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1
Yuksek, Murat. "Legal Framework Comparison Of Public Procurement Law With State Procurement Law." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605854/index.pdf.
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This thesis makes the comparison of legal frameworks of the two Procurement Laws, the New Public Procurement Law (4734) and the Ex-State Procurement Law (2886) respectively. As a result of this comparison, it is seen that a lot of provisions starting from tender notice time limits to the awarding of contracts, have been changed substantially by the introduction of Turkish Public Procurement Law. Besides this comparison, the related procurement directive on construction works in European Community, namely EEC 93/37 is analyzed through the topics pertinent to the New Public Procurement Law, from which it is observed that there are both similar and different application regarding tender process in this directive when compared with the provisions of Turkish Public Procurement Law on construction works. This thesis study also aims to put forward the conception of Turkish contractors about the New Public Procurement Law by means of a questionnaire containing 15 questions. From the results of questionnaire, it is seen that majority of the contracting companies have a positive attitude towards the New Public Procurement Law although some provisions of the Law do not meet the expectations
of the companies.
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Delpiazzo, Rodríguez Carlos Enrique. "Public Procurement and Sustainability." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118738.
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Currently, we can say that the environment is one of the most important topics, being that its incidence is increasingly valued by society.In that sense, in this article we study the figure of sustainable procurement. In this regard, the author believes that it would imply a due balance between wealth creation and social welfare. Therefore, the figure study goes beyond the change of words, but involves a change inperspective that should be analyzed in the light of the principles governing the law.Actualmente, podemos afirmar que el medio ambiente es uno de los temas más importantes a tratar, siendo que su incidencia es cada vez más valorada por la sociedad. En ese sentido, en el presente artículo se aborda el concepto y función que cumpliría en nuestra sociedad la figura de la contratación sostenible. Al respecto, el autor considera que la misma implicaría un debido balance entre la generación de riqueza y el bienestar social. Por lo tanto, la figura estudiada va más allá de la variación de palabras, sino que implica un cambio en la perspectiva que debe ser analizada a la luz de los principios que rigen el derecho.
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Carpio, Ramírez Carlos. "Public Procurement and Precautionary Measures." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118792.
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In the present paper, the author analyses some problems that he considers relevant on the field of the public procurement on Peru and Latin America. Parting from the problems on the application of the Public Procurement Law in Peru, he proposes the installation of a new instance that watches for the right behavior of supervisor entities of public procurement.En la presente ponencia, el autor analiza algunos de los problemas que considera más relevantes en la situación actual de la contratación pública en el Perú y en Latinoamérica. A partir de los defectos que presenta la aplicación de Ley de Contrataciones del Estado en el Perú, propone la creación de una nueva instancia que vigile el correcto actuar de las entidades supervisoras de dichas contrataciones.
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Hernández, Diez Sandro Piero. "Notes on the Public Procurement Reform." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118412.
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The present article, the author treats some of the most relevant modifications on the new public procurement law.On that basis, he will explain us the vision that inspires this reform and the vision that this reform tries to implement on the entities that are in charge of this matter.En el presente artículo, el autor aborda algunas de las modificaciones más relevantes en la nueva normativa de contrataciones del Estado. A partir de ello, nos explica la visión a la que apunta esta reforma y la visión que se procura implementar en las entidades encargadas de dicho rol.
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Guzmán-Barrón, Sobrevilla César, and Maravi Rigoberto Zúñiga. "Institutional Arbitration in Public Procurement." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117229.
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In the present article, the authors give us an overview about the advantages of institutional arbitration over ad hoc arbitration, on public procurement matter. Thus, starting by describing the present situation of arbitration on that field, they describe the advantages of institutional arbitration, in favor of reaching a more efficient and transparent arbitration system, which is the desired goal.En el presente artículo, los autores nos dan un panorama de las ventajas del arbitraje institucional sobre el arbitraje ad hoc, en materia de contratación pública. Así, partiendo del panorama actual del arbitraje en dicha materia, describen las ventajas del arbitraje institucional, en aras de tener un sistema más eficiente, transparente, que es el objetivo deseado.
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Soria, Aguilar Alfredo Fernando, and Alpiste Luis Minoru Yamada. "Give me a hand! Subcontracting in the Peruvian Public Procurement Law (Law No. 30225)." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119010.
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The present article develops the legal concept of subcontracting on the frame of public procurement, according to the new Peruvian Public Procurement Law.Thus, different topics are treated: the differences between the outsourcing contract, derivative contract and subcontract; the new parameters that regulate subcontract; relevant aspects to consider for subcontracting on the frame of the new Public Procurement Law; and the lack of responsibility on the subcontractor towards the administrative entity.El presente artículo desarrolla la figura jurídica de la subcontratación en los procesos de contratación pública, según la nueva Ley de Contrataciones con el Estado – Ley N° 30225. Así, se desarrollan temas como: las diferencias entre contrato de aprovisionamiento, contrato derivado y subcontrato; los nuevos parámetros bajo los cuales se circunscribe la figura de la subcontratación; aspectos que deben considerarse para la aplicación de la figura de subcontrato bajo la Ley Nº 30225; y, la falta de responsabilidad del subcontratista frentea la Entidad por la prestación brindada.
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Zegarra, Pinto José. "Contract Amendment in the State Procurement Law (Law No. 30225)." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117514.
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The present article has as principal goal to analyze and comment the more relevant aspects referred to the amendments on that can be done to a contract, in the terms allowed by the new Public Procurement Peruvian Law. Also, the author will refer to the opinions emitted by the OSCE about the topic. Finally, he will state his main conclusions.El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal, analizar y comentar los más importantes aspectos referidos al tema de las modificaciones que se pueden realizar al Contrato, en los términos expuestos en la Ley de Contrataciones del Estado – Ley Nº 30225. Asimismo, procederemos a citar opiniones del OSCE referentes al tema; finalizando con la exposición de nuestras conclusiones.
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Braun, Peter. "The practical impact of E.U. public procurement law on PFI procurement practice in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10913/.
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The emergence of Private Finance Initiative (PFI) in the 1990s has been described as the largest cultural change for decades in the way the public sector operates. PFI projects distinguish themselves from traditional methods of public purchasing by their commercial complexity and long contractual term. Most of these projects have to be delivered within the regulatory framework of public procurement which has remained largely unchanged since the 1970s. The overall objective of the study has been to gain a complete picture of PFI practice in the light of the apparent divergence between the law and commercial requirements. It was aimed to investigate whether this divergence has brought about a "PFI procurement practice." If so, it was aimed to examine the reasons for the emergence of the practice and whether it deviated from procurement law. To achieve these objectives, PFI practice was approached from an outsider and insider perspective. The perspective of insiders was gained by conducting a qualitative empirical study based on interviewing PFI experts. The outsider perspective was derived from legal analysis backed up by relevant material provided by interviewees. The main conclusion of the study is that legal practitioners have adopted solutions in different PFI projects largely resembling each other. The resemblance justifies referring to them as PFI procurement practice. This, practice was found to be not always in compliance with a literal interpretation of procurement law. Factors driving the divergence between law and practice include the perception of practitioners that strict compliance disproportionately hampers the commercially oriented PFI procurement practice. In addition, H. M. Treasury has increased the divergence by publishing guidance notes on PFI procurement which disregard procurement law in many respects. A further reason for the divergence is that private sector bidders have abstained from enforcing procurement law in the courts. In so doing, they have significantly reduced the risk of challenges for authorities developing PFI procurement practice.
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Kundmüller, Caminiti Franz. "The Arbitration in Public Procurement: (Dis)trust and Aporia. Brief Comments to the oncoming regulation of the new Public Procurement Law." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118357.
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This article doesn’t pretend to be an exhaustive analysis about the proposals contended in the oncoming regulation of the new Public Procurement Peruvian Law.It begins with a reflection about the importance on trust, and it continues by analyzing inherent issues to the principles that characterize arbitration, and that, in a near future, should be used to ‘arbitralize’ arbitration on public procurement matter.Este artículo no pretende un análisis exhaustivo sobre las propuestas contenidas en el futuro Reglamento de la Nueva Ley de Contrataciones del Estado.Comienza con una reflexión sobre la importancia de la confianza y prosigue con el análisisde diversos aspectos inherentes a los principios que caracterizan al arbitraje y que; en unfuturo cercano, deberían servir para «arbitrabilizar» el arbitraje en materia de contratación pública.
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Reitz, Janina. "A legal perspective on sustainability tools : Sustainability criteria in public procurement." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-177552.
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Craig, Ronald W. "Controversial aspects of Commonwealth Construction and Engineering Procurement Law." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7550.
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This research exposes to examination and understanding the law governing procurement of construction and engineering works and services. The thesis captures both development of common law and judicial determination of statutory law. It takes the form of published journal articles and conference papers which discuss legal issues relevant to construction procurement and conclude with recommendations for clients and construction project managers on how to better manage the procurement process. The work reveals, inter alia, the extent to which contract law regulates the tendering phase of construction procurement and places the client under an obligation to the tenderer characterised as 'fair dealing' or 'good faith'. Chapter 1 is of an introductory nature. Chapter 2 sets the crime of manslaughter arising out of construction site fatality as a procurement issue. The author notes the UK government's intention to introduce the new offences of reckless killing, killing by gross carelessness and corporate killing. Chapter 3 discusses cases where disaffected parties to the tendering process have made private law challenges of that process seeking compensation for the other party's alleged irregularities. The client is generally obliged in law to treat all tenderers equally and fairly and to refrain from evaluating tenders and awarding contracts other than in accordance with the rules set down in the tender conditions. Chapter 4 addresses the question: do traditional tendering processes encourage, or merely permit, contractor innovation? Several tender codes are reviewed to establish whether these codes provide for, or encourage, innovative proposals from competing bidders. Chapter 5 provides updating case material for the period 1999-2000 which helps to underpin the conclusions and recommendations set out in Chapter 12. Chapter 6 is a criticism of the NJCC's Code of Procedure for Single Stage Selective Tendering and the CIB's Code of Practice for the Selection of Main Contractors. Suggestions are made as to what a new tender code might include in the light of selected decisions of the common law courts. It is argued that a set of 'standard' tender rules should become the terms of a 'tender contract'. Those rules would properly reflect decisions of the courts and would be accepted by all parties to the process as a tender contract document. Chapter 7 discusses how the common law protects the integrity of construction procurement by imposed or assumed contractual obligations. Procurement of subcontract works is also considered. The author concludes that the tendering contract operates between main contractor and subcontractor as it does between owner/ developer and main contractor, and that the 'two contract' analysis provides the best basis for upholding integrity of the bidding process. Chapter 8 sets out advice for quantity surveyors and project managers derived from the decisions of the common law courts. The author argues that practice should be shaped to reflect the obligations assumed by parties in common law so as to avoid claims from aggrieved bidders. In Chapter 9 the focus shifts from private to public law. A Scottish court denied a remedy to the unsuccessful bidder on the grounds that the contract award process was unfair, unreasonable and in breach of natural justice. The author argues that a successful case might have been made out in private law and concludes with recommendations as to how the tender process might be better conducted. Chapter 10 deals with public procurement under the rules of the European Union (EU), noting a particularly important decision by the European Court of Justice that contracting authorities are obliged to treat all tenderers equally and fairly, a duty that parallels that found in common law and discussed in Chapters 2 through 8. Chapter 10 concludes with an article on Rv Portsmouth City Council (1996), reviewing both decisions at first instance and in the English Court of Appeal. Chapter 11 considers the risks of developers and contractors by examining the effectiveness of 'controls' imposed by common law when the usual statutory controls are temporarily withdrawn. It can be seen that the common law has not evolved to protect the interests of neighbours and local residents from the perils and hazards of property development which result in environmental degradation. This chapter concludes with recommendations as to how developer and constructors might minimise their impact on adjacent property owners. Chapter 12 presents a summary of the conclusions drawn from the completed research project and the author's recommendations for further research within the procurement topic.
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Moreno, Molina José Antonio. "General Principles of Public Procurement in Recent International, European and Latin American Law." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118488.
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The paper reflects on the importance of the general principles of public procurement in the application and interpretation of the law in this area. To this objective both the international law of administrative contracts, which has its main landmarks in the government procurement agreement of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations Model Law, as the regulation and case law of the European Union are analyzed, which has laid a very advanced teaching in this regard. Finally it is subject to review recent legislation compared to Latin America on public procurement, which attaches great importance to general principles.En el trabajo se reflexiona acerca de la importancia de los principios generales de la contratación pública en la aplicación e interpretación del Derecho en la materia. A tal efecto se analizan tanto el Derecho Internacional de las contrataciones administrativas, que tiene sus principales hitos en el Acuerdo de compras públicas de la Organización Mundial del Comercio y en la Ley Modelo de Naciones Unidas, como la regulación y jurisprudencia de la Unión Europea, que ha sentado una doctrina muy avanzada al respecto. Finalmente es objeto de comentario la reciente legislación comparada de países de América latina sobre contratos públicos, que concede una gran importancia a los principios generales.
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Smith, Katie Louise. "Contract adjustments and public procurement : an analysis of the law and its application." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41936/.
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The focus of this study is on the public procurement law applicable where UK contracting authorities seek to adjust the provisions of existing contracts. This study aims firstly to identify the law applicable to contract adjustments and secondly to establish how that law is applied in practice. In order to achieve the first objective, chapter 2 of this study set out the substantive law applicable to contract adjustments (including that arising from the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union , the Public Contracts Regulations 2006 and 2015, and case law) and chapters 3, 4, and 5 consider respectively the content of that law specifically in the cases of review clauses, adjustments upon operation of law, and other adjustments. The second objective is met through considering the findings of relevant case law and also through undertaking empirical research. Chapter 6 set out the empirical research method, which focuses on adjustments to public private partnership contracts in the health, secure accommodation and education sectors. Data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires from private practice lawyers who advise contracting authorities on adjustments to those contracts within the scope of this research and contracting authorities themselves. Chapter 7 then sets out the findings of that empirical research. In the concluding chapter 8 the findings of the research are set out including an explanation of the ambiguities identified in the existing legal framework, and an articulation of the overall approach taken by contracting authorities when adjusting contracts, which suggests that a pragmatic approach (including assessment of likelihood of successful procurement law challenge) is taken to best enable the attainment of the contracting authorities’ procurement objectives. The study closes by setting out ways in which the law on contract adjustments could be clarified or improved.
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Anthony, Allison Megan. "The legal regulation of construction procurement in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80299.
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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In order for the government to function, it needs goods and services. It may acquire these goods and services by using its own resources, or by contracting with outside bodies. The latter method is generally referred to as public or government procurement. Government procurement usually contributes a large deal to a country’s economy and is therefore of great importance. With South Africa’s political transformation in 1994, the construction industry was used as the model for public sector procurement reform. The industry regulates all infrastructure and constituted 3.8% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2011 with the private sector as its biggest client. The legal regulation of construction procurement in South Africa is therefore significant. Section 217 of the Constitution¹ sets the standard for government procurement in South Africa. Section 217(1) provides that organs of state in the national, provincial or local sphere of government or any other institutions identified in national legislation when contracting for goods or services must do so in accordance with a system which is fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost-effective. Organs of state are not prevented from implementing procurement policies which provide for categories of preference in the allocation of contracts and the protection or advancement of persons, or categories of persons, disadvantaged by unfair discrimination in terms of section 217(2). Section 217(3) in turn provides that national legislation must prescribe a framework in terms of which section 217(2) must be implemented. The rules for construction procurement in South Africa are found in the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Act² and the Regulations to the Act.³ The Construction Industry Development Board has been established by the Act and is empowered to regulate construction procurement in terms of the Act and to publish best practice guidelines for further regulation and development of construction procurement. This thesis aims to answer the question as to whether the legal regulation of construction procurement complies with section 217 of the Constitution. Chapter one sets out the research question to be answered, the hypothesis on which the thesis is based and the methodology employed. Chapter two establishes the constitutional standard for government procurement in South Africa and is the standard against which the rules discussed in subsequent chapters are tested. Following this, the procurement procedures in terms of which supplies, construction works and services are procured are described and analysed in chapter three. It appears that the Regulations to the CIDB Act exclude contracts for supplies and services in the construction industry. Therefore, the qualification criteria for construction works contracts are examined in chapter four. Thereafter, the evaluation and award of construction works, supplies and services contracts are explained and analysed in chapter five. Government procurement may further be used for objectives not directly connected to the main goal which is the procurement of goods and services at the best possible price. It may also be used for the promotion of socio-economic objectives, for example. Therefore, in the sixth chapter, the use of government procurement as a policy tool in the South African construction industry is discussed and analysed. The concluding chapter collectively refers to what was discussed in the preceding chapters including the conclusions and attempts to answer the research question as to whether the legal regulation of construction procurement in South Africa complies with section 217 of the Constitution.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die staat het goedere en dienste nodig om te funksioneer. Dit kan hierdie goedere en dienste verkry deur die staat se eie bronne te gebruik, of dit kan instansies van buite kontrakteer. Daar word oor die algemeen na laasgenoemde metode verwys as staatsverkryging. Gewoonlik lewer staatsverkryging ‘n groot bydrae tot ’n land se ekonomie en dit is dus van groot belang. Met Suid-Afrika se politieke transformasie in 1994 is die konstruksiebedryf as die model voorgehou vir die hervorming van die staatsverkrygingstelsel. Die konstruksiebedryf reguleer alle infrastruktuur in die land en het in 2011 3.8% tot Suid- Afrika se Bruto Binnelandse Produk (BBP) bygedra, met die private sektor as die grootste kliënt in die bedryf. Dit is dus noodsaaklik dat staatsverkryging in die Suid-Afrikaanse konstruksiebedryf wetlik gereguleer word. Artikel 217 van die Grondwet4 stel die standaard vir staatsverkryging in Suid-Afrika. Artikel 217(1) bepaal dat staatsorgane in die nasionale, provinsiale of plaaslike regeringsvertakkings, of enige ander instelling in nasionale wetgewing vermeld, wat vir goedere of dienste kontrakteer, sodanige goedere of dienste moet verkry ooreenkomstig ’n stelsel wat regverdig, billik, deursigtig, mededingend en koste-effektief is. Staatsorgane word verder nie verhinder of belet om staatsbeleid te implementeer wat voorsiening maak vir die bevordering van sekere mense, of kategorieë mense, wat ingevolge artikel 217(2) deur onbillike diskriminasie benadeel is nie. Artikel 217(3) bepaal dat nasionale wetgewing ’n raamwerk moet voorskryf ingevolge waarvan artikel 217(2) geïmplementeer moet word. Die Wet op die Ontwikkelingsraad vir die Konstruksiebedryf (Construction Industry Development Board Act)5 en die Regulasies tot die Wet6 omskryf die regsreëls vir staatsverkryging in die Suid-Afrikaanse konstruksiebedryf. Die Ontwikkelingsraad vir die Konstruksiebedryf het ingevolge hierdie Wet tot stand gekom en is gemagtig om staatsverkryging in die konstruksiebedryf te reguleer. Dit mag ook goeie praktykriglyne publiseer vir verdere regulering en ontwikkeling van staatsverkryging in die konstruksiebedryf. Hierdie tesis het ten doel om die vraag te beantwoord of die wetlike regulering van staatsverkryging in die konstruksiebedryf aan artikel 217 van die Grondwet voldoen. Hoofstuk een gee ‘n uiteensetting van die navorsingsvraag wat beantwoord sal word, die hipotese waarop die tesis berus en die metodologie wat aangewend word. Hoofstuk twee omskryf die grontwetlike standaard vir staatsverkryging in Suid-Afrika en word as standaard gebruik waarteen die regsreëls vir staatsverkryging in die konstruksiebedryf in die daaropvolgende hoofstukke getoets word. Vervolgens word die verkrygingsprosedures ingevolge waarvan voorraad, konstruksiewerk en dienste verkry word, in hoofstuk drie bespreek en ontleed. Dit blyk dat die Regulasies tot die Wet op die Ontwikkelingsraad vir die Konstruksiebedryf (CIDB Act) kontrakte vir die verkryging van voorraad en dienste uitsluit. Gevolglik word die tendervereistes vir konstruksiewerk in hoofstuk vier bespreek. Vervolgens word die evaluering en toekenning van konstruksiewerk, voorraad- en dienskontrakte uiteengesit en ontleed in hoofstuk vyf. Dit blyk verder dat staatsverkryging gebruik mag word vir doelwitte wat nie direk verband hou met die primêre doel, naamlik die verkryging van goedere en dienste teen die beste prys, nie. Dit mag byvoorbeeld ook gebruik word vir die bevordering van sosio-ekonomiese doelwitte. Gevolglik word staatsverkryging as ’n beleidsinstrument in die Suid-Afrikaanse konstruksiebedryf in hoofstuk ses bespreek en ontleed. Die laaste hoofstuk gee ‘n opsomming van wat bespreek is in vorige hoofstukke, maak gevolgtrekkings en probeer die navorsingsvraag beantwoord of die regsreëls wat staatsverkryging in die konstruksiebedryf reguleer, voldoen aan artikel 217 van die Grondwet.
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Ring, Fred. "Outsourced Public Service, Make or Break the Rule of Law?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-377689.
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Corruption is an area that has intrigued plenty of political scientists. This thesis is an attempt to examine how corruption is affected by the sheer amount of public outsourcing with a sample of countries used in a qualitative multivariate analysis. The variables used to control the correlation are inspired by previous research on what causes corruption, while the sample of countries used are those countries that had representation in the indexes used between 2012 to 2015. The main findings are that spending more on public outsourcing tend to lead to slightly less corruption. These results are inconclusive since the main findings was a non-statistically significant when introduced to my set of control variables. However, there is a silver-lining to this inconclusiveness, that being to pinpoint a mechanism for outsourcing and/or corruption: civil wages.
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Rojas, Delgado Magali Fiorela. "Road to a New Vision of Arbitration in Public Procurement." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118688.
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The present article pretends to explain the new framework designed for the regulation for arbitration on public procurements matter, which will begin to operate since the approval of the Regulation for the integral reform for the Public Procurements Peruvian Law. This new vision will allow appreciating the exceptional legal nature that covers arbitration on public procurements, considering transparency and publicity as essential axis to fight corruption, and also the need to ensure specialization on administrative law, arbitration and public procurement on those who resolve disputes on that field.El presente artículo propone explicar un nuevo esquema diseñado para la regulación aplicable al Arbitraje en Contrataciones Públicas, vigente a partir de aprobación del Reglamento de la Reforma integral a la Ley de Contrataciones del Estado, aprobada por Ley N° 30225. Esta nueva visión permitirá apreciar la naturaleza jurídica excepcional que posee el Arbitraje en Contrataciones Públicas, por qué se busca fortalecer la transparencia y publicidad como ejes fundamentales para la lucha contra la corrupción, así como la necesidad de exigir, a quienes resuelven controversias derivadas de contratos públicos, especialización acreditable tanto en arbitraje, derecho administrativo y contratación pública, es decir, competencias en esta materia especial.
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Engelbert, Annika [Verfasser]. "Public Procurement Law in Sub-Saharan Africa : A Means to Curb Corruption? / Annika Engelbert." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2017. http://d-nb.info/116048614X/34.
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Cassagne, Juan Carlos. "Public Procurement: Borders, Tensions and Interrelation with Private Law in the New Contractual Scenario." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119061.
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The establishment of the limits between the public law and the private law has been a hard to clarify. For that reason, the author brings a perspective about this division, focusing on the case of public procurement. Thus, in the first part he will explain the division between public law and private law, and how this division has evolved. Then, he will explain the consequences of the disruption of unitary theory on public procurement. Finally, he will show the inequality of the parts, the public prerogatives and the compensatory guarantees, all involved in the peculiarities of management contract, that distinguishes it from an private contract.La determinación de la frontera ente el derecho privado y el derecho público siempre ha sido una situación complicada de esclarecer. Por tal motivo, el autor brinda una perspectiva sobreesta división pero enfocándola, principalmente, al escenario de la contratación pública. Así,en un primer momento explicará la división entre el derecho privado y el derecho públicoy cómo esta ha ido evolucionando con el devenir del tiempo; luego nos explicará quéimplica el abandono de la tesis unitaria en el escenario de la contratación pública, para,finalmente, mostrarnos que la desigualdad de las partes, las prerrogativas del poder públicoy las garantías compensatorias se encuentran dentro de las peculiaridades que exhibe lateoría del contrato administrativo y la distinguen de un contrato entre particulares que se circunscribe en el ámbito de derecho privado.
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Kaya, Mehmet Bedii. "Regulating sustainable public procurement in Turkey in the context of the European Union membership." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14041/.
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This thesis examines the regulation of sustainable public procurement in the Republic of Turkey in the context of Turkey’s membership negotiations with the European Union. Sustainable public procurement is the procurement whereby contracting authorities take account of all three pillars of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) when procuring goods, services or works. The thesis aims to clarify whether and to what extent sustainable development concerns can be taken into account under the Public Procurement Act numbered 4734, which is the main legal framework of public procurement in Turkey. Furthermore, it aims to identify possible options for improving sustainable development-oriented public procurement regulation in Turkey. The thesis essentially uses black letter and comparative legal research methods in order to achieve its objectives. This thesis argues that the correlation between public procurement and sustainable development is strong in the EU, whereas such a correlation shows a weak profile in Turkey. In that regard, this thesis proposes the rules that need to be improved for establishing a sustainable public procurement system in Turkey, taking into account the local dynamics of the Turkish public procurement system, and in the context of the membership negotiations with the EU. This thesis argues that the existence of a clear mandate for sustainability concerns, putting forward a strong political backing, establishing a coherent institutional framework and laying down a consistent and clear legal framework and an effective enforcement/remedy system are the essential peripheral conditions for promoting sustainable public procurement in Turkey.
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Johansson, Jessica. "Procurement after the entry of the Lisbon Treaty : Will social economical market have an impact on procurment?" Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12311.
Full textAbstract:
As of 1 December 2009 the Treaty of Lisbon came into force. The Treaty brings along several changes for the physical structure of the EU. There are no changes aimed directly towards procurement, however the Treaty of Lisbon might prove to include changes of major impact. Article 3 (3) NEU includes a change to how the inner market shall be achieved. The Treaty text has gone from an inner market based on competition to include a “social economic market”, however there is no indication of what this means from a procurement perspective. The inner market and procurement had difficulties already before the entry of the Lisbon Treaty. There was arguments as regards to how fair a state could intervene trough public procurement to achieve positive social effects. The CJEU has persistently held that the inner market shall be built by the help of the inner market and competition. The Commission has during the last years started to express a different opinion than the CJEU with regards to low value procurements. The legislators has also shown a great interest for the SME’s and ensured more leeway for these companies to receive help form the member states. The ECJ has however made it difficult to support further than the actual startup phase of an SME. The European Parliament is critical to the Commissions work with regards to measures supporting the member states and ignoring the CJEU. The EU Parliament fears the consequences a more protectionist approach might have on the development of a free inner market and express concern for the legal uncertainty developed trough the lack of attention to the procurement market when introducing the “social market economy” with the Treaty of Lisbon.
The EU Parliament and the CJEU might have to adjust their opinion on competition within the inner market towards the Commissions opinion. The thesis does however conclude that an inclusion of the de minis principle in the test for equality of suppliers might be all that will be done to clarify this legal uncertainty.
No formal opposition.
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Effio, Ordoñez Augusto. "The False «Reform» of the Regulations on Public Procurement: Intuitions, Uncertainty and Vagueness." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118666.
Full textAbstract:
In the present article, the author shows his critical position about the reform of the regulatory framework on public procurement matter.Parting from some relevant aspects of the law, he explains the reason why he considers that this reform seems to lack of motivation and an adequate consideration of the actual status of public procurement in our country, calling into question the fact that we are facing a real reform.A través del presente artículo, el autor esboza una opinión crítica respecto a la reforma del marco normativo en materia de contrataciones del Estado.Tomando en cuenta algunos aspectos relevantes de la norma, nos explica por qué considera que esta reforma parece carecer de una motivación y una adecuada apreciación del estado de la cuestión de la actual situación de la contratación pública en nuestro país, cuestionado así que se trate de una verdadera reforma.
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Malumfashi, Garba Ibrahim. "'Green' public procurement policies, climate change mitigation and international trade regulation : an assessment of the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2010. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/24c7aef7-074c-48db-877a-f9d22b51d7f5.
Full textAbstract:
This research examines the legal issues arising in the inter-relationship between climate change law and policy on the one hand, and international trade regulation on the other. The focus is government procurement. It looks at “green” government procurement (GPP) policies and practices used by the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol as a tool for climate change mitigation, and as it relates to these countries’ obligations under the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA). GPP is government purchase practice that favours goods, services and service suppliers that are more climate-friendly and energy efficient over similar others that are less so. For example, under the EU GPP policy, for climate reasons, procurement authorities have a preference for green electricity (generated from renewable sources) as against the conventional fossil-based electricity. The two types of “electricities” are ordinarily same products as far as their performance is concerned, that is, at the consumption level. Discriminating between the two has the potential to raise serious issues of law at WTO level.Under the WTO non-discrimination disciplines (GATT Arts. I and III, and GPA Art.III) product or service standards based on non-product related processes and production methods (PPMs) such as climate friendliness should not serve to permit differentiation in treatment between “like” products. The general exceptions provisions (GATT Art. XX(b) and (g) and GPA Art. XXIII) however, may permit such climate-related differential measures if they are: (1) necessary to achieve the legitimate policy objective intended, (2) not applied in a discriminatory manner and (3) not a disguised restriction on international trade. There are two issues of major concern to this study: First, there are textual discrepancies as between the GATT and GPA provisions related both to the nondiscrimination norms and the exceptions, which may pose interpretation difficulties in the event of a dispute. Secondly, the provisions of GATT Art. XX (b) and (g) are interpreted to refer to environment in general terms. However, the current trend is to single out and address climate change separately from among other environmental problems of transboundary nature. This is in view of the urgency associated with the challenge it poses. Generally, also, in accordance with established WTO jurisprudence, the party who invokes the GATT Art. XX exceptions bears the burden to prove the measure in question as being covered under the exceptions. Some scholars suggest that this situation places at a disadvantage the subjects covered by the exception provisions (in this case climate-related procurement). Examined, therefore, is not only the extent to which GPP practices can be accommodated under these exceptions, which are also in line with the WTO’s recognition of the principles of sustainable development, but also whether climate-friendly procurement is best protected if expressly provided for as “positive norm” in the text of the GPA. The Revised GPA 2007 (not yet in force) contains a new paragraph (Art. X:6) which explicitly permits the Parties to include environmental considerations in their procurement policies. This study argues that the revision would not fundamentally address the issues observed earlier. In order to avoid the interpretation difficulties envisaged, and to promote mutual supportiveness and coherence between the climate and trade regimes further amendment would be necessary to the text of Art. XXIII of the GPA to the general exceptions, or in the alternative, to Art. X:6 of the Revised GPA. The amendment should, subject to appropriate conditions, explicitly permit discriminatory GP measures meant to address climate change subject. This amendment would effectively shift the burden of proof from the Party maintaining the measure to the one complaining against it. In the final analysis, this research will contribute to the current discourse on what role the WTO may play in the efforts to fashion out new international climate policy to succeed the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC by 2012.
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Sjöholm, Ulrika. "Begreppet "upphandlande enhet" enligt lagstiftningen om offentlig upphandling." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2630.
Full textAbstract:
The government procurement legislation – i.e. the Swedish procurement law, the EC procurement directives and the WTO’s Government Procurement Agreement – applies on public procurement. Such a procurement exists when the contractor meets the conditions stated in the directives that the organ is to be considered as a contracting auhtority. The conditions are supposed to cover the bodies that objectively are thought to take other considerations than economic when purchasing services or products. The definition of contracting authorities has, however, given rise to several interpretation problems when putting the wording into practice. Since it is the contracting authorities themselves that are responsible for their compliance with the law when purchasing, an unclear definition will result in bodies getting a possibility to, to a larger extent, evade the obligation to comply with the procurement legislation. Because of this, it is of great importance that the courts create a unitary interpretation of the definition; a clear definition serves as a means of exerting pressure.
The thesis is an investigation of the definition of contracting authority where the primary source of information consists of case law from the European Court of Justice. The purpose is to visualize the underlying philisophy of the regulation with a view to suggest an instrument for determining a body’s status as a contracting authority. Regarding the definition of contracting authority, the thesis discuss three different levels. The first level consists of an examination of the wording according to both the directives and the Swedish law, and then the interpretation of the wording by the European Court of Justice. At the following level, it is set out to illustrate differences between the definition on a national level and an EC level, respectively. Finally, it will be established what legislation technique that seems to have been used when formulating the definition of contracting authority in the directives, and also how the result of this should influence the interpretation of the term.
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Espino, Layza María Alejandra, and Ramírez Rosa Natalí Llique. "Some Relevant Aspects of the New Public Procurement Law Interview with Dr. Jorge Danós Ordóñez." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117906.
Full textAbstract:
The present interview discusses about the new Public Procurement Law and some of the more relevant changes occurred in the matter. In that line, focusing the discussion on the management by result new approach of the law, the role of the public official and the inclusion of the Dispute Boards, the interviewee gives us his authorized opinion about the propose of this reform.La presente entrevista versa sobre la nueva Ley de Contrataciones del Estado y algunos de los cambios más importantes que presenta la misma. En ese sentido, enfocándose en el principio de gestión por resultados que inspira la reforma, en el rol del funcionario público en la nueva norma y en la inclusión de la Junta de Resolución de disputas, el entrevistado da su autorizada opinión sobre el objetivo deseado por la norma.
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Jones, Michael. "The judicial discretion to allow unlawful government procurement awards to stand: justification and implications for the principle of legality and the rule of law." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16661.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical referencesThe development of subjecting government procurement awards to judicial review is a relatively recent development in South African law. It accords with a similar development in the United States, as well as South Africa's own constitutional requirements of transparency and public accountability. Given the often lucrative nature of public contracts, challenges to the lawfulness of government procurement awards have become a regular occurrence in South Africa. However, the setting aside of such an award does not automatically follow upon a finding of unlawfulness. For a number of reasons, a court may decline to set aside an unlawful government procurement award. This raises a number of interesting questions, particularly with regard to how such a decision may be reconciled with, and the implications this may have for, the principle of legality and the Rule of Law. This dissertation will address these issues, arguing that, ultimately, the concerns are resolved by appreciating the nature of the principle of legality, and the Rule of Law's place as a value in society.
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Jiang, Lili. "An evaluation of soft law as a method for regulating public procurement from a trade perspective." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10700/.
Full textAbstract:
This research is to evaluate soft law as a method to regulate public procurement from a trade perspective. The value of soft law is studied under this thesis according to a four-fold approach – bindingness, precision, discretion and delegation. An international legal instrument can be considered soft along one or more of the above four dimensions. Based on the reviews of the current procurement regimes, the thesis outlines the values of soft law in regulating procurement. Soft law may serve as a second-best to hard law where the latter can not be achieved. It is explained that public procurement is a sensitive subject in the sense that many states are often unwilling to give up their regulatory freedom for protectionism purposes. Soft law in terms of all the four dimensions is argued as an effective device for breaking deadlock and fostering compromises in negotiating a procurement agreement. Also, it can serve as an ‘intermediate step’ towards the formation of hard law even though this is not necessarily the case. Soft law can also be regarded as a better alternative to hard law even where the latter is attainable. Possible advantages of soft law are identified including its reduced negotiating costs; reduced implementing costs; reserved states’ regulatory autonomy for national legitimate objectives and better adaptation to changes. Meanwhile, its possible disadvantages are mentioned and possible ways of addressing these disadvantages are also suggested. Special features of procurement are identified including intrusiveness, sensitivity, complexity and constant evolution, which might be relevant for soft law’s influence in that particular area. At the end, the thesis sets out both s short-term and a long-term proposal for developing a multilateral agreement on government by use of soft law.
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Armas, Diéguez Silvana Lorena. "The Impediment for Public Procurement with the Linked Legal Entity." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119166.
Full textAbstract:
This paper analyzes from a constitutional perspective, applying the test of proportionality about limiting rights, the impediment to hiring those associated corporations, through individuals, with those legal persons which has imposed a sanction temporary or permanent disqualification from government contracts. From this framework of study, the author finds that the interference on freedom of contract is disproportionate because it violates the principle of causality and strict liability, by attributing to a third party (legal person linked) consequences for the actions made to it by a different legal entity.El presente trabajo analiza desde una perspectiva constitucional, aplicando el test de proporcionalidad en la limitación de los derechos, el impedimento para la contratación de aquellas personas jurídicas vinculadas, a través personas naturales, con aquellas personas jurídicas a las cuales se las ha impuesto una sanción de inhabilitación temporal o definitiva para contratar con el Estado. A partir de dicho marco de estudio, la autora considera que la injerencia sobre la libertad de contratación es desproporcionada en razón a que vulnera el principio de causalidad y la responsabilidad objetiva, al atribuirle a un tercero (persona jurídica vinculada) las consecuencias por las acciones realizadas por una persona jurídica distinta a ella.
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Gonul, Hande. "A Critical Analysis Of Public Procurement Legislation And Practices In The 2000s: Comparing The North And South Through The Turkish Case." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614531/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis analyses the neoliberal reforms in the public procurement field by comparing the Northern and Southern examples, with a particular focus on the enactment of the Turkish Public Procurement Law and the establishment of Turkish Public Procurement Agency in 2001. This thesis argues that despite the depoliticisation claims of neoliberal ideology the reforms in the public procurement field have gone through a highly politicised process in both North and South. The reforms launched in the procurement field have been constructed around
different languages. The language of reform has intended to delegitimize any business-state cooperation. This type of language of reform in themSouth, particularly in Turkey, has turned into a strategy to open the state procurement market to the Western foreign firms on equal footing with the national ones. Coming under the pressure of different coalition groups of national and foreign capital owners, the Turkish government of
has intervened in the decisions of the Public Procurement Authority, which has been formed as an independent regulatory agency and in the Public Procurement Law, which was initially enacted to guarantee transparency. This thesis has reviewed the processes of the enactment and amendment of the Public Procurement. Eventually it states that the highly technical language of reform in the procurement field is highly political, and aims to redistribute resources between different capital groups.
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Smit, Alida Hermina. "The Public Procurement Process in South Africa and the Law of Contract (TITEL MOET NOG DIEN)." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53189.
Full textAbstract:
In South Africa the government relies greatly on the tender process as regulated by various legislation and legal principles in order to obtain contracts for the procurement of goods and services needed to maintain, upgrade and advance the public assets.
Since the Constitution1 came effect in 1997, various rules and principles regarding the public procurement process in South Africa was changed and expanded to recover and improve the new democratic South Africa.
Chapter 1 consists of the introduction, objectives and the scope of this study.
In chapter 2, I will discuss the public sector tender process, what it consists of and the applicable legislation and legal opinions in regards to the public procurement process.
Chapter 3 will be a discussion about the drafting of the various tender documentation with a detailed focus on the drafting of an invitation to tender, the submitted tender, the awarding letter of a tender and the final contract.
In chapter 4, I will discuss how the interpretation of contracts influences the public procurement process. I will discuss the applicable presumptions in detail and at the hand of recent case law. Chapter 5 of this study will consist of a conclusion and I will attempt to answer the research statement and questions above.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Mercantile Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Filipon, Liviu Serban. "Non-traditional regular purchasing arrangements in public procurement : a doctrinal and comparative analysis of regulation and implementation systems." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52696/.
Full textAbstract:
This research analyses, by using legal doctrinal and comparative methods, non-traditional regular purchasing arrangements (NTRPA) in seven public procurement systems carefully selected to ensure a wide coverage: the UNCITRAL Model Law on Public Procurement (2011), the World Bank, the US federal procurement system, the EU system and three EU Member States: UK, Romania and France. We define NTRPA as arrangements designed to meet on-going, recurrent or indefinite requirements for a long-term period through purchasing from the free market, and where the parties, at the initiative of the purchaser, go through a number of procedural stages (for example, 'suitability') and/or establish some contractual terms, but not all, in advance of the moment when an actual need for specific items arises, followed by placement of subsequent contracts or orders whenever the actual needs for items arise, based on the procedural stages conducted in advance, or based on the terms agreed beforehand. Such arrangements include, for example, framework agreements, dynamic purchasing systems and qualification systems (in the EU), and indefinite delivery contracts and multiple-award schedules (in the US). The varied terminology reflects the even wider variety of the arrangements themselves and of the approaches that legal instruments take in regulating them. The research examines how NTRPA are regulated in selected procurement systems, why they are regulated as they are, and assesses considerations that tend to promote or detract from fulfilment of certain objectives of the regulation of NTRPA. A common structure related to the 'core' elements of the underlying commercial process of such 'transactions' is used both for the examination of individual arrangements in each system and for wider comparative perspectives amongst them. By 'de-constructing' NTRPA as currently regulated into basic elements by reference to the 'core' commercial purchasing process, a corpus of guidance and a perspective are 're-constructed' regarding: (i) relevant landmarks for regulating NTRPA by reference to the particular objectives envisaged by individual procurement systems; and (ii) relevant landmarks for interpretation by practitioners, particularly from a teleological point of view, in areas where existing legislation or regulations applicable to their procurement systems are silent, inconsistent or unclear. 'Relevant landmarks' refer to aspects worth being considered in a wide context by policy makers, legislators or practitioners when introducing or reviewing public procurement regulation regarding NTRPA, or when actually implementing such arrangements. These landmarks do not refer to (and do not imply) a 'single recipe' for non-traditional regular purchases, but to an 'orientation guide' to quite complex a phenomenon.
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Becerra, Farfán María Hilda. "The Public Procurement Administrative Court in the Period 2012-2014." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119043.
Full textAbstract:
This article shows the results of the Public Procurement Administrative Court’s performance from 2012 to 2014, mainly referred to opportunity and predictability on resolutions issuing process, supporting on statistics the evolution of the caseload as well as the time record of closing the procedures related to matters of Administrative Court’s jurisdiction which had a direct effect on the public procurement contracts’ efficiency.Additionally, we go through some Plenary Chamber Rulings, witch jointly with uniform interpretation criteria are the best mechanism to ensure equality in law application and thus institutional framework of Public Procurement Administrative Court.En el presente artículo, se muestran los resultados de la gestión del Tribunal de Contrataciones del Estado en los años 2012 a 2014, referidos, principalmente, a la oportunidad y predictibilidad en la emisión de resoluciones.Apoyada de algunos datos estadísticos, se muestra la evolución de la carga procesal del Tribunal de Contrataciones y los tiempos de atención de los procedimientos de competencia del Tribunal y que inciden, directamente, en la eficiencia de la compra pública. Asimismo, se revisan algunos de los Acuerdos de Sala Plena emitidos, que junto a criterios de interpretación uniforme, son el mejor mecanismo para garantizar la igualdad en la aplicaciónde la ley y por tanto, la institucionalidad del Tribunal de Contrataciones del Estado.
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Pedreschi, Garcés Willy. "Approaches to the Direct Contracting Regime in the New Public Procurement Law Regarding the Draft Regulation of Law No. 30225, whose publication was provided by Ministerial Resolution No. 216-2015-EF / 15." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118591.
Full textAbstract:
The present article treats about the main innovations brought on the direct contracting regimen of the Public Procurement Peruvian New Law. In the author’s opinion, the new law seeks to make public procurement more efficient. Thus, he explains us how, in direct contracting, the law tries to achieve this objective.In that line, the paper explains the cases in which the direct contract proceeds and the formalities and requirements for it.El presente artículo aborda las principales novedades que trae el régimen de contratación directa de la Nueva Ley de Contrataciones del Estado. Para el autor, la nueva norma busca que las compras del Estado sean más eficientes y nos explica cómo, en la parte referida a la contratación directa, se intenta lograr dicho objetivo. Así, primero se explican los supuestos en los que cabe esta figura, y las formalidades yrequisitos para la misma.
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Sundgren, David. "Public Procurement of Complex IT Systems Within the Electricity Sector -Does the Law Encourage Good Business Practice?" Licentiate thesis, KTH, Electrical Systems, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1678.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of this thesis is the Swedish Act (1992:1528) onPublic Procurement (APP) and its application in procurementwithin the electricity sector of certain complex IT systems.During the course of such procurements a need for flexibilityregarding the system functionality and the contractual scope ingeneral frequently arises. This is often due to the sheercomplexity of the system and the milieu that surrounds it.
The Act on Public Procurement, which often applies inprocurement within the electric-ity sector, is based on thenotion that the customer may only acquire an object that issimilar to that initially described in contract notices andcontract documents. Between this basic notion and the need forflexibility in procurement of the IT-systems there is a clearconflict. This thesis is aimed at exploring this conflict.
The APP is designed for procurement of a great variety ofobjects and different rules apply depending on the situation.Which provisions to apply are decided by the kind of customerand its kind of business activity, the estimated contractvalue, and the classifi-cation of the public contract as asupply, works, or service contract.
Procurement of certain complex IT systems has someproperties that require particular attention and theseproperties do not seem to have been sufficiently observed whenthe APP was written. The law appears to assume that a clearspecification is readily avail-able in the early stages of aprocurement process and that well-functioning competition isprevalent. Complex IT systems may for several reasons rarely beultimately specified at the outset and therefore they ought notto be treated as if that were the case.
The research work has consisted in studying what room forflexibility concerning system functionality and contractconditions the law permits during the course of theprocure-ment; during the evaluation of tenders, duringnegotiations, at the signing of the con-tract, and when changesin the contract or further contracts related to the firstcontract become necessary.
To study the need for flexibility and how the contractparties manage this need in prac-tice, two case studies havebeen carried out within the research work. The result of thesecase studies has been related to the theoretical discussions onthe permissible level of flexibility. In one of the cases therules on public procurement may have cased some problems as aneed for substantial changes arose. In the other case there wasno need for major changes and consequently the rules did notcause any concern in this respect.
Key words:Public Procurement, IT Systems, ElectricitySector, Good Business Practice
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Arimoro, Augustine Edobor. "The role of law in the successful completion of public-private partnership projects in Nigeria: lessons from South Africa." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30026.
Full textAbstract:
Over the years, shortage of funds has resulted in a huge deficit in government budgets for infrastructure, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to the huge costs involved in infrastructure procurement in relation to other competing demands on government spending, it is no longer feasible for governments to bear the entire burden of infrastructural development. This is especially the case in Nigeria, where annual infrastructure deficit is estimated at a massive $8 billion. Moreover, public officials have demonstrated incompetence in making public corporations profitable. Accordingly, Nigeria has adopted the public-private partnership model of infrastructure procurement to allow for the participation of the private sector in the design, funding, construction, management, and operation of public infrastructure. However, Nigeria’s legal framework for managing public-private partnership is not clearly defined, leading to gaps in policy and overlapping laws that make implementation of PPP very difficult. Unsurprisingly, public-private partnership in Nigeria have, thus far, produced mixed results, thereby raising a need for clear policy guidelines on streamlining overlapping laws to attract, sustain and reward investor interest. In what ways do Nigeria’s legal and policy framework for public-private partnership protect private investors’ funds? This study examines the concept of PPP and its practice in Nigeria, arguing that the regulatory framework be designed or enhanced to protect investors’ assets in public-private partnership projects and ensure they achieve proportional return on investments. Beyond the problem of overlapping laws, the study finds that political interference, weak institutional mechanisms and poor respect for the rule of law and sanctity of contract underlie the ineffectiveness of public-private partnership in Nigeria. Drawing from the public-private partnership experience in South Africa, it recommends holistic strategies for protecting investors’ assets and unlocking the local financial market for sourcing project funding. These strategies are notably the provision of guarantees, making the process less cumbersome, provision of incentives for investors and project companies and ensuring that the host community for public-private partnership projects are involved in the process from inception to operation to get their support.
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Perichon, Lukas. "Les entreprises françaises et la commande publique en Afrique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS364.
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Les relations contractuelles entre les États africains francophones et les entreprises françaises dans la commande publique se nouent dans un cadre juridique et institutionnel constitué d'un enchevêtrement complexe de normes nationales, régionales et internationales en rupture progressive avec le modèle historique français. Ces relations se formalisent dans des contrats hybrides, aux caractères mal définis, entre contrats publics et contrats internationaux. Ils s'insèrent dans des montages juridiques et financiers où sont mis en balance la profitabilité, l'intérêt général, et les enjeux environnementaux et sociaux du développementContractual relationships between french-speaking african countries and french companies in the public procurement sector are formed under a complex network of national, regional and international rules breaking away from the historical french legal and administrative model. These relationships are maintained through ill-defined hybrid contracts that draw from public and international contractual laws and practices. They are integrated into legal and financial frameworks balancing profitability, public interests, environmental and social matters
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Gimeno, Feliú José María. "Reflections and Proposals on the New Community Regulation on Public Procurement." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118138.
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The article provides introductory notions about the new regulatory framework of the European Union on public procurement. The author argues that this new legislation forces us to rethink how articulate it to satisfies the public interest with respect to the principles of equality, efficiency, transparency, efficiency and accountability. It also forces us to rethink the administrative organization in the light of the own principles of public law. All that with the objective to approach us to the paradigm of the right to good administration as an element of control and accountability.El artículo brinda nociones introductorias sobre el nuevo marco regulatorio de la Unión Europea sobre contratación pública. El autor sostiene que esta nueva normativa obliga a repensar en cómo articularla a fin de que satisfaga los intereses públicos con respeto a los principios de igualdad, eficacia, transparencia, eficiencia y rendición de cuentas. Además, obliga a repensar la organización administrativa a la luz de los propios fundamentos del derecho público. Todo ello con miras a acercarse al paradigma del derecho a una buena administración como elemento del control y de rendición de cuentas.
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Campos, Medina Alexander, Canchari Alan Carlos Alarcón, Sobrevilla César Guzmán-Barrón, Boza Derik Latorre, Zamora Marco Antonio Martínez, and Quiñones Sandro Espinoza. "Lights and Shadows of Arbitration in Government Procurement." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117776.
Full textAbstract:
The present event talks about some relevant aspects in arbitration on public procurement matter, such as additional the non-arbitrability of additional provisions, the use of interim measures against administrative penalties and corruption of arbitration on public procurement matter. The discussion is done in the frame of the new Public Procurement Law.El presente evento gira entorno a algunos aspectos relevantes respecto al arbitraje en contratación pública, tales como la no arbitrabilidad de adicionales de obra, la presentación de una medida cautelar ante una sanción administrativa y la corrupción en arbitraje en contrataciones del Estado. La discusión se enmarca, además, en el panorama de la nueva Ley de Contrataciones del Estado.
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Quintero, Múnera Andrés, and Ibáñez María Alejandra Páez. "The Sanctioning Power of the Administration in the Public Procurement Scope: The Cases of Peru and Colombia." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118194.
Full textAbstract:
Initially the exercise of sanctioning powers is contextualized in the field of government procurement in Colombia, regulatory and jurisprudential development of this power and the procedure envisaged by the legislature for the imposition of sanctions is exposed when a violation or breach of it becomes apparent the contractor’s obligations, specifying the scope and gaps that the process involves. Then the consecration of the sanctioning power of the administration is presented in the Peruvian law, marking the differences with the model adopted by the Colombian law, to conclude with some perspectives on the subject.Inicialmente se contextualiza el ejercicio de la potestad sancionadora en el ámbito de la contratación estatal en Colombia. Se expone el desarrollo normativo y jurisprudencial de esta facultad y el procedimiento que ha previsto el legislador para la imposición de sanciones cuando se evidencie una infracción o incumplimiento de las obligaciones del contratista, precisándose el alcance y los vacíos que el procedimiento comporta. En seguida, se presenta la consagración de la potestad sancionadora de la administración en el derecho peruano, marcando las diferencias con el modelo adoptado por la legislación colombiana, para concluir con algunas perspectivas sobre el tema.
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Rubio, Salcedo César Rommel. "Review of the Sanctioning Power in Public Procurement: About the Plenary Court Agreement 1/2015-TCE issued by the State Procurement Court." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117326.
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On the basis of the revision of the power to impose on government procurement matter, the author analyses the content and scope of Plenary Court agreement 1/2015-TCE; to the light of the juridical and factual that will occur with the emission and issue of this binding precedent.In addition, the author works a prediction of the eventual contradictions on the application of the Plenary Court agreement that may occur in the juridical administrative system and the harmful consequences of the effectiveness of it.A partir de la revisión de la potestad sancionadora en materia de contratación pública, elautor analiza el contenido y los alcances del Acuerdo de Sala Plena 1/2015-TCE; a la luz de las implicancias jurídicas y fácticas que se presentarán con la emisión y publicación de este precedente vinculante.Adicionalmente, se prevé las eventuales contradicciones en que la aplicación de este Acuerdo de Sala Plena puede generar en el ordenamiento jurídico administrativo; así como las nefastas consecuencias de su vigencia.
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Ptáčková, Jitka. "Proces hodnocení veřejné zakázky z pohledu investora." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225971.
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This thesis deals with procurement. It focuses on the characteristics of public procurement, the procurement and evaluation. It describes the steps in the procurement and identifies risks that threaten the individual phases of the procurement process. The practical part is concerned with comparing the order of candidates established on the basis of two different evaluation methods stanovenýh in the Law on Public Procurement.
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Espinoza, Quiñones Sandro, and Flores Carmen Chunga. "The Arbitrability of Corruption: Is it Possible to Apply "Clean Hands Doctrine" in Arbitration in Public Procurement?" Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119116.
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The arbitration proceeding is characterized for being an efficient, impartial, and above all a transparent mechanism, wherefore various private and public entities have aimed to it in order to solve their patrimonial controversies. Nevertheless, there is a sector within the doctrine that maintains that, on the assumption that the matter to arbitrate comes from legal relationships marked by corruption, the arbitration court should declare the unarbitrability of the matter, since it would violate the public order.The present paper will broach the impact of the entitled «Clean Hands Doctrine» on certain Law branches, its origins on the worldwide legal systems, the relation of it with other legal entities on which it is based on, and we will discuss international legal precedents on the matter, as well as the possible application of this doctrine to arbitration proceedings on a local context and in public procurements matter.El arbitraje se caracteriza por ser un mecanismo imparcial, eficaz y sobre todo, transparente, motivo por el cual entidades privadas y estatales se abocan al mismo con la finalidad de resolver sus controversias patrimoniales. No obstante, existe un sector de la doctrina que sostiene que, cuando la materia a arbitrar provenga de relaciones jurídicas revestidas de corrupción, el tribunal arbitral debería declarar la inarbitrabilidad de la materia, pues se estaría vulnerando el orden público.El presente trabajo abordará la incidencia de la denominada «Clean Hands Doctrine» en determinadas ramas del Derecho, sus orígenes en los sistemas jurídicos del mundo, su relación con otras figuras jurídicas en las cuales se sustenta, y comentaremos tanto la jurisprudencia internacional al respecto, como la posible aplicación de esta doctrina al arbitraje en el contexto nacional, en materia de contrataciones con el Estado.
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Sokolinskaja, Agata. "Viešieji e. pirkimai ir jų teisinis reglamentavimas Lietuvoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20061219_164713-37206.
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Viešųjų pirkimų sistema yra svarbi kiekvienos Europos valstybės ekonomikos dalis. Viešiesiems pirkimams yra naudojama apie 30 procentų nacionalinių biudžetų ir kitų visuomeninių lėšų, todėl racionalus ir taupus jų panaudojimas yra vienas iš svarbiausių valstybės valdymo tikslų. Net iki 75 milijardų eurų Europos sąjungos lėšų ir apie 250 milijonų litų Lietuvos biudžeto pinigų galima sutaupyti perkėlus viešuosius pirkimus į elektroninę erdvę. Pagrindiniai įstatyminiai viešųjų e. pirkimų pagrindai numatyti 2004 m. kovo 31 dienos Europos Parlamento ir Tarybos direktyvoje 2004/17/EB (Direktyva dėl viešųjų pirkimų tvarkos vandens, energetikos, transporto ir pašto paslaugų sektoriaus koordinavimo) ir direktyvoje 2004/18/EB (Direktyva dėl darbų, prekių ir paslaugų viešojo pirkimo sutarčių sudarymo tvarkos koordinavimo), kurių normas perkeltos ir įgyvendintos 2005 m. gruodžio 15 d. priimtame LR Viešųjų pirkimų įstatymo pakeitimo įstatyme.Public procurement system is a very important part of economy of every European country. National budgets spend almost 30% of its money on public sector procurements as well as other public spending. That is why it is very important every country has a goal of spending its money rationally and cutting its costs as much as possible. It is believed that the new e-procurement system would save at least 75 billion euros in Europe, and around 250 million litas of Lithuanian budget. The basis of public e. procurement law is set in the directory of European Parliament and Council, 2004/17/EB (directory of public procurement, water, energy, transport and post services coordination), and 2004/18/EB (directory that coordinates work services, goods and public sector procurement agreements). All these above mentioned directories are provided in Public Procurement law of Lithuania, on December 15, 2005. All European Union countries are undergoing the process of implementing public e. procurement system. New information systems of public procurement, central Web portals, the Procurement Monitoring Bureaus are being created. On 2004, April 25, EU Commission has set a goal in Communique of implementing a plan of action of public e. procurement system until 2010 in Europe. The main purpose - until the year 2010, public e. procurement process should be done 100% electronically (practically at least 50% of whole procurement system). The theme of this work is “Public e. procurement ant... [to full text]
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SILVA, Waldemir Cordeiro. "Procedimento de planejamento de compras governamentais: estudo de caso numa instituição federal de ensino superior brasileira." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18379.
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Este trabalho analisou os procedimentos de compras e contratações de serviços da UFPE, sobre a Dispensa de Licitação nos contratos realizados pelas Unidades Gestoras - UGs, enfatizando o gasto orçamentário e financeiro da referida dispensa acima do limite de 10% (dez por cento) em compras e serviços, como também, observou as normas e diretrizes internas que regem este processo na UFPE. Um outro aspecto foi a Adesão em Atas de Registro de Preços de outras Instituições, conhecida como ‘carona’, interpretando a legalidade desta adesão. O referencial teórico do trabalho é a Lei nº. 8.666, de 21 de junho de 1993, da Presidência da República, bem como o embasamento de ideias disponíveis na literatura, além de noções gerais sobre compras e contratações de serviços. Realizou-se um estudo de caso na UFPE, coletando-se dados, mediante entrevistas estruturadas com os servidores responsáveis pelas compras das UG’s, além de observação direta dos processos de compras e, pesquisa em documentos dos processos de licitação indeferidos. Adicionalmente, realizou-se uma visita ao Comando Militar do Nordeste, para conhecer os seus procedimentos de compras e contratações, já que suas Atas de Registro de Preços são utilizadas pela UFPE. Como resultado tem-se o diagnóstico dos problemas enfrentados de um lado, em relação aos processos internos e, de outro, pela constatação de que as despesas são realizadas através da ‘carona’, pregão e dispensa de licitação e, neste caso ultrapassando o limite legal. Por fim é apresentada uma proposta de procedimento para as atividades de compras, cada UG faz seu planejamento anual, usando uma cartilha (a ser elaborada) de forma padronizada e centralizar as demandas.
This study analyzed the procurement procedures and service contracts from Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, about the Bid Waiver contracts made by Management Units – MU´s, emphasizing the budget and financial costs of that exemption above the limit of 10% (ten percent) of purchases and services, but also noted the rules and internal guidelines governing this process at university. Another aspect was the Accession on Prices Registration Minutes of other institutions, known as 'lift', interpreting the legality of accession. The theoretical work of reference is the Law no. 8666 of 21 June 1993, the Presidency, as well as the basis of available ideas in the literature, and general notions on procurement and contracting services also. We conducted a case study at UFPE, by collecting data through structured interviews with the officers responsible for the MU's purchases, and direct observation of procurement processes and research documents of rejected bidding processes. Additionally, there was a visit to the Military Command of the Northeast, to know their procurement procedures and contracts, because their prices Registration Minutes are used by UFPE. As a result there is the diagnosis of the problems faced on one side with respect to internal processes and on the other, by the fact that expenditure is carried out through the 'ride', trading and bidding process and in this case exceeding the limit cool. Finally, is the suggested procedure for purchasing activities, each MU makes its annual planning, using a primer (to be developed) in a standardized manner and centralize demands.
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Schmidt, Anne [Verfasser]. "Public Procurement Law and Reform in Developing Countries: International Best Practices and Lessons Learned : Namibia as a Case Study / Anne Schmidt." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1160480249/34.
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Espino, Layza María Alejandra, and Ramírez Rosa Natalí Llique. "State of the Question and Future Challenges of Public Procurement in Peru Interview with Dr. Ricardo Salazar Chávez." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117088.
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The present interview has as purpose to give comprehensive overview about the currentsituation of public procurement in our country, with emphasis on the goals achieved and the possible challenges of the matter; all of this in the frame on the reform of public procurement law.La presente entrevista tiene como propósito dar un panorama del actual estado de la contratación pública en nuestro país, haciendo énfasis en los logros que se han ido alcanzados y los posibles retos de la misma; todo esto teniendo en cuenta la reciente reforma en la normativa de contratación pública.
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Zabukaitė, Daiva. "Teisės į žalos atlyginimą ypatumai viešuosiuose pirkimuose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100224_113603-32944.
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Galimybę pasinaudoti teise į žalos atlyginimą viešuosiuose pirkimuose vertėtų laikyti vienu iš kertinių elementų, galinčių padėti užtikrinti viešųjų pirkimų procedūrų viešumą, skaidrumą, atitikimą teisės aktų reikalavimams. Šio darbo tikslas – nustatyti teisės į žalos atlyginimą efektyvaus įgyvendinimo ypatumus, visapusiškai išnagrinėti kiekvieną iš būtinų sąlygų civilinei atsakomybei dėl žalos viešuosiuose pirkimuose padarymo kilti, apibendrinti Lietuvos teismų ir Europos Teisingumo Teismo praktiką. Darbe analizuojama teisė į žalos atlyginimą viešuosiuose pirkimuose (VPĮ 96 straipsnio pagrindu) ir kiti VPĮ V skyriuje įtvirtinti tiekėjų teisių gynimo būdai, aptariami jų tarpusavio ryšiai. Darbe dėmesys taip pat skiriamas sąžiningų tiekėjų pareigai ginčyti neteisėtus perkančiosios organizacijos veiksmus VPĮ V skyriuje numatyta tvarka. Siekiant išsamesnės teisės į žalos atlyginimą viešuosiuose pirkimuose instituto analizės, darbo pradžioje identifikuojamas subjektų, turinčių teisę į žalos atlyginimą viešuosiuose pirkimuose, ratas, o kitose dalyse aptariama kiekviena iš civilinei atsakomybei dėl žalos viešuosiuose pirkimuose padarymo kilti būtinų sąlygų: kaltė, neteisėti veiksmai, žala ir priežastinis ryšys tarp neteisėtų veiksmų ir žalos.One of the principal elements in the scope of public procurement is the ability to obtain damages, which ensures the transparency, publicity of public procurement procedures and meeting the requirements of law. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the singularities of the effective claim for damages, to scrutinize every condition for the civil liability in the scope of public procurement, to overview and summarize cases of Lithuanian courts and the European Court of Justice. The right to damages in the field of public procurement (Article 96 of the Law of Public procurement of Lithuania) and other remedies for civil rights protection are analyzed in this study, identifying connection between those remedies of civil rights protection. Attention is being paid to the duty of fair supplier to file a claim about the actions or decisions of the contracting authority under the Part V of the Law of Public Procurement of Lithuania. Seeking for the exhaustive analysis of the right to damages in the beginning of the study the group of subjects having right to claim for damages is being identified, in other parts of the study - every condition for the civil liability in the field of public procurement is analyzed: existence of fault, existence of damages and existence of a causal link between the fault and the claimed damages.
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Welina, Jochen. "Nachhaltige Beschaffung der öffentlichen Hand: Stand Frühjahr 2017." Universität Leipzig, 2017. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34229.
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Mit Wirkung zum 18. April 2016 ist das Vergaberecht in Deutschland neu geregelt worden. Anlass für die Neuregelung war die Umsetzung dreier EU-Richtlinien in nationales Recht. Die neuen Regelungen finden sich im Wesentlichen im geänderten Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (GWB) und der geänderten Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung für Bauleistungen Teil A (VOB/A) sowie der neuen Vergabeverordnung (VgV), der neuen Sektorenverordnung (SektVO) und der neuen Vergabeverordnung Verteidigung und Sicherheit (VSVgV).
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Soto, Palacios Miguel Ángel. "Towards the Implementation of Patterns of Environmental Sustainability in Production and Consumption: Sustainable Public Procurement." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118731.
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Public spending of many states makes a significant contribution to the Gross Domestic Product of countries, which are the main consumers of the national economies. For this reason, the purchasing power is an opportunity to influence the market by promoting production and consumption of sustainable and friendly goods to the environment.In this sense, this article discusses the system of Sustainable Public Procurements as a way to promote Sustainable Consumption and Production patterns and, thus, reach sustainable development for a green economy.El gasto público de muchos Estados contribuye de manera significativa en el Producto Bruto Interno de los países, siendo normalmente los principales consumidores de las economías nacionales; razón por la que dicho poder de adquisición constituye una oportunidad para influir en el mercado, fomentando la producción y el consumo de bienes sostenibles y amigables con el ambiente. En ese sentido, el artículo aborda el mecanismo de las Compras Públicas Sostenibles como una herramienta para promover patrones de Consumo y Producción Sostenibles y, consecuentemente, lograr el desarrollo sostenible en el marco del concepto de una economía verde.
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Cantillon, Guillaume. "Concurrence et objectifs de politiques publiques en droit des marchés publics : le droit des marchés publics et la régulation." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010279.
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Avec l'adoption des nouvelles directives marchés publics s'achève un cycle d'une quinzaine d'années au cours duquel l'objectif concurrentiel assigné au droit des marchés publics aura tout à la fois été renforcé par le principe de libre concurrence et concurrencé par des objectifs de politiques publiques. Doublement instrumentalisé par ces deux séries d'objectifs, le droit des marchés publics est ainsi devenu un des outils dont la puissance publique dispose pour, dans une démarche caracté1istique de la régulation instaurer un équilibre économique optimum que le marché n'est pas capable de produire par lui-même. La théorie selon laquelle les collectivités publiques seraient devenues des entités sociales banalisées s''en trouve fortement nuancée. Leur présence dans l'économie ne disparaît pas au profit. du «tout marché » mais emprunte des voies nouvelles. Dans le droit des marchés publics comme dans le droit public économique, la démarche de régulation permet ainsi le dépassement de la concurrence par sa conciliation avec d'autres objectifs d'intérêt général. Autrement dit cette démarche y est porteuse d'un intérêt général pluraliste dont la définition relève par essence du politique. C'est pourquoi, si la conciliation entre concurrence et politiques publiques dans les marchés publics nécessite pour les acheteurs et le juge du contrat l'usage de raisonnements économiques issus du droit public de la concurrence, elle appelle aussi l'instauration d'une gouvernance des marchés publics au service de la définition d'une politique d'achatWith the adoption of the new EU Public Procurement Directives there ends a cycle of about fifteen years which have seen the competitive objective assigned to the procurement contracts law being both strengthened by the competition principle and completed by public policies objectives. Doubly instrumentalized by these two series of objectives, procurement contracts have become one of the public authorities' tools for establishing an optimal balance between competition and social or environmental objectives in the economy. A balance that the market is not itself able to produce. It follows that the deregulating public service theory is strongly discussed there. The public sector bas not disappeared for the benefit of the private market but follows new paths in order to foster a balance between competition and other objectives of general interest. And finally, finding this balance is a political issue. That is why, if the the coming together of competition and public policies in procurement contracts needs the buyers and the judge the use of economic tools rooted in competition law, it also and maybe principally calls for a new public procurement contracts govemance in order to defi.ne a public procurement policy
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Ruiz, Sánchez Arturo, and Del Carpio Mitchell Alex Valdiviezo. "Consideraciones en Torno a la Responsabilidad de los Participantes, Postores y Contratistas en Contrataciones con el Estado." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118048.
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The first part of the article proposes a theoretical-doctrinaire analysis about the sanctioning authority of the Public Administration and explains the sanctioning authority of the Supervisory Agency for Government Procurement. On the other hand, the second part of the article examines the definitions related to the personal liability concerning government procurement issues. Finally, the article explains the strict liability in this respect.En la primera parte del artículo se propone un desarrollo teórico-doctrinario sobre la potestad sancionadora administrativa de la Administración Pública. Asimismo, se desarrolla una explicación en relación a la potestad administrativa sancionadora del Organismo Supervisor de las Contrataciones del Estado. En la segunda parte del artículo se analizan los conceptos sobre la responsabilidad subjetiva en materia de contrataciones con el Estado,terminando con explicar acerca de la responsabilidad objetiva en la misma materia.