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Tham, Chee Ho. "The mechanics of assignments : functions and form." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9cf7420b-b3d5-4c15-b15d-daaa9892d951.
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Choses in action are valuable assets. This has compelled (and been facilitated by) the development of legal devices such as equitable assignment to allow holders of choses to deal with them, inter vivos. This thesis makes two claims. First, equitable assignments are best conceived as a composite of a bare trust and an atypical agency where the assignee is authorised to invoke the assignor's entitlements against the obligor to the chose assigned, as the assignee pleases. On this conception, equitable assignments merely entail generation of a new set of jural relations as between assignor and assignee. Though these affect how the jural relations between assignor and obligor are to be discharged, those jural relations are left intact and unchanged, unless the requirements for 'statutory' assignments have been satisfied. Second, 'statutory' assignments are regulatory in effect. Where a debt or other chose in action has been validly equitably assigned and the requirements in s 136(1) Law of Property Act 1925 are satisfied, the specific entitlements set out in sections 136(1)(a), (b) and (c) will be passed from the assignor and transferred to the assignee. But that is only true with regards entitlements falling within those provisions, and the set of entitlements listed therein is not exhaustive. The composite model of equitable assignment, and the clarification of the nature of 'statutory' assignment, reduces confusion over their operation and effects. Accordingly, this thesis tempers the urge towards legislative reform of the law of assignment: reform may not be needed since the law is not incoherent, though it is certainly complex. And if targeted law reform to simplify the law on assignment be thought desirable, it is as well to know what one is reforming.
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Garcia, Natanya. "Anti-circumvention technology legislation in Canada : drafting a new law in the wake of the DMCA." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19625.
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In becoming a signatory to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Treaties, Canada has undertaken the obligation to provide protection against the circumvention of technological measures designed to protect copyright works. While on its face the obligation appears simple, in reality it brings about an intersection of policy, law and technology; a complex situation with far reaching repercussions. The U.S., a co-signatory to the WIPO Treaties, responded to this tension by enacting the Digital Milennium Copyright Act (DMCA), which heavily regulated circumvention technology and garnered wide-spread criticism. Critics labeled the law as unpredictable and overbroad legislation, which has chilled free speech, violated fair use, stifled research and study and encouraged monopolies by eliminating competition. Drawing largely on the U.S. experience, this thesis aims to suggest a possible route for Canada to take when fulfilling its own obligations under the WIPO. It will begin with a review of the relevant provisions of the Treaties to determine the extent of Canada's obligation. It will then examine Canada's proposal papers and the responses of its citizens to the questioned posed regarding future anti-circumvention legislation. It will also examine the DMCA in detail and attempt to distil its flaws. Finally, it will investigate the extent of the need for new anti-circumvention legislation in Canada by examining Canada's existing laws dealing with the protection of technology measures. Such process will provide evidence that Canada has, to a large extent, complied with its obligations under the WIPO while maintaining the delicate balance between the stakeholders of copyright law. Thus while new anti-circumvention legislation may still be in order, Canada has the latitude to craft a law that fully recognizes the rights of all stakeholders in the copyright equation and is consistent with its own copyright policies.
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Isaacs, Nicola Jane. "The Trade Marks Act 1994." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388591.
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Brits, Reghard. "Mortgage foreclosure under the constitution : property, housing and the National Credit Act." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71814.
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Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.Includes bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The forced transfer of immovable property to enforce judgment debts by way of sale in execution has constitutional implications. Firstly, if the property is residential, section 26 of the Constitution (the housing clause) raises the question whether the current legal framework takes sufficient account of the imperative to respect people‟s access to adequate housing. Read with section 36 (the limitation clause), the requirement is that someone‟s home may only be violated if the result is proportionate based on all the relevant circumstances. Secondly, since the home qualifies as “property” for purposes of the section 25 (the property clause), the law that regulates this forced sale may not permit the arbitrary deprivation of property. In other words, it is necessary to also investigate whether the sale in execution of debtors‟ property satisfies the section 25(1) non-arbitrariness test. Therefore, the research problem that this dissertation addresses revolves around the implications of sections 25 and 26 of the Constitution for the “normal” sale-in-execution process. More specifically, the scope of the investigation is limited to forced transfers of residential property as a result of mortgage foreclosure. What makes this perspective interesting is that, in addition to the debtor‟s constitutional rights, the creditor also enjoys constitutional protection by virtue of the limited real right (the mortgage) that is registered over the debtor‟s home. This real security right is also “property” that is worthy of recognition under section 25. To the extent that the National Credit Act places obstacles in the way of creditors‟ right to enforce their debts, this interference may also amount to a deprivation of property, which must satisfy the requirements of the property clause. This dissertation shows that the traditional common law framework of mortgage foreclosure does not give full effect to debtors‟ sections 25 and 26 rights. Nevertheless, based on the subsidiarity principles, I argue that a development of the common law or the creation of unique constitutional defences is not called for. The reason for this submission is that the debt relief mechanisms of the National Credit Act already provide constitutionally appropriate relief for debtors who face the loss of their properties. The available mechanisms – including debt review, debt rearrangement and the right to reinstate credit agreements – are aimed at resolving the root of mortgage foreclosure, namely over-indebtedness. This approach will ensure that mortgage foreclosures have a constitutionally valid and proportionate effect on the rights of both parties to the mortgage relationship.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die afdwinging van vonnisskulde by wyse van die verkoop in eksekusie van onroerende eiendom is ‟n gedwonge oordrag van eiendom met grondwetlike implikasies. Eerstens, waar die eiendom residensieël is, verg artikel 26 van die Grondwet (die behuisingsklousule) dat die huidige regsraamwerk voldoende rekenskap sal gee van die opdrag om mense se toegang tot geskikte behuising te respekteer. Saamgelees met artikel 36 (die beperkingsklousule), mag daar slegs op iemand se reg van toegang tot behuising inbreuk gemaak word indien die impak regverdigbaar is met inagneming van al die relevante omstandighede. Tweedens, aangesien die huis kwalifiseer as “eiendom” vir doeleindes van artikel 25 (die eiendomsklousule), mag die regsreëls wat eksekusieverkope reguleer nie arbitrêre ontnemings van eiendom toelaat nie. Met ander woorde, dit is nodig om ondersoek in te stel of die verkoop in eksekusie van skuldenaars se wonings aan artikel 25(1) se nie-arbitrêrheidstoets voldoen. Die navorsingsprobleem behels dus die implikasies van artikels 25 en 26 van die Grondwet vir die “normale” verkoop-in-eksekusie proses. Die omvang van die ondersoek is spesifiek beperk tot oordragte van residensiële eiendom as gevolg van die oproep van verbande. Wat hierdie perspektief verder interessant maak, tesame met die feit dat skuldenaars grondwetlike regte het, is die feit dat skuldeisers ook grondwetlike beskerming geniet ten aansien van die beperkte saaklike reg (die verband) wat geregistreer is oor die skuldenaar se huis. Hierdie saaklike sekerheidsreg is ook “eiendom” wat erkenning verdien in terme van artikel 25. Vir sover as wat skuldeisers se vermoë om hul skulde af te dwing deur die Nasionale Kredietwet aan bande gelê word, mag hierdie beperkinge moontlik ook op ‟n ontneming van eiendom neerkom. Gevolglik moet hierdie skuldverligtingsmeganismes ook aan die vereistes van die eiendomsklousule voldoen. Hierdie proefskrif wys daarop dat die tradisionele gemeenregtelike raamwerk vir die oproep van verbande nie ten volle effek gee aan skuldenaars se regte onder artikels 25 en 26 nie. Nietemin, met beroep op die subsidiariteitsbeginsels argumenteer ek dat ‟n ontwikkeling van die gemenereg of die skep van unieke grondwetlike remedies nie in hierdie konteks toelaatbaar is nie. Die rede hiervoor is dat die Nasionale Kredietwet se skuldverligtingsmeganismes reeds voorsiening maak vir grondwetlik aanvaarbare verligting vir skuldenaars wat deur die moontlike verlies van hul eiendomme in die gesig gestaar word. Die beskikbare maatreëls – insluitend skuldhersiening, skuldherstrukturering en die reg om kredietooreenkomste te laat herleef – is gemik daarop om die oorsaak van verbandoproeping aan te spreek, naamlik oorverskuldigdheid. Hierdie benadering sal verseker dat die oproep van verbande ‟n grondwetlik geldige en proporsionele effek op die regte van beide partye het.
South African Research Chair in Property Law
National Research Foundation
Ciucci Bursary
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McDaniel, Jamie Lynn. "Trespassing Women: Representations of Property and Identity in British Women’s Writing 1925 – 2005." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1278650822.
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Cahill, Erin Elizabeth. "Outlaws and their mortgages an analysis of the Property (Relationships) Act 1984 (NSW) /." Access electronically, 2005. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/280.
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Kirk, Katie. "The legal and political imperatives for proposed amendments of the South African Patents Act to implement TRIPS flexibilities and enhance the framework for access to medicines." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13874.
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Includes bibliographical references.A multitude of factors affect the ability of South Africans to access the essential medicines, intellectual property (IP) is one of them. This dissertation considers some of opportunities open to South Africa through international IP flexibilities, which are aimed at safeguarding public health rights against the sometimes access-restricting effects of patent right monopolies. Potential pitfalls are also highlighted, noting strategies for South Africa to avoid the worst of them. The paper begins by giving an overview of the way in which patents affect access to medicines, and contending that the time for making the proposed amendments is now.
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Falcon, Paulette Yvonne Lynnette. "If the evil ever occurs : the 1873 Married Women's Property Act : law, property and gender relations in 19th century British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30571.
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This study will examine the circumstances surrounding the passage of the British Columbia Married Women's Property Act, 1873 and the judicial response to it. The statute was an attempt on the part of legislators to clarify and facilitate married women's actions in the marketplace, while accomodating new ideas about women's place in society. But despite the rhetoric about women's rights and the bill's more egalitarian potential, it precipitated no domestic revolution. The courts, in turn, ignored the legislation's more liberal provisions and interpreted it solely as a protective measure. Notwithstanding their different views on gender relations and marital property reform, legislators and judges shared common beliefs about the importance of family life. Consequently, the law defended women's legal rights as family members more than as individuals. Overall, the bill represented a compromise. Although it was meant to alleviate some of a wife's legal disabilities so that she could participate more freely in the economic life of the community, it was also grounded in the Victorian paternalism of the legislators who enacted it and the judges who enforced it. As a result, despite the challenge presented by the provisions of the Married Women's Property Act, the doctrine of marital unity proved remarkably resilient.Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
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Govender, Preshnee. "Does a mineral right constitute 'immovable property' for purposes of the Income Tax Act and double tax treaties?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9170.
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Includes bibliographical references.This research paper analyses the income tax impact for international (non-resident) companies that dispose of their shares in mining or oil and gas companies situated in South Africa. Typically, a disposal of shares by a non-resident in a property-rich company in South Africa would attract CGT. In the case of the minerals sector, it is automatically assumed that a mining or oil and gas company is a so-called “land-rich” or “property-rich” company due to the nature of its operations. This paper seeks to test that assumption, ie do shares in a mining or oil gas company whose only asset is a mining or prospecting right or exploration or production right respectively qualify as an ‘interest in immovable property’ as that term is defined in the ITA for CGT purposes? To make this determination, the term ‘immovable property’ as it is used for common –law purposes and the potential misalignment of this definition when compared to the term as it is used in the ITA must be analysed.
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Ahmed, Zainab. "The entitlement of females under Section 14 of the [Indian] Hindu Succession Act, 1956." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360264.
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Jacobs, Petrus Jacobus. "Tenure security under the Communal Property Associations Act 28 of 1996 : an analysis of establishment and management procedures with comparative reference to the Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6678.
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Thesis (LLM )-- University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis discusses the efficacy of procedures involving communal participation in the management of land by communal property associations, and how this contributes to the promotion of security of tenure as envisaged by the South African Land Reform programme. The Communal Property Associations Act 28 of 1996 (CPA Act) is aimed at regulating communal living arrangements to create security of tenure for its respective landholders. However, the general opinion of commentators in the land reform sector has continued to be that communal property institutions are ineffective and generally fail. Many assert that problems experienced are symptoms of a wider weakness relating to the institutional design of the juristic person, its regulation and the support it receives. To determine the strength of this assertion, the concept and conditions of security of tenure in South African law, and the obstacles hampering it, are investigated. Security of tenure is especially important as it provides a foundation from which land holders can exercise their rights productively. This is followed by an overview of the existing legal mechanisms for communal living arrangements that are similar to the arrangements catered for in the CPA Act. One of these arrangements, namely the Sectional Titles Act is used to compare mechanisms similar to the establishment and management procedures in the CPA Act. The main conclusion regarding establishment procedures is that many of the provisions of the CPA Act are not being implemented properly. While some institutional problems exist and must be addressed, negotiation with and guidance by the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform are necessary to overcome such problems. An inadequate establishment process will only lead to problems and conflict in the management phase that could hamper security of tenure. Communal property associations are managed by an organisation structure comprising of a juristic person, a committee and the community. The thesis shows that committee members often lack the necessary training to fulfil their duties adequately. The CPA Act also allow communal property associations too much discretion in allocating powers and functions of the committee that can lead to paralysis in decision-making processes. The Department Rural Development and Land Reform has extensive powers to monitor and intervene in matters of the association if problems exist, but in practice such measures are not resorted to. These problems create dysfunction in many communal property associations. While the CPA Act can provide security of tenure for communities, the most significant obstacle is the lack of support from the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform in implementing the provisions of the CPA Act.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis handel oor die doeltreffendheid van die prosedures rondom die deelname van gemeenskappe aan die bestuur van grond in gemeenskaplike eiendomsverenigings, en hoe dit bydra tot die bevordering van die onaantasbaarheid van grondregte, soos beoog deur die Suid-Afrikaanse grondhervormingsprogram. Die Communal Property Associations Act 28 of 1996 (CPA Wet) het ten doel om gemeenskaplike bewoning van grond te reguleer ten einde om sekerheid vir houers van grond in die hand te werk. Die heersende mening van kommentatore in die grondhervormingsektor is nietemin nog steeds dat gemeenskaplike eiendomsinstellings ondoeltreffend is, en oor die algemeen misluk. Verskeie kommentatore doen aan die hand dat die heersende probleme simptome is van onderliggende tekortkominge in die wyse waarop die regspersoon saamgestel word en hoe dit gereguleer en ondersteun word. Ten einde hierdie opvatting te deurgrond, word daar in hierdie tesis gekyk na die omstandighede waaronder onaantasbaarheid van grondregte bewerkstellig kan word in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg, en na die struikelblokke wat bestaan om heirdie doel te bereik. Onaantasbaarheid van grondregte is belangrik, veral omdat dit die basis is waarop houers van grond in staat gestel word om hul regte produktief uit te oefen. Hierna volg ‘n oorsig van die bestaande regsmeganismes vir gemeenskaplike bewoning van grond, wat soortgelyk is aan dié van die CPA Wet. Een sodanige opset is die Deeltitelswet, wat gebruik word om soortgelyke meganismes vir die totstandkoming van en die bestuursprosedures van die CPA Wet te vergelyk. Die gevolgtrekking met betrekking tot totstandkomingsprosedures is dat die bepalings van die CPA Wet nie behoorlik in werking gestel is nie. Benewens die institusionele probleme wat aangespreek moet word, is onderhandeling met en leiding deur die Departement van Landelike Ontwikkeling en Grondhervorming nodig, om bestaande struikelblokke uit die weg te ruim. ‘n Ontoereikende totstandkomingsproses sal slegs lei tot verdere probleme en geskille in die latere bestuur van die skema wanneer die skema bestuur moet word. Dit werk onsekerheid m.b.t. die grondregte in die hand. Die bestuurstruktuur van gemeenskaplike eiendomsverenigings bestaan uit ‘n regspersoon, ‘n komitee en die gemeenskap. Die tesis dui aan dat komiteelede dikwels nie voldoende opgelei is om hul funksies behoorlik te vervul nie. Die CPA Wet maak ook voorsiening vir te veel diskresionêre begoegdhede in die akte van oprigting en die bepalings omtrent die funksies van die komitee, wat die besluitnemingsproses kan lamlê. Die Departement van Plaaslike Ontwikkeling en Grondhervorming het verreikende magte m.b.t monitering en intervensie in die sake van die verenigings, waar probleme bestaan. In die praktyk word hierdie bevoegdhede egter nie aangewend soos beoog nie. Die probleme versoorsaak dat gemeenkskaplike eiendomsverenigings nie na behore funksioneer nie. Die wetsbepalings kan onaantasbaarheid van grondregte vir gemeenskappe in die hand werk, maar die grootste struikelblok is die behoorlike implementering van die wetsbepalings.
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Santos, Lourival Santana. "A produção do espaço agrário sergipano : estruturação e arranjos (1850-1925)." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2011. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5425.
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The present work has as objective analyzes the production of the sergipano agrarian space in the period from 1850 to 1925. It breaks initially of a discussion on the geographical space as object of the Geography, whose foundations base mainly on
Milton Santos works and Ruy Moreira. Besides, he/she has as objective, to show the relationships between the Law of Lands and the formation of the property fundiária in Sergipe, also showing, the effectiveness of the referred Law through the analysis of the cadaster fundiário of 1854, presenting the way as the earth was juridically appropriate (apossamento, inheritance, buys and sale) and the forms of properties (ranch, farm, ownership etc.). we will still emphasized aspects of the organization of the space agrarian sergipano in the first decades of the century XX, mainly in what he/she refers to your agrarian structure. In spite of the adopted literature to show that the mercantilização of the earth legally begins starting from the validity of the Law of Lands in 1850, consolidating the great property, he/she breaks of the following hypotheses : a) the Law of lands did not impede the consolidation of the small property, on the contrary it institutionalized it through the land cadaster of 1854, what
it infers that this, dressed warmly in the law in screen and quantitatively there were no differences comparing the two extreme periods, 1850 e 1925. The one that we intended to show with the analysis of the data presented in that study it is that the period from 1850 to 1925 was a period of transition of the property of public domain, understanding public domain the period from 1822 to 1850, when the apossession became a form access to land, for the private domain. The Law of lands was just a transition mark for the modern capitalist property and not the responsible, because
as much the small as the great exploration, they were created again in elapsing of the second half of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century . Therefore, studied period is of transition of the slave for the capitalist regime. Even if the Law of lands has imposed the beginning of the purchase as acquisition form, this did not mean the consolidation of the capitalist relationships, since the non -
capitalist production relations for example, the family work, the taskwork and the work for task live together side by side with salaried relationships of production without one of those relationships prevail at least in the period from 1850 to 1925, the mark storm of the research. Another subject that we defended was that the sergipanas agrarian elites saw the order and the progress as a material subject, that is, by order they understood the organization of the work and for progress the introduction of technical innovations in the agrarian section. In that sense, we considered that the transition process for the Capitalism in Sergipe, approached the Laird/Prussion model, tends as responsible for the transition the landowner aristocracy. Methodology, a bibliographical rising was accomplished regarding the category space, as well as to the property of the earth, so much in national level
(Brazil) as place (Sergipe). The data obtained in this research they were worked statistics and presented in pictures, tables and illustrations.O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a produção do espaço agrário sergipano no período de 1850 a 1925. Parte-se inicialmente de uma discussão sobre o espaço geográfico como objeto da Geografia, cujos fundamentos se baseiam principalmente nas obras de Milton Santos e Ruy Moreira. Além disso, tem como objetivo, mostrar as relações entre a Lei de Terras e a formação da propriedade fundiária em Sergipe, mostrando também, a efetividade da referida Lei através da análise do cadastro fundiário de 1854, apresentando o modo como a terra foi juridicamente apropriada (apossamento, herança, compra e venda) e as formas de propriedades (sítio, fazenda, posse etc.). Ademais, enfatiza-se aspectos da organização do espaço agrário sergipano nas primeiras décadas do século XX, principalmente no que se refere à sua estrutura agrária. Apesar de a literatura adotada mostrar que a mercantilização da terra legalmente se inicia a partir da vigência da Lei de Terras em 1850, consolidando a grande propriedade, parte-se das seguintes hipóteses: a) a Lei de terras não impediu a consolidação da pequena propriedade; pelo contrário, institucionalizou-a através do cadastro fundiário de 1854, o que se infere que esta se agasalhou na lei em tela e, quantitativamente, não houve diferenciações comparando os dois períodos extremos, 1850 e 1925. O que pretendemos mostrar, por meio análise dos dados apresentados nesse estudo, é que o período de 1850 a 1925 foi um de transição da propriedade de domínio público - entendendo-se por domínio público o período de 1822 a 1850, quando o apossamento se tornou uma forma de acesso à terra - para o domínio privado. A Lei de terras foi apenas um marco de transição para a moderna propriedade capitalista e não a responsável, pois tanto a pequena como a grande exploração foram recriadas no decorrer da segunda metade do século XIX e início do século XX. Portanto, o período estudado é de transição do regime escravista de produção para o capitalista. Mesmo que a Lei de terras tenha imposto o princípio da compra como forma de aquisição, isto não significou a consolidação das relações capitalistas, uma vez que as relações não capitalistas de produção - a exemplo do trabalho familiar, a empreitada e o trabalho por tarefa - convivem lado a lado com relações assalariadas de produção, sem que uma dessas relações predomine no período. As elites agrárias sergipanas viam a ordem e o progresso como uma questão material, ou seja, por ordem entendiam o ordenamento do trabalho e por progresso a introdução de inovações técnicas no setor agrário. Nesse sentido, o processo de transição para o capitalismo, em Sergipe, se aproximou do modelo Latifundiário/Prussiano, tendo como responsável pela transição a aristocracia latifundiária. Metodologicamente, foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico referente à categoria espaço, como também à propriedade da terra, tanto em nível nacional (Brasil) como local (Sergipe). Os dados obtidos nesta pesquisa foram trabalhados estatisticamente e apresentados em quadros, tabelas e figuras.
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Coe, Jack J. "A critical appraisal of the Federal Arbitration Act 1925 and of the suitability of the Model Law as its replacement for international commercial disputes." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2775/.
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International commercial disputes are distinctive and often exceedingly intricate. The classic influences which make private international law and international business planning multifaceted render international business disputes challenging to dissect and resolve. Conflicts of regulation and putative mandatory laws coincide with multiple languages, cultures, currencies, and interests to generate disputes that pose special problems and implicate tremendous resources. Given these realities, arbitration has emerged as an important fixture in international business planning. States have an interest in being able to offer suitable mechanisms to promote the arbitral process. The FAA Is Outmoded and Discourages Selection of the United States as A Neutral Situs: The main body of the work argues that the Federal Arbitration Act of 1925 should be replaced by the UNCITRAL Model Law for disputes characterized as "international." The present statutory regime is fragmentary and complex; there are many arcane intersections between federal and state law and no centralizing, unifying framework. Anecdotal accounts suggest that these negative attributes discourage selection of the United States as a neutral venue for international arbitration. The UNCITRAL Model Law is the Apt Replacement for the FAA as to International Disputes: The Model Law was drafted by experts, is balanced in its accommodation of the common law and civil law traditions, is becoming increasingly well tested, provides a framework which is familiar to non-Americans and not greatly at odds with existing U.S. doctrine. The arguments against it are, on balance, not compelling, especially given that the basic Model can be augmented to account for certain matters dictated by the U.S. Constitution and by recent developments.
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Van, der Walt Maria Magdalena. "The concept "beneficial use" in South African water law reform / by Maria Magdalena van der Walt." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5537.
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The concept "beneficial use" plays a pivotal role in South African water law reform. It forms the foundation of the mechanism to make water use rights available for the reform of the allocation of water use entitlements. The mechanism involves that water use rights that were unexercised in the two years before the promulgation of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 are not defined as existing lawful water uses. Where the concept "beneficial use" is utilised to cancel unexercised water use rights, it can cause potential hardship. Some people whose rights have been cancelled believe that they should be able to rely on the property clause in section 25 of the Constitution of 1996 to either have the legislation declared unconstitutional or to demand compensation. Section 25 of the Constitution of 1996 prohibits the arbitrary deprivation of property and states that property may only be expropriated for a public purpose or in the public interest, subject to compensation. Section 25(4) states, however, that the public interest includes the nation's commitment to land reform and to reforms to bring about equitable access to all South Africa's natural resources. It is clear from this that reforms to bring about access to water are allowed by the property clause. One of the main questions discussed in this thesis was whether section 32 of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 that made more water available for distribution for reform purposes by cancelling unexercised water user rights, leads to an arbitrary deprivation or an expropriation of property. It should be noted that section 32 of the National Water Act did not constitute an arbitrary deprivation of property, as sufficient reason exists for water law reform. A possible constitutional challenge based on the lack of due process of law because of the retrospective operation of the section may possibly be averted because of the existence of section 33 of the National Water Act. Section 33 of the Act mitigates hardship by allowing unexercised water uses to be declared existing lawful water uses in certain circumstances where a good reason for the non–exercise of the water use right existed. Even in cases where section 33 does not prevent section 32 from being regarded as an arbitrary deprivation of property because there still was not a proper procedure, the government will probably be able to show that the limitation in section 32 is, in terms of section 36(1) of the Constitution of 1996, reasonable and justifiable in an open and democratic society.
Despite the fact that section 25(1) prohibits arbitrary deprivations, it does not prohibit the government from regulating competing rights to use water even though some people may be negatively affected by the regulation. Because the Minister merely acts as public trustee of the nation's water resources on behalf of the national government in terms section 3(1) of the National Water Act, it cannot be claimed that the government acquired the cancelled water use rights. A claim that compensation should be paid for an expropriation of property will therefore not succeed. Compensation is only payable in terms of section 22(6) and section 22(7) of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 for a loss of existing water entitlements, such as existing lawful water uses or existing licences. A court should thus consider interpreting section 25 by providing for compensation where an individual was unfairly burdened and was therefore denied the protection of the equality clause in section 9 of the Constitution when his unexercised water use rights were cancelled by section 32.
The concept "beneficial use" currently restricts the content of the water use entitlement existing in terms of section 4 of the National Water Act 36 of 1998. The loss of the entitlement when inter alia a licence for an existing lawful water use is refused, is not protected by the payment of compensation when water is used in an unfair or disproportionate manner, because such utilisation would not be regarded to be beneficial use. It became apparent that in terms of the current water law dispensation in South Africa, the possibility of compensation for an amendment of a water use licence and the refusal of a licence for an existing lawful water use implies that a water use entitlement is a right in property. The fact that section 22(7) of the National Water Act states that the amount of the compensation must be determined in accordance with section 25(3) of the Constitution implies that the legislature also recognises that a water use entitlement is constitutional property. Section 22(7) of the National Water Act underlines the basic premises of the National Water Act by subjecting the amount of the compensation that is payable to the same limitations that restrict the entitlement to use the water. The stipulations of section 22(7) draw the attention to the fact that the exercise of both existing lawful water uses and water use licences as rights in property is subject to basic principles of the National Water Act such as the Reserve and the concepts "public trusteeship" and "beneficial use" of the water resources.
The fact that compensation is only payable when there has been severe prejudice to the economic viability of an undertaking implies that water use entitlements have to be exercised at the time of the application for the compensation to be payable. The concept "beneficial use" – in the sense that a water use must not be wasteful or polluting and in the sense that only water use entitlements that are being exercised are protected – thus restricts the water use entitlement as a property right. During the research, American and Australian water law reform and their interpretation of their property clauses were compared to water law reform in South Africa and the South African property clause.
Furthermore, Australian policy to encourage more beneficial water use by the trade in water entitlements or allocations, was also discussed. South Africans will likely in future be encouraged to trade in water use entitlements or allocations. The objective with allowing the trade in water use entitlements or allocations is to encourage people to rather use water for uses with a high value instead of uses with a lower value. In this way the concept "beneficial use" may be broadened to include water allocation or entitlement trading. However, it was argued that a disproportionate impact on third parties would mean that water allocation or entitlement trading would in some cases not be regarded as beneficial use anymore.Thesis (LL.D.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Martin, Daniel Gordon 1963. "The Archaeological Resources Protection Act, other federal legislation, and the protection of cultural resources in the United States." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276621.
Full textAbstract:
Within the past 100 years, the protection of archaeological and other cultural resources have fallen in part under federal jurisdiction. The role of federal legislation and regulations, with particular emphasis on the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (ARPA), is evaluated in terms of guidelines, application, and effectiveness. A history of federal legislation is presented, followed by an in-depth review and analysis of ARPA. The relevance and applicability of ARPA and other legislation is reviewed in terms of resource significance, definitions of archaeological material, logistics of law enforcement, and prosecution of violators. A case review is presented and analyzed. The roles of public archaeology and future legislation are discussed as they apply to continued efforts toward preservation of cultural resources.
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Maxwell, Douglas. "Rights to property, rights to buy, and land law reform : applying Article 1 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285096.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation examines the application and effect of Article 1 of the First Protocol to the ECHR in relation to Scots land law reform. Chapter one will reflect on why existing rights to property have come to be challenged. Chapter two sets out the human rights paradigm and scrutinises what rights and whose rights are engaged. Chapter three traces the development of A1P1. Chapter four applies the human rights paradigm to contemporary reforms. Chapter five considers the broader effect A1P1 has had on domestic property law. This dissertation submits that the problem to be overcome is that, in many instances, Scots land law reform has been reduced into a simplistic struggle. A1P1 has been held up as either a citadel protecting landowners or as an ineffective and unjustified right to be ignored. At the core of this debate are competing claims between liberal individualist rights to property and socially democratic, egalitarian goals. This dissertation argues that it is important to move beyond this binary debate. This is not about finding some mysterious "red card" or eureka moment that conclusively shows compatibility or incompatibility. Instead, compatibility will be determined by following a rule-based approach that values rational decision-making and the best available evidence, as well as the importance of democratic institutions. As such, it will be illustrated how future challenges are likely to focus not on the underlying purpose of land law reform but on the macro or micro granularity of Ministerial discretion. In coming to this conclusion, it will be argued that A1P1 has a pervasive influence on the entire workings of all public bodies and, like a dye, permeates the legislative process.
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Searle, Nicola C. "The economics of trade secrets : evidence from the Economic Espionage Act." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1632.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis reports on the economic analysis of trade secrets via data collected from prosecutions under the U.S. Economic Espionage Act (EEA.) Ratified in 1996, the EEA increases protection for trade secrets by criminalizing the theft of trade secrets. The empirical basis of the thesis is a unique database constructed using EEA prosecutions from 1996 to 2008. A critical and empirical analysis of these cases provides insight into the use of trade secrets. The increase in the criminal culpability of trade secret theft has important impacts on the use of trade secrets and the incentives for would-be thieves. A statistical analysis of the EEA data suggest that trade secrets are used primarily in manufacturing and construction. A cluster analysis suggests three broad categories of EEA cases based on the type of trade secret and the sector of the owner. A series of illustrative case studies demonstrates these clusters. A critical analysis of the damages valuations methods in trade secrets cases demonstrates the highly variable estimates of trade secrets. Given the criminal context of EEA cases, these valuation methods play an important role in sentencing and affect the incentives of the owners of trade secrets. The analysis of the lognormal distribution of the observed values is furthered by a statistical analysis of the EEA valuations, which suggests that the methods can result in very different estimates for the same trade secret. A regression analysis examines the determinants of trade secret intensity at the firm level. This econometric analysis suggests that trade secret intensity is negatively related to firm size. Collectively, this thesis presents an empirical analysis of trade secrets.
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Botha, Brink. "A critical analysis of the influence of the "Prevention of the illegal eviction from and unlawful occupation of Land Act 19 of 1998" on investment in residential income-producing property." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/321.
Full textAbstract:
This research will focus on the influence of legislation (as indicated in this research) on the investment decision in residential income-producing property. Assumptions, as recorded in the hypothesis of this study, indicate that the legislation had a changing influence on the investment decision in residential income-producing property in comparison to the time period prior to the promulgation of the legislation. The research methodology will be based on a comparative analysis of the current legislation and the proposed Draft Amendment Bill. This analysis will be tested by means of a case study analysis incorporating a phenomenological study based on written data. The problems, sub-problems and hypothesis will be addressed and tested in this research in conjunction with the prescribed research methodology. This research is concluded by means of a synopsis and recommendations.
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Manie, Latiefa. "The South African law of trusts with a view to legislative reform." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5349.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor Legum - LLDMore than twenty years have passed since the Trust Property Control Act 57 of 1988 came into operation. Although the Act provided context, clarity and regulation in certain areas of trust law, it is apparent that there exists a pressing need to develop statutorily the law of trusts more extensively. To this end, the research has a dual objective: Firstly, to identify those areas of South African trust law that are not currently regulated statutorily but for which, by reason of extensive and, at times, controversial jurisprudential development, such regulation is now essential. Secondly, to analyse critically the Trust Property Control Act in its current form in order to determine the utility of its provisions, particularly in light of jurisprudential development since the Act’s commencement. The purpose of the study is to formulate comprehensive recommendations for legislative reform in the area of South African trust law.
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Kihlman, Jon. "Fel : särskilt vid köp av lös och fast egendom." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Rättsvetenskap (RV), 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1477.
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Schoenbaechler, Jessica. "Beach Drive: Public Rights and Private Property: A Documentary Film." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5345/.
Full textAbstract:
The Texas Open Beaches Act states that the public beach extends from the water up to the line of vegetation. Once a privately-owned property is submerged, it transfers into state ownership. Because of severe erosion and the shifting nature of vegetation, the Village of Surfside has lost several rows of houses and streets and, currently, over thirty houses are located on the public beach obstructing public access in violation of the Texas Open Beaches Act. The extreme erosion in this small village on the Texas Gulf Coast puts homeowners, property owners, legislators, and beachgoers in difficult positions and many are at odds with one another. The documentary film is structured around rental property owner Russell Clinton, environmentalists Ellis Pickett and Jeff Hooton, and former State Senator A.R. "Babe" Schwartz.
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Aboukdir, Anwar. "The timing of the passing of property and risk under the English Sale of Goods Act 1979, the CISG and the Libyan law : the interplay between the principle of party autonomy and the default rule." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25353.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis attempts to critically and comparatively analyse the issues relating to the passing of property and risk under the United Nations Convention on the Contract for International Sale of Goods (CISG) and English Law (SGA). The passing of property and risk plays a central role in the area of international legislation in relation to sales contracts. These elements can be the most significant components in contracts of sale between parties, whether in the international or domestic field. The reason is founded on their legal nature and the close relationship between them. The passing of property and risk has been a central issue for practitioners, judges and lawyers dating back to the Roman period and several ideas have been proposed to resolve it. Where the situation is different for contracts of sale in relation to the passing of property and risk, whether in the domestic or international field, it still creates many unresolved problems, because of ongoing changes in the field of modern commerce, which may contribute to unfair implications between the parties. It has been observed in this thesis that both English law and the CISG adopt the party autonomy principle, where the intention of the parties - whether in relation to the passing of property or risk - is the basic rule. However, the difference lies in the default rules. While English law involves default substitutional rules, which apply in cases where there is an absence of an expressed or implied indication regarding the intention between the parties, the CISG lacks such default rules regarding the transfer of property, which could be viewed as its main weakness, although the CISG does involve such provisions with respect to the transfer of risk. This thesis willdiscusses, the legal nature of the rules in relation to the passing of property and risk, and the role of the party autonomy principle, and the impacts and legal difficulties that might arise through the application of these rules, whether they are default rules or based on the party autonomy principle. It will also examine the legal gaps and weaknesses of both legal systems in an attempt to identify such legal difficulties and to find appropriate solutions and remedies.
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Adamson, Ben. "IP in the corridors of power : a study of lobbying, its impact on the development of intellectual property law, and the implications for the meaning of democracy." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/ip-in-the-corridors-of-power-a-study-of-lobbying-its-impact-on-the-development-of-intellectual-property-law-and-the-implications-for-the-meaning-of-democracy(7d70a931-02da-4ebd-bd9c-dca2805c005c).html.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis demonstrates that, while generally seen as a non-democratic activity, lobbying should in fact be viewed as an important part of democratic policymaking, providing valuable input into law and policy, particularly in areas where expertise is at a premium. Constructing a theoretical model of democracy and using the field of intellectual property as a focal point, the role of private actors is examined across a series of case studies: the 2011 Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth, the 2010 Digital Economy Act, and the proposed 2002 EU Computer Implemented Inventions Directive. Each case study is based upon a combination of secondary sources and the first-hand experiences of certain actors involved and in each case the lobbying activity is critically evaluated in light of the features and normative conditions of the democratic model. This study ultimately shows both the positive aspects and negative aspects of lobbying from a democratic viewpoint, noting that the importance of stakeholder input into the law and policy that will affect those stakeholders is essential. It also shows, however, that equality of access to, and influence over, policymakers is far from satisfactory and that until such inequalities can be resolved, lobbying cannot be fully justified under my model of democracy.
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Summers, James. "Tangible Intangibles in the United States’ Tax Cuts and Jobs Act : How Mixed Definitions of “Intangible” Lead to Mixed Results in the United States’ Efforts to Close Tax Loopholes, Move to a Territorial Tax System, and Reduce Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Abuses." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-352298.
Full textAbstract:
The United States’ Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) changed a 30-year-old definition of the term “intangible property” and added assessment requirements for two different types of “intangible income”, both of which deviate from the newly changed general definition of “intangible” and most common understandings of the meaning of the word. While it may appear unlikely that a change in meaning of a single word in a large tax code could have a drastic effect on international taxation, the differing definitions of “intangible” create far-reaching tangible consequences. The TCJA affects the international taxation of US-based corporations for cross-border transactions, among many ways, by employing different definitions of the word “intangible” in three different provisions. First, it modifies the general statutory definition of “intangible” to specifically include goodwill, workforce in place, and going-concern value will be examined. Second, it uses an unusually broad definition of “intangible” in the new tax category of global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI); and third, the meaning of “intangible” as used in assessing so-called foreign-derived intangible income (FDII) essentially creates a broad export subsidy. Each use of the term will also be assessed on how it ties into the TCJA’s intended purpose for the provision in which it appears. Additionally, they will be assessed on how they compare with established international tax standards provided by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and its Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Plan. By explicitly changing the definition of “intangible property”, it becomes apparent that the TCJA has increased the scope of potential tax liability for US corporations and has brought the US in line with the OECD’s use of the phrase as used in its model convention. In examining how the GILTI tax is calculated, it will become evident that the tax can be applied to income that is not connected to intangibles despite the seemingly limited scope implied by its name. Furthermore, a limitation on foreign tax credit means that GILTI might allow at least some continuation of the old worldwide tax system. While potentially overly-burdensome, GILTI seems to be broadly in line with the BEPS goal towards reducing profit shifting. As a result of how “intangible” is defined for purposes of determining FDII, two effects become apparent. First, for tax categorization, it encompasses income from both tangible and intangible assets. Second, it permits deductions that can be construed as an export incentive.
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Galloway, Kathrine Scott. "Legislating conscience into contract : panacea or pandora's box?" Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16337/.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 11 of the Property Agents and Motor Dealers Act 2000 (Qld) and the Retail Shop Leases Act 1994 (Qld) both introduce procedural requirements to the process for creation of land contracts and were both introduced to address a perceived lack of conscience in each of the industries affected. These represent a recent broadening of the ambit of consumer protection legislation in Queensland which deviates from more traditional methods of statutory intervention into land contracts. This paper focuses on the extent to which the Acts effectively introducing a conscience element into certain land contracts, and the extent to which this alters classical contract law. The effectiveness of the approach is then tested against the critiques of two alternative theories of law - law and economics and feminist contract theory - to see whether the legislative approach answers the deficiencies in contract identified within the terms of each theory.
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Jansson, Emma. "Hur hanterar samfällighetsföreningar som förvaltar enskilda vägar ändrade förhållanden?" Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-34358.
Full textAbstract:
Majoriteten av Sveriges vägnät består av enskilda vägar. Dessa utgörs vanligtvis av en gemensamhetsanläggning som förvaltas av en samfällighetsförening och som är gemensam egendom för de fastigheter som ingår i gemensamhetsanläggningen. De ingående fastigheterna åsätts andelstal som anger den andel som varje fastighet ska betala för drift och underhåll av anläggningen. Det kan uppstå situationer där förhållandena för de ingående fastigheterna ändras. Exempelvis genom att en obebyggd fastighet bebyggs, en väg får en ny sträckning eller att en fastighet ändrar användningssätt. Detta ändrade förhållande medför att andelstalet som gäller för berörd fastighet kan komma att behöva justeras för att motsvara de nya förhållandena. Syftet med detta arbete är att ta reda på hur ändringar av andelstal hanteras av samfällighetsföreningar som förvaltar enskilda vägar samt om ändringarna sker inom ramen för reglerna i anläggningslagen. Målet med studien blir därmed att utforska i vilken utsträckning samfällighetsföreningarna kontaktat Lantmäteriet för att av dem få de nya andelstalen införda i fastighetsregistret. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar har en enkätundersökning genomförts. Enkäten skickades ut till registrerade medlemmar i intresseorganisationen Riksförbundet Enskilda Vägars medlemsregister i Uppsala län och Gävleborgs län. Resultatet av studien visar på att majoriteten av samfällighetsföreningarna som deltagit i enkäten erhåller bidrag, som tycks vara ett incitament till att föreningarna i viss utsträckning inte fastställer korrekta andelstal. Studien visar att de föreningar som får fastställa andelstalen med stöd av 24 a § anläggningslagen (styrelsebeslut) samt de som tillämpat 43 § anläggningslagen (överenskommelse), det vill säga på annat sätt än genom 35 § anläggningslagen (omprövningsförrättning) vid fastställande av nya andelstal, att 49,1 procent inte har anmält ändringen till Lantmäteriet för registrering i fastighetsregistret. 58,3 procent av de som tillämpat 43 § anläggningslagen har inte anmält beslutet till Lantmäteriet för prövning och godkännande. Detta ifrågasätter informationens tillförlitlighet gällande andelstalen som framgår i fastighetsregistret. Resultatet visar också att fastställandet av nya andelstal inte alltid sker med stöd av tillämpliga metoder enligt anläggningslagen samt att orsaken till varför omprövningsförrättning enligt huvudregeln i 35 § anläggningslagen inte tillämpats, ska i huvudsak bero på kostnaden det medför. Studien visar också på att det nuvarande systemet för fastställande av andelstal inte fungerar på ett tillfredsställande sätt. Majoriteten av respondenterna önskar att föreningen själv ska kunna ändra andelstalen, men uppfattningarna om hur fastställandet ska gå till skiljer sig åt bland föreningarna.The majority of Sweden's road network consists of private roads. These are usually commons, a jointly held system called a joint facility which is managed by a joint property management association. The properties included in the facility are assigned a participatory share figure that specifies the proportion of which each property will pay for management and maintenance of the facility. There may be situations where the conditions for the including properties of the facility change. For example, by building an undeveloped property, a road gets a new stretch, or property changes its way of use. This changed situation means that the participatory share figure may need to be adjusted to correspond to the new conditions. The aim of this study is to find out how changes of participatory share figures are handled by the joint property management association that manages private roads as well as whether the changes are made within the framework of the rules of the Joint Property Act. The goal of the study is thus to explore the extent to which the joint property management association contacted Lantmäteriet (the Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority) to get the new figures registered in the real property register. To answer the questions of the study a web-based survey was conducted and sent to members of the Swedish Private Road Association. Members from Uppsala County and Gävleborg County were asked to participate. The study shows that the majority of the joint property management associations are receiving subsidies, which seems to be an incentive for the associations to a certain extent not to determine the correct participatory share figures. The study shows that the associations that are allowed to determine the participatory share figures based on 24 a § of the Joint Property Act and those who have applied 43 § of the Joint Property Act, namely another method than reconsider according to 35 § of the Joint Property Act, that 49,1 per cent have not contacted Lantmäteriet for registration of the new participatory share figures in the real property register. 58,3 per cent of those who applied 43 § of the Joint Property Act have not notified Lantmäteriet for a review and approval of the agreement, according to the law. This questions the reliability of the information regarding the participatory share figures in the real property register. The result also shows that the determination of new participatory share figures is not always based on applicable methods according to the law. A reason why the reconsider method was not used, was mainly due to the cost it entails. The study also shows that the current system for determining participatory share figures does not work satisfactorily. There is a wish among the associations that they would be able to change the share figures themselves, but how, that opinion differs among the associations.
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Van, der Schyff Elmarie. "The constitutionality of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 / Elmarie van der Schyff." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1663.
Full textAbstract:
The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002
(MPRDA} is premised on the principle that minerals are part of the
natural heritage of all South Africans. Section 3 of the MPRDA
articulates the core of the new mineral law dispensation. Through the
provisions of the said section, new concepts are introduced to the field of
mineral law previously governed by the South African common law
system of private ownership, based on Roman-Dutch principles.
The study focused on section 3 of the MPRDA and the consequences
ensuing from its implementation. Consequently, a historical overview of
the development of South African mineral law was followed by an
exposition of the development of the constitutional property concept. It
was concluded that mineral rights from the previous dispensation
constitute property protected by section 25 of the Constitution. It was
also found that the development encapsulated in the MPRDA in respect
of the ownership of the country's unsevered minerals, is indicative of the
decline of private property. It is substituted by a line of thought which
recognises that certain interests 'are held in common' by the nation.
This idea is also found in inter alia the National Water Act 36 of 1998
and the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998.
This led to the next section of the research where the concept of
custodial sovereignty as manifested in the Anglo-American public trust
doctrine was studied. It was apparent that the public trust doctrine is a
legal construct whereby ownership of certain assets vests in the state, to
be administered on behalf of the nation and generations yet to come.
The historical survey of the Roman concepts of res publicae and res
omnium communes indicated that although this doctrine is not part of
South Africa's common law heritage, principles underlying the doctrine
found application in South African law in respect of the seashore. The
conclusion was reached that the doctrine has indeed been incorporated
in South African mineral law by the MPRDA, constituting a new mineral
law regime in the country.
Due to the fact that a new mineral law dispensation was introduced,
mineral rights as they existed in the previous mineral law dispensation
were annihilated. It was, therefore, necessary to determine whether this
annihilation resulted in the expropriation of property. Consequently the
content of the concept 'expropriation' was studied in order to determine
whether the previously held mineral rights were expropriated. The study
indicated that expropriation entails the acquisition of property by the
state, but that ample room exists for the development of the concept of
constructive expropriation. Based on the information gained on the
concept of expropriation, the consequences ensuing from the MPRDA
for the holders of common law mineral rights and old order rights and the
impact of the MPRDA on ownership of landowners were analysed. It was
indicated that the extent of the deprivation brought about by the MPRDA
varies between expropriation and the regulation of mining activities. The
significance of section 3 of the MPRDA for the people of South Africa
was analysed and it was found that the newly introduced doctrine can be
applied to the advantage of the nation as a whole.
A separate section of the research entailed a limited comparative
analysis of Canadian mining law that focused on constitutional
jurisdiction over minerals in the Canadian mining regime and the taking
of property interests in minerals. It is proposed that the South African
expropriation concept should develop along the lines followed in
Canadian jurisprudence.
After considering the abovementioned aspects, the final conclusion of
the study is that the concepts introduced by and the consequences
emanating from the implementation of section 3 of the MPRDA are
constitutionally justifiable.Thesis (LL.D (Indigenous Law)) -- North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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Dube, Phephelaphi. "Reconsidering historically based land claims." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1836.
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Thesis (LLM (Public Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The 1996 Constitution provides in s 25(7) that individuals and communities who had been dispossessed of rights in land after 19 June 1913, as a result of past discriminatory laws, may claim restitution or equitable redress. The Restitution of Land Rights Act 22 of 1994 reiterates the 1913 cut-off date for restitution claims. The cut-off date appears to preclude pre-1913 land dispossessions. Various reasons are cited for this date, the most obvious being that it reflects the date on which the Black Land Act came into effect. The Richtersveld and Popela decisions of the lower courts appear to confirm the view that historically based land claims for dispossessions that occurred prior to 1913 are excluded from the restitution process. In Australia and Canada restitution orders have been made possible by the judicially crafted doctrine of aboriginal land rights. However, historical restitution claims based on this doctrine are constrained by the assumption that the Crown, in establishing title during colonisation, extinguished all existing titles to land. This would have meant that the indigenous proprietary systems would have been lost irrevocably through colonisation. In seeking to overcome the sovereignty issue, Australian and Canadian courts have distinguished between the loss of sovereignty and the loss of title to land. In this way, the sovereignty of the Crown is left intact while restitution orders are rendered possible. South African courts do not have to grapple with the sovereignty issue since post-apartheid legislation authorises the land restitution process. The appeal decisions in Richtersveld and Popela recognised that some use rights survived the colonial dispossession of ownership. This surviving right was later the subject of a second dispossession under apartheid. By using this construction, which is not unlike the logic of the doctrine of aboriginal title in fragmenting proprietary interests, the second dispossession could then be said to meet the 1913 cut-off date, so that all historically based land claims are not necessarily excluded by the 1913 cut-off date. However, it is still possible that some pre-1913 dispossessions could not be brought under the umbrella of the Richtersveld and Popela construction, and the question whether historically based restitution claims are possible despite the 1913 cut-off date will resurface, especially if the claimants are not accommodated in the government’s land redistribution programme
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die 1996 Grondwet bepaal in a 25(7) dat individue en gemeenskappe wat na 19 Junie 1913 van ‘n reg in grond ontneem is, as gevolg van rasgebaseerde wetgewing en praktyke, geregtig is om herstel van sodanige regte of gelykwaardige vergoeding te eis. Die Wet op Herstel van Grondregte 22 van 1994herhaal die 1913-afsnydatum vir grondeise. Dit lyk dus asof die afsnydatum die ontneming van grond voor 1913 uitsluit. Verskeie redes word vir hierdie datum aangevoer, waarvan die bekendste is dat dit die datum is waarop die Swart Grond Wet in werking getree het. Dit beslissing van die laer howe in beide die Richtersveld- en die Popela-beslissings bevestig blykbaar dat ontneming van grond of regte in grond voor 1913 van die restitusie-proses uitgesluit word. In Australië en Kanada is restitusiebevele moontlik gemaak deur die leerstuk van inheemse grondregte. Historiese restitusie-eise in hierdie jurisdiksies word egter aan bande gelê deur die veronderstelling dat die Kroon, deur die vestiging van titel gedurende kolonialisering, alle vorige titels op die grond uitgewis het. Dit sou beteken dat die inheemsregtelike grondregsisteme onherroeplik verlore geraak het deur kolonialisering. Ten einde die soewereiniteitsprobleem te oorkom het die Australiese en Kanadese howe onderskei tussen die verlies van soewereiniteit en die verlies van titel tot die grond. Op hierdie wyse word die soewereiniteit van die Kroon onaangeraak gelaat terwyl restitusiebevele steeds ‘n moontlikheid is. Suid-Afrikaanse howe het nie nodig gehad om die soewereiniteitskwessie aan te spreek nie omdat post-apartheid wetgewing die herstel van grondregte magtig. Die appélbeslissings in Richtersveld en Popela erken dat sekere gebruiksregte die koloniale ontneming van eiendom oorleef het. Die oorblywende gebruiksregte is later ‘n tweede keer ontneem as gevolg van apartheid. Deur gebruikmaking van hierdie konstruksie, wat dieselfde logika volg as die leerstuk van inheemsregtelike regte en berus op fragmentasie van eiendomsaansprake, kan gesê word dat die tweede ontneming van grond wel binne die 1913-afsnydatum val. Gevolglik sal alle historiese restitusie-eise nie noodwendig deur die 1913- afsnydatum uitgesluit word nie. Dit is steeds moontlik dat sommige pre-1913 ontnemings nooit onder die vaandel van die Richtersveld- en Popela-beslissings gebring sal kan word nie, en die vraag of histories gebaseerde eise moontlik is ongeag die 1913-afsnydatum sal daarom weer opduik, veral indien die grondeisers nie geakkommodeer word in die grondherverdelingsprogram van die staat nie.
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Hanekom, H. L. D. (Hendrik Lodewyk Deetlefs). "Die objek van outeursreg." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/66768.
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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 1989.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: English abstract not available
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tradisionele opvatting was dat Outeursreg gemoeid is met die beskerming van die materiele vorm waarin idees vasgele is. Sedertdien het die klem egter verskuif na die beskerming van die idee self mits dit egter in stoflike vorm vervat is. In hierdie tesis word ondersoek ingestel na wat presies die objek van Outeursreg is en watter rol stoflike aanbieding in Outeursreg sped. Ter aanvang word gekyk na die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van Outeursreg. Daar word gekyk na die pick wat Outeursreg in die regsisteem beklee met spesifieke verwysing na die tradisionele indeling van subjektiewe regte. Dit blyk hieruit dat Outeursreg, as bestaandeel van Immaterieel goedereg, 'n onstoflike regsobjek het nl. die produk van die outeur se geestesarbeid of dan sy idee. Die verwysing na die vereiste van stoflike aanbieding van idees verg egter nadere ondersoek. Die Wet op Outeursreg 98 van 1973 word ontleel met betrekking tot die aard van beskermde werke; vereistes vir Outeursregbaskerming; definisies van terme soos "outeur" en "maak" asook die van die onderskeie werke; die eiendomsregterminologie en skendingshandelinge. Regsvergelykend word oorsigtelik ook na die Amerikaanse Reg verwys. Uit hierdie ontleding blyk stoflikheid vir doeleindes van die tradisionele Outeursregwerke te verwys na tasbare aanbieding daarvan, mar dat sb 'n eng definisie nie gehandhaaf kan word ten opsigte van moderne tegnologiese ontwikkelings soos uitsendings en programdraende seine nie, aangesien hierdie werke van sä 'n aard is dat tasbare vasle:gging daarvan nie noodwendig altyd plaasvind nie. Onder die skrywers wat hierdie probleem bespreek is professors Copeling en Van der Merwe wat aan stoflikheid 'n alternatiewe, wyer betekenis toedig nl. kommunikeerbare of sintuiglik waarneembare aanbieding. 'n Botsing tussen die tradisionele en aanbevole definisie van stoflikheid in die regspraak word ook uitgewys. Ten einde tegnologie te akkommodeer word die wyer definisie van stoflikheid in hierdie tesis voorgehou. Die implikasies van hierdie wyer definisie van stoflikheid is egter verreikend. Professor Copeling bevestig dan ook dat dit die moontlikheid van Outeursreg in mondelinge kommunikasies inhou. Gevolglik word daar veral gekyk waarom idees as sulks beskerm word deur Onregmatige Mededinging, maar nie deur Outeursreg nie - 'n vraag wat beantwoord word met verwysing na die invloed van moderne tegnologie op die tradisionele indelings van die Immaterieel goederereg. Uit hierdie ondersoek blyk dit dat Onregmatige Mededinging berus op die Immaterieel goederereg in plaas van die Deliktereg. Die uitgebreide definisie van stoflikheid veroorsaak dat die bestaande indelings van Immaterie61 goedereregte versmelt. Dit ruim ook die huidige konflik rondom die vereiste van stoflikheid in die Wet op Outeursreg 93 van 1973 uit die weg. Laastens word kortliks gewys op die drastiese veranderinge in die spelreels vir inligtingsprodukte wat nodig sal wees om die balans tussen die aansprake van Outeursreghebbendes en die gemeenskap te handhaaf indien die uitgebreide definisie van stoflikheid aangewend word. Uiteindelik dien stoflikheid ook in sy uitgebreide vorm steeds die tradisionele doe om die werk af te skei van die maker se persoonlikheid en dit sodoende buite die mens gelee te maak.
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Östlund, Linda. "Inställda förrättningar : Orsaker till inställande i Gävleborg, Dalarna och Jämtlands län 2013-2017." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, GIS, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27237.
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Sometimes obstacles arise in cadastral procedures that make it impossible to carry out the party's claim. An obstacle may be that property formation does not meet the conditions in chapter 3. or 5 chap. property formation (SFS 1970: 988). According to a press release issued by the Government Chancellor on January 19, 2017 (Regeringskansliet, 2017), the average processing time for an cadastral procedures is approximately 47.1 weeks at the Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority (based on the last five years). The Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority was commissioned to work towards shorten cases queues. By detecting obstacles in cadastral proceedings earlier, those cases that are not possible to be implemented can be removed from the case queue and help shorten the processing time. By examin cases that have been canceled due to a material barrier, a basis has been provided for reasons of resignation. During the period from 1 January to 31 december 2017, 74 cadastral procedurs were canceled in Gävleborg, Dalarna and Jämtland on due to material barriers. In view of the outcome of Klang (Klang, 2010) and the result of this work it can be concluded that the section of the law that most often cause barriers to cadastral procedurs are found in chapter 3 of the Property Formation Act. An examination of the property formation at an earlier stage would facilitate the work of the establishment. If obvious defects of appropriateness and conditions that are significantly contrary to the applicable land rules are discovered and can be resolved already at the first examination of the application, it could help reduce the processing time for that case. If not, the case would even be considered impracticable already there. However, in order to be able to make such an assessment at first examination, there is a certain kind of competence that is already lacking today.Ibland uppkommer hinder i förrättningar som omöjliggör ett genomförande av sakägarens yrkande. Ett hinder kan vara att fastighetsbildningen inte uppfyller villkoren i 3 kap. eller 5 kap. fastighetsbildningslagen (SFS 1970:988). Enligt ett pressmeddelande från Regeringskansliet den 19 januari 2017 (Regeringskansliet, 2017) är den genomsnittliga handläggningstiden för ett förrättningsärende ca 47,1 veckor hos det Statliga Lantmäteriet (baserat på de senaste fem åren). Lantmäteriet fick i uppdrag att jobba för att korta ner ärendekön. Genom att upptäcka hinder i förrättningsärenden tidigare kan dessa ärenden som inte är möjliga att genomföra tas ur ärendekön och bidra till att korta handläggningstiden. Genom att kvalitativt granska förrättningar som har blivit inställda på grund av ett materiellt hinder har ett underlag tagits fram för orsaker till inställande. Under tidsperioden 2013-01-01 till 2017-12-31 inställdes 74 stycken förrättningar i Gävleborg, Dalarna och Jämtlands län på grund av materiella hinder. Med tanke på resultatet som Klang (Klang, 2010) fick fram gällande förrättningar enligt fastighetsbildningslagen och resultatet i detta arbete kan slutsatsen dras att de lagrum som oftast orsakar hinder för att genomföra förrättningar finns i fastighetsbildningslagens 3 kapitel. En prövning av fastighetsbildningslagen i ett tidigare skede skulle underlätta arbetet med förrättningen. Om uppenbara lämplighetsbrister och förhållanden som påtagligt strider emot gällande markbestämmelser upptäckts och kan åtgärdas redan vid första granskning av ansökan skulle det kunna bidra till att handläggningstiden för det ärendet kortades ned. Om inte ärendet till och med skulle anses vara ogenomförbart redan där. För att kunna göra en sådan bedömning vid första granskning krävs det dock en viss typ av kompetens som det idag redan är brist på.
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Macedo, José Alberto Oliveira. "ITBI: aspectos constitucionais e infraconstitucionais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-11112011-114342/.
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O propósito deste trabalho é apresentar as questões doutrinárias relevantes que envolvem o imposto sobre a transmissão inter vivos, a qualquer título, por ato oneroso, de bens imóveis, por natureza ou acessão física, e de direitos reais sobre imóveis, exceto os de garantia, bem como cessão de direitos a sua aquisição (ITBI), no âmbito constitucional, da lei complementar tributária e da lei ordinária. Para tal desiderato, no primeiro capítulo, foram abordados o tema da linguagem e sua importância para o estudo do direito, a metodologia adotada, com as categorias da semiótica, bem como o relacionamento entre as normas jurídicas de direito tributário e as de direito privado. No segundo capítulo, tratou-se da distinção entre o texto escrito e a significação que dele se obtém, assim como da construção do sentido da norma jurídica, de sua estrutura e das distinções entre sistema do direito positivo, sistema normativo e ordenamento jurídico. A essência do terceiro capítulo foi o estudo do conceito de imunidade tributária e uma primeira aproximação das materialidades das imunidades específicas do ITBI. No quarto capítulo, nós examinamos as questões relevantes sobre o ITBI e a lei complementar. Nesse estudo tratou-se do enquadramento dos Municípios no sistema federativo, da lei complementar tributária e sua importância para a estabilidade do pacto federativo e da regulamentação da imunidade condicionada do ITBI, prevista no artigo 156, §2º, I, da Constituição de 1988. No quinto capítulo, abordaram-se todas as questões relevantes do ITBI nos critérios da regra-matriz de incidência tributária, e os critérios materiais possíveis do ITBI a partir da Constituição. No critério temporal, as possibilidades de adiantamento do momento da incidência do ITBI. No critério espacial, o local onde se pode considerar ocorrida a transmissão do bem imóvel. No critério pessoal, as possibilidades de contribuintes e a responsabilidade tributária dos tabeliães e oficiais de registro de imóveis. No critério quantitativo, a base de cálculo do ITBI com suas possibilidades: preço, valor venal no IPTU e valor de mercado, sua determinação nos casos de permuta de imóveis e de partilha de bens, bem como sua redução na transmissão de direitos reais menores que o direito de propriedade.The purpose of this work is to present the relevant doctrinaire questions about the tax on inter vivos transfer, on any account, by onerous acts, of real property, by nature or physical accession, and of real rights to property, except for real security, as well as the assignment of rights to the purchase therof (ITBI), in a constitutional, supplementary law and ordinary law scope. For this goal, in the first chapter, were broached the language subject and its importance to law studies, the choosen methodology, including semiotics cathegories, as well as the relationship between tax law rules and civil law rules. In the second chapter, we broached the difference between in writing text and the meaning that we obtain from it, as well as the rule sense formation, its structure and the differences between positive law, normative system and juridical ordainment. The essence of the third chapter was the study of the constitutional exemption and a first approach on ITBI specific constitutional exemption materialities. In the fourth chapter, we examined the relevant issues on ITBI and supplementary law. On this study we dealt with the fitting of municipalities in the federative system subject, the supplementary law and its importance on federative alliance juridical safety, the regulation of the ITBI constitutional conditioned exemption, ruled on article 156, paragraph 2, I, Constitution of 1988. In the fifth chapter, we broached all the relevant ITBI issues on the tax incidence matrix rule and the possible ITBI material criterion on a constitutional basis. In the temporal criterion, the possibilities of anticipation of the ITBI incidence instant. In the spatial criterion, the place where it can be considered occurred the transfer of real property. In the personal criterion, the possibilities of taxpayer choices and the notary public and real property register office tax answerableness. In the quantitative criterion, ITBI tax basis possibilities: fixed price, tax on urban buildings and urban land property basis and market price, and its settling in real property exchange and real estate apportionment cases, as well as its reduction in transfer of real rights to property lesser than real property.
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Haskin, Eleanor. "Legal Consciousness and the Legal Culture of NAGPRA." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1601049615507107.
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Wilhelmsson, Maja. "Markägaren, allemansrätten och invasionen : En diskussion om ansvaret för skador på marken när kommersiella aktörer nyttjar mark med stöd av allemansrätten. Eller: Vad händer om en kommersiell bärplockare startar en skogsbrand?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Rätt och rättsfilosofi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-64724.
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Under senare tid har allt fler företag börjat utöva verksamhet där mark nyttjas för olika aktiviteter med stöd av allemansrätten. HD har bedömt att sådant nyttjande; kanalisering, är tillåtet med stöd av allemansrätten, men uttalade i NJA 1996 s. 495 (”Forsränningsmålet”) samtidigt att nyttjandet bara är tillåtet så länge marken inte skadas. Eftersom skadeståndsfrågan aldrig har prövats i samband med allemansrätten har föremålet för denna uppsats varit att utreda möjligheterna att utfå ersättning för skador via allmänna skadeståndsrättsliga regler, skadestånds- och avhjälpandeansvaret i miljöbalken samt för intrång i äganderätten via expropriationslagen och möjligheten att få ersättning ur en försäkring. Expropriationsalternativet kan inte användas idag, eftersom marknyttjande med stöd av allemansrätten är ett icke ersättningsgillt intrång i äganderätten. Möjligheterna till att betrakta en skada på marken som en sakskada är stora. Det finns emellertid omständigheter som skapar komplikationer för båda skadeståndsansvarsformerna. En allmän skadeståndstalan kräver att culpa hos skadevållaren kan bevisas, vilket kan vara svårt när många människor vistas på en plats samtidigt. Kanalisatören kan betraktas som culpös enligt principerna om kumulativ eller anonym culpa, enligt vilka en principal blir ansvarig, trots att de individer han ansvarar för inte, var och en för sig, varit culpösa. Det miljörättsliga skadeståndsansvaret bygger på ersättning för störningar som inte är orts- eller allmänvanliga. När det gäller allemansrättsligt nyttjande torde många störningar betraktas som just orts- eller allmänvanliga. Avhjälpandeansvaret i miljöbalken bygger på ersättning för miljöfarlig verksamhet, och det är tveksamt om det kan tillämpas på kanalisatörens verksamhet. Expropriationsersättning på grund av allemansrättsligt nyttjande tillerkänns inte markägaren enligt gällande rätt, vilket kan tyckas märkligt eftersom många nyttjandeformer som påminner om allemansrätten, t.ex. servitut, medför sådan ersättningsrätt. Det finns vissa möjligheter att ersätta markskador ur försäkringar. Dock är de flesta skador följden av invasionsproblematik, som är mycket svårt försäkra. Samtliga ersättningsformer har visat sig otillräckliga för att ersätta skador som är estetiska och ideella, eftersom sådana skador inte kan beräknas i pengar. Beroende på hur marknyttjande med stöd av allemansrätten betraktas har man olika åsikt om i vad mån kanalisatören borde ersätta markägaren för skador på marken. Om nyttjandet uppfattas som någonting som finns vid sidan av markäganderätten är endast konkreta skador ersättningsgilla. Om man anser att nyttjandet är ett intrång i äganderätten och en förmögenhetsöverföring från markägaren till kanalisatören bör emellertid redan rätten att nyttja marken föranleda ersättning. Den ersättningsform som bäst tillgodoser markägarens intresse av att få skador på marken åtgärdade och få ersättning för ekonomisk förlust är avhjälpandeansvaret. Endast det ansvaret reparerar till fullo skador på miljön. Det krävs emellertid ett domstolsavgörande för att slutligen klargöra avhjälpandeansvarets tillämplighet.Recently, more and more companies have come to exercise activities under the right of public access on land that belongs to whomever. The High Court has assessed that such use of land; channeling, is permitted, but in NJA 1996 s. 495 (“The Rafting Case”) also announced that this use is only allowed as long as the land remains unharmed. Since the question of damages in the context of the right of public access has not yet been treated in jurisprudence, the object of this thesis has been to investigate the possibilities to obtain restitution for damages via tort law, liability under the environment act as well as for proprietary intrusions under the expropriation act and restitution via insurance. Expropriation, however, cannot currently be made use of, since the right of public access is an intrusion which does not entail restitution. There are extensive possibilities for considering damage to the land as damage to property. However, there are ramifications for both the legal options for damages: the tort law and the environmental act. The tort law requires tortuous behaviour from the tortfeasor to be established, which is difficult when several persons stay at one place simultaneously. The canalizer may be considered tortuous under the principle of vicarious liability and cumulative or anonymous tort. According to these principles, the canalizer is responsible for the actions of certain individuals, even though they have not, individually, been negligent. The environmental liability for damage is based on restitution for disturbances that are not common to the place nor to the general public. This fact is difficult to establish in the context of the right of public access. The remedial responsibility of the environmental act is constructed for operations that are harmful to the environment, which is why it is dubious whether the responsibility is applicable to the canalizer’s activities. Currently, compensation for expropriation cannot result of use of land under the right of public access. This is peculiar, since many usufructs reminiscent of the right of public access, i.e. the easement, result in such compensation. Some forms of damage to the land can be insured. Although, most damage in this context arise from invasion, a cause of damage which is nearly impossible to insure. All forms of restitution have proven insufficient for compensating damage that is esthetic or otherwise non-pecuniary. Depending on if the right of public access is regarded as proprietary intrusion or something that exists alongside the right to property, one comes to different conclusions about the extent of compensation for damage. In the former case, only substantial damage is compensable. In the latter case, even the right to use the land occasions compensation. The liability which best meets the needs of the proprietor: compensation and restoration of damage to his property, is the remedial responsibility of the environmental code. This responsibility alone fully restores harm to the environment. However, the applicability of the remedial responsibility needs to be established in jurisprudence.
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Karlsson, Andreas. "Ersättning vid upphovsrättsintrång enligt 54 § 1 st. URL : En momspliktig upplåtelse / överlåtelse eller ett skadestånd utan skada?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-14256.
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Mervärdesskatterättsligt särbehandlas omsättning av upphovsrätter genom tillämpning av en reducerad skattesats. I 7 kap. 1 § 3 st. 8-9 p. ML hänvisas direkt till upphovsrättslagen för bedömningen av förekomsten av en upphovsrättsligt skyddad prestation och rättighetens övergång. Föreligger en mervärdesskatterättslig omsättning av ekonomiska värden samtidigt med en upphovsrättsligt giltig upplåtelse eller överlåtelse av en upphovsrättsligt skyddad prestation ska omsättningen beskattas med en reducerad skattesats om sex procent. Uppsatsen utreder intrångsersättning enligt 54 § 1 st. URL i relation till det mervärdesskatterättsliga omsättningsbegreppet och den reducerade skattesatsen i 7 kap. 1 § 3 st. 8-9 p. ML. Ersättning enligt 54 § 1 st. URL ska erläggas då ett intrång i upphovsrätten kan konstateras. Ersättning ska alltid utgå oavsett god tro och även i fall där upphovsmannen, genom t.ex. positiva sidoeffekter, tjänat på intrånget. I doktrin har det därför uttalats att ersättningen inte utgör skadestånd, något som lagstiftaren uttryckligen klassificerat den att vara. Vid en granskning av ersättningens karaktär och syfte i relation till upphovsrättslagens regler för rättighetens övergång framgår att en upphovsrättsligt giltig överlåtelse eller upplåtelse inte föreligger vid en transaktion som föranlett ersättningsskyldighet enligt 54 § 1 st. URL. Enligt 7 kap. 1 § 3st. 8-9 p. ML är detta en förutsättning för att transaktionen ska omfattas av den reducerade skattesatsen. I ett mervärdesskatterättsligt perspektiv står det emellertid klart att ersättning enligt 54 § 1 st. URL är tänkt att spegla de förhållanden som hade gällt om parterna ingått avtal på förhand och att det finns ett ostridigt samband mellan ersättningens storlek och det faktiska nyttjandet av rättigheten. Således skulle ersättningen mervärdesskatterättsligt kunna jämställas med en upplåtelse av nyttjanderätt. För tillämpning av den reducerade skattesatsen i 7 kap. 1 § 3st. 8-9 p. ML är ett jämställande med upplåtelse ur mervärdesskatterättslig synpunkt emellertid inte tillräckligt. Mervärdesskattelagens ovillkorliga koppling till upphovsrättslagen i 7 kap. 1 § 3st. 8-9 p. ML medför att en upplåtelse ska prövas enligt upphovsrättslagens regler för rättighetens övergång. Den samlade slutsatsen av uppsatsens utredning är följaktligen att ersättning enligt 54 § 1 st. URL kan omfattas av det mervärdesskatterättsliga omsättningsbegreppet. Mervärdesskattelagens ovillkorliga koppling till upphovsrättslagen innebär emellertid att ersättningen inte kan omfattas av 7 kap. 1 § 3st. 8-9 p. ML och den reducerade skattesatsen om 6 procent. Ersättningen utbetalas till följd av ett intrång och avsaknaden av en uttrycklig överenskommelse hindrar en tillämpning av 7 kap. 1 § 3st. 8-9 p. ML.VAT turnover of copyrights are subject to a reduced VAT-rate. In the Value added tax act (ML) the paragraph of 7 kap. 1 § 3 st. 8-9 p. ML refers directly to the Copyright act (URL) for the assessment of the existence of a copyright and, the sale or lease of such a right. If a taxable supply is at hand while, simultaneously, a legally valid lease or sale of a copyright can be established, the turnover is taxed at a reduced VAT-rate of six percent. The thesis investigates intrusion compensation under Article 54 § 1 st. URL relative to the value added tax turnover concept and the reduced rate in 7 kap 1 § 3 st. 8-9 p. ML. Compensation according to Article 54 § 1 st. URL must be paid when an infringement of copyright is at hand. Compensation should always be paid regardless of good faith and even in cases where the holder of the right has earned revenue by e.g. spin-offs. In the legal literature, it has therefore been expressed that Article 54 § 1 st. URL does not constitute damages, something that the legislature explicitly has classified it to be. When reviewing the character and purpose of the compensation in relation to URL, and its rules for the transition of the right, it is clear that a valid transition does not exist in a transaction that has prompted compensation under Article 54 § 1 st. URL. According to 7 kap. 1 § 3st. 8-9 p. ML, this is a prerequisite. For the transaction to be covered by the reduced VAT-rate, a valid transition, according to the general rules of the rights transition in URL, must be at hand. However, from a VAT-perspective, compensation under 54 § 1 st. URL is meant to reflect the conditions that would have been if the concerned parties had reached an agreement in advance. There is an undisputed link between the remuneration and the actual use of the right. Thus, the compensation could be deemed equal to a lawful lease of copyright. For the purposes of the reduced tax rate in 7 kap. 1 § 3st. 8-9 p. ML, an equation of the compensation to a lawful lease of copyright is not sufficient. The provision is directly connected to URL and any transition of copyright must therefore be examined under the URL's rules for the transition of rights. The overall conclusion of this thesis is therefore that compensation under 54 § 1 st. URL may be subject to VAT. However, due to the unconditional connection to URL, the turnover cannot qualify for the reduced tax rate of six percent stipulated in 7 kap. 1 § 3st. 8-9 p. ML. The compensation is paid as a result of an infringement of copyright and the absence of an explicit agreement prevents the application of the reduced tax rate in 7 kap. 1 § 3st. 8-9 p. ML.
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Bursuc, Vlad A. "Amateurism and Professionalism in the National Collegiate Athletic Association." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1374144535.
Full text
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Mazáček, David. "Mezinárodní srovnání práv spojených s akvizicemi nemovitostí." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192638.
Full textAbstract:
Diploma thesis concerns about legal regulations of real estate by new civil codex with reflection to the previous and international legal regulation.The aim of the thesis is to assess the functionality of new civil code and its benefits in the real estate investment transactions in Czech Republic. This analysis is supported with overview of transfrontier real estate acquisitions made by foreign investors in Czech Republic and additionally also real estate investments of Czech investors abroad. This thesis therefore tries to provide answers to multiple questions ranging from analysis of new civil codex regulation, its impacts, risks and functionality then secondly its similarities in comparison to foreign law regulation (of Germany, Austria, Great Britain, Italy and France). From the perspective of transfrontier real estate acquisitions this thesis concerns about law acknowledgement for foreigner parties in real estate transactions in Czech Republic and counterbalance of the similar rights on the side of Czech residents in reciprocal acquisition process. The analysis is supported by the debate of accuracy of either liberal or protectionist attitude to foreign real estate investors' regulation with a reflection to current international political, sociological and economical course of events.
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Latil, Arnaud. "Création et droits fondamentaux." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30073/document.
Full textAbstract:
L’approche juridique de la notion de création est confuse. Elle est traditionnellement envisagée à travers les droits de propriété intellectuelle (droit d’auteur, brevet, dessins et modèles, etc.). Mais cette approche est insuffisante. Les droits fondamentaux permettent de s’en apercevoir. En effet, la création constitue à la fois une activité humaine (un acte créatif) et un objet de propriété (un bien créatif). L’acte créatif est garanti par la liberté de création. La nature de cette dernière demeure toutefois incertaine. Elle oscille entre un rattachement à la liberté d’expression ou à la liberté du commerce et de l’industrie. De plus, le test de proportionnalité conduit à examiner les limites de la liberté de création à l’aune des « lois du genre créatif ». Les droits fondamentaux invitent alors à dépasser la conception de l’acte créatif compris comme un message.Le bien créatif est protégé par le droit de propriété. Les droits fondamentaux conduisent cependant à remettre en cause la conception française des biens créatifs en soulignant davantage leur dimension économique. De plus, le test de proportionnalité implique de redessiner les limites du droit de propriété en tenant compte de ses fonctions sociales. En définitive, les droits fondamentaux brouillent la frontière entre le droit de propriété et le droit de la concurrence déloyaleThe legal approach to the notion of creation is vague. It is traditionally considered in the light of intellectual property rights (copyright, patent, design, etc.), but this approach is insufficient. Fundamental rights show us this. They let us distinguish between its different dimensions: creation as both a human activity (a creative act) and an object of property (a creative good). The freedom of creation protects and ensures the creative act. However, the nature of the former remains unclear. It fluctuates between falling within the freedom of expression and the freedom to conduct a business. Furthermore, the proportionality test leads to the limits of creative freedom being examined in terms of “laws of the creative type”. Fundamental rights then require us to go beyond the concept of the creative act as a message.The creative good is protected by property law. Fundamental rights, however, bring into question the French concept of a creative good by further emphasising their economic aspect. Moreover, the proportionality test means retracing the boundaries of property law by taking into account its social functions. Fundamental rights therefore blur the line between property law and unfair competition law
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N'Takpé, Adjoua Marie-Hortense. "La société anonyme unipersonnelle en droit OHADA : étude critique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0097.
Full textAbstract:
Le régime juridique de la société anonyme unipersonnelle (SAU) de droitOHADA est défini par renvoi au régime prévu pour la SA pluripersonnelle, avec desadaptations minimales. En réalité, le caractère unipersonnel de la SA lui confère une certaineparticularité qui rend inappropriée la transposition pure et simple des règles du modèlepluripersonnel. Outre les difficultés d’application qu’elle entraîne souvent, la technique durenvoi laisse irrésolues de nombreuses questions suscitées par l’unipersonnalité. Le régimejuridique de la SAU dans son ensemble en ressort insuffisamment adapté à l’unicitéd’actionnaire.Une adaptation du régime juridique de la SAU de droit OHADA au particularisme del’unipersonnalité devient alors nécessaire. Elle doit être entreprise sous fond de simplificationdes règles, d’une part à l’égard de la société, à travers les règles relatives à sa constitution et àson évolution, d’autre part, à l’égard des acteurs que sont l’actionnaire unique, les organesd’administration et de contrôle.Au-delà de son approche critique, l’étude a surtout pour ambition de proposer unmodèle de société anonyme unipersonnelle au régime juridique plus lisible, simple et attractifThe one-person limited company under the OHADA LAW has seen itslegal regime being defined with reference to the regime of the multi-persons limited company,with minimum adaptations. In fact the one-person character of the Limited company gives it a certain peculiarity that renders inappropriate the pure and simple transportation of rules of the multi-person limited company model. Besides the difficulty of implementation that it oftenentails, the technique of referring leaves unresolved many questions raised by the one-personlimited company model. The legal regime of the one-person limited company as a whole thatarises is insufficiently adapted to the unique shareholder.An adaptation of the one-person limited company legal regime of the OHADA LAWto the particularity of the one-person thus becomes necessary. It has to be undertaken underthe simplification of rules, on the one hand with regards to the company, through rules relatedto its constitution and its evolution, on the other hand, with respect to the actors that are thesole shareholders, administrative and control bodies
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De, Souza Tanya. "Deemed property of the estate in terms of Section 3(3)(d) of the Estate Duty Act 45 of 1955." Diss., 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17972.
Full textAbstract:
In section 3(3)(d) of the Estate Duty Act 45 of 1955 (the Act) the
legislature introduced the concept "competent to dispose", described in
section 3(5) of The Act as a "power". If the deceased was "competent to
dispose" property for his own benefit or that of his estate, section 3(3)(d)
deems that property to be property of the estate. In order to determine
when property may be deemed property of the deceased estate it is
necessary to analyse the meaning of section 3(3)(d) as read with section
3(5) of the Act. An analysis of section 3(3)(d) of the Act indicates that it
may be applied to those with a legal right to dispose of property for their
own benefit or for the benefit of their estates. This interpretation is based
on the meaning of "competent to dispose", and "power" as derived form
the analysis.Private Law
LL.M.
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Nouri, Soudeh N. "When an intellectual property right becomes an intellectual property wrong: re-examining the role of Section 32 of the Competition Act." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3836.
Full textAbstract:
Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are becoming increasingly important due to their inevitable link to technology and economic development. This highlighted role has resulted in the emergence and development of over-protections that are beyond the ideal scope of IPRs. As the scope of IPRs expands, competition concerns are also intensifying and, as a result, the interface between IP and competition law is expanding in new directions. To address these new developments, trans-Atlantic jurisdictions have developed new policies based on the general provisions of their competition laws. Canada’s current policy toward the IP/competition law interface is affected by the existence of a unique section in its Competition Act, section 32, which directly refers to the anti-competitive usage of IPRs. Despite section 32’s long presence in the Act and its role as a basis of the Competition Bureau’s analysis of the IP/competition law interface in Canada, this section has not been judicially considered to date. This thesis re-examines the role of section 32 and explores some of the reasons behind its current obsolescence. The main claim of this thesis is that the current interpretations of the role of section 32 are not as broad as envisaged in the statute. On the one hand, the Competition Bureau’s interpretation in the Intellectual Property Enforcement Guidelines (IPEGs) limits the scope of section 32 to the unilateral refusal to license IPRs. The approach that the Bureau has adopted toward the unilateral refusal to license is more in line with the American restrictive approach, which allows very limited scope for competition law interventions in the IP realm. From the author’s point of view, such a restrictive approach is not consistent with the underlying principles of Canadian competition policies. On the other hand, section 32 has not been amended since 1935. This has led to the generation of some procedural restrictions in the application of this section. The author claims that the procedural requirements of section 32 need to be amended in order to parallel the modernization of the Competition Act that has occurred over the last few decades.Graduate
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Pillay, Samantha. "The paradoxical effect of the National Credit Act on the residential property market in South Africa." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8168.
Full textAbstract:
Property around the world is regarded as a pillar of wealth creation. South Africa is no
exception, being a capitalist society with residential property by large forming a base of
individual wealth, as an investment class.
A new set of legislation which was promulgated in June 2007 and which promotes and
advances the social and economic welfare of South Africans, by advocating a fair,
transparent, competitive, sustainable, responsible, efficient, effective and accessible credit
market industry thereby ultimately protecting the consumer. This new legislation, the
National Credit Act 34 of 2005 replaced the Usury Act 73 of 1968 and the Credit
Agreements Act 75 of 1980.
The effects of this legislation ricocheted into the South African economy generating
conflicting outcomes. The purpose of this research investigated the paradoxical effect of
the National Credit Act on the South Africa Residential Property Market.
The dissertation first carried out a thorough review of the literature of the South African
Legislation pertaining to the property market post and prior to the promulgation of the
National Credit Act, South African Residential Property Market, South African
Residential Rental Market and South African Building and Construction Industry.
The study sought to validate the paradoxical effect of the legislation by analysing
secondary data to investigate the contribution and correlation of mortgage loan advances,
residential rental market growth and residential construction activity.
The analyses revealed a strong direct correlation between the implementation of the
National Credit Act and mortgage loan advances; residential rental growth and the
performance of the residential construction industry, respectively. The data analysis from
the questionnaires carried out on six residential property developers further reiterated the
strong correlation as illustrated by the secondary data analyses.
The main findings of this study revealed that the implementation of this legislation
resulted in a paradoxical effect on the South African property market. Home ownership
decreased, while rentals sky-rocketed, forcing households to accede to higher rentals
which are not governed by the Act. Furthermore, confidence as well as job creation in the
residential construction industry slumped to an all time low, resulting in job losses and
fewer homes being built.
The research therefore concluded that the decline in the home ownership market and the
consequential growth in the residential rental market is a result of the implementation of
the National Credit Act and substantiates the paradoxical effect of the Act.Thesis (M.B.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2009.
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Badenhorst, Christa. "An assessment of the constitutionality of section 7(1)(c) of the Domestic Violence Act / Christa Badenhorst." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/14116.
Full textAbstract:
Domestic Violence is a pervasive social evil which must be combated with every means possible. To this end, the legislator enacted the Domestic Violence Act, 116 of 1998 (hereafter referred to as the DVA) to provide for a fast and accessible process by which the victims of domestic abuse can obtain an interdict to protect themselves against further acts of violence. Section 7(1)(c) of the DVA allows for a court, when considering an application made for a protection order in terms of the Act, to make an order prohibiting the Respondent from entering the shared residence of the Applicant and Respondent. Section 7(1)(d) allows for a court, when considering an application as mentioned, to make an order prohibiting the Respondent from entering any specific part of the shared residence. It is argued that the orders provided for in sections 7(1)(c) and (d) amounts, de facto, to an order that evicts the Respondent from the shared residence. Evictions are a traumatic procedure for the person(s) concerned, and endangers a large variety of human rights. It should therefore be approached with extreme caution to ensure that no person’s fundamental rights are infringed. Section 26(3) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (hereafter referred to as the Constitution) determines that no person(s) may be evicted from their home without a valid order of court, which order should be granted only after taking into consideration all the relevant circumstances. Specific pieces of legislation have been enacted to regulate the eviction process, prescribing specific procedures and setting requirements for a legal eviction. When an order is given in terms of section 7(1)(c) of the DVA, these procedures are not followed and the requirements are not met, resulting in illegal evictions. These orders may further infringe upon certain fundamental rights of the Respondent, such as the constitutional property rights set out in section 25, and the right of access to the courts. The concerned sections of the DVA can be justified under section 36 of the Constitution. However, it is argued that the DVA is in practice frequently misused by applicants, to such an extent that it becomes a tool of abuse, defying the whole purpose of the Act and extreme caution should be used by presiding officers when considering applications for orders in terms of sections 7(1)(c) and (d) of the DVA.LLM, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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Krane, Joshua. "Forfeited: Civil Forfeiture and the Canadian Constitution." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/25734.
Full textAbstract:
The enactment of civil asset forfeiture legislation by Alberta and Ontario in the
fall of 2001, followed by the passage of similar legislation in five other provinces,
has signalled a dramatic change in the way Canadian constitutional law ought to
be understood. This thesis builds on American legal scholarship by highlighting
how deficiencies in Canada’s constitutional law could create space for more invasive
civil forfeiture statutes. Following a historical overview of forfeiture law in
Canada, the thesis (i) examines how the Supreme Court of Canada mischaracterized
this legislation as a matter of property and civil rights; (ii) considers whether
the doctrine of federal paramountcy should have rendered the legislation inoperable
and the consequences of the failure by the Court to do so; and (iii) evaluates iiithe
impact of the absence of an entrenched property right in the constitution, in
regard to this matter.
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Ntsoane, Lefa Sebolaisi. "A legal comparison of a notarial bond in South African law and selected aspects of a pledge without possession in Belgian law." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22063.
Full textAbstract:
A real security right improves a creditor’s chances of recovering a debt owed to him by the debtor. In the case of an ordinary pledge, the pledgor delivers physical control of his movable property to his creditor to serve as security for the repayment of the principal debt. The increasing value and use of movable property as an object of security coupled with technological advancement have resulted in many countries calling for legal reform of real security rights over movable property. In South Africa this led to the introduction of the Security by Means of Movable Property Act 57 of 1993 which makes provision for a pledge without possession. The Act regulates only special notarial bonds and does not apply to general notarial bonds. The real security right vests in the bondholder upon registration of the bond, provided that the movable property encumbered is described in a notarial bond in a way that makes it readily recognisable. The Act has substituted delivery with registration in the Deeds Registry. Registration of the notarial bond in the Deeds Registry is questioned as to whether it complies with the publicity principle. This is because movable property can be shifted from one place to another without any knowledge on the part of the creditor due to the inaccessible and costly registration system. The third party then receives the property subject to the real security right of the creditor. The substitution of delivery with registration is the controversial feature in this study. Linked to the legal problems regarding compliance with the publicity principle, is the description and identification requirement as provided for under the Act, the exclusion of general notarial bonds from the application of the Act, and the question of whether it is appropriate to regard special notarial bonds as pledges without possession. This study questions whether the current land registry system should be used for the registration of notarial bonds and suggests that a new system designed specifically for the registration of real security rights over movables be considered. I compare the position in the Belgian legal system as regards developments in real security rights over movables to identify possible solutions and recommendations for the South African approach.Private Law
LL. M.
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Carrim, Nazia. "Divorce benefits to non-member spouse under section 37D of the pension funds act 24 of 1956." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1040.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013This mini dissertation relates to the payment of divorce benefits to a former spouse upon divorce and recent amendments that have taken place in the Pension Funds Act 24 of 1956.Particular reference is made to the amendment of Section 37D.This amendment has brought about changes that will contribute positively to the development of South African Retirement Law. The discussion below deals with the unfairness to non-member former spouses before 1st November 2008. An analysis of pension interest taking into account relevant statutory provisions and case law will be dealt with as well. A classification between a member spouse and a former spouse in order to determine who is responsible to pay tax upon divorce. In terms of the Divorce Act 70 of 1979 the former spouse of a retirement fund on divorce could be awarded by the court a portion of the benefits that the member would have received had she/he resigned on the date of divorce. The former spouse was only entitled to receive that share when the member became entitled to a benefit in terms of the rules of the fund which states on his/her retirement or termination of membership which could have been many years after the date of the divorce. Dissolution of Customary marriages will also be discussed and the benefit a divorced spouse has at the dissolution of marriage.
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Lin, Chi-hsuan, and 林齊宣. "A rationality study on the contract property of Public and Private Law of National Health Insurance Act- Based on the legal relationships between the Contracted Medical Care Institutions and The Bureau of National Health Insurance（BNHI）." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32240443623474592394.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
法律學系
95
Taiwan had already implemented the National Health Insurance (NHI) for more than ten years since 1995. The beneficiary of this insurance contains more than 90% of the people and resident of our country. The insurance coverage includes the diagnostic and therapeutic events of most diseases belonging to Western medicine, Chinese medicine, and dental medicine, respectively. In case the beneficiaries encounter illness, injury, or maternity, the contracted medical care institutions shall provide ambulatory or hospital care pursuant to the Medical Benefit Regulations of this insurance. Comprehensive coverage and relative cheap insurance premium make NHI process high satisfaction rate of Taiwanese people and become the model delivering its experience for the countries all over the world. Ironically, it is a nightmare for the contracted medical care institutions that the amount of medical care payment decreases year by year contrasting to the amount of medical care service increases during the same period. The operation conditions of the medical organization drop from ' the reasonable remuneration ' to ' breakeven ' , and then worsen to ' financial deficit '. This result will affect medical quality naturally. The major sufferers are the working right of health care personnel as well as the health right and life right of the assured person who encroach on. To solve the worsening financial condition of NHI, Department of Health, Executive Yuan (Taiwan) and bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI) put out different improvement schemes in different periods, but the result of controlling the cost does not prove effective apparently. Implementing ' global budget ' controls the growth of the hospitalization cost effectively in form finally, but the cost is shifted to contracted medical care institutions in fact. Usually, the contracted medical care institutions quietly bear the scheme BNHI put out ' willfully ' and 'unilaterally' to get a contract with BNHI only. Various kinds of unreasonable payment scheme have induced the results those the contracted medical care institutions could not endure anymore. If this kind of situation continues ceaselessly, the whole systems of NHI will situate on the brink of disintegrates. Competent authority and central government should not gaze at without seeing the fact. It will be the whole people's good fortune, if decision makers can face the fact literally and seek the solution which conforms to the principles of fair and justice. Our government regard people’s health as the state’s responsibility strategically. No matter what government policy discourses, legislative original meaning expounds, lord chancellor explains, experts and scholars state, all esteem the event of national health insurance as ' the public law event '. Therefore, the legislature constitutes the special law, ' National Health Insurance Act ', as a main enactment. All events of national health insurance should be suitable to be applied the legal principle of the public laws, among which the main applicable law is ' National Health Insurance Act '. In National Health Insurance Act, the purpose of implementing, business attribute, compulsion of the rights and obligations, insurance premium pay range, disbursement, punishment nature when violating this law, and remedy, etc, are stipulated in accordance with the legal principle of the public law. But only the financial item, namely ' the medical budget source ' is made in accordance with the legal principle of the private law. Our legislature established such a lawmaking model, which would confer the authority of the state power with immunity from the corresponding obligation. ' Incomplete public law ' legislation model is the main reason that results in financial bankrupt of Taiwan NHI. BNHI utilizes the insurance premium collected from the assured to pay the expense of NHI project which include insurance coverage medical expenses and the expenses of non-NHI events. When the revenue and expenditure of NHI finance are unbalanced and unable to make ends meet, the BNHI can exercise the state power to force the contracted medical care institutions to accept various kinds of so-called special ' schemes of controlling medical cost '. Because both sides are in the relation of the public law agreement, contracted medical care institution is unable to consult in a BNHI with reciprocity negotiation status to seek a payment scheme of medical cost with equality and mutual benefit for the credit side case. In order to solve the financial deterioration of NHI efficiently and authentically, the authority should divide medical care events into two categories by their nature as ' events having public law trait ' and ' events having private law trait ' according to the national financial resources, social welfare and people morals, etc. Furthermore the different traits of medical care events should be covered by the public law and the private law separately. In the meantime, legislature should constitute the law on the basic principle of ' fair, justice, truth ' and make it suitable for use reasonably. The medical care cost of NHI ought to be born fully by the state in accordance with the legal principle of the public law. Our state finance can not take this burden now. If the medical care cost is disbursed by insurance premium that the assured pay in accordance with the legal principle of the private law, the legal relations among BNHI, the assured and contracted medical care institutes shall be regulated by the private contract and be suitable for sue the relevant civil regulations, the regulation of the agreement and insurance regulation. Then, the authority could maintain the normal operation of the NHI system with the sound financial structure. As a result, the working rights of medical care personnel as well as the health rights and life rights of people could obtain essence guarantee. ' National Health Insurance Act ' is a public law stipulated under the state policy that people’s health is the responsibility of country. So, legal relation between BNHI and the contracted medical care institution is the ' public contract '. Because NHI events mostly process private law trait, legal relation between BNHI and the contracted medical care institution should be converted to the ' private contract '. Finally, financial deterioration of NHI could be avoid.
47
Damas, Rui Manuel de Morais Ferreira. "Da função social à função familiar do “Casal de Família”." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11328/2624.
Full textAbstract:
O casal de família, foi um instituto jurídico que vigorou em Portugal entre 1920 e 1977 e que consistia no imóvel familiar, em princípio inalienável e impenhorável. Assenta nos antigos vínculos, nos morgadios, mas as suas origens constituem um legado indelével dos povos germânicos na península ibérica. O casal de família transporta, em si, a multiculturalidade e a vocação universal do direito, assente num instituto lavrado ao longo de séculos, por diversos povos, de diferentes etnias, de distintos credos religiosos, de vários continentes, contendo, outrossim, uma função social e familiar. Destarte, o casal de família seria uma solução ajustada para a protecção da casa de morada de família, para a manutenção da propriedade na esfera familiar e, principalmente, constituiria uma forma de proteger a propriedade, enquanto sustento da família. A consagração do casal de família, por parte do legislador nacional, seria uma maneira congruente de a propriedade cumprir uma função social, ter uma finalidade familiar e, contribuiria para resolver o premente problema social, daqueles que em virtude da crise económica se encontram em sério risco de perderem as suas habitações.The community property system is an institution peculiar to the civil law. It is now almost believed that the origin of the community property systems is in old Germanic customs and folk laws. However, it was the Roman-Christian tradition inspired by the Visigoths codes, which produced the French model of ―majorat‖, the Italian institute of ―morgatto‖, the Spanish concept of ―mayorazgo‖ and the Portuguese ―morgadio‖. The Portuguese legal system that constitutionally enshrines the inviolability of human dignity, protection of the family and the right to housing, calls for effective protection of the matrimonial home and allowing it to be pawned. At a time marked by a deep economic crisis, when many families are at risk of losing their homes, it is urgent to find solutions. It is our belief that the legislature should adopt one of the two proposals that seem adjusted to the economic crisis and the needs of citizens and families. First, duty would Be to establish the prohibition of seizing the family dwelling. Second, establish Casal de Família in Portugal. Indeed, the consecration of prohibition of seizing the family dwelling and the institution of Casal de Família in Portugal could play a leading role in carrying out the family dimension of human dignity, responding to a serious social problem that affects thousands of families, and for which the right has not yet found an appropriate answer.
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Naidoo, Renay. "Restitution of land rights : the requirement of feasibility of restoration." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21164.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the Restitution of Land Rights Act 22 of 1994 is to provide for the restitution of rights in land to persons or communities dispossessed of such rights after 19 June 1913 as a result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices. The restitution of a right in land can include the restoration of a right in land. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the requirement of feasibility in restoring land rights and in particular the role of feasibility studies and the courts’ interpretation of the feasibility requirement in restoring such rights.
The methodology used includes a review of literature, legislation and policies on land restitution and an analysis of case law.
The outcome of the research indicates that while actual restoration ought to take preference in all instances, it may only be granted once all the relevant circumstances and factors have been considered. In certain circumstances it may not be feasible to restore land rights.Private Law
LL. M. (Property Law)
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Čvančara, Michal. "Správní tresty za přestupky a ochranná opatření." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-404681.
Full textAbstract:
1 Abstract - Administrative penalties and protection measures Description of all administrative penalties and protection measures is the primary goal of this thesis. Due to wide extent of chosen subject, this work aims to individual categories of administrative penalties and protection measures, examines every single condition for its imposition a notices possible contradiction within legislation. The thesis does not include the criteria for imposing penalties, noticed set from section 37 till section 44 Contraventions Act which serve as instruments for determination and length of penalties. Concurrence of contraventions is also not included. In the opening chapter the definition and description of an administrative liability is described as well as basic issues of administrative penalization, considered to be a part of administrative authority's activity. The resemblance of principles of criminal and contravention law is described, that leads to using the same principles either in criminal and contravention law. There's explored what basic sources of administrative penalization are. Each of following chapters describes one of the penalties set in section 35 Contravention Act. Every chapter begins with general description of the penalty and then depicts its main purpose for which it is imposed. Then...