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Journal articles on the topic 'Law Samoa'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 December 2022

Last updated: 25 January 2023

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1

Krek, Janez. "Understanding the Discourse of Early Childhood Education in Coming of Age in Samoa." SAGE Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 215824402090208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020902083.

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The apparently readily comprehensible descriptive discourse in Margaret Mead’s famous ethnographic study Coming of Age in Samoa (1928) (CAS) presents a discursive challenge that is greater than one might expect from a book that has gained a wide readership. Through theoretical analysis, and in relation to the notorious Mead/Freeman controversy, we seek to contribute to understanding CAS as discourse, and even more specifically as educational discourse. Three research questions are addressed: How can the account of Samoan culture presented by Mead in CAS be understood as discourse? How can her account of early childhood education be understood in relation to Freeman’s account? Is Mead describing permissive education when describing patterns of early childhood education in Samoa? We argue that Mead produced an overlapping research discourse that has appealed to the wider public because of its cultural suppressed message aimed at the unconscious in culture. Mead’s and Freeman’s contradictory accounts of Samoan cultural patterns in relation to early childhood education can be explained by differences in the perspectives of the social and hierarchical positions of respectable elders and chiefs (Freeman) and of young girls who were caregivers of even younger children (Mead). Finally, we argue that early childhood education in Samoa at that time was clearly not permissive. Young Samoan girls internalized the symbolic Law (Lacan) and were therefore able to act in an authoritative way as caregivers. In the field of education nearly a century later, Mead’s descriptions of early childhood education in Samoa still provide an intricate case study.

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2

Land, Craig. "One Boat, Two Captains: Implications of the 2020 Samoan Land and Titles Court Reforms for Customary Law and Human Rights." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 52, no. 3 (December 13, 2021): 507–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v52i3.7330.

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Samoa's 2020 Land and Titles Court reforms, which contributed to the Human Rights Protection Party losing support at the April 2021 elections after almost 40 years of government, have recentred attention on the tensions of legal pluralism in the South Pacific. Although Samoa maintains a system of English common law, 81 per cent of Samoan land falls under the traditional matai titles system, giving a central role to the customary Land and Titles Court (LTC). In December 2020, the Samoan parliament passed three Acts – the Constitution Amendment Act 2020, the Land and Titles Act 2020 and the Judicature Act 2020 – establishing the LTC in a parallel court hierarchy with equivalent status to the Samoan Supreme Court and Court of Appeal. This proposal has prompted debate between those favouring incorporation and promotion of Samoan custom over Western legal norms, and others who argue the amendments undermine human rights protections and the rule of law. This article evaluates the effects of these changes on the role and administration of custom in Samoa, contextualising them within broader socio-legal debates around customary legal systems. It first analyses the effect of the three Acts with regard to the bifurcation of the court system, procedural reforms in the LTC hierarchy and the introduction of a judicial guidance clause. This leads into a critical evaluation of these changes, highlighting impacts upon judicial coherence; constitutional human rights; consistency between customary and common law procedures; and resourcing constraints. The article concludes by providing broad options for future reform. It does not focus on issues which have received attention elsewhere, such as the amendments' potential impacts on judicial independence.

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3

Butcher, Hayley, Sarah Burkhart, Nicholas Paul, Ulusapeti Tiitii, Karibanang Tamuera, Taati Eria, and Libby Swanepoel. "Role of Seaweed in Diets of Samoa and Kiribati: Exploring Key Motivators for Consumption." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 7356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187356.

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Edible seaweeds have significant potential to contribute to sustainable diets that promote health of Pacific Islanders in ecologically, economically, and socially acceptable ways. No studies to date have investigated motivators for and the consumption of edible green seaweed from the genus Caulerpa (sea grapes) in Samoa and Kiribati. An observational, cross-sectional study utilized an interviewer-administered questionnaire to explore consumption behaviors and the role of sea grapes in the current diets of individuals in Samoa and Kiribati. Of the total 145 participants (n = 79, 54.5% Samoa; n = 66, 45.5% Kiribati), half (n = 76, 52%) reported consuming sea grapes. A significantly greater proportion of Samoans (n = 56, 70.9%) reported consumption than I-Kiribati participants (n = 20, 30.3%). A greater proportion of consumers were male (n = 47, 61.8%). Samoan consumers reported consumption of sea grapes with a higher diversity of foods and being related to traditional events or ceremonies. Motivators for consumption varied between countries, with Samoan consumers reporting strong agreement for taste and value for money, and identified sea grapes as nutritious food, as influences on consumption. Easy access was a motivator in Kiribati only. The findings of this study are underpinned by the degree of food security and differences in culture in Samoa and Kiribati. Future public health efforts to integrate traditional fresh food into local food systems will need to work within the existing social parameters in each respective country.

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4

Ravich, Timothy M. "Cabotage and Deregulatory Anomalies." Journal of Air Law and Commerce 87, no. 3 (2022): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/jalc.87.3.8.

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The strangest airline route in America is between Pago Pago and the Manu’a Islands in American Samoa. It is the only regularly scheduled service by a non-U.S.-flagged airline between two points in the United States (or its territories) due to the lack of a U.S. carrier offering service to the territory’s domestic route. Under existing U.S. cabotage policies, states and U.S. territories are divested of all power to manage interstate air transportation to and from other U.S. airports as a matter of law. Specifically, federal law permits only U.S. carriers operating U.S.-registered aircraft to fly between U.S. states and territories. Consequently, governments like that of American Samoa have no authority to allow non-U.S. carriers to fly in and out of American Samoa to key connection points to the United States, such as Honolulu or Los Angeles. Standing alone, the absence of foreign carriers in any particular aviation market is unproblematic and even expected where purely “domestic” travel is involved. But, in American Samoa, the absence of foreign carriers means that competition and consumer choice are nonexistent. Meanwhile, presently, just one U.S.-flagged carrier—Hawaiian Airlines—connects American Samoa with any other part of the United States. In this monopolistic framework, few if any incentives exist for Hawaiian Airlines to provide more than the mini- mum acceptable level of service. And, in fact, in 2020, the Governor of American Samoa signed an Executive Order seemingly evicting Hawaiian Airlines from the territory while calling for permanent waiver of federal cabotage law—an action that the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) rejected as an authority not countenanced under the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. This Article argues for a change or exemption in the current law. In so doing, this Article features the body of national aviation law as an unexpectedly useful area in which to gain insight into the flaws of imperial rule. With respect to American Samoa specifically, federal cabotage rules and laws deregulating the commercial airline industry displace territorial efforts to achieve autonomy and self-governance over matters of local concern and constitutional dimension, including jurisdiction (i.e., navigation), commerce and trade, and travel. Worse, national laws strip territorial leaders of the ability to better the welfare of their community without also meaningfully advancing U.S. objectives. Therefore, this Article argues that Congress should exempt American Samoa permanently from application of cabotage and deregulation laws and policies, a seemingly local issue that genuinely portends wholesale changes to longstanding international aviation law.

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5

Rowe, Mark. "A difficult balancing act: the Samoan experience with money laundering regulation." Journal of Money Laundering Control 24, no. 3 (June 26, 2021): 502–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-08-2020-0096.

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Purpose This paper aims to examines the trade-offs that Small Island Developing States (SIDS) must make in navigating an inappropriate elite-driven global anti-money laundering anti-money laundering/countering the financing of terrorism (AML-CFT) order. This paper examines the case of Samoa, an under-researched Pacific Island nation. It is hoped that this paper will have a wider resonance for policymakers from other developing nations facing similar challenges. Design/methodology/approach It draws on the latest Samoan domestic source material and Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering Mutual Evaluation Reports to highlight the difficult balancing act that SIDS face in complying with complex global norms within their limited regulatory capacity and competing development priorities of financial inclusion and affordable remittance flows. Findings Samoa and other SIDS in balancing the existential risks of “blacklisting” with the significant regulatory opportunity costs of compliance undertake an expensive form of AML-CFT window-dressing. Policymakers need to be more sensitive to the needs and regulatory opportunity costs of small jurisdictions, particularly when questions about the effectiveness of the AML-CFT remain open. Research limitations/implications The author notes Samoa’s offshore center’s role in raising its risk profile. However, owing to this paper's limited scope offshore center (OFCs) will not be explored in depth. Further research is needed in this area. Originality/value There is a dearth of contemporary academic research into AML-CFT regulation in the South Pacific and Samoa specifically. This paper presents through its Samoan case study insights into the cost-benefit calculations that small jurisdictions must make in seeking to comply with elite global AML-CFT norms vis-à-vis competing policy goals such as financial inclusion and ready access to remittance flows.

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6

Olson, M. D. "Regulating custom:Land, law and central judiciary in Samoa." Journal of Pacific History 32, no. 2 (November 1997): 153–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349708572836.

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7

Verner, Vladimir, Pavel Novy, Jan Tauchen, Lukas Huml, Julian Wong Soon, Tomas Kudera, Fiti Laupua, and Ladislav Kokoska. "Diversity, Economic Value and Regional Distribution of Plant Food Products at Local Tropical Markets: A Samoa Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 10014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310014.

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Local markets are still an integral part of the food system in developing economies of tropical regions including Samoa. This small South Pacific country is largely dependent on the production of crops in village agriculture, where traditional markets play an important role in sustainability of food supply. Similarly as many small island developing economies, Samoa is currently facing several challenges such as food security and high dependence on food imports. Therefore, we decided to monitor the diversity of plant foods on Samoan local markets and their economic and geographic indicators through interviews with the vendors. Our results suggest that assortment and economical value of plant food products have potential to increase sustainable food security of the local population and support economic growth of the region. For example, underutilized crops available at local markets are prospective species for development of new food products with beneficial nutritional and health properties. Moreover, certain commodities (e.g., papaya, kava and Samoan cocoa) seem to be promising for export. In addition, our findings suggest that development of appropriate processing technologies and the optimization of the logistics of crop products sold at local markets can contribute to an increase in efficiency of the regional agricultural sector.

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8

Olson, M. D. "‘Indirect rule’ and the rule of law in Samoa." Journal of Historical Geography 28, no. 3 (July 2002): 380–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhge.2001.0454.

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9

Iati, Iati. "The Pacific Insular Case of American Samoa: Land Rights and Law in Unincorporated US Territories, Line-Noue Memea Kruse (2018)." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00054_5.

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Review of: The Pacific Insular Case of American Samoa: Land Rights and Law in Unincorporated US Territories, Line-Noue Memea Kruse (2018) Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 211 pp., ISBN 978 3 31969 970 7 (hbk), €124.79

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10

Cooke, Robin. "Human Rights in Hong Kong." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v29i1.6050.

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In this address to the UNDR commemorative seminar in April 1998 Lord Cooke speaks of human rights, his current judicial roles and the prospects for a common law of the world. Lord Cooke discusses the importance of human rights law in both substance and implementation. The author reports on the process of implementing constitutional law and human rights in New Zealand, Samoa, the Republic of Fiji, the United Kingdom, and Hong Kong.

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11

Heard, Emma, Lisa Fitzgerald, Sina Va’ai, Fiona Collins, and Allyson Mutch. "Suiga/Change: An Ethnodrama Exploring Challenges in Intimate Relationships With Young People in Samoa." Violence Against Women 25, no. 3 (July 2, 2018): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801218778388.

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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant global issue and there is an immediate need to strengthen knowledge and support innovative action, particularly with young people and people in diverse cultural settings. This ethnodrama provides insights into the way young people in Samoa, a Pacific Island nation reporting high rates of IPV, experience and perceive IPV and challenges within intimate relationships. Suiga/Change is an authentic, emotive, and powerful story of four young people who represent the diversity and lived experiences of the wider population of young people in Samoa. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

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12

Farran, Sue. "Pacific Perspectives: Fa’afafine and Fakaleiti in Samoa and Tonga: People Between Worlds." Liverpool Law Review 31, no. 1 (April 28, 2010): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10991-010-9070-0.

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13

Paulson, Deborah D. "Understanding Tropical Deforestation: the Case of Western Samoa." Environmental Conservation 21, no. 4 (1994): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900033634.

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The case of Western Samoa is used to challenge the tendency in the recent literature to polarize the issue of tropical deforestation as caused by either political economic forces or increasing human demands. While it is recognized that political economic forces must be changed in many cases to make just and sustainable use of the forest possible, the case of Western Samoa is used to highlight the difficult challenge of conserving tropical forests and their biodiversity even under customary land-tenure and local control of forest resources.

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14

Tiitii, Ulusapeti, Nicholas Paul, Sarah Burkhart, Silva Larson, and Libby Swanepoel. "Traditional Knowledge and Modern Motivations for Consuming Seaweed (Limu) in Samoa." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 6212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106212.

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Seaweeds are a traditional food throughout the Pacific. In Samoa, the edible seaweeds limu fuafua (sea grapes, Caulerpa racemosa and C. chemnitzia) and limu a’au (red seaweed, Halymenia durvillei and Halymenia sp.) are hand-harvested and consumed fresh or cooked, respectively. However, there is limited scientific or traditional documentation of these commodities. Here, we assess the traditional use and cultural value of edible seaweeds and explore modern consumer preferences and perceived nutritional benefits. Structured enumerator-administered questionnaires were used to examine the relationship between consumption and demographics and subsequently to assess the key motivators for consumption, including perceived nutritional benefits. A total of 320 participants were surveyed across 20 village communities, with 95% reporting consumption of Caulerpa and 40% of Halymenia. Consumption was primarily on a weekly to monthly basis, and even once a day. Motivators and barriers for consumption were then assessed in 320 village participants with an additional 203 intercept interviews at fish markets. A content analysis of the open-ended questions revealed the key motivators for eating limu were health and taste (positive), whereas the key barriers were taste (negative) and availability. We identify opportunities to develop a nutrient evidence base for Samoan seaweeds to aid in marketing, especially for youth.

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15

Tagupa, William. "Law, status and citizenship:Conflict and continuity in New Zealand and Western Samoa (1922–1982)∗." Journal of Pacific History 29, no. 1 (June 1994): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349408572756.

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16

Gilman, Eric, Joanna Ellison, Ierupaala Sauni, and Solialofi Tuaumu. "Trends in surface elevations of American Samoa mangroves." Wetlands Ecology and Management 15, no. 5 (April 20, 2007): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-007-9038-6.

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17

Corrin, Jennifer. "Customary Land and the Language of the Common Law." Common Law World Review 37, no. 4 (December 2008): 305–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/clwr.2008.37.4.0176.

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Independence constitutions in most small island countries of the South Pacific acknowledge the significance of customary law by giving it official status in the hierarchy of laws recognized by the state. More particularly, many of those constitutions make special provision for customary land, limiting its alienation and allowing it to be governed by customary law. However, in practice, the philosophy underlying these provisions has been betrayed. While paying lip service to customary law, changes have been introduced through the written law. In addition, more subtle changes have crept in through the inaccurate representation of customary concepts in common law terms. Using examples drawn mainly from Samoa and Solomon Islands, this paper seeks to demonstrate that, in spite of the constitutionally enshrined intention to protect customary land and the customary law governing it, the operation of the common law has led to significant changes in customary land concepts. It is argued that such changes have the potential to bring about dramatic and unplanned changes to customary society in the South Pacific.

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18

Stewart-Withers, Rochelle. "Contesting a Third World development category: Female-headed households in Samoa." Women's Studies International Forum 34, no. 3 (May 2011): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.11.003.

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19

McKenzie, Peter. "A shared commercial legal heritage - reflections on commercial law reform in former British Colonies and Dependencies." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 39, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v39i4.5478.

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This article reflects on Professor Tony Angelo's contributions to the laws of various British colonies, particularly Mauritius. The author illustrates different types of jurisdiction by reference to individual countries. First, the author discusses colonies with a received legal heritage – Mauritius, who has influences from its French colonial administration and English law, and Botswana who has hints of English commercial statutes. Secondly, the author discusses colonies with an underlying common law system – Uganda, Sierra Leone, and Samoa. None of these nations were settled colonies, but colonial administrators took with them a common law structure for contracts, and civil and commercial obligations, while retaining customary law and practices in relation to land. Finally, the Maldives is discussed as a "special case". The author then discusses his reflections on the colonial legal legacy, including the impact of the English language, the shared nature of the colonies' legal systems (including a common accounting and business framework), and the "colonial legal patchwork". The author hopes that the impetus given by Professor Angelo to law reform in Mauritius, as well as other nations, will continue.

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20

Parker, Albert, Nils-Axel Mörner, and Pamela Matlack-Klein. "Sea level acceleration caused by earthquake induced subsidence in the Samoa Islands." Ocean & Coastal Management 161 (July 2018): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.04.017.

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21

Singh, Shailendra. "Investigative journalism: Challenges, perils, rewards in seven Pacific Island countries." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i1.291.

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This article appraises the general state of investigative journalism in seven Pacific Island countries—Cook Islands, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu—and asserts that the trend is not encouraging. Journalism in general, and investigative journalism in particular, has struggled due to harsher legislation as in military-ruled Fiji; beatings and harassment of journalists as in Vanuatu; and false charges and lawsuits targeting journalists and the major newspaper company in the Cook Islands. Corruption, tied to all the major political upheavals in the region since independence, is also discussed. Threats to investigative journalism, like the ‘backfiring effect’ and ‘anti-whistleblower’ law are examined, along with some investigative journalism success case studies.

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22

Ye, Ruiping. "Torrens and Customary Land Tenure: a Case Study of the Land Titles Registration Act 2008 of Samoa." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 40, no. 4 (May 3, 2009): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v40i4.5249.

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This article describes the customary land tenure in Samoa, and analyses the effects of the introduction of a Torrens system of land registration on the customary land tenure. In particular, it examines the registration of adjudicated customary land (customary land in respect of which judgment has been made by the Land and Titles Court) under the Land Titles Registration Act 2008, as well as the combined effect of the Taking of Land Act 1964 and Torrens registration on customary land. It argues that the LTRA 2008 may be repugnant to the Constitution and that the Torrens system is incompatible with customary land tenure. It recommends that the law expressly exclude customary land from the indefeasibility of title effect of the Torrens system.

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23

Le De, L., J. C. Gaillard, W. Friesen, and F. Matautia Smith. "Remittances in the face of disasters: a case study of rural Samoa." Environment, Development and Sustainability 17, no. 3 (July 11, 2014): 653–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-014-9559-0.

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24

Prasad, Devika. "Fortalecendo o policiamento democrático e a responsabilização na Commonwealth do Pacífico." Sur. Revista Internacional de Direitos Humanos 3, no. 5 (December 2006): 110–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-64452006000200006.

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Nove países insulares compõem a Commonwealth no Pacífico - Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, Papua Nova Guiné, Samoa, Ilhas Salomão, Tonga, Tuvalu e Vanuatu. Na região, questões sobre policiamento e reformas profundas da polícia - assim como questões de direitos humanos - são prioridades dos governos. O policiamento nesta região tem que lidar com obstáculos como as grandes distâncias geográficas dentro dos países, com freqüência espalhados por várias ilhas, suas sociedades heterogêneas, o crime violento e as crises políticas esporádicas. A polícia precisa ser equipada para enfrentar essa miríade de desafios e dar apoio à democracia e aos direitos humanos. Este artigo procura encontrar maneiras de fortalecer o policiamento democrático nos países da Commonwealth no Pacífico, examinando a responsabilização da polícia em particular. Destaca também as estruturas legais e os processos e mecanismos institucionais já disponíveis para reconhecer a responsabilidade da polícia - Esses mecanismos são um elemento-chave do policiamento democrático. Com foco principal nessa responsabilização da polícia, o objetivo desse artigo é descrever como o policiamento democrático está assentado nos países da região e, ainda, mostrar estratégias para consolidar o policiamento democrático.

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25

Barton, George P. "Legal Resource Needs in Small States (Commonwealth Pacific Jurisdictions)." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 30, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v30i2.6007.

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This report by Dr Barton was the result of a survey of the legal resource needs of small Commonwealth states in the Pacific commissioned by the Commonwealth Secretariat in 1979. Dr Barton spent a month and a half visiting the 8 nation states between May and October of 1979. The terms of reference focussed on obtaining a factually based profile of the legal-constitutional needs of each state and are reflected in the various sections of the report. In particular, the terms of referencedirected Dr Barton to "examine ways in which the special legal requirements of these jurisdictions may most effectively and efficiently be met bearing in mind the limited resources available and seeking to make maximum use of assistance which it might be possible to arrange from other institutions ifor example, from university law faculties) and in close collaboration with existing regional institutions in the Pacific". In response to this Dr Barton suggests, among other things, aregional legal unit to serve the area, a suggestion which still has relevance today. Although Dr Barton's ideas for a regional advice unit were never implemented it is significant that a Pacific Law Unit for training purposes was established in Vanuatu with Commonwealth Secretariat and New Zealand Government support and latterly a regional law school has been established in Vanuatu by the University of South Pacific. In particular his comment that "in newly independent territories the need for legislative texts that are both up-to-date and readily available is particularly urgent" found a response in Victoria University Law Faculty based legislation master lists (Samoa, Solomon Islands) and in consolidated collections for Cook Islands, Niue, Norfolk Island and Tokelau.

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Hay, John E., Peter Hartley, and Jay Roop. "Climate risk assessments and management options for redevelopment of the Parliamentary Complex in Samoa, South Pacific." Weather and Climate Extremes 25 (September 2019): 100214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2019.100214.

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27

Kruger, Stephen. "Supreme Courts as Courts of General Original Jurisdiction." International Journal of Legal Information 39, no. 1 (2011): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500006065.

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AbstractIn a common-law jurisdiction, “Supreme Court” is not always the name of a court of final appeal. There are 41 Supreme Courts and Supreme Courts of Judicature with general original jurisdiction. They cover 60 political units. In addition to general original jurisdiction, some of those courts have general appellate jurisdiction. There is a number of political units in which a second appellate consideration is possible.This article provides information about Supreme Courts and Supreme Courts of Judicature with general original jurisdiction. It includes a list with the names of the political units served by Supreme Courts or by Supreme Courts of Judicature with general original jurisdiction; a statement whether a Supreme Court or a Supreme Court of Judicature of a political unit has both general original jurisdiction and general appellate jurisdiction, or only general original jurisdiction; and further information.The goal of this article is to inform librarians, lawyers, solicitors, and barristers about the many court systems in the common-law world, in which the court of general original jurisdiction is named “Supreme Court” or “Supreme Court of Judicature.” Those courts are found in diverse political units, including Australian states and territories, Belize, Brunei, Canadian provinces and territories, Gibraltar, and Samoa. The oldest among them is the Supreme Court of New York, founded more than 300 years ago.

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Hammond, Andrew. "Territorial Exceptionalism and the American Welfare State." Michigan Law Review, no. 119.8 (2021): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.119.8.territorial.

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Federal law excludes millions of American citizens from crucial public benefits simply because they live in the United States territories. If the Social Security Administration determines a low-income individual has a disability, that person can move to another state and continue to receive benefits. But if that person moves to, say, Guam or the U.S. Virgin Islands, that person loses their right to federal aid. Similarly with SNAP (food stamps), federal spending rises with increased demand—whether because of a recession, a pandemic, or a climate disaster. But unlike the rest of the United States, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa receive a limited amount of federal food assistance, regardless of need. That’s why, after Hurricane Maria, despite additional congressional action, over a million Puerto Rican residents lost food assistance. And with Medicaid, federal law caps medical assistance for each of these five territories, a limit that does not exist for the fifty states or the District of Columbia. This Article draws much-needed attention to these discrepancies in legal status and social protection. It surveys the eligibility rules and financing structure of disability benefits, food assistance, and health insurance for low-income Americans in the states and the territories. A comprehensive account of these practices provokes questions about the tiers of citizenship built by a fragmented and devolved American state. Part I invokes the scholarship on social citizenship, the idea that an individual cannot meaningfully participate in society without some modicum of economic security. Part I then explores the tension between that normative commitment and one of the defining features of the American welfare state—federalism. It then elaborates the exceptional legal status of Americans who live in U.S. territories. Part II provides a comprehensive overview of federal food, medical, and disability assistance and, in doing so, demonstrates how the American territories inhabit a different and, in many ways, dilapidated corner of the American welfare state. Part III begins with an analysis of ongoing cases in federal court that challenge this facial discrimination. It then canvasses legislation introduced in Congress that would make significant progress in putting territorial Americans on par with Americans in the fifty states. To conclude, Part IV brings the states back in, using the earlier discussion of territories as an invitation to imagine an American welfare state built on a foundation other than a racial order.

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DiDonato, Guy T., Eva M. DiDonato, Lisa M. Smith, Linda C. Harwell, and J. Kevin Summers. "Assessing coastal waters of American Samoa: territory-wide water quality data provide a critical “big-picture” view for this tropical archipelago." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 150, no. 1-4 (December 11, 2008): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0674-y.

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30

Chen, Sulan, Charlotte De Bruyne, and Manasa Bollempalli. "Blue Economy: Community Case Studies Addressing the Poverty–Environment Nexus in Ocean and Coastal Management." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 6, 2020): 4654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114654.

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The objective of this paper is to examine how local practices of blue economy succeed in addressing the poverty–environment nexus in coastal communities. While many disciplines touch upon the concept of blue economy, little literature exists on how a sustainable blue economy approach can help bridge poverty–environment challenges, particularly at the community level. To illustrate this, we present three case studies of blue economy practices initiated and implemented by coastal communities in China, Samoa, and Vietnam. The outcomes from each case study are examined based on both their environmental and socio-economic impact. Lessons learned include the significant role of science and technology in innovating solutions, the crucial impact of community leaders in encouraging and amplifying both local needs and solutions, continuous advocacy, fulfilling the very important need for communities to witness tangible benefits of project implementation, and last but not least the availability of resources and know-how resulting from multi-stakeholder partnerships including local governing councils, NGOs, and community members. Local communities have an unrecognized potential for adaptation and innovation and that more proactive public policies are required to achieve environmental and poverty reduction objectives simultaneously.

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Thorsell, James. "Third South Pacific National Parks and Reserves Conference, held at Apia, Western Samoa, during 24 June to 3 July 1985." Environmental Conservation 12, no. 4 (1985): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900034652.

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Sabater, Marlowe G., and Benjamin P. Carroll. "Trends in Reef Fish Population and Associated Fishery after Three Millennia of Resource Utilization and a Century of Socio-Economic Changes in American Samoa." Reviews in Fisheries Science 17, no. 3 (March 28, 2009): 318–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641260802702872.

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Walshe, Rory A., Denis Chang Seng, Adam Bumpus, and Joelle Auffray. "Perceptions of adaptation, resilience and climate knowledge in the Pacific." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 10, no. 2 (March 19, 2018): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-03-2017-0060.

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Purpose While the South Pacific is often cited as highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, there is comparatively little known about how different groups perceive climate change. Understanding the gaps and differences between risk and perceived risk is a prerequisite to designing effective and sustainable adaptation strategies. Design/methodology/approach This research examined three key groups in Samoa, Fiji and Vanuatu: secondary school teachers, media personnel, and rural subsistence livelihood-based communities that live near or in conservation areas. This study deployed a dual methodology of participatory focus groups, paired with a national mobile phone based survey to gauge perceptions of climate change. This was the first time mobile technology had been used to gather perceptual data regarding the environment in the South Pacific. Findings The research findings highlighted a number of important differences and similarities in ways that these groups perceive climate change issues, solutions, personal vulnerability and comprehension of science among other factors. Practical implications These differences and similarities are neglected in large-scale top-down climate change adaptation strategies and have key implications for the design of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation and therefore sustainable development in the region. Originality/value The research was innovative in terms of its methods, as well as its distillation of the perceptions of climate change from teachers, media and rural communities.

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Brenner, Helmut. "Samba Samba. Eine politikwissenschaftliche Untersuchung zur fernen Erotik Lateinamerikas in den Schlagern des 20. Jahrhunderts (review)." Latin American Music Review 25, no. 2 (2004): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lat.2004.0013.

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Repanović, Kristina. "Do the judges create a law or only apply it?" Pravo - teorija i praksa 35, no. 7-9 (2018): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ptp1809041r.

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Haase, Martin. "Samoan reference grammar By Ulrike Mosel and Even Hovdhaugen." Language 70, no. 3 (1994): 612–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.1994.0049.

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Roxburgh, Alan. "Knowing receipt: a question of priorities." Trusts & Trustees 27, no. 4 (May 1, 2021): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttab019.

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Abstract The recent judgment of Fancourt J in Byers v Samba Financial Group considers whether a transferee of trust assets who has taken free of the beneficiary’s proprietary interest under the applicable foreign law of property can nevertheless be exposed to personal liability under the English law of knowing receipt. The issue, as the Judge observed, may be of considerable importance to equity lawyers.

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Lima, Luiz Fernando Nascimento de. "Musica e Fala: O Discurso Verbal em um Espetaculo de Samba." Latin American Music Review 24, no. 1 (2003): 95–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lat.2003.0009.

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Araujo, Samuel. "Live Samba: Analysis and Interpretation of Brazilian "Pagode" (review)." Latin American Music Review 24, no. 2 (2003): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lat.2003.0015.

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Napolitano, Marcos. "Auxilio luxuoso: Samba simbolo nacional, geracao Noel Rosa e industria cultural (review)." Latin American Music Review 25, no. 2 (2004): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lat.2004.0017.

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Fernandes, Dmitri Cerboncini. ""E fez-se o samba": Condicionantes intelectuais da música popular no Brasil." Latin American Music Review 32, no. 1 (2011): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lat.2011.0013.

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Godinet, Meripa T., and Halaevalu O. Vakalahi. "Conceptualizing Delinquency Among Samoan Adolescents: An Integrative Model." Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 7, no. 2 (June 8, 2009): 135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15377930902932459.

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43

Lokananta, Felix, and Hargyo Tri Nugroho I. "Penambahan Layanan pada Firmware DD-WRT untuk Wireless Router Linksys WRT160NL." Jurnal ULTIMA Computing 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2013): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/sk.v5i1.284.

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Jaringan wireless LAN banyak digunakan dalam perkantoran yang memberikan keuntungan seperti Samba Server, Printer, Squid Server, dan Torrent Client. Namun pada umumnya dibutuhkan paling tidak sebuah komputer untuk menjalankan layanan-layanan tersebut. Dalam jaringan wireless LAN dibutuhkan perangkat wireless router yang dilengkapi dengan firmware agar bisa berjalan dengan baik. Firmware DD-WRT dinyatakan sebagai firmware open source yang memberikan keleluasaan kepada user untuk menambahkan layanan pada sebuah wireless router. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari penambahan layanan pada wireless router berbasis DDWRT serta menguji kinerja layanan yang ditambahkan tersebut pada wireless router. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan DD-WRT dapat digunakan sebagai firmware alternatif untuk memenuhi kebutuhan layanan pada skala kecil. Namun, penambahan layanan ini harus memperhatikan spesifikasi wireless router. Keywords—DD-WRT, wireless router, firmware, samba, squid

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Béhague, Gerard. "Rap, Reggae, Rock, or Samba: The Local and the Global in Brazilian Popular Music (1985-95)." Latin American Music Review 27, no. 1 (2006): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lat.2006.0021.

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Nugroho, Andi, and Yopi Handrianto. "FILE SHARING SERVER MENGGUNAKAN SAMBA SERVER DAN LINUX UBUNTU 12.04 SERVER." Paradigma - Jurnal Komputer dan Informatika 18, no. 2 (December 9, 2016): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31294/p.v18i2.1177.

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Data storage on server laboratory at the computer science when needed.It was because application that progressively and document required was handled by more than one person.Currently there are 6 class space the laboratory contained 30 units of computer in each room. All the time, Laboran (person who manage and work in a laboratory) have to bring harddrive external if you want to install application needed for each the lab, but during this laboran has only two external hard drive. This condition resulted in the process of installation application in the laboratory require a long time. In addition, every month laboran have to make recapitulation contract for 22 person laboratory’s assistant. Now, to make contract assistant in the lab, laboran have to open one of the workstations that is in the fasilkom’s laboratory. This can slow performance, because laboran have to coming into the fasilkom’s laboratory. By the presence of the problems mentioned above, then built a file sharing that is used to hold the application of which is required in the entire room of Fasilkom’s laboratory. In addition, a file sharing this can be used to speed up the emoluments of the preparation of reports on the whole lab assistant that until now had been stored luminance space laboratory so that laboran no need to use more external hard disk in installation perform the process of application by opening the Samba through Windows Server Explorer. It is also the case to compile the report honorarium of the lab’s assistant, laboran enough to use of a file sharing fastly. A file sharing development is using the Linux Ubuntu operating system Version 12.04 and the application of the Samba Servers the Samba to connect storage a file that is in linux so that it can be opened in a windows or linux operating system based. Keywords : File Sharing Server, Samba Server, Linux Ubuntu, Computer Lab.

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Kusumaningrum, Anggraini. "PENGUJIAN KINERJA JARINGAN SISTEM AKSES FILE BERBASIS CLIENT SERVER MENGGUNAKAN SAMBA SERVER." Conference SENATIK STT Adisutjipto Yogyakarta 2 (November 15, 2016): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.28989/senatik.v2i0.31.

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Data communication is the process of exchanging data between two or more devices through a transmission medium such as a cable. In order for the data communication can occur, the device must be connected to communicate with each other or be a part of a communication system consisting of hardware (hardware) and software (software). Samba server is a software bridge between the two operating systems that run within a computer network. Samba is able to share files with computers that use operating system linux, unix and windows with a peer to peer system. The time needed on the LAN network access system based on client file servers using Samba server with a minimum file size of 3MB and a maximum of 1GB for the download process is 04 minutes 54 seconds while the upload is 09 minutes 24 seconds. Speed transfer rate that is produced with a minimum file size of 3MB and a maximum of 1GB for the download process is 4.762Kbps and to upload is 1.896Kbps. On QoS testing conducted on 5 PCs, 10PC, 15pc and client 20PC result more and more PC client that accesses 1 file the success rate will be getting worse, it is because the bottleneck on the network.Kata Kunci : Network, client server, Samba Server

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Denizeau-Lahaye, Charlotte. "La Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne dans le renvoi préjudiciel en interprétation, source d’un dialogue juridictionnel renouvelé." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu 57, no. 1 (February 19, 2020): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31141/zrpfs.2020.57.135.13.

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Kako bi smo odgovorili na razna postavljena pitanja, koja predstavljaju temelj predmetnog rada, prije svega, treba se usredotočiti na sudionike dijaloga. Prvi sudionik konkretnog dijalog jest nacionalni sudac. Drugi jest luksemburški sudac, koji ima za misiju tumačenje pravnih propisa Unije. Nadalje se u radu razmatraju uvjeti dijaloga, te se dolazi do zaključka kako dijalog nije tako lak kao za ostatak primarnog zakona. Povelja o temeljnim pravima Europske unije ima istu vrijednost kao i ugovor, ali nema isti opseg na temelju članka 51. Ovo ograničenje utječe na prihvatljivost postavljenih pitanja. Na kraju samog rada i to na temelju konkretnih primjera autor ispituje učinke sudskih presuda na prirodu Unije i samog Suda.

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Jug, Jadranko. "Raspolaganje vodnim dobrom." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci 37, no. 1 (2016): 367–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30925/zpfsr.37.1.13.

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U radu se obrađuju mogućnosti raspolaganja vodnim dobrom kao dobrom od interesa za Republiku Hrvatsku s aspekta raspolaganja pravom vlasništva kao stvarnim pravom i raspolaganja predmetom samog stvarnog prava. Ujed- no se dijeli prikaz raspolaganja vodnim dobrom od raspolaganja javnim vodnim dobrom kao javnim dobrom u općoj uporabi. Uvodno se navodi po- jam, određenje i pravni status vodnog dobra kao temelj analize mogućnosti raspolaganja ili ograničenja u raspolaganju vodnim dobrom, kao i osnovna obilježja raspolaganja stvarnim pravima općenito te raspolaganja dobrima od interesa za Republiku Hrvatsku i javnim dobrima u općoj uporabi.

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49

López Salas, Estefanía. "Las causas y las consecuencias del incendio de 1951 en el monasterio de San Julián de Samos. Nuevos datos para su estudio." Cuadernos de Estudios Gallegos 63, no. 129 (October 31, 2016): 417–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ceg.2016.129.11.

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50

Politis, Dimitrios Z., Stelios M. Potirakis, Yiannis F. Contoyiannis, Sagardweep Biswas, Sudipta Sasmal, and Masashi Hayakawa. "Statistical and Criticality Analysis of the Lower Ionosphere Prior to the 30 October 2020 Samos (Greece) Earthquake (M6.9), Based on VLF Electromagnetic Propagation Data as Recorded by a New VLF/LF Receiver Installed in Athens (Greece)." Entropy 23, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23060676.

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In this work we present the statistical and criticality analysis of the very low frequency (VLF) sub-ionospheric propagation data recorded by a VLF/LF radio receiver which has recently been established at the University of West Attica in Athens (Greece). We investigate a very recent, strong (M6.9), and shallow earthquake (EQ) that occurred on 30 October 2020, very close to the northern coast of the island of Samos (Greece). We focus on the reception data from two VLF transmitters, located in Turkey and Israel, on the basis that the EQ’s epicenter was located within or very close to the 5th Fresnel zone, respectively, of the corresponding sub-ionospheric propagation path. Firstly, we employed in our study the conventional analyses known as the nighttime fluctuation method (NFM) and the terminator time method (TTM), aiming to reveal any statistical anomalies prior to the EQ’s occurrence. These analyses revealed statistical anomalies in the studied sub-ionospheric propagation paths within ~2 weeks and a few days before the EQ’s occurrence. Secondly, we performed criticality analysis using two well-established complex systems’ time series analysis methods—the natural time (NT) analysis method, and the method of critical fluctuations (MCF). The NT analysis method was applied to the VLF propagation quantities of the NFM, revealing criticality indications over a period of ~2 weeks prior to the Samos EQ, whereas MCF was applied to the raw receiver amplitude data, uncovering the time excerpts of the analyzed time series that present criticality which were closest before the Samos EQ. Interestingly, power-law indications were also found shortly after the EQ’s occurrence. However, it is shown that these do not correspond to criticality related to EQ preparation processes. Finally, it is noted that no other complex space-sourced or geophysical phenomenon that could disturb the lower ionosphere did occur during the studied time period or close after, corroborating the view that our results prior to the Samos EQ are likely related to this mainshock.

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