struggle to define extraterritorial rights of the Ottoman Empire, the Great Powers, and their protégés within the empire.
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Vasilyeva, Irina N., Tatyana P. Rebrova, and Olga V. Li. "Directions of scientific cooperation and peculiarities of cultural exchange between Russia and the countries of the Middle East and the Mediterranean based on the materials of modern analytics." SCIENCE SPACE 1, no. 4 (2024): 736–50. https://doi.org/10.33873/3034-4379.2024.1-4.736-750.
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Russia has to participate in the struggle for cultural influence, which is escalating all over the world, and promote its values and ideas. In this context, the relevance and importance of cultural and humanitarian cooperation with the countries of the Middle East and the Mediterranean is increasing. The article identifies key problems and makes recommendations for improving this cooperation. Methods. The key directions and nature of scientific and technological promising research projects in the states of the Middle East and the Mediterranean are identified based on the study of the database of scientists living in the countries of the Middle East, their patent and publication activity. The cultural and historical roots of the Russian presence in the region and the practice of cultural cooperation between Russia and these countries are analyzed on the basis of Internet sources. Results and Discussion. Over the past 30 years, Russian state scientific structures have been ousted from scientific cooperation with the countries of the Middle East and the Mediterranean under the political influence of competitors. Therefore, publications of modern scientists and public figures who have devoted their scientific research to this issue are of particular importance for the stated topic. The results of the analysis for further cooperation in specific areas are presented and the features of Russia's cultural exchange with such countries as Bahrain, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Yemen, Qatar, Cyprus, Kuwait, Lebanon, UAE, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Turkey, Palestinian National Authority, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia. The results are based on a three-year analytical work carried out on the instructions of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation by the staff of the Russian Research Institute of Economics, Politics and Law in the Science and Technology (RIEPP) on the topic "Research of the modern scientific potential of the countries of the Middle East and the Mediterranean and prospects for the creation of international scientific projects and programs with Russian participation." Conclusion. In order to expand the list of research topics and attract foreign scientists, among others, to jointly solve problems that ensure the achievement of a response to the great challenges set out in the Strategy of Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to increase the range of scientific communications. Three main directions of Russia's humanitarian policy in the Middle East are highlighted. In the context of the Western sanctions policy, it is important to use the similarity of approaches between Russia and regional Middle Eastern states, including such an aspect of international humanitarian and cultural cooperation as a religious factor.
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DUGARD, JOHN. "The Future of International Law: A Human Rights Perspective – With Some Comments on the Leiden School of International Law." Leiden Journal of International Law 20, no. 4 (2007): 729–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156507004396.
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In the past fifty years there have been changes in relation to the nature and sources of international law. Academic lawyers have welcomed these changes, which show a movement away from strict consent as the basis of international law. States and government law advisers have adopted a more conservative approach and emphasize the importance of consent as a basis for international law. Different approaches are apparent in the practice of the Human Rights Council. The Council has focused on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, much to the annoyance of Western states. The developing world sees the Occupied Palestinian Territory in much the same way as the United Nations saw apartheid in South Africa. The International Court of Justice has responded wisely to both these phenomena. It has given cautious approval to new notions of international law, encapsulated in the doctrines of obligations erga omnes and jus cogens. On the subject of Palestine the Court has given an Advisory Opinion which should form the basis for a peaceful settlement of the conflict in the Middle East. Unfortunately the international community has failed to give effect to this opinion.
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Ghazali, Bello Abubakar. "Islamisation And Democratic Transition In The Post- Revolution Egypt." International Journal of Social Sciences and Economic Review 1, no. 1 (2019): 29–34. https://doi.org/10.9116/ijsser.2019.1.1.05.
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<strong>Purpose of the study:</strong>Centrally, this article aims at exploring the effects of the convulsion toward Egyptian domestic politics and democratic transition. However, it tries to examine whether the spring was for a political freedom or a merely evasive move to saddle brotherhood on governorship. <strong>Methodology:</strong>Qualitative data analysis is the approach applied while carrying out this study. Various books, journals and research reports on Egyptian as well as Middle Eastern politics were consulted as sources of information. Current political events in Egypt and other neighboring countries were followed. <strong>Findings:</strong>It concludes that democratizing a dominantly Arab and Islamic nation such as Egypt seldom hit the target. More so, the spring’s ends those were meant for better Egypt have not yet been achieved. <strong>Application:</strong>This research is useful especially for students or readers want specialize on Egyptian or Middle Eastern politics from the shadow of political changes in the region.<em> </em> <strong>Novelty/Originality:</strong>The jasmine revolution witnessed across the Middle East and North Africa is the subject matter of this study. The Middle East region, which is the focusing area of this research was popularly dominated by tyrant leaderships especially in the pre-revolution time. This study finds its originality from the fact that lack of freedom and political rights galvanized anger among the Arab youths: from Tunisia to almost all over the region. However, this contributes to the scary literature related to this area speciafically democratic transition that happened for the first time in Egypt.
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Novikova, Ramilya G. "ISLAM AND GENETICS: RELIGIOUS, ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES." RUDN Journal of Law 23, no. 4 (2019): 565–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2019-23-4-565-585.
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The rapid development and achievements of science and technology provides people to improve their lives. Over the past 10 years, genetic researches have grown significantly. Today they are the subject of debate not only by doctors, lawyers, but also theologians. Currently, legislation of countries in Middle East regulates genomics and genetic research differently. Countries are having orient towards religion and therefore pay more attention in these countries to the ethical regulators of Islam besides only legal regulation of genomics (humans, animals, plants, i.e. all living things). Ethical standards are gradually becoming legal norms. In some countries of the Middle East, there are draft laws on the legal regulation of genetics; in some countries given attention in the legal acts of executive authorities in genomics sphere, and in some, have been developed local acts of leading medical centers. A number of eastern countries are also highlighted, in the legislation of which some aspects of the legal regulation of genetic research act as legislative novels. In the most economically developed Middle Eastern countries, genetics is one of the priority programs of the state, in particular, there are national strategic programs for the development of countries already use of modern methods of genome sequencing, bioinformatics, and validation methods. Many Middle Eastern countries have ratified international acts in genetic research and on issues related to their regulation. In addition, Islamic states have developed an independent concept of genomics regulation, taking into account the attitudes of the fundamental sources of Islamic law. Based on the read material of the article, the reader learns about the legal, ethical and legal regulation in the field of genomics of Middle Eastern Islamic states.
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Zhang, Jide, Mushtaq Ahmad, Tufail Muhammad, Furqan Syed, Xu Hong, and Muhmmad Khan. "The Impact of the Financial Industry and Globalization on Environmental Quality." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (2023): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021705.
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The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of financial development, globalization, and pollution in six MENA countries from 1971 to 2015. Many prior studies empirically explored numerous factors determining environmental quality/pollution across the world. As far as the region of North Africa and the Middle East is concerned, the majority of previous studies ignored the combined role of globalization and financial development in predicting environmental quality using carbon emissions (CO2). Furthermore, we aimed to assess the legitimacy of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) theory for MENA nations. For this purpose, a feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) estimator was applied. It was found that the development of the financial sector and globalization significantly affected ecological quality. Regressors such as energy use and foreign direct investment (FDI) had an altogether positive effect on natural quality. These empirical discoveries also demonstrate the acceptability of the EKC hypothesis for MENA nations. This study shows that governments in the Middle East and East Africa need to develop and implement appropriate policies to promote renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, biofuel, and heat production, which help to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and promote sustainable economic development.
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Herdiansyah, Sri Hidayanti, and Muannif Ridwan. "Ijtihad Kontemporer Perspektif Yusuf Al-Qardhawi." Jurnal Indragiri Penelitian Multidisiplin 2, no. 2 (2022): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.58707/jipm.v2i2.212.
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This paper examines the contemporary ijtihad methodology from the perspective of a well-known Islamic law expert from the Middle East, Yusuf Al-Qardhawi through his writing entitled Al-Ijtihad fi al-Shari'at al-Islamiah ma'a Nazharat Tahliliyah fi al-Ijtihadi al-Mu. 'ashir (Ijtihad in Islamic Shari'ah: Focus on Contemporary Ijtihad Analysis). The research method used in this paper is a literature review method by directly referring to primary sources with direct analysis of the books written above as well as studies or opinions of other figures regarding the book. In this study it was found that Yusuf Al-Qardhawi offered three contemporary ijtihad concepts, namely, Intiqa'i/tarjihi ijtihad, Insha'i ijtihad, and ijtihad which integrates both Intiqai and Insha'i methods.
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Szunomár, Ágnes, and Tamás Peragovics. "The Chinese model of development: A special East-Asian path of development for avoiding the middle-income trap?" Intersections 8, no. 3 (2022): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v8i3.929.
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Over the past couple of years, China has made formidable efforts to shift to new sources of economic growth, modernise the structure of its economy, accumulate human capital, and boost local innovation in order to graduate to a high-income economy. However, the pace of growth has slowed down in the past few years, entailing the risk of the country being stuck in a so-called middle-income trap (MIT). This paper reviews China's chance of avoiding the MIT by analysing four groups of factors – three quantitative and one qualitative – and using Japanese and South Korean development as reference points. The paper concludes that China is likely to be able to avoid the MIT and is expected to move into the high-income (HI) band within 7–8 years thanks to its achievements and structural reforms that have already begun. However, the paper also raises the question whether China will be able to avoid the ‘post-trap’ situation – the high-income trap – that has already trapped Japan and South Korea in the HI band.
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Zaitseva, Daryna, Kerry Cheesma, and Sara Fathala. "Accuracy of Gluten-Free Food Labeling in Europe and the Middle East Compared to the United States." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (2022): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac071.006.
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Abstract Objectives Gluten is a protein complex found in wheat, barley, and rye, as well as a few foods that do not contain these grains. It is important for those with gluten intolerance, especially with Celiac disease, to avoid gluten cross-contamination and be skeptical of the gluten levels in food products advertised as “gluten-free”. Previous work in this lab has shown that roughly 32% of labeled “gluten-free” products in the United States (n = 223) have more gluten in them than is allowed by law (68% were properly labeled). The current study was designed to investigate the reliability of “gluten-free” food labels in the international consumer marketplace, and to compare the accuracy of these labels with those previously reported for the United States. Methods A total of 74 samples labeled “gluten-free” were obtained from grocery stores in Europe and the Middle East; these samples were manufactured/labeled in 16 different countries. A Nima Gluten Sensor (antibody based colorimetric assay) was used to determine if gluten content was &lt;20 ppm, the maximum allowed by the European Commission and local Middle Eastern produce (as well as the United States), for a product labeled “gluten-free”. Results Of the 74 samples tested, 68 (92%) were confirmed to be “gluten-free” (&lt;20 ppm). The 6 samples that tested above the legal limit came from 5 different countries. Conclusions When European and Middle Eastern samples are compared to those from the United States, it appears that the food from these parts of the world are more accurately labeled than those from the United States. While results reveal that “certified gluten-free” labeling can be trusted in most cases, this is certainly not 100% reliable, and the risk of cross-contamination with gluten is still possible anywhere in the world, posing potential risks to those who are gluten intolerant. Funding Sources Funded by the Robert M. Geist Endowed Chair at Capital University.
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Polat, Oğuz, and Zeynep Reva. "LEGAL DIMENSION OF CHILD MARRIAGES IN TURKEY: COMPARED WITH THE EASTERN EUROPE AND MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 4 (2020): 338–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i4.2019.916.
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Child marriage is defined as a marriage before the age of 18. In many countries, a significant number of girls still marry before the age of 18. The country governments and international communities are increasingly aware of the negative impacts of child marriages, but the actions to end the practice is still limited.
 Child marriage threatens particularly girls’ lives and health, and it limits their future prospects. Early marriages are not considered as a "problem" by the majority of the society where as it is a phenomenon that has been existing for long years in our country. It is observed that one of the most important sources of legitimacy of marriage is public accord and these marriages are realized mostly in the framework of this accord. Patriarchal and traditional social structure have unfortunately normalized and legitimized early marriages.
 It is necessary to hold meetings to create and develop awareness for implementation of Turkish Civil Code, Turkish Penal Code and Law on Protection of Minors. It will be therefore possible to ensure that children, families and people understand what kind of problems and penal responsibilities that early marriage of children constitutes
 Child marriage is a problem that prevents the exercise of human rights, undermines the status of women and deprive child from their main rights including especially the education. Their marriages are a field that must be struggled with in Turkey targeting social gender equality.
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Oğuz, Polat, and Reva Zeynep. "LEGAL DIMENSION OF CHILD MARRIAGES IN TURKEY: COMPARED WITH THE EASTERN EUROPE AND MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES." International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah 7, no. 4 (2019): 338–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2667712.
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Child marriage is defined as a marriage before the age of 18. In many countries, a significant number of girls still marry before the age of 18. The country governments and international communities are increasingly aware of the negative impacts of child marriages, but the actions to end the practice is still limited. Child marriage threatens particularly girls’ lives and health, and it limits their future prospects. Early marriages are not considered as a "problem" by the majority of the society where as it is a phenomenon that has been existing for long years in our country. It is observed that one of the most important sources of legitimacy of marriage is public accord and these marriages are realized mostly in the framework of this accord. Patriarchal and traditional social structure have unfortunately normalized and legitimized early marriages. It is necessary to hold meetings to create and develop awareness for implementation of Turkish Civil Code, Turkish Penal Code and Law on Protection of Minors. It will be therefore possible to ensure that children, families and people understand what kind of problems and penal responsibilities that early marriage of children constitutes Child marriage is a problem that prevents the exercise of human rights, undermines the status of women and deprive child from their main rights including especially the education. Their marriages are a field that must be struggled with in Turkey targeting social gender equality.
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Юнусов, А. А., М. А. Юнусов, and А. Г. Ахвердян. "FROM ANCIENT NATURAL AND SOCIAL VALUES TO THE STATE-LEGAL CIVILIZATION." Теория государства и права, no. 1(21) (February 25, 2021): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47905/matgip.2021.21.1.011.
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Аннотация. Право и государственные институты существовали не все- гда. Чтобы прийти к такому цивилизационному состоянию данные ценности развивались несколько тысячелетий. Примерно семь тысяч лет тому назад возникли первые государственные формирования на Ближнем Востоке. Право приобретало свое современное качественное состояние, опираясь на обычаи, традиции, морально-этические нормы, естественно-нравственные источни- ки общества. Позже они стали координироваться и возводиться в ранг рели- гиозных канонов. После длительного эволюционного развития социочеловече- ские нормы выражались в праве, законодательстве и других нормативных правовых актах государства. Таким образом, на смену древних социально- цивилизационных ценностей пришли современные государственно-правовые институты. Annotation. Law and state institutions did not always exist. To reach such a civilizational state, these values have evolved for several millennia. About seven thousand years ago, the first state formations arose in the Middle East. The law acquired its modern qualitative state, relying on customs, traditions, moral and ethical norms, natural and moral sources of society. Later they began to be coordinated and elevated to the rank of religious canons. After a long evolutionary development, socio-human norms were expressed in law, legislation and other regulatory legal acts of the state. So, modern state and legal institutions have replaced the ancient social and civilizational values.
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Sahner, Christian C. "Zoroastrian law and the spread of Islam in Iranian society (ninth–tenth century)." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 84, no. 1 (2021): 67–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x21000021.
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AbstractThis article explores three important Zoroastrian legal texts from the ʿAbbasid period, consisting of questions and answers to high-ranking priests. The texts contain a wellspring of information about the social history of Zoroastrianism under Islamic rule, especially the formative encounter between Zoroastrians and Muslims. These include matters such as conversion, apostasy, sexual relations with outsiders, inheritance, commerce, and the economic status of priests. The article argues that the elite clergy responsible for writing these texts used law to refashion the Zoroastrian community from the rulers of Iran, as they had been in Late Antiquity, into one of a variety of dhimmī groups living under Islamic rule. It also argues that, far from being brittle or inflexible, the priests responded to the challenges of the day with creativity and pragmatism. On both counts, there are strong parallels between the experiences of Zoroastrians and those of Christians and Jews, who also turned to law as an instrument for rethinking their place in the new Islamic cosmos. Finally, the article makes a methodological point, namely to show the importance of integrating Pahlavi sources into wider histories of Iran and the Middle East during the early Islamic period.
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Astourian, Stephan H. "Armenian Genocide Studies: Development as a Field, Historiographic Appraisal, and the Road Ahead." Genocide Studies International 15, no. 2 (2023): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/gsi-2023-0001.
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This essay is a survey of the field of Armenian Genocide studies, which outlines its academic development over the past sixty years and the conditions of its production. The latter refers to the state-sponsored denial of the Armenian Genocide by Turkey, and to the collusion, or at least acquiescence, of some Middle East studies scholars or organizations with such a denial. The essay assesses the state of the current historiography and the issue of access to the main relevant archival sources. Finally, it points to some of the current debates and gaps in the existing literature, and possibly to the road that lies ahead. 1
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Dobaev, Igor, Andrei Dobaev, and Tatiana Ignatova. "CRIMINOLOGICAL FEATURES OF FINANCIAL OPERATIONS BY THE HAVALA SYSTEM." Russia and the moslem world, no. 3 (2020): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rmw/2020.03.10.
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Based on the study of numerous foreign and domestic sources, the authors of this article determine the essence of financial transactions through the hawala system. It has been revealed that this system is historically determined in nature, it was used, first of all, in the countries of the Near East, Middle East and South Asia in foreign trade operations in the framework of various directions of the so-called Silk Road. This system is also practiced in our days, however, in a slightly modified form, since globalization processes fixed in recent decades throughout the world have influenced its transformation. However, in addition to traditional trading activities, hawala was often used in the criminal activities of various modern organized criminal groups (OCG), including radical Islamists. In this regard, the study of the criminological features of financial transactions through the Hawala system has gained particular relevance. At the same time, the analysis of available sources indicates the insufficient scientific development of this subject. This is especially true of the Russian Federation, which has faced since the beginning of the 90s of XX century with deviations on its territory, including numerous sabotage and terrorist acts, which were often financed through Hawala. As for the domestic law enforcement system, the term “Hawala” itself began to be used only from the middle of the first decade of the new millennium. However, in practice, the situation with countering the financing of terrorism in this area is still not up to par. By the way, in the USA they began to pay attention to this problem only after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, but so far in this country it has not been possible to completely block unwanted financial flows.
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Ed.daran, Driss. "The Legality of Drone Use Under International Humanitarian Law: Theoretical Perspectives and Case Law Insights." Access to Justice in Eastern Europe 8, no. 2 (2025): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-8.3-r000101.
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Background: Modern warfare is increasingly characterised by the use of drone technology to manage and operate aerial systems for surveillance and target identification. Initially, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were primarily used for surveillance. However, their active involvement in military operations has raised significant legal questions regarding their status under International Humanitarian Law (IHL). The expanded use of drone strikes beyond conventional war zones has brought to light critical issues related to state sovereignty, the principle of distinction, and the principle of proportionality in armed conflict. With the growing reliance on drones in conflict zones, particularly in the Middle East by the United States and Israel, concerns have emerged regarding civilian safety and military accountability. Methods: This study employs a literature review approach and conducts doctrinal legal research, drawing primarily on primary sources such as the United Nations Charter and secondary sources, including case law like the Corfu Channel Case and Nicaragua v. United States. Journal articles, academic research papers, and reports from human rights organisations were analysed to assess the application of International Humanitarian Law in the context of drone warfare. Case studies from Pakistan, Gaza, and Yemen were examined to evaluate the practical implementation of the principles of distinction, proportionality, and necessity. These examples were used to assess legal standards and state compliance in minimising civilian casualties. Results and Conclusions: The analysis reveals that while drones provide strategic advantages, their use often violates the fundamental principles of IHL. Drone strikes in Yemen and Gaza have demonstrated instances where civilian casualties were inadequately avoided, raising serious concerns about adherence to the principles of proportionality and distinction. The study also highlights that states employing drone strikes, particularly the U.S. and Israel, bear accountability for civilian deaths despite the lack of a robust legal framework to address such issues. To address these challenges, there is a pressing need for international laws that enhance oversight and ensure compliance with IHL, particularly in safeguarding civilians during armed conflict. Consequently, there is a growing call for stronger international regulation to ensure that the use of force aligns with the protection of civilian populations.
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Voumik, Liton Chandra, Shohel Md. Nafi, Festus Victor Bekun, and Murat Ismet Haseki. "Modeling Energy, Education, Trade, and Tourism-Induced Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis: Evidence from the Middle East." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (2023): 4919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15064919.
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Global warming has become the main concern in the present world. This research takes a comprehensive look at the interconnections between tourism, gross domestic product (GDP), renewable energy, fossil fuels, education, trade, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the Arab Peninsula. Including these variables, the research also checks the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by analyzing the top 10 tourist destinations from 1997 to 2019. Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Bahrain, Oman, Lebanon, and Egypt round out the top 10 countries in Arab in terms of tourist arrivals. The paper uses a novel augmented mean group (AMG) model to explore the problems of slope heterogeneity (SH), cross-sectional dependence (CSD), and the combination of level and first-difference stationery. An association between these variables over time can be discovered using the Westerlund cointegration method. To certify the accuracy of the findings, the research used both the mean group (MG) and common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG). According to the research, the EKC does not exist in the most popular Middle Eastern travel destinations. This basically means that as money grows, environmental conditions will deteriorate. The findings show that tourism can help reduce environmental harm there. Indicators such as rising populations, increased energy consumption, and thriving economies all influence the rise of the environmental degradation level. Trade will also increase environmental deterioration. The only things that will help reduce CO2 emissions are tourism and renewable energy. Therefore, the MG and CCEMG results corroborate the AMG findings. Governments may push for the widespread use of refillable energy sources and the development of ecotourism. Therefore, policymakers in this country should rethink their tourism strategies and adopt one that places a premium on renewable energy sources and environmental protection.
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I., Kukushkin. "Sintashta as a Cultural and Historical Phenomenon of the Bronze Age." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 33, no. 3 (2021): 43–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2021)33(3).-03.
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The Sintashta culture is the most controversial ethno-cultural formation of the Bronze Age, formed in the Ural-Kazakhstan steppes. It appears suddenly and is located on the territory of the Southern Trans-Urals. Fortified settlements and burial grounds of this culture spread in a wide strip along the eastern slopes of the Ural Range. The specificity of fortified urban-type settlements, uncharacteristic for the steppe zone of Eurasia, allowed researchers to conclude that they were imported from other regions where they had been originally developed and canonized. In this regard, the most probable is the gradual migration of the population from the territory of Asia Minor, the architectural and planning standards of which demonstrate features of detailed similarity. The alleged migration took place through the Trans-Asian corridor connecting the Middle East and Central Asia to South Kazakhstan, from where paramilitary groups appear in the South Trans-Urals and create the Sintashta culture. Fortified settlements are accompanied by the appearance of burials with chariot attributes, presented in the form of an already established complex of objects and technologies. In archaeological sources, the chariot complex is represented by the remains of chariots, skeletons of draft horses, cheekpieces, as well as weapons of distance and close combat. In the steppes of Eurasia, the war chariot becomes the most formidable and powerful weapon of the Bronze Age. Keywords: Sintashta, migration, chariot, Southern Trans-Urals, Middle East
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Zhou, Yongshen, Aihua Fu, and Xiaojie Zhao. "Jurassic Source Rock Characteristics and Resource Evaluation in Junggar Basin." International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies 3, no. 1 (2024): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijnres.v3n1.08.
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Junggar Basin is one of the important petroliferous basins in China. Based on sedimentology, palaeogeography, geochemical characteristics, tectonic thermal evolution and other aspects, this study analyzes the characteristics and distribution law of source rocks, and predicts the total oil and gas resources of Jurassic in the basin. Middle and Lower Jurassic is the main hydrocarbon source rock strata of Jurassic, and a large set of thick coal and dark mudstone are developed on delta, shore-shallow lake and deep lake facies in the basin, among which Badaowan Formation is 200 ~ 800 m thick; Xishanyao Formation is 50m ~ 550m thick, which has great development prospect, but there are few exploration results at present. Through geochemical index analysis and thermal evolution simulation of source rocks, the middle and lower Jurassic source rocks are mostly medium-good source rocks, and the distribution and thermal evolution degree of mature source rocks in the south and east of the basin are higher than those in the north and west of the basin, so they have the conditions for mass production of hydrocarbons.
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Kukić, Filip, Aspen Streetman, Nenad Koropanovski, et al. "Operational stress of police officers: A cross-sectional study in three countries with centralized, hierarchical organization." Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 16, no. 1 (2021): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/paab065.
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Abstract Law enforcement is a stressful occupation with both work-related and social-related stressors. Too much stress can negatively affect behaviours, mental states, and job performance. Centralized police organizations limit officers’ individual autonomy, likely increasing stress. This study examined differences in occupational stress in two different European countries and one Middle East country. Participants were 351 male police officers from Serbia (n = 130, age 36 ± 8 years), Russia (n = 121, age 22 ± 4 years), and Lebanon (n = 100, age 36 ± 6 years) who completed the 20-item Operational Police Stress Questionnaire in their own language. Items were averaged and interpreted as low (≤2.0), stress (2.1–3.4), and high stress (≥3.5). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) analyses using age as the covariate with Bonferroni post hoc analyses were used. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine stress structure per country. Significant differences were found with lower occupational stress in Russian (P &lt; 0.001) and Lebanon (P = 0.003) than Serbian officers. PCA factor patterns differed by country, with six found for Russian and Lebanese and three for Serbian officers. More work-related stressors were rated higher for the younger Russian officers, while more social-related stressors were rated higher for the older Serbian officers. Results suggest that it is vital to consider officers’ stress sources and overall stress levels.
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Petit, J. R., N. I. Barkov, J. P. Benoist, et al. "Holocene Climatic Records From Antarctic Ice." Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500009289.
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The climate of the Holocene is, for continental regions from middle and low latitudes, relatively well documented from pollen studies and other sources. To obtain a global picture, these data must be supplemented by climatic series from polar regions. Such information may be extracted from δD or δ18O ice-core profiles but the interpretation of these isotopic records suffers some limitations, (1) because, expected temperature changes being small, they can be obscured by noise effects in the isotope-temperature relationship, and (2) because they can be influenced, especially in coastal regions, by changes in origin of the ice.With this in mind, we focus our presentation on Dome C and Vostok cores drilled on the East Antarctica Plateau and essentially undisturbed by ice-flow conditions. The detailed comparison between these continuous isotopic records makes it possible to know which part of the isotopic signal is climatically significant. Spectral properties of these two records are also examined over the Holocene period. In addition, we present isotopic results obtained on a 950 m ice core drilled at Komsomolskaia (also on the East Antarctica Plateau) by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition. This core fully covers the Holocene and, although discontinuous, the new data help us to document the East Antarctica isotopic record.From these data, an average climatic record is constructed which shows that the East Antarctica climate was fairly stable during the Holocene, marginally warmest around 10 kyear B.P. and coldest in periods around 1.5 and 6 kyear B P. These features are discussed in relation with other Antarctic data (Byrd, Law Dome, Ross Ice Shelf) and with climate records from both southern and northern hemispheres
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Petit, J. R., N. I. Barkov, J. P. Benoist, et al. "Holocene Climatic Records From Antarctic Ice." Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500009289.
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The climate of the Holocene is, for continental regions from middle and low latitudes, relatively well documented from pollen studies and other sources. To obtain a global picture, these data must be supplemented by climatic series from polar regions. Such information may be extracted from δD or δ18O ice-core profiles but the interpretation of these isotopic records suffers some limitations, (1) because, expected temperature changes being small, they can be obscured by noise effects in the isotope-temperature relationship, and (2) because they can be influenced, especially in coastal regions, by changes in origin of the ice. With this in mind, we focus our presentation on Dome C and Vostok cores drilled on the East Antarctica Plateau and essentially undisturbed by ice-flow conditions. The detailed comparison between these continuous isotopic records makes it possible to know which part of the isotopic signal is climatically significant. Spectral properties of these two records are also examined over the Holocene period. In addition, we present isotopic results obtained on a 950 m ice core drilled at Komsomolskaia (also on the East Antarctica Plateau) by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition. This core fully covers the Holocene and, although discontinuous, the new data help us to document the East Antarctica isotopic record. From these data, an average climatic record is constructed which shows that the East Antarctica climate was fairly stable during the Holocene, marginally warmest around 10 kyear B.P. and coldest in periods around 1.5 and 6 kyear B P. These features are discussed in relation with other Antarctic data (Byrd, Law Dome, Ross Ice Shelf) and with climate records from both southern and northern hemispheres
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de Waart, Paul J. I. M. "Statehood and International Protection of Peoples in Armed Conflicts in the ‘Brave New World’: Palestine as a UN Source of Concern." Leiden Journal of International Law 5, no. 1 (1992): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500001965.
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The East-West detente has uncovered the importance of statehood for the international protection of peoples in international conflicts. The importance becomes obvious from a comparison between the legal position of the Kuwaitis with that of the Kurds and, more in particular, the Palestinians in that respect. The Gulf war urged the Security Council to enforce Iraq's compliance with the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention. The Council has also taken the position that Israel should apply this convention de jure in the 1967 occupied Palestinian territories, albeit lessforcefully. This is partly due to the fact that the UN itself has caused confusion concerning the legal status of these territories. History shows that the Palestine Mandate should not be considered as indivisible in such a way that the creation of Israel automatically implied the termination of the mandate as a whole. The Palestine Mandate still exists for the area of the Arab state, defined in the General Assembly Resolution 181 (II) of November 29,1947, recommending a partition plan for Palestine. Subsequent resolutions of both the General Assembly and the Security Council imply that the Palestinian people can only claim the West Bank including East Jerusalem -hereafter referred to as the West Bank- and the Gaza Strip as its future territory. The Palestinian people appears to have resigned itself to this fact of life since its acceptance of Security Council Resolutions 242 of November 22,1947, and 338 of October 22,1973. In doing so it has stopped any further erosion of its claim to an independent state by virtue of its right to self-determination. Neither the Gulf war nor an international peace conference on the Middle East can alter the new situation one bit anymore. For the first time since 1947 the General Assembly is now in the position to keep the promise of self-determination towards the Palestinian people as well. The 1950 advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the international status of South West Africa gives it a good point of departure for assuming its full responsibility for doing justice to the right to self-determination of the Palestinian people. Legally speaking the role of the UN in the development of the International Peace Conference on the Middle East is crucial for the future of Israel and Palestine.
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Daroji, Choirul, and Yana Dwi Christanti. "Analisis Sistem Pinjaman Qardhul Hasan Bank Ziska Kabupaten Ponorogo dalam Pandangan Fatwa DSN-MUI." IJoIS: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Studies 3, no. 1 (2022): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.59525/ijois.v3i1.111.
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Ziska Bank is a bank within the meaning of Banking Law no. 10 of 1998 and the Sharia Banking Law no. 21 2008, but Bank Ziska is a financial aid based on Zakat, Infaq, Shodaqoh and other religious social funds. Bank Ziska is an East Java LazisMu program for tasharuf zakat, infaq and shodaqoh funds as well as other religious social funds (Ziska) which are specially managed to empower micro, micro, small businesses and small farmers. The main operation of Ziska Bank is to channel qardul hasan credit to Ziska Bank partners. Ziska Bank is not allowed to raise funds except through Lazismu or Lazismu Service Office (KLL). Qordhul Hasan is a loan without any fees. the customer only pays the principal fee at maturity according to the agreement. This study uses a descriptive analysis method by identifying from various sources including books, journals, websites, al-Qur'an, Hadith so that it can be described that the qordhul hasan credit program at Bank Ziska is in accordance with the DSN-MUI fatwa on qardh. From the results of this study, it can be said that Bank Ziska's qardhul hasan credit program is an oasis for the lower middle class in order to escape from the bondage of moneylenders.
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Mulhem, Huda Al, Khadija El Alaoui, and Maura A. E. Pilotti. "A Sustainable Academic Journey in the Middle East: An Exploratory Study of Female College Students’ Self-Efficacy and Perceived Social Support." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (2023): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021070.
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In a society that is set to move from a patriarchal, gender-segregated workforce to one characterized by gender equity, female college students are the focal agents of change. Thus, they were selected to examine the contribution that perceived social support of women toward other women plays in their self-efficacy (i.e., confidence in one’s abilities) and academic performance (as measured by class grades). Self-reports were used to collect information about perceived social support, its nature and sources, and general self-efficacy from a sample of 131 female college students (age range: 18–24). Regression analyses were used to examine the participants’ responses. Surprisingly, the stronger the perceived positive social support reported by the respondents, the lower their academic performance. The contribution of the sources of negative social support (i.e., criticism) to either performance or self-efficacy was contingent on its being either received or given. Namely, explaining the criticism that women receive from other women by attributing it to their social environment was linked to higher performance, whereas explaining the criticism that women generate toward other women by attributing it to their social environment was linked to lower self-efficacy. However, the more likely women were to respond to criticism of women in person or via social media, the higher their self-efficacy. It was concluded that, for the selected sample, the contribution of social support, either positive or negative, to self-confidence and performance might depend on the extent to which female students perceive themselves as independent agents capable of self-determination in an environment making steps toward gender equity.
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Kyaw, Moe H., Sophie Bozhi Chen, Shishi Wu, et al. "Systematic Review on Influenza Burden in Emerging Markets in 2018–2023—An Evidence Update to Guide Influenza Vaccination Recommendations." Vaccines 12, no. 11 (2024): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111251.
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Background: Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness responsible for seasonal epidemics and with potential to cause pandemics. The decline in influenza-related studies published since 2018 resulted in data gaps, particularly in emerging markets. Methods: This systematic review searched for studies in six databases and gray literature sources to define the clinical burden of influenza and influenza-like illness (ILIs) and their associated sequelae among humans across emerging markets. Eligible studies were published in English, Spanish, or Chinese between January 2018 and September 2023 and conducted in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. Results: In total, 256 articles were included, mostly on lab-confirmed influenza infections (n = 218). Incidences of lab-confirmed influenza cases in Asia (range 540–1279 cases/100,000 persons) and Sub-Saharan Africa (range 34,100–47,800 cases/100,000 persons) were higher compared to Latin America (range 0.7–112 cases/100,000 persons) and the Middle East and North Africa (range 0.1–10 cases/100,000 persons). Proportions of lab-confirmed influenza cases and influenza-associated outcomes (i.e., hospitalization, ICU admission and death) varied widely across regions. Temporal variation in influenza trend was observed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: In conclusion, influenza causes significant disease burden in emerging markets. Robust large real-world studies using a similar methodology are needed to have more accurate estimates and compare studies within age groups and regions. Continuous monitoring of influenza epidemiology is important to inform vaccine programs in emerging markets with heavy influenza disease burden.
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Hamid, Nisar Ahmad, and Esmatullah Asim. "World War I and World War II: Their Effects on the Islamic World and Afghanistan." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 4, no. 5 (2024): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.4.5.27.
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The tremendous effects that World War I and World War II had on the Islamic world are investigated in this research, with a particular focus on Afghanistan. The aftermath of World War I resulted in the breakup of empires, most notably the Ottoman Empire, as well as the restructuring of political boundaries. The study aims to explore and analyze the far-reaching impacts of World War I and World War II on the Islamic world, with a particular focus on Afghanistan. The study seeks to examine how these global conflicts reshaped political, social, and economic dynamics in Muslim-majority regions, leading to the disintegration of empires, the rise of nationalism, and the realignment of power structures. The significance of this study lies in the fact that it shades light on a relatively unexplored facet of world history, namely the manner in which the Islamic world, and Afghanistan in particular, was impacted by the two World Wars. Specifically, it sheds light on the growth of nationalism, decolonization, and geopolitical competition, all of which played a role in shaping the position of Afghanistan, Central Asia, and the Middle East within the global system. This work employs the doctrinal research methodology along with descriptive, explanatory, and analytical research approaches. It is worth mentioning that this research study is entirely based on library sources. Most of the sources are reputable and trustworthy textbooks, scholarly published and unpublished journal articles, law reports, and online websites related to the research area. One of the main findings is Both World Wars accelerated the disintegration of Islamic empires, notably the Ottoman Empire, and paved the way for European colonial powers to carve out new territories in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia. Afghanistan’s strategic position made it vulnerable to foreign influence, particularly from Britain and Russia. After World War I, Afghanistan gained greater autonomy, but it became a battleground for influence between the Soviet Union and the West following World War II, especially during the Cold War. It is recommended that further research and documents are needed the Islamic world’s experience during both World Wars, which has often been overlooked in global history. Incorporating these perspectives into academic curricula could help reshape understanding of global conflicts from a non-Western perspective.
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-, Abdullah, Syed Shaheer Ali Shah, and MatiUllah Hidayat. "The Nexus of State Recognition Issue in the Context of the UAE-Israel Deal and Pakistan Dilemma." Global Regional Review VIII, no. I (2023): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2023(viii-i).03.
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This study tries to investigate the obstacles in the ongoing disputes between Pakistan and UAE over whether or not to recognize Israel as a state. What elements would cause Pakistan to recognize Israel? Considering the significance of the UAE and its agreements with Pakistan skewed the national interests of Pakistan. To explore the bottlenecks in the hurdles of the Middle East spectrum and to evaluate the stance, I used explorative methods to obtain unique and perfect data through thematic techniques. The study's goal is to draw attention to the persistent questions surrounding Pakistan's foreign policy, whether Pakistan should have recognized Israel or not due to some internal biases. The first Gulf Arab nation to agree to normalize ties with Israel was the United Arab Emirates, putting an end to years of clandestine trade and investment between the two nations. For this study, secondary data was acquired from secondary sources like newspapers, periodicals, and reports while primary data was gathered through semi-structured interviews.
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Lohvynenko, I. A., and Ye S. Lohvynenko. "The status of women in the Ancient East: peculiarities of marriage and family relations in Mesopotamia." Law and Safety 85, no. 2 (2022): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/pb.2022.2.09.
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The main criteria of social differentiation of women in the first state formations of the Middle Ages have been studied. The influence of religion on the formation of understanding of the place and role of women in society has been shown. Peculiarities of marriage and family relations in ancient Mesopotamia have been considered. The factors determining the social hierarchy of women in the ancient civilizations of the Biennial have been determined and analyzed. The causes of temple and street mass prostitution have been clarified. Features of the position of female slaves have been described.
 The work is based on the principle of historicism. When studying primary sources, comparative legal, hermeneutic methods and systematic analysis were used. The anthropological method was used when revealing the worldview of the people of that time and their values, the gender method was used when studying the status of women in the state institutions of the Middle Ages.
 It was concluded that the social position of women in ancient Mesopotamia was not unambiguous. Religion influenced a person's worldview, the understanding of the nature of a woman, her place and role in society. The rite of “sacred marriage” was one of the significant religious rituals, which encouraged the reproduction of similar sacred acts in worldly life, and became the ideological basis of the activity of the priests of Mezhyrechya. On the basis of the analysis of the legislation of the state institutions of the time, the purpose of marriage was determined, that is the birth and upbringing of children who were to inherit and multiply the family property and perform the necessary sacred rites, which were to help the dead in the afterlife. The inability to have children became the reason for divorce, as a rule, at the husband's will. The wife also had the right to initiate the divorce process in the municipal court, but under certain circumstances specifically defined by law.
 The most influential in society were the high priestesses – entum and naditum, who were related by blood to the famous families of Mesopotamia. They had wealth, broad socio-economic rights and the greatest social protection. Prostitutes and slaves were the least protected. It is noted that the origins of modern problems of gender inequality can be seen in the distant past, in the ancient world, in particular in Mesopotamia, which had a significant impact on European civilization. Women's History The Biennial provides grounds for asserting that solving the problems of gender inequality is not possible only by changing the legislation. A comprehensive approach is necessary, which would take into account such components as religion, culture, law, economy, psychology, etc.
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Yevhen, Rominskyi. "Some features of the private treaties of Old Rus of the princely era as sources of law." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 31 (2020): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2020-31-180-190.
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Introduction. The article gives an assessment, from the point of view of law, of the development of the Old Rus private legal acts as a source of law, the attention is drawn to the social and legal causes of its evolution. The aim of the article. The research proposes to apply the existing theoretical developments on the role of the treaty as a source of law in pre- and early-state societies to the information about the private legal acts of Old Rus of the princely era. It also covers the development of written private legal acts in the aforementioned days under the influence of ideas about law and legislation of the time. Methods and results. In the last hundred years, the national and Soviet legal sciences have paid particular attention to the problem of contractual relations in potestary societies. Concepts have been developed on the role of the treaty as a leading source of regulating the relations between particular strata (tribes, tribes, communities, social states, etc.) before the emergence and strengthening of the state. It is noted that the normativity of such treaties was provided by the very fact of their recognition by the state (court) as proper sources. In turn, in the conditions of weakness of legislative regulation, the treaties acted not so much as acts of enforcement, as they combined several features inherent in different types of acts: private and public-law, including rulemaking. Such features were especially inherent in the treaties of the medieval era. These theoretical provisions can be combined with the available information about the social system, law and acts of Old Rus of the princely era, that is, the period from the rise of the East Slavic proto-state formation of the Rurik princes and to the middle of the XIV century. when social processes in the Old Rus began to evolve dynamically under the influence of external and internal factors. The rapid progress of the study of ancient Russian heritage by special historical disciplines, such as archeology, sigillography, diplomacy, etc., contributes to such research. The emergence of new primary sources allows us to review the earlier ideas about the nature of an ancient private act and its significance in the coverage of the historical and legal reality of Old Rus of the princely era. Conclusions. Particular attention is paid to conciliation treaties (ryadnye gramoty) in comparison with other private legal acts. Of particular interest is the consolidation in their texts of public-law sanctions unknown to other sources. The assumption is made about the origin of such sanctions from a certain written legal text, which has led to the widespread geographical distribution of such rare documents. The characteristic of princely legislation is given, in particular the weight is given to its extreme personification, when the acts of one prince were not of fundamental importance to the new one. Attention is also paid to the problem of unreliable obedience and the ways to solve it.
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Potter, William C., and Gaukhar Mukhatzhanova. "Divining Nuclear Intentions: A Review Essay." International Security 33, no. 1 (2008): 139–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2008.33.1.139.
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Although projections of nuclear proliferation abound, they rarely are founded on empirical research or guided by theory. Even fewer studies are informed by a comparative perspective. The two books under review—The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation: Identity, Emotions, and Foreign Policy, by Jacques Hymans, and Nuclear Logics: Alternative Paths in East Asia and the Middle East, by Etel Solingen, are welcome exceptions to this general state of affairs, and represent the cutting edge of nonproliferation research. Both works challenge conventional conceptions of the sources of nuclear weapons decisions and offer new insights into why past predictions of rapid proliferation failed to materialize and why current prognoses about rampant proliferation are similarly flawed. While sharing a number of common features, including a focus on subsystemic determinants of national behavior, the books differ in their methodology, level of analysis, receptivity to multicausal explanations, and assumptions about decisionmaker rationality and the revolutionary nature of the decision. Where one author emphasizes the importance of the individual leader's national identity conception in determining a state's nuclear path, the other explains nuclear decisions primarily with regard to the political-economic orientation of the ruling coalition. Notwithstanding a tendency to overinterpret evidence, the books represent the best of contemporary social science research and provide compelling interpretations of nuclear proliferation dynamics of great relevance to scholars and policymakers alike.
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Akamov, Abusup'yan Tatarkhanovich, and Aigul' Muratovna Bekeeva. "INFLUENCE OF ARAB-MUSLIM CULTURE ON THE PROCESS OF ORIGIN OF DAGESTAN LITERATURE." Филология: научные исследования, no. 4 (April 2022): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2022.4.35414.
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The subject of this study is Dagestan literature. Special attention is paid to the first written works in the republic, which appeared under the influence of Arab-Muslim culture. This article examines the influence of Arabic-language culture on the formation of literary traditions of the peoples of Dagestan. Works in Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages in the spiritual literature of Dagestan testify to the centuries-old impact of Eastern culture. The manuscript gives an overview of the first Arabic-language sources written on the territory of Dagestan in the X-XII centuries. With the integration of the Arabic language in society, there is a creative flourishing of the activities of scientists of various fields of science: ethics, dogmatics, logic, Muslim law, hagiography and many others. The authors note not only the influence of Eastern literature, but also the creativity of the peoples of the Near and Middle East in the fate of Dagestan written literature and literary traditions. The authors of the article note that the spread of writing based on Arabic graphics contributed to the increase in the level of literacy of the Dagestan population, which is reflected in the literature.
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Pashin, Sergey S. "The Kutitskies and Vasichinskies in Galicia in the 15th century: on studying noble families of Rusinian origin." Rusin, no. 67 (2022): 66–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/67/5.
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The article deals with the genealogy of noblemen of Rusinian origin in Galicia, Russian Voivodeship of the Polish Kingdom in the 15th century (the east of Chervonaya (Red) Rus, now Ivano-Frankivsk Region of Ukraine mainly). The author analyses the specificity and flaws of sources on this topic. The high proportion of small landowners of Rusinian origin is emphasized as an important feature of the Galician gentry, which explains why, after the introduction of Polish law (and gentry self-government) in Chervona Rus, the Galician judge and arbitrator were for many years the gentry of Rusinian origin Ignat Kutitsky (1438-1471) and Stibor Vasichinsky (1435-1459). The author studies the history of these two families in the 15th century: their blood ties, landowning, relations with neighbors. Before 1435, their members converted from Orthodoxy to Catholicism, but failed to polonize in the second half of the 15th century. The confirmation of the forged act of the Galician-Volhynian Prince Lev to the ancestor of the Vasichinskies by the King in 1550-1558 shows that the polonized descendants of the Galician boyars remembered about their Rusinian roots even in the middle of the 16th century.
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Ushurova, S. "Islam and surrogacy." Scientific works "Adilet", no. 4 (2021): 42–51. https://doi.org/10.54649/2077-9860-2021-4-42-51.
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Today, the total number of Muslims in the world is over 1.7 billion people, and this is 28% of the total population of the Earth. Islam, being one of the most widespread world religions, has its own principles and guidelines governing all spheres of public relations. In Islamic society, the personal and social life of a Muslim, his attitude and practical approach to health, illness, life and death are determined by the teachings of Islam. Thus, for many Muslims, religious beliefs are the strongest factor influencing decision–making, in particular with regard to health and reproduction. Currently, in the era of scientific progress in the field of medicine and biotechnologies of reproduction, namely surrogacy, there is a different approach in the legislation of individual countries of the Middle East. The history of the development of norm-making in the field of surrogacy in Islamic states is described in detail. The article makes a detailed analysis of the sources of Islamic law, competent organizations giving recommendations in this area, compares the views of Sunni and Shiite jurists on surrogacy, describes the legislation of individual countries regulating these relations
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Hasnita, Hasnita, Muhammad Yusra, and Rifki Dermawan. "Pertimbangan Amerika Serikat Menjatuhkan Sanksi Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanction Act (CAATSA) ke Turki Tahun 2020." Palito 3, no. 01 (2024): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.25077/palito.v3i01.255.
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This research aims to explain and analyze the reasons behind the United States' considerations before imposing CAATSA sanctions on Turkey in 2020. The issue in this study arises when Turkey, a member of the United States military alliance, decides to engage in military cooperation with Russia concerning the purchase of the Russian S-400 missile system. As a result of this action, the United States issued a policy by excluding Turkey from the F-35 program. This US policy was sufficient to address US concerns about the Russian S-400 missile, which, according to the United States, could jeopardize their F-35 system. Considering Turkey's presence as a crucial part of the US alliance is important to counter Russian influence in the Middle East, especially in the Syrian conflict, in addition to the strained US-Turkey relations at the time. However, in 2020, the United States still imposed CAATSA sanctions on Turkey regarding the S-400 cooperation. Through the conceptual framework of Paul R. Viotti and Mark V. Kauppi, namely National Security Policy, which explains that there are four variables that influence a country's foreign policy formulation: National Interest, Threats, Opportunities, and Capabilities. Through this framework, we will explain the considerations made by the United States in imposing CAATSA sanctions on Turkey in 2020 using these four variables, allowing the author to analyze the rational reasons behind the US decision to sanction Turkey. This research employs a qualitative research method with a descriptive analysis approach using secondary sources such as official government websites, expert journals, and several books on International Relations theory. The author found that the reasons for the US imposing CAATSA sanctions on Turkey include its national interests in the Middle East, the threat posed by Russia, the opportune timing for imposing sanctions as CAATSA had just been enacted into law, and the high capability of the US as a superpower to impose sanctions on its allies. Kata Kunci: United States, CAATSA, Foreign Policy, S-400 Cooperation, Turkey, F-35
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Wu, Qiuyi. "Theoretical Evaluation of Photovoltaic Thermal Water Source Heat Pump, Application Potential and Policy Implications: Evidence from Yangtze River Economic Belt, China." Sustainability 15, no. 18 (2023): 13638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151813638.
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In the context of carbon neutrality, making full use of renewable energy is the key to further improve China’s development index. Within China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt, solar energy and river water, as clean and abundant sources of renewable energy, have garnered increasing. In this paper, a solar energy and surface water driven cogeneration system model is developed by TRNSYS to provide users with heat, cold and electricity. Six representative cities located along the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt were selected to evaluate and analyze the energy-saving, emission reducing, and economic and environmental benefits of solar energy and river water heat utilization in the aspects of energy, economy, and environment. The results shows that the annual power output of PV/T-GSHP system, from the west to the east of the Yangtze River, shows a phase growth trend, which is related to the light intensity. The annual heat output of PV/T plate gradually decreases from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River to the upper reaches. The research findings confirm the application potential of new energy sources in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and quantify the emission reduction effects of new environmental protection actions such as solar energy and river water heat sources. It provides valuable guidance for the utilization of new energy sources, including solar energy and surface water heat energy in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, as well as for optimizing energy policies
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Akrami, Mohammad, Alaa H. Salah, Akbar A. Javadi, et al. "Towards a Sustainable Greenhouse: Review of Trends and Emerging Practices in Analysing Greenhouse Ventilation Requirements to Sustain Maximum Agricultural Yield." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (2020): 2794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072794.
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Cultivation in open fields mainly depends on the location and time of farming, which itself highly depends on the quality and quantity of water for irrigation, weather conditions and soil characteristics. Water resources are highly dependent on the limited freshwater resources from the groundwater system, or rainwater. Countries in MENA (the Middle East and North Africa) rely mostly on desalination technologies for agriculture, due to water scarcity. Therefore, greenhouse (GH) agriculture can be developed to succeed in dealing with the water scarcity and provide sufficient sources of agricultural products as a sustainable solution. These indoor agriculture facilities, which are enclosed by transparent covers, can produce different sources of fruits and vegetables, using a controlled amount of water. By reducing the exchange rate of air with the outside environment, which is known as the confinement effects, greenhouses generate a suitable environment for the plants to grow under transparent covers to trap the sunlight. This raises the inside temperature above the maximum threshold levels, especially within the warm season, due to the high solar radiation intensity, having an adverse influence on the microclimate conditions and consequently the crop growth. In order to sustain maximum agricultural yield, greenhouse ventilation is an important parameter in which its trends and emerging practices were reviewed in this study.
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Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. "A Survey of Four Indo-Pakistani Scholars’ Perspectives on the Islam-Democracy Discourse." American Journal of Islam and Society 29, no. 1 (2012): 146–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v29i1.1221.
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In contemporary times, the relationship between Islam and democracy –democracy and its Islamic heritage and the process of democratization inMuslim societies, and other related themes – is a hotly debated and discussedtopic. Throughout the Muslim world – from South, Southeast and CentralAsia to Middle East and North Africa – Muslim thinkers have undertakenthe effort of working within and cooperating with existing political regimesand authorities ‒ from republics, monarchies and authoritarian dictatorshipsto pluralistic and relativity homogeneous societies. With the desirefor democratization, along with the continuing resurgence of Islam in a dynamicglobal context, the demand and desire for democracy is widespread.Two of the major developments in the final decades of the twentiethcentury to present are “religious resurgence” and “democratization.” Thedebate over democracy and democratization in the Muslim societies, itsdefinition and fundamentals, has continued for a long time, but, as it hasacquired an impetus in recent years, and this debate has become highlyintensified.The Muslim world at present is the most diverse in the forms of the politicalsystems it employs. It has traditional and constitutional monarchies,dictatorships, Islamic republics, and secular and some liberal democracies‒ and due to the diverse interpretations of its laws and sources of law, Islampossesses intellectual and ideological resources that can provide justificationfor a wide range of governing models from monarchy to democracy ...
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Al-Khalaifah, Hanan, and Saif Uddin. "Assessment of Sargassum sp., Spirulina sp., and Gracilaria sp. as Poultry Feed Supplements: Feasibility and Environmental Implications." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (2022): 8968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148968.
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Eutrophication, coupled with ocean acidification and warming, results in an increased concentration of marine algae, severely impacting some regions. Several algae are a rich source of protein and minerals. Marine algae are rich in bioactive molecules with antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and antimicrobial properties. These properties make them attractive for usage in the pharmaceutical industry. This study evaluated Sargassum sp., Spirulina sp., and Gracilaria sp. for use as poultry feed. Chemical analyses show that crude protein (CP) in analyzed algae was 9.07–63.63%, with a fiber content of 0.15–17.20%, and a crude fat range of 0.152–2.11%, suggesting that algae can partially substitute imported protein sources used for poultry feed. A rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) was used to assess the environmental footprint of algae usage in poultry feed. The environmental assessment results show promising opportunities to help harvest the algae from the marine area. However, the feasibility of establishing outdoor algal ponds is not environmentally viable in the Middle East.