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Journal articles on the topic 'Law of bills of exchange'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

PIEPRZYCA, Piotr. "ANALYSE CONTRASTIVE DE LA TERMINOLOGIE DU DROIT CAMBIAIRE DANS LA LANGUE FRANÇAISE ET POLONAISE." Comparative Legilinguistics 30 (October 29, 2017): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cl.2017.30.2.

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The article presents the problem of equivalence between the main terms of the law on bills of exchange in Polish and French. First, the author presents the origins of the bill of exchange and the evolution of the law on bills of exchange from ancient times until the twentieth century when the rules concerning this branch of law were unified at the international level, in the convention concluded in Geneva on 7 June 1930. Afterwards, some terms related to bills of exchange in both language versions of the convention are analyzed in order to create the mini-dictionary of principal terms. Then th

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Forsyth, Christopher. "When is a bill of exchange not a bill of exchange? The effect of an inadvertent deletion." Cambridge Law Journal 58, no. 1 (1999): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197399271012.

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IT is often to the advantage of a defendant sued on an instrument that appears to be a bill of exchange to argue that it is not. The instrument will then generally not be negotiable and summary judgment will not be available under R.S.C. Order 14. Contractual defences will be able to be raised and counterclaims made. In short, instead of summary proceedings which the defendant would be denied leave to defend, the plaintiff will have to face the delay and expense of a full trial. Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corp. Ltd. v. G D Trade Co. Ltd. [1998] C.L.C. 238 (C.A.) is an example of this. Th

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Kozachuk, Yuriy S. "Conﬂict of Laws Issues of Bills’ Negotiation in the Law of the United States of America". Moscow Journal of International Law 2, № 2 (2014): 116–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2014-2-116-132.

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The principles and the order of the settlement of conflict of laws issues of bills’ negotiation in the law of the USA have been researched in this article. The influence of general principles of conflict of laws on the order of settlement of conflict of laws issues of bills’ negotiation is being analyzed. Basic principles of localization of bills of exchange and promissory notes obligations in the US law have been determined, and reasons of different maintenance of these principles have been also set in the countries of the Geneva and Anglo-American law of bills. A comparison of the order of l

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Hassani, Fereshteh, Siamak Jafarzadeh, and Salman Alipour. "Analysis of the Place in Checks and Bills of Exchange in Iranian Law." Comparative Studies in Jurisprudence, Law, and Politics 5, no. 3 (2023): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/csjlp.5.3.7.

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The place in checks and bills of exchange is one of the issues surrounding these commercial instruments. Despite its recognition in Iranian commercial law, discussions about the subjects and issues within its scope—such as the transfer of ownership of the place and, more broadly, the benefit of its inclusion in checks and bills of exchange—remain unclear due to the legislator's silence. This has led to numerous disputes in this area, disputes that affect the holder’s relationship with the responsible parties of the instrument and put their rights at risk. What is consistent with the rules rega

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Baranyai, Marcell. "A Német Szövetség váltójogi jogalkotása és annak hatása az Osztrák Császárságra és a Magyar Királyságra." DÍKÉ 5, no. 1 (2021): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/dike.2021.05.01.14.

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Among the 19th century’s European legislative and codification processes nowadays’ jurisprudence is happy to highlight the creation of civil codes as a milestone in the development of civil law, however, we must not forget the flourishing of another, at least as important branch of private law: the commercial law. In parallel with the growth of overland and sea trade, with increasingly diversified commercial relations, commercial transactions developed, which may have served as a good basis for the development of private law. This study is the first in a series of commercial law history studie

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Lee, Won-Bok, and Hyun-A. Bae. "Designing Health Data Portability Under Korean Law." Wonkwang University Legal Research Institute 27 (June 30, 2022): 55–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22397/bml.2022.27.55.

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Two bills have recently been proposed at the Korean National Assembly to introduce data portability provisions to the Personal Information Protection Act. The two bills were largely modeled on Article 20 Right to Data Portability of European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”). We argue that the proposed “one-size-fits-all” provisions are ill-suited to health data portability for a few reasons. First and foremost, the bills stop short of mandating interoperability of data being transferred, in a manner similar to the GDPR. Unlike in some other sectors, however, interopera

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Dadańska, Katarzyna. "Law Applicable to Obligations Arising from Bearer Securities other than Bills of Exchange and Cheques – Comments in the Context of the Private International Law Act and the Rome I Regulation." Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie 13, no. 2 (2020): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32084/tekapr.2020.13.2-8.

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Issues of the law applicable to obligations related to securities are regulated by the Act of 4 February 2011, private international law and the provisions of Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I). The purpose of this article is to determine the connecting factors for the indicated law applicable to the obligations arising from bearer securities other than bills of exchange and cheques, including dematerialized securities. To this end, an attempt will be made to determine the relations

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Finocchiaro, Giusella, and Luca Castellani. "The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records: Introduction and Overview." European Review of Private Law 31, Issue 5 (2023): 955–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2023039.

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In 2017 UNCITRAL adopted the Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (MLETR) to address issues relating to the use of transferable documents and instruments such as bills of lading, bills of exchange and promissory notes in electronic form. The article discusses the background and the main features of the Model Law with reference also to national legislation. In particular, it highlights the challenges posed by the transposition in the digital world of the incorporation of the right to delivery of goods or payment of a sum of money in the paper-based document and illustrates the solutions

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Alawneh, Tariq Shafiq. "The Application of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records in Kuwait: A Comparative Study." مجلة الحقوق 48, no. 2 (2024): 487–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.34120/jol.v48i2.3039.

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The existing requirements in national and international law for the use of written documents or manual signatures in international trade transactions are considered to constitute major obstacles to the development of electronic commerce at global level. Other obstacles also include questions and uncertainties concerning the validity, legal effect and enforceability of transactions regarding electronic bill of lading conducted via electronic means, in a legal environment based on paper. The Law No 20/2014 excluded promissory notes and negotiable bills of exchange from the scope of application o

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Vukajlovic-Grba, Danijela. "The money market in Montenegro: Conditions, development and outlook." Panoeconomicus 54, no. 3 (2007): 325–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0703325v.

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The money market represents a segment of financial markets wherein the objects of trading are funds with short-term maturities. The money market in Montenegro is still in its early stages of development, and is characterized by a narrow scope of trading material and by a relatively narrow variety of participants. The reasons for such slow development of the Montenegrin money market are numerous: lack of regulations, dollarization as a model of monetary and foreign exchange regime, excessive liquidity of domestic banks, insufficient liquidity in the corporate sector, limited protection of credi

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SULU, Muhammed. "PROBLEMS OF UNAUTHORIZED REPRESENTATION AND ABUSE OF REPRESENTATION POWER IN BILLS OF EXCHANGE." Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 26, no. 3 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1095168.

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In terms of bills of exchange, which are credit, collateral and payment instruments, it is possible to conclude a circulation contract through a representative. While this opportunity makes life easier, on the other hand, it causes various legal problems such as unauthorized representation and abuse of representation power. In order to be able to characterize these two situations, which are frequently encountered in practice, first of all, it is necessary to examine the representation institution in law of commercial papers. Subsequently, the cases of unauthorized representation in bills of ex

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Chłopecki, Andrzej. "DEFINICJA PAPIERÓW WARTOŚCIOWYCH DŁUŻNYCH." Zeszyty Prawnicze 3, no. 2 (2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2003.3.2.05.

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Definition of Debt SecuritiesSummaryThe main subject of this article is the definition of debt securities in Polish civil law. This expression („debt securities”) used in many parliaments bills, was not defined on the level of the parliaments bill. Especially in cases of so called „hybrid securities” (securities with the mixed legal nature) there is a necessity to analyze and define their legal nature. This article gives a very short overview on the different types of securities and proposes their systematical classification. The main conclusion of this article is: either in the case of the mi

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王, 丁. "Reflections on the System of Article 18 of “Bills of Exchange Law” of China." Open Journal of Legal Science 13, no. 04 (2025): 717–22. https://doi.org/10.12677/ojls.2025.134104.

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Kessler, Amalia D. "Enforcing Virtue: Social Norms and Self-Interest in an Eighteenth-Century Merchant Court." Law and History Review 22, no. 1 (2004): 71–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4141666.

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Recent scholarship on law and norms has emphasized that important social values are at work in the law. But nothing could prepare us for the “Red Ink Case.” Decided by an eighteenth-century French merchant court, the suit was brought by a young woman driven by poverty to prostitute herself in return for a bill of exchange, written with her lover's blood. When the person on whom the bill was drawn refused to accept it for payment, the women sued her lover, demanding that he honor it instead. Although the applicable law required the defendant to pay the bill, the merchant-court judge declined to

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Dobrescu, Vasile. "Landmarks in the Evolution of the Main Types of Banking Operations of Albina in Sibiu 1872-1946. II." Acta Marisiensis. Seria Historia 3, no. 1 (2021): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsh-2021-0004.

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Abstract The 75 years history of Albina Bank reflects in its main characteristics that particularize it in the modern banking system the forms and crediting policies present in its statutes. The initial focus of the Albina Bank board was to activate a diverse palate of credit activities – in the first statute of the bank we can find no less than 15 types of loans. Few were actually accommodated, according to the possibilities of financing and also related to the social and economic background of the future debtors that came, the majority until 1918 from the rural areas. More so, the bank took

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Ageyev, V. N., and A. V. Vlasov. "Potential Applications of Digital Financial Assets." Financial Journal 12, no. 6 (2020): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2020-6-100-112.

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The purpose of the article is to analyze the future state of legal issues connected to the use of digital assets after the adoption of the Federal Law “On digital financial assets, digital currency...” in the Russian Federation. Results: The main areas of application are highlighted for digital financial assets in the form of shares on blockchain and digital bills of exchange. The authors conclude that the new Law introduces significant restrictions, but at the same time opens up certain opportunities for business development in operations with digital financial assets. It is seen that the ter

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Tüzemen Atik, Ebru. "A Novelty in Turkish Commercial Life: Execution of QR-Code on Cheques." International Journal of Business and Social Research 7, no. 12 (2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/ijbsr.v7i12.1079.

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<p>Cheque is an important payment instrument in commercial life.<strong> </strong>Regulations on cheques, which have a very common application in Turkish law, are included in Articles between 780 and 823 of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) No. 6102 and in the Cheque Act No. 5941. Law No. 6728 dated July 15, 2016 have introduced significant changes and novelties in the regulations related to the cheques in both laws. In the preamble of the law, it has stated that these changes were the result of the necessity of introducing new regulations for the purposes of a) the speed and

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Dylag, Matthew. "The Negotiability of Promissory Notes and Bills of Exchange in the Time of Chief Justice Holt." Journal of Legal History 31, no. 2 (2010): 149–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440365.2010.496931.

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19

Witt, Sadie M., Shelby Stults, Emma Rieves, Kevin Emerson, and Daniel L. Mendoza. "Findings from a Pilot Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Bulb Exchange Program at a Neighborhood Scale." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (2019): 3965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143965.

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In the United States, 44% of low-income households struggle to pay their utility bills, affecting their ability to afford necessities such as food and health expenses. There is a high demand for, but low availability of, energy efficiency services in underserved neighborhoods, creating an opportunity for community-based programs to fill this inherent gap. This pilot project aims to bring energy savings and education to a uniquely targeted portion of Salt Lake City, UT, through the exchange of light-emitting diode bulbs and examines its feasibility in addressing energy insecurity at larger scal

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20

Udochukwu, Nwachukwu Edwin, Orji Alexander Chinedu, Edeh B. Ogah, and Ukeje Chiemezie Desmond. "Monetary Policy Rate and Food Inflation in Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VIII, no. VIII (2024): 4494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.8080345.

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Food inflation poses a significant and multifaceted challenges in Nigeria, with widespread and severe implications for the population. In response, this study examines the influence of the monetary policy rate on food inflation, considering the numerous policy changes from 1990 to 2023. Food inflation serves as the dependent variable, while the independent variables include the monetary policy rate, broad money supply, exchange rate, treasury bills, and agricultural productivity. Utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique, the short-run analysis reveals that the monetary pol

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Zusmawati, Zusmawati, and Yuliza Rahmi. "PENGARUH DANA PIHAK KETIGA, CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO DAN NON PERFOMING LOAN TERHADAP PEMBERIAN KREDIT PADA PERUSAHAAN PERBANKAN KONVENSIONAL DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA." Al-KALAM JURNAL KOMUNIKASI, BISNIS DAN MANAJEMEN 9, no. 1 (2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/al-kalam.v9i1.5089.

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Loans are loans or bills agreed between parties. This study aims to determine the effect of third party funds, capital adequacy ratio and non perfoming loanon gifts to banking companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Source of data used in this study is secondary data in the form of annual reports. The population used in this study are all banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the 2015-2019 period that were selected using purposive sampling techniques. The number of samples used in the study were 35 companies. The analytical method used is multiple regression anal

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Burlakova, Olga Vladimirovna, and Alina Andreevna Geynch. "Accounting and legal approaches to the definition of the term "accounts receivable"." KANT 40, no. 3 (2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2021-40.2.

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The purpose of the study is to analyze accounting and legal approaches to the definition of the term "accounts receivable" and to justify the need for its clarification to be fixed in regulatory documents. Scientific novelty: the definition of the term "accounts receivable" has been clarified using accounting and legal approaches, where it is proposed to understand the obligations of other legal entities and individuals to this economic entity for contributions to the authorized capital, for advances issued, for bills of exchange receivable, for goods sold (works, services), monetary amounts i

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Kamyshanskyi, V., and T. Hudima. "Peculiarities of legal regulation of electronic trade documents circulation." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 5 (December 30, 2022): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.05.25.

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This article examines the peculiarities of legal egulation of electronic trade documents circulation in Ukraine and internationally (in particular, theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (hereinafter – the UK)). It is assessed to what extent the national legislation on the relevant issues is suitable for the transfer of such documents by electronic means, and the aspects in which it does not meet the requirements. The authors prove the insufficiency of the norms of the national legislation regulating the circulation of trade documents (bills of lading, bills of exchange, etc.)

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Issoufou, Chaibou. "ISLAMIC MONEY MARKET AND APPLICATION OF THIRD PARTY GUARANTEE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, no. 2 (2019): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7245.

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Purpose of Study: The Islamic money market plays a significant role in the development of the economy and providing funds for short term projects. This paper discusses money market instruments such as treasury bills, certificates of deposit, short period mudharabah interbank investment and Islamic accepted bills of exchange. It examines how short term instruments can be used to import and export goods. The study analyses the mechanisms and characteristics of Islamic money market and finds that it has the same characteristics and mechanisms of the conventional money market; they differ only in

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Pešić, Vladimir. "Elektronska menica kao potencijalno novi institut srpskog prava." Pravo i privreda 61, no. 2 (2023): 629–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.55836/pip_23219a.

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In this paper the author examines whether the bill of exchange can be an electronic record, instead of a paper document. Today, a lot of communication among merchants goes on electronically. That is the reason why there is a need for digitalization of this security. Although it is not regulated in Serbian applicable law, it is necessary to examine basic questions about it, especially its issuing and using. We looked at the regulation of electronic documents and electronic signature, comparing it with the Serbian Bill of Exchange Act. When we consider our applicable law in area of electronic co

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Guzik-Makaruk, Ewa M., and Piotr Fiedorczyk. "The Achievements of the Codification Commission of the Second Republic of Poland — a Century After Regaining the Independence." Internal Security Special Issue (January 14, 2019): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8398.

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Reborn in 1918, the Polish state inherited from the partition countries: Russia, Prussia and Austria their legal systems. The task of unifying the codification of the law was entrusted to the Codification Commission, established on the basis of the Act of 1919. The Commission was to prepare draft legislation in the field of civil and criminal law. It was a body of 44 lawyers and had a high degree of independence from political factors. As a result of the Commission’s work, more than 20 legal acts were created. In the area of civil law, these were laws mainly related to foreign legal transactio

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Giladi, Rotem M. "The Practice and Case Law of Israel in Matters Related to International Law." Israel Law Review 32, no. 3 (1998): 475–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700015752.

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On February 24, 1998, the government submitted the International Treaties (Approval by the Knesset) Bill, 1998 to the Knesset. This governmental bill represents the culmination of fifty years of exchange between the Executive and the Legislature concerning the constitutional authority to conclude international agreements on behalf of the State of Israel.Normally, it would have been preferable to await the completion of the enactment process before commenting on the new legislative arrangements. Due to the constitutional importance of the Bill and the fact that it raises several important quest

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عبيد حسن صالح, عبد المجيد, حبيب الله زكريا та أول آدم سعد. "الأوراق التجارية (قصيرة الأجل) أهميتها، وبيان جذرها الشرعي والمقاصدي (Commercial paper (short-term) importance and the statement of its root and legitimate Makassed)". Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN 2289-8077) 17, № 2 (2020): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/jia.v17i2.969.

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يناقش البحث صيغا جديدة من الصيغ المعاصرة في التبادلات المالية (الأوراق المالية قصيرة الأجل). وبعد التعريف بها وبيان أصلها الشرعي، تناولت الدراسة البعد المقاصدي لهذه الأوراق المالية، وإذا كان قصد مشرعي القانون الخاص من هذه الأوراق السرعة، والائتمان، والتوثيق، فهذه المقاصد تتفق مع قصد الشارع من استيفاء الحقوق، وحفظ الأموال، ومبدأ التوثيق العام، كما تنطلق من روح الاقتصاد الإسلامي، من حرية السوق والتنافس، والتيسير في المعاملات التجارية، وكسر الحواجز بين الطبقات، وسرعة تبادل المال وتنقله، وتحريم الإكتناز، والوضوح والشفافية التي تعتبر معيار لصحة العقد وبركته، فالمعاملات المتكررة لها خصوصية في التشري

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Dzienis, Paweł. "Esperanto as a Language of Legal Acts." Kwartalnik Prawa Międzynarodowego I, no. I (2022): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9880.

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‘Aliĝilo’ and ‘kotizo’, two Esperanto words commonly used when concluding contracts for the organization of Esperanto events, are referred to in this article as the symbols for analysing the use of Esperanto in civil law. Considerations around the concept of the linguistic form of a legal act are conducted on two levels. The first plane addresses legal transactions between Esperantists in the Esperanto movement in terms of their admissibility and legal weight. The second plane applies to common civil-law transactions, with a special emphasis on international trade, through the prism of the adm

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López-Herrera, Francisco, Alejandra Cabello, and Edgar Ortiz. "Economic activity and financial variables in Mexico." PANORAMA ECONÓMICO 14, no. 28 (2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29201/pe-ipn.v14i27.215.

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This paper analyzes the relationship between economic activity in Mexico and a set of relevant Mexican financial variables. Monthly data for the period January 1993 to August 2018 includes time series of global economic activity index, consumer price index, peso-USD exchange rate, international reserves, interest rate of short-term Mexican T-bills, Mexico´s stock market index and its level of activity as measured by the volume of operations on variable income assets. The analysis is based on an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ADRL) model. The empirical evidence reveals that all explanatory var

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López-Herrera, Francisco, Alejandra Cabello, and Edgar Ortiz. "Economic activity and financial variables in Mexico." Panorama Económico 14, no. 28 (2019): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29201/peipn.v14i28.40.

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This paper analyzes the relationship between economic activity in Mexico and a set of relevant Mexican financial variables. Monthly data for the period January 1993 to August 2018 includes time series of global economic activity index, consumer price index, peso-USD exchange rate, international reserves, interest rate of short-term Mexican T-bills, Mexico´s stock market index and its level of activity as measured by the volume of operations on variable income assets. The analysis is based on an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ADRL) model. The empirical evidence reveals that all explanatory var

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Ribeiro, Ana Sofia, Flávio L. Pinheiro, Francisco C. Santos, Amélia Polónia, and Jorge M. Pacheco. "Structural and temporal patterns of the first global trading market." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 8 (2018): 180577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180577.

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Little is known about the structural patterns and dynamics of the first global trading market (FGTM), which emerged during the sixteenth century as a result of the Iberian expansion, let alone how it compares to today's global financial markets. Here we build a representative network of the FGTM using information contained in 8725 (handwritten) Bills of Exchange from that time—which were (human) interpreted and digitalized into an online database. We show that the resulting temporal network exhibits a hierarchical, highly clustered and disassortative structure, with a power-law dependence on t

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De Ruysscher, Dave. "Innovating Financial Law in Early Modern Europe: Transfers of Commercial Paper and Recourse Liability in Legislation and Ius Commune (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)." European Review of Private Law 19, Issue 5 (2011): 505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2011040.

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Abstract: In this contribution it is demonstrated how in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Dutch rules concerning negotiable credit instruments (i.e., bills obligatory to bearer and bills of exchange) transformed financial law throughout the European continent. The Antwerp and Amsterdam authorities devised precepts of law on such issues that went against substantial principles of the academic ius commune . In the course of the seventeenth century, the former's success brought about their insertion into financial legislation of German cities. This phenomenon came along with a new compara

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Hare, Christopher. "LOSS ALLOCATION FOR MATERIALLY ALTERED CHEQUES." Cambridge Law Journal 60, no. 1 (2001): 1–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197301710616.

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IN the conjoined appeals Smith v. Lloyds TSB Group plc; Jones v. Woolwich plc [2000] 3 W.L.R. 1725 the Court of Appeal had the opportunity to consider the single issue of whether the true owner of a cheque or banker’s draft, which it was accepted had been “materially altered”, and so, subject to irrelevant exceptions, avoided within the terms of the Bills of Exchange Act 1882, s. 64, and subsequently converted, is entitled to damages equivalent to the face value of the instrument. In Smith the Insolvency Service drew a cheque crossed “account payee” in favour of the Inland Revenue, on behalf o

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Zakharchyn, N. G. "Legal custom in civil law of the Second Polish Republic." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 1 (March 1, 2025): 31–35. https://doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2025.01.3.

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The paper inspects the role of a custom in civil law of interwar (1918-1939) Poland. It notes that the unification of national legislation took place in the Second Polish Republic, including the field of civil law. The codification that had been launched faced significant difficulties, as in different regions of restored Poland different legislation systems had functioned previously (Austrian, German, Russian ones). Due to objective reasons, legislators had not managed to finalize their own Civil Code until the outbreak of World War II. Nonetheless, different branches of civil law adopted seve

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DeMora, Stephanie L., Loren Collingwood, and Adriana Ninci. "The role of super interest groups in public policy diffusion." Policy & Politics 47, no. 4 (2019): 513–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557319x15659214258414.

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In recent years scholarship has drawn attention to the role of large multi-issue interest groups in policy networks and in public policy diffusion. This paper develops this field of study by demonstrating empirically the leverage of the ‘sustained organisational influence’ theory of policy diffusion. Specifically, it focuses on the role of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) in diffusing the Stand Your Ground policy across US state legislatures. By comparing ALEC’s template policy to bills introduced and legislation subsequently enacted within state legislatures, we demonstrate th

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Tzouganatos, Dimitris, Annick de Wilde, and Eva Maria Belser. "BGH, Urteil vom 18.5.1995, - Zur Wirksamkeit einer formularmäßig vereinbarten Globalbürg-schaft nach dem AGBG - Zur teilweisen Aufrechterhaltung einer Klausel im Gegensatz zur unzulassigen." European Review of Private Law 7, Issue 1 (1999): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/233271.

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In this decision the 9th Civil Chamber of the German Federal Supreme Court changed its case law on the validity of a standard form contract providing a universal guarantee, and followed the 'causation' line of case law of the 5th and 11th Civil Chambers. The judgment was based on the following set of facts: The plaintiff savings bank provided a property company, a Kommanditgesellschaft, with an overdraft. In 1984 the defendant, a shareholder in the company, agreed to become personal guarantor of the credit advanced to the property company under a standard form of agreement with no restrictions

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Perez Benavides, Jason J. "Read It Three Times, Then Read It Again: How Nursing Homes Use “Responsible Party” Clauses in Admission Agreements to Charge Relatives for Their Loved Ones’ Care." American Journal of Law & Medicine 49, no. 4 (2023): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amj.2024.6.

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AbstractThis Note explores an alarming, decades-old trend that has received renewed attention from enforcement agencies and the media: nursing homes suing family members and friends ("relatives") for residents’ unpaid bills. As justification, nursing homes point to “responsible party” clauses within admission agreements signed by relatives during the admission process. Undeterred by the 1987 Federal Nursing Home Reform Act’s (FNHRA) prohibition on requiring relatives to act as financial guarantors in exchange for residents’ admission, nursing homes use carefully worded “responsible party” clau

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Abramowicz, Jakub. "Istota zobowiązania wekslowego w prawie polskim, część I." Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego 2019, no. 2 (2019): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33226/0137-5490.2019.2.2.

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Abramowicz, Jakub. "Istota zobowiązania wekslowego w prawie polskim, cz. II." Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego 2019, no. 7 (2019): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33226/0137-5490.2019.7.3.

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Fuks, N. "Basic stock terms in Ukrainian stock market legislation (progressive innovations and prospects for improvement)." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 3 (July 22, 2024): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2024.03.71.

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The creation of the effective stock market is considered as one of the important tasks for the further development of the national economy since the beginning of the 90s of the XX century. The issue became especially important after the activation of European integration processes in Ukraine since the conclusion of the Association Agreement with the European Union in 2014. On July 1, 2021, the Law of Ukraine On Capital Markets and Organized Commodity Markets, entered into force. Since this time, the Law was repeatedly amended, but never amended the to clarification of the general terms on stoc

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Park, In-ho. "Comment on the Court judgment related to general Regulations-Commercial Activity of commercial law and Bills of Exchange-Promissory Notes Act and Checks Act in 2019." commercial cases review 33, no. 2 (2020): 3–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36894/kcca.2020.33.2.003.

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Arora, Kapil, and Ram Singh. "Ethanol production ecosystem in India: Exploring enabling factors of sustainable policy regime." International Journal of Technology Management & Sustainable Development 22, no. 3 (2024): 343–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/tmsd_00081_1.

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In recent years, policy-makers and researchers have paid close attention to sustainable energy resources. Biofuel has emerged as a viable option among available alternatives in countries with excess agricultural production. India is also ramping up ethanol production. However, there is limited research available on enablers that can help boost production for enhanced blending, thereby assisting in the achievement of energy security and the transition to a low-carbon economy. Furthermore, India can capitalize on its excess agri-production for long-term energy security, increase farmer income, r

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SKOPNENKO, Oleksandr. "NOMINATION OF SHAH IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE: UPDATE, REINTERPRETATION, COMBINATION, ETYMOLOGY." MOVOZNAVSTVO 338, no. 5 (2024): 25–43. https://doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-338-2024-5-002.

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The article examines the functioning of the monetary unit shah in the Ukrainian language of the new period. The material of artistic, dialect, historical and folklore texts shows that the name shah at the beginning of the 19th century denoted a specific coin and later — any small amount of money. It was established that the lexeme shah belongs to the old Ukrainian heritage, which has been preserved in the new Ukrainian literary language. Most etymological sources insist on the Ukrainian origin of the studied name. Until the beginning of the 20th century the lexeme shah was passivized, but due

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Kusumadara, Afifah. "PEMAKAIAN HUKUM ASING DALAM HUKUM PERDATA INTERNASIONAL: KEWAJIBAN DAN PELAKSANAANNYA DI PENGADILAN INDONESIA." Arena Hukum 15, no. 3 (2022): 443–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2022.01503.1.

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This article is reviews the application of foreign law by Indonesian courts as governed by the Indonesian Private International Law (PIL). The review is based on Acts and regulations related to PIL, case-laws, and text-books on PIL. The result demonstrates that Indonesian judges often do not implement the principle of iura novit curia in the application of foreign law; ignore foreign elements in their cases; and keep applying Indonesian law even though the rules of Indonesian PIL lead to the foreign law. Therefore, the Bill of Indonesian PIL shall be passed and enacted soon so that there are n

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AAL-ASHAIKH, MOHAMMED. "The Acceptance of the Bill of Exchange: A Study of the Saudi Commercial Papers Law." Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Economics and Administration 10, no. 1 (1997): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/eco.10-1.7.

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Ansorimal, Harry Patuan Panjaitan, and Teddy Chandra. "The Influence of the Work Creation Law Draft on Abnormal Return and Trading Volume Activity in LQ45 Share." Journal of Applied Business and Technology 3, no. 1 (2022): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35145/jabt.v3i1.85.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of the event on the work copyright bill on abnormal returns and trading volume activity on LQ45 shares on the Indonesian stock exchange. It is hoped that the findings of this study can contribute to the development of studies on financial management. The research population is LQ45 companies listed on the IDX in 2020, with secondary data collection from sites (Yahoo Finance, n.d.) and (Indonesian Stock Exchange, n.d.). Quantitative research data analysis techniques used in the form of descriptive analysis techniques, hypothesis analysis. Testing the data f

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Hidayat, Ahmad Wahyu, Andi Zamakhsyari Baharuddin, and Muhammad Iqbal Fasa. "CREDIT IN THE ISLAMIC ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE." Al-Amwal : Journal of Islamic Economic Law 3, no. 2 (2019): 211–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/alw.v3i2.491.

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In social life, Muslims often encounter forms muamalah. One of the forms muamalah is buying and selling. Sale and purchase allowed by Islam is the buying and selling that does not contain elements of usury, maysir, and gharar. Each transaction is considered valid if it meets the requirements and get along well defined purchase and in accordance to Islamic law. Credit according to Islamic terms is the right to receive payment or obligation to make payment at the time requested, or in the future, because the delivery of the goods now. While the credit sharia financing is known for providing mone

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Erasmus, Eneisik Gogo, Moses Kpane Uwikor, and Ayasa Juanah Fred. "Public Expenditure and Economic Development in Nigeria." IIARD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BANKING AND FINANCE RESEARCH 9, no. 1 (2023): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/ijbfr.v9.no1.2023.pg1.23.

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Money market obviously has been among the prominent topics in global discourse concerning steering an economy on an even keel. Nigerian economy has been battling with inflation for the past seven years and it is becoming worse since 2022 with unprecedented galloping inflation with its resultant untold economic discomforts. Consequently, this study with an annual data range 1990 – 2021 is an evaluation of the impact of money market instruments on price stability in Nigeria. using indicators such as Treasury Bills (TB), Discount Windows (DCW), Mutual Funds (MTF), and Risk Premium Lending rate (R

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Raday, Frances. "Status and Contract in the Employment Relationship." Israel Law Review 23, no. 1 (1989): 77–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700009559.

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There is evidence, in some recent legal thinking on the employment contract, of a readiness to abandon classical contract principles. This phenomenon is especially apparent in the formulation of the Employment Contract Bill, 1985. In this article, I shall examine this development in the framework of an analysis of the employment relationship and the extent to which it is to be regarded as a contractual relationship, both under differing theoretical approaches and under existing labour law principles.The contemporary employment relationship emerges from a contractual undertaking between individ

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