Relevant bibliographies by topics / Law, sweden

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Law, sweden'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Law, sweden"

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Vogel, Hans-Heinrich. "Sweden – Swedish Public Law." European Public Law 1, Issue 4 (1995): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro1995060.

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Bygrave, Lee A. "DATA PROTECTION LAW — SWEDEN." Computer Law & Security Review 18, no. 1 (2002): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0267-3649(02)00110-3.

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Bull, Thomas. "Sweden: Constitutional Issues in Sweden." European Public Law 5, Issue 2 (1999): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro1999018.

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Skogh, Göran. "Law and economics in Sweden." International Review of Law and Economics 11, no. 3 (1991): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8188(91)90009-3.

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Österdahl, Inger. "Between 250 years of free information and 20 years of EU and Internet." Etikk i praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics 10, no. 1 (2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/eip.v10i1.1950.

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<p>The right of access to documents is constitutionally based in Sweden and has a long history. The right of access is considered crucial to Swedish democracy. On entering the EU in 1995, Sweden declared that public access to official records forms part of Sweden’s constitutional, political and cultural heritage. The members of the EU for their part declared that they took it for granted that Sweden would fully comply with Community, now Union, law with respect to openness and transparency. Sweden continues to push for transparency when EU legislation potentially containing secrecy clauses is negotiated in the EU. It turns out, however, that the EU membership does pose challenges to the strong Swedish right of access to documents. The protection of personal data is controversial in Sweden to the extent that the stricter EU legislation clashes with the traditionally weak protection of privacy in Swedish law; the right of access to information has largely overridden the right to privacy. Large amounts of publicly available personal data, amassed in data bases by private actors, for commercial reasons but under the protection of the Swedish constitution, is causing problems especially since the Swedish constitutional law is considered, by Sweden, to precede EU legislation in the field. Sweden will somehow have to solve the dilemmas caused by the differing traditions of transparency between itself and other members of the EU and of other international organizations. Many answers – perhaps converging - will be provided in 2016 by Swedish official inquiries and the EU Regulation.</p><p><span>Article first published online: 22 MARCH 2016</span></p>
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Steen, Andreas, and Kristoffer Löf. "Arbitration and Company Law in Sweden." European Company Law 12, Issue 3 (2015): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2015026.

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Lindvall, Kristina, and Cecilia Hellman. "From Cold War to Hotspots – The Changing Needs for Dissemination of International Humanitarian Law in Sweden." Nordic Journal of International Law 78, no. 4 (2009): 527–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/090273509x12506922106759.

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AbstractThis article explores the past and current role of dissemination in Sweden of international humanitarian law (IHL) – focusing on the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols. Key questions are who the relevant actors in need of knowledge in IHL today are, and why dissemination still is important for Sweden, despite the end of the Cold War threat. The authors of this article argue that Sweden today lacks a thoroughlythought-out and modern approach to questions relating to dissemination, and that negligence in properly addressing and understanding the role of dissemination could lead to a weakening of Sweden's position as an adamant adherent and advocate of IHL. Today's complex world, with its diversified threats to national and international peace and security, calls for a revised and articulated position on dissemination of IHL.
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Bull, Thomas. "Rapports: Sweden: Changing Principles of Freedom of Speech in Sweden?" European Public Law 8, Issue 3 (2002): 333–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/5095461.

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Ślęzak, Jarosław. "Chambers of commerce and industry in the Kingdom of Sweden." Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość XII (June 4, 2016): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.3132.

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In the Kingdom of Sweden is now binding Anglo-Saxon model of Chamber of Commerce, whose main feature is voluntary membership to the Chambers of Commerce. Chambers are basing on private law, not public law like in the Continental model. First Chamber of Commerce in Sweden was founded in 1902 in Stockholm. In 1915 Chambers of Commerce were functioning in the whole area of Sweden. Nowadays there are 11 Chambers of Commerce and 35 foreign chambers in Sweden.
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Andersson, Torbjörn, and Hugo Fridén. "Civil Enforcement in Sweden." European Business Law Review 17, Issue 3 (2006): 711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2006070.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Law, sweden"

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Lang, Pernilla. "Okun's Law and Gender in Sweden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-100226.

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Goussakov, Roma, and Valde Stjernström. "Estimating Okun’s law in Sweden : Effects of gender and age." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-65220.

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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether Okun’s law is valid within Sweden. Furthermore, we are also interested in studying how it varies with different genders and age groups. Quarterly data on GDP and unemployment between the years 1980 to 2015 is used. Three different models have been tested on their ability to estimate Okun’s law and the model with the highest explanatory power was chosen. The results show that unemployment among men are more affected by changes in GDP growth than women, which likely is because more men tend to work in the private sector and women in the public sector. Young workers are also affected to a greater degree than older workers, due to how the employment protection act (LAS) works in Sweden.
Syftet med uppsatsen är främst att undersöka den så kallade Okuns lag i Sverige, och mer specifikt studera om sambandet varierar mellan kön och åldersgrupper. Kvartalsdata på BNP och arbetslöshet mellan åren 1980 till 2015 har använts. Tre olika modeller har testats på hur väl de kunde förklara Okuns lag i Sverige, varav den ena modellen hade högre förklaringsgrad. Resultaten visar att män påverkades till en högre grad av förändringar i ekonomins tillväxt än kvinnor. Detta beror sannolikt på att män i högre grad tenderar att jobba inom den privata sektorn och kvinnor inom offentliga sektorn, vilken inte är lika känslig för konjunktursvängningar. Vi fann även att yngre arbetare påverkas till en högre grad än äldre av förändringar i ekonomins tillväxt. Detta beror sannolikt på hur lagen om anställningsskydd (LAS) är uppbyggd i Sverige.
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Breski, Robert. "Crime Concentration in Sweden : An Explorative Test of a Criminological Law." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för kriminologi (KR), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43706.

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According to the law of crime concentration, a certain percentage of crime is predicted to be concentrated at a certain percentage of microgeographic units, and relatively large amounts of crime are predicted to be accounted for by a small percentage of places. Given the lack of research testing the law in a Swedish context and for a whole country, this study set out to examine the concentration of crime at all densely populated areas in Sweden. Analyzing national grid net data, where all densely built-up areas of Sweden were divided into 250 x 250 meter pixels with added police recorded crime data, the study aimed to examine how many percent of the pixels are required to account for 25, 50 and 80% of the crimes in all densely populated areas; how the concentrations differ between small, medium-sized and big cities; how the concentrations differ between violent and property crimes in all of the country; and how an observed crime concentration compares to a counterfactual, randomized concentration. The results indicated a crime concentration that is stronger than the ones observed in most previous studies, with just 0.4, 2.3 and 10.2% of the pixels accounting for 25, 50 and 80% of all crimes in all densely populated areas, respectively. In line with previous research, the results also showed that crime is more strongly concentrated in smaller cities compared to the big ones, that violent crime is more strongly concentrated than property crime, and that the observed concentration of violent crime is considerably stronger than a counterfactual, randomized concentration in the form of a Poisson distribution. Further research on crime concentration in Sweden is requested to build on these findings.
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Pettersson, Maria. "Legal preconditions for wind power implementation in Sweden and Denmark." Licentiate thesis, Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2006. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2006/12.

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Nguyen, Linh, and Dragana Stajcic. "Confucianism in business : a study of Chinese management in Sweden." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Department of Business Administration, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-4357.

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There have been many researches in the field of management, but none of them touches the area of Chinese management of Swedish staff, as far as we know. This is a rather new phenomenon ever since China decided for outward expansion. Cultural myopias and the lack of cultural competency are contributions to the failures of many cross cultural co-operations.

The purpose of this dissertation was to detect the management issues in terms of relationships, and shed light on the perceptual differences between the cultures within the chosen companies. To measure the values the employees had, from cultural aspects, we conducted a survey developed by Professor Geert Hofstede. The survey was used as a complement to our qualitative data, and the results demonstrated that the Chinese within these companies seem to adopt a rather “Swedish like” mentality. The qualitative results, however, prove that there are cultural differences causing operational frictions at these firms. The perceptual differences initiate cultural distance between the cultures, preventing comprehension. We believe the reason is failure to apply measures to educate and integrate the members within the firms.

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Hane-Weijman, Jansson Rasmus. "Corporate Criminal Liability - time for Sweden to look beyond individual criminal responsibility?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-360281.

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Dutto, Davide, and Duyun Lei. "The distribution of Foreigners and Locals in Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-47249.

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This study aims to find a relationship between the distribution of locals inside of Sweden and the municipalities’ relative concentration of foreigners. With the usage of data found in the website Statistics Sweden, we aim to investigate the existence of any relationship between the local population size of a municipality against the number of foreigners present in said municipalities, and see whether foreigners and immigrants are more concentrated in more populated municipalities rather than less populated ones. We aim to do this by utilizing multiple regression and dummy variables to identify whether there is a significant extra negative or positive effect on foreigners. The answer seems to be that foreigners are in fact more concentrated in more locally populated municipalities, rather than less populated ones
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Ahlgren, Clara. "Access to Publicly Funded Legal Aid in England & Wales and Sweden : A Comparative Study." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-94613.

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Stolpstedt, Karl. "Gårdsförsäljning en möjlighet för Sverige : Farm sales in Sweden- a new possibility." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-149412.

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I Sverige har en längre tid debatterats om ett införande av gårdsförsäljning av alkohol- drycker på tillverkningsplatsen. I Sverige tillfaller dock ensamrätten till detaljhandel med alkohol Systembolaget AB. Ska lagstiftningen på denna punkt ändras, måste den samtidigt vara förenlig med EU-rätten på området. Den unionsrättsliga problematiken innefattar den inre marknaden och den fria rörligheten av varor, där ett av ledorden är icke-diskriminering av utländska varor på en fri och öppen marknad. Samtidigt vill vi värna vår svenska rest- riktiva alkoholpolitik. Statliga monopol regleras genom artikel 37 i Fördraget om Europeis- ka Unionens Funktionssätt (FEUF). Artikeln är uteslutande tillämplig på de rättigheter som ges av det direkta utövandet av dess funktionssätt. Från monopolets funktionssätt ska skil- jas alla andra åtgärder, även om de har en påverkan på detta. Dessa regleras genom artikel 34 FEUF, vilken stadgar att varje åtgärd som innebär en kvantitativ importrestriktion eller har en motsvarande verkan ska vara förbjuden. Detta inbegriper varje nationell åtgärd som direkt eller indirekt, faktiskt eller potentiellt, utgör ett hinder för handeln inom unionen. Artikel 36 FEUF ger dock en möjlighet att godta sådana åtgärder om de grundas i ett trän- gande allmänintresse eller andra tvingande hänsyn och är proportionerliga för sina syften. I Finland har gårdsförsäljning funnits sedan 1995 och har sedan årsskiftet utökats till att gäl- la gårdsvin och hantverksöl. I Sverige finns en möjlighet att införa en sådan modell efter finskt snitt. Finland är tillsammans med Sverige de enda medlemsstaterna inom EU med ett detaljhandelsmonopol för alkoholdrycker. Gårdsförsäljning skulle även kunna utgöra en försäljningsform, vilket skulle innebära att åtgärden faller utanför artikel 34. Likaså skulle gårdsförsäljning kunna inlemmas i detaljhandelsmonopolet som ombud till Systembolaget och utgöra filialer till detta. Oaktat vilket alternativ som förespråkas kräver varje sådan åt- gärd en specifik och riktad anpassning till den EU-rätt som berörs.

Bedömare: Johan Wessén; johan.wessen@liu.se

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Gan, Jun (Gan), Hongfei (Harry) Wang, and Gang (Sam) Chen. "Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfer System - A new Model from a Comparison between Sweden and China." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-3427.

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Intergovernmental fiscal transfer is a kind of transition of fiscal revenues between the central government and a local government; it plays an important role in leveling social disparities, furthermore, it further promotes the long-term development of a country’s economy. As a well-known social welfare state in the world, Sweden has a rich experience of social equalization. Our dissertation carries out a comparison between Sweden and China in respect of the intergovernmental fiscal transfer system, by means of case study. In addition, we conduct some research into related theories, such as the rationale of intergovernmental grants and the decentralization issue, to provide necessary support for our argument. In conducting our research we adopt an inductive approach. The case studies help us identify nine factors that impact the fiscal transfer system, along with the performances they respectively have in these two countries. We make a further investigation into their impacts and propose suggestions to improve China’s transfer system. As the result of our research, we finally develop a new model which may help push China’s intergovernmental fiscal transfer system towards the direction of equalization.

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Books on the topic "Law, sweden"

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1957-, Nyström Birgitta, ed. Labour law in Sweden. Kluwer Law International, 2010.

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Nergelius, Joakim. Constitutional law in Sweden. Kluwer Law International, 2015.

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Wiwen-Nilsson, Tore. Energy law in Sweden. Kluwer Law International, 2013.

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Kirchberger, Christine. Cyber law in Sweden. Kluwer Law International, 2011.

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Adlercreutz, Axel. Labour law in Sweden. Kluwer Law International, 2015.

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Nergelius, Joakim. Media law in Sweden. Kluwer Law International, 2015.

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Flodgren, Boel. Contract law in Sweden. Kluwer Law International, 2015.

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Johan, Schelin, ed. Transport law in Sweden. Kluwer Law International, 2011.

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centralbyrån, Sweden Statistiska, ed. Crime and law in Sweden. 2nd ed. Statistics Sweden, 1994.

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Bogdan, Michael. Private international law in Sweden. Kluwer Law International, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Law, sweden"

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Tiberg, Hugo. "Sweden." In Yearbook Maritime Law. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3707-4_22.

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Wendel, Lotta. "Sweden." In The Impact of Social Security Law on Tort Law. Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6055-8_10.

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Andersson, Håkan. "Sweden." In Tort and Insurance Law. Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-92798-4_31.

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Ulväng, Magnus. "Sweden." In Homicide in Criminal Law. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351016315-19.

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Sandell, Henrik. "Sweden." In European Tort Law 2002. Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6097-8_20.

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Sandell, Henrik. "Sweden." In Tort and Insurance Law. Springer Vienna, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6120-3_18.

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Schultz, Mårten. "Sweden." In Tort and Insurance Law. Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0575-7_20.

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Wendel, Lotta. "Sweden." In Tort and Insurance Law. Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0601-3_12.

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Andersson, Håkan. "Sweden." In Tort and Insurance Law. Springer Vienna, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-77992-7_30.

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von Bothmer, Fredrik, and Anders Holmgren. "Sweden." In ASSER International Sports Law Series. T.M.C. Asser Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-541-4_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Law, sweden"

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"RLV Test in the North of Sweden." In 55th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-04-v.2.06.

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Gorsheneva, Irina Arkadyevna, and Serafima Evgenyevna Zaitseva. "DIRECTIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES OF THE POLICE OF RUSSIA AND THE NORDIC COUNTRIES." In Themed collection of papers from Foreign International Scientific Conference «Trends in the development of science and Global challenges» by HNRI «National development» in cooperation with AFP. April 2022. – Managua (Nicaragua). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/man2.2022.25.67.007.

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The article talks about the main directions of criminal law policy in the field of environmental protection in Russia and the Nordic countries. The mechanism of implementation of criminal liability for environmental crimes in Russia and some European countries (Norway, Finland, Sweden) is considered.
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Lindskog, Staffan, and Rolf Sjo¨blom. "Radiological, Technical and Financial Planning for Decommissioning of Small Nuclear Facilities in Sweden." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16177.

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On November 1st 2008, a new ordinance came into force in Sweden. It extends the implementation of nuclear liability to all nuclear facilities and companies, regardless of size. The Government has authorized the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM) to issue further regulation as warranted and appropriate, and commissioned the same Authority to oversee the implementation. Consequently, SSM is presently conducting research in order to establish a basis for the implementation of the ordinance to smaller facilities and enterprises. The goal is to enable finance to be assured in an efficient manner so that any burden on the companies is as small as possible. Thus, “functional requirements” are identified, and used as a basis for various investigations. The aspects include technical and cost calculation prerequisites, as well as various domains of law: the environmental code, radiation and nuclear safety, financial reporting, and criminal law. It is found that the basis for the differentiation among the facility operators and owners should be the cost and the associated uncertainty. Thus, a cost calculation will have to be carried out by all. It should be based on available standards and guidance documents. It is found that this is a requirement that already exists elsewhere in the legislation, and thus no additional burden is imposed on the companies. It is found that segregated funds is the preferred option for long-term liabilities. Securities are suitable for short-term liabilities provided that the economy of the company in question is sound. Securities might also be used for long-term liabilities to cover uncertainty. It is proposed that a de minimis limit of at least kSEK 25 (about k€ 2, 4 and k$ 3, 4) is used. An important reason for this is that lower limits might be incompatible with the rules for financial reporting. It is also proposed that securities might be used also for long-term commitments if the total environmental liability does not exceed 1,00 MSEK (about k€ 96 and k$ 135). It is found that the “general advice” that must be used by smaller companies lacks proper instructions on how to account for environmental liability whilst at the same time it prohibits the use of e g the international reporting standards IFRS/IAS. It is also found that the “general advice” prohibits distribution of costs for research and development over time. This might be incompatible with a fund system where considerable research may be necessary at the early stages of the work and often many years before the actual decommissioning is to take place. The rules in the penal code require that an annual report presents an “essentially correct financial situation”. One of the interpretations to this statement is that a deviance of at most 30% might be tolerated. Although previous work has indicated that the error in cost estimates need not be higher than about 15%, even for research facilities, concealed cost raisers may from time to time lead to much larger errors, even when best practices are being used. It is therefore essential that decommissioning planning and cost predictions are made in accordance with state of the art, and that the estimating methods as well as the results are properly documented.
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Casanueva, Carlos, Per-Anders Jönsson, and Sebastian Stichel. "Use of Archard’s Wear Law for the Calculation of Uniform Wheel Wear of High Tonnage Freight Vehicles." In 2013 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2013-2545.

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Wheel profile evolution has a large influence on track and wheelset related maintenance costs. It influences important parameters such as equivalent conicity or contact point positioning, which will affect the dynamic behavior of the vehicle, in both tangent track and curve negotiation. High axle loads in freight wagons may increase both the wheel wear and the damage caused by vehicles with both new and already worn profiles. A common profile in Europe is the S1002 profile, developed for rail inclination 1/40. In Sweden rail inclination is 1/30, so contact conditions might not be optimal. The presented work uses Archard’s wear law to analyze the profile wear evolution in a two axle freight vehicle with Unitruck running gear on the Swedish network. This wear calculation methodology has been successfully used to predict uniform wear in passenger vehicles. First, the vehicle model has been optimized in order to improve the speed of the wear simulations. Experimental measurements of wheel profiles have been performed in order to validate the simulations. The conclusion is that the wear methodology successfully used to predict uniform wheel wear in passenger vehicles cannot be directly applied for the calculation of wheel profile evolution in high tonnage freight vehicles. The influence of block brakes or switches and crossings cannot be dismissed when calculating uniform wheel wear in these cases.
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Dyvik, Mathias, Didrik Efjestad Fjereide, and Damiano Rotondo. "Modeling and identification of the Quanser Aero using a detailed description of friction and centripetal forces." In 64th International Conference of Scandinavian Simulation Society, SIMS 2023 Västerås, Sweden, September 25-28, 2023. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp200032.

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This paper deals with the modeling and identification of the Quanser Aero. The Quanser Aero is an aerospace laboratory setup designed for teaching aerospace concepts. Two propellers generate thrust and allow the user to control its dynamic response. The ability to lock axes individually makes it capable of abstracting a variety of aerospace systems, such as half-quadrotor, 1-Degree of freedom (DOF), vertical take-off and landing (VTOL), and 2-DOF helicopter. This paper focuses on the latter of these modes. In this configuration, the Quanser Aero can produce different pitch and yaw angles based on the angular velocity of the propellers, which produces an interesting identification and control problem, due to the presence of nonlinearities and significant cross-couplings between different variables. In this paper, a nonlinear model derived from Newton’s law and Euler’s rotational dynamics is obtained, and the unknown model parameters are identified through an experimental approach, with the model validated through real-time testing. In particular, it is shown that by means of a more detailed description of the friction, which includes the Karnopp’s model that keeps the sum of the magnitude of all forces equal to zero until the applied forces are strong enough to overcome the friction force, and of the centripetal forces acting on the Aero, significant improvements are obtained when compared to state-of-the-art models. These improvements may hold the potential to enhance the performance of advanced nonlinear model-based control algorithms for this device.
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Kačer, Blanka, Marijeta Usmiani, and Iva Doždor. "KOMPARATIVNI PRIKAZ PRAVA NA PRIZIV SAVJESTI, S NAGLASKOM NA PRIZIV SAVJESTI U REPRODUKTIVNOJ MEDICINI." In XIX majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xixmajsko.605k.

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In this paper, the authors discusses a comparative overview of the legal frameworks governing the appeal of conscience, with emphasis on the reproductive medicine first of the Republic of Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and after that of the Spain, Norway, Sweden, Italy and France. In the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1978, which parts were Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Slovenia and Croatia, the Law on Health Measures for Exercising the Right to Free Decision-Making on the Birth of Children entered into force, which is still in force in the Republic of Croatia. After the break-up of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, some states that were part of it regulated the right to conscience by the Constitution and some only by the laws in the field of health and health care. We identified a number of problems through the analysis. In the paper, the topic is analyzed in detail. For example, in the Republic of Croatia, there is no uniform and standardized procedure for refusing to perform certain services due to the appeal of conscience, there is no systematic collection of data on health personnel with the appeal of conscience and about the impact of the appeal of conscience on the quality of health care.
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Bataveljić, Dragan, and Bojan Petrović. "USTAVNO-PRAVNI POLOŽAJ OMBUDSMANA U VAŽEĆEM USTAVU REPUBLIKE SRBIJE IZ 2006. GODINE." In Razvoj i unapređenje institucije ombudsmana u funkciji zaštite ljudskih prava. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/ruio23.003b.

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In this work the authors first points to the historical development of the institute of ombudsman that is to its significance in terms of the protection of human and citizens’ rights and liberties. Although this institute dates back only two centuries ago, the need and interest for this kind of protection has been present forever. The credit for establishing this autonomous and independent body goes to Sweden which has conducted the control of the executive branch of power aimed at the protection of human rights since 1809. Unfortunately, this institute was not readily accepted throughout the entire 19th and in the first half of the 20th century. Nevertheless, the significance of the creation of this institute is great, regardless the fact that in various countries it has developed under different circumstances and under different names. The Republic of Serbia is among those countries which accepted the institute of “people’s attorney” rather late. While it was the member state of the First, Second and Third form of Yugoslavia, Serbia did not have this institute since the previous constitutions did not foresee the existence of this body. It was introduced for the first time in 2002 within the Law on local self-governments, but only in an optional form. This institute became a mandatory body with the Law on citizen’s protector that was passed in 2005 which foresaw the establishment of ombudsman and its deputy at the level of the republic, that was confirmed a year later by the Constitution of 2006.
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Di Maria, Francesco, and Umberto Desideri. "How the Water Section in the Hat Cycle Can Be an Efficient Power Output Modulator." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0825.

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Abstract After a long period during which theoretical analyses were presented on evaporative gas turbine cycles, such as the HAT (Humid Air Turbine) and CHAT (Cascaded Humid Air Turbine), the first experimental plant with water recovery is currently under construction at the Lund Institute of Technology in Sweden. The pilot plant is due to start in evaporative mode in May 1998, and this represents the first step for the validation of the humid air turbine concept. One of the main points of interest is the power modulation which should be possible controlling the evaporated water flow rate. If the whole compressed air flow rate is introduced into the evaporator the possibilities to vary its water content are scarce if the temperatures in the recuperator are not changed. A solution to this problem has been patented by Vattenfall AB, and consists in bypassing a fraction of the air entering the evaporator directly into the recuperator. In this paper a detailed study of the different evaporation modes is presented from the point of view of both the first and second law analysis. The thermodynamic analysis will also be compared with the operational flexibility that the by-pass solution offers. Applications to some commercial turbines, which are most suited to use in HAT cycle mode, will also be presented.
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De Greef, Johan, Renaat De Proft, Kenneth Villani, and Miguel Angel Lopez. "Renewable Energy at Sustainable Cost Using a Combined Heat and Power WTE-Facility in the Paper Industry." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3532.

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In March 2008, Keppel Seghers started the engineering, supply, construction and commissioning of a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plant in A˚motfors (Sweden). When completed in 2010 the plant will process close to 74,000 tons per year of household waste (average LHV = 10.5 MJ/kg) and limited quantities of (demolition) wood resulting in a yearly production of about 108,700 MWh of steam, 12,100 MWh of heat and 13,400 MWh of electricity. Herewith, the A˚motfors WtE-CHP is sized to meet the joined energy needs of the local paper production, neighboring industries and buildings at an overall net plant efficiency of almost 65%. The WtE-CHP will offer state-of-the-art combustion and energy recovering technology, featuring Keppel Seghers’ proprietary Air-Cooled Grate, SIGMA combustion control and integrated boiler. Waste is fed into the combustion line with an automatic crane system. To surpass the stringent EU emission requirements, a semi-dry flue gas cleaning system equipped with Keppel Seghers’ Rotary Atomizer was selected as economic type of process for purifying the combustion gas from the given waste mixture. Furthermore a low NOx-emission of 135 mg/Nm3 (11%O2, dry) as imposed by Swedish law is achieved by SNCR. The plant engineering is described with a focus on the overall energy recovery. As stable steam supply to the paper mill and the district heating system needs to be assured under all conditions the design includes for supporting process measures such as combustion air preheating, steam accumulation, turbine bypassing, buffering of the main condenser and back-up energy supply from an auxiliary fuel boiler. Additionally, external conditions can trigger distinct plant operation modes. A selected number of them are elaborated featuring the WtE-plant’s capability to conciliate a strong fluctuating steam demand with the typical intrinsic inertia of a waste-fired boiler. With prices for fossil fuels increasing over the years, the cost for generating process steam and heat has become dominant and for paper mills even makes the overall difference in viability. As will be documented in this paper, the decision to build the A˚motfors WtE-CHP was taken by Nordic Paper after a quest for significant cost-cutting in the production of process energy. Moreover, the use of industrial and household waste as fuel brings along the advantage of becoming largely independent from evolutions on the international oil and gas markets. By opening up the possibility for a long-term secured local (waste) fuel supply at fixed rates, WtE-technology offers a reliable alternative to maintain locally based industrial production sites. The Nordic Paper mills in A˚motfors are therefore now the first in Sweden to include a waste-fired CHP on a paper production site.
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Wu, Rui, Lai-Zhe Jin, and Rolf Sandstro¨m. "Influence of Multiaxial Stresses on Creep Properties of Phosphorus Alloyed Oxygen Free Copper." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77693.

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Phosphorus alloyed oxygen free copper (Cu-OFP) canisters are planned to be used for spent nuclear fuel in Sweden. The copper canisters will be subjected to creep under multiaxial stress states in the repository. Creep tests have therefore been carried out using double notch specimens having a notch acuity of 0.5 in Cu-OFP at 75°C. The creep results from the notched specimens are compared with those from the smooth ones. It shows that the creep lifetime for notched specimens can be estimated to be two orders of magnitude or more longer than that for the smooth ones, indicating notch strengthening for the investigated Cu-OFP material. Metallographic examinations after failure show that pores and creep cavities to a limited extent are observed only adjacent to fracture. To interpret the tests for the notched creep specimens, finite element computations have been performed with a new basic model for primary creep without fitting parameters. The creep strain versus time could be simulated successfully. Initially the stresses at the notches are almost twice as high as in the centre of the specimens. The highest stresses are relaxed rapidly. At the studied temperature 75°C, the creep exponent of Cu-OFP is about 85, thus, deep down in the power-law breakdown regime. This contributes strongly to the homogenous stress distribution across the centre section. Since the redistribution of stresses has taken place before large creep deformation has occurred, the specimens are not notch sensitive in agreement with observations.
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Reports on the topic "Law, sweden"

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Strambo, Claudia, Aaron Maltais, Jindan Gong, et al. Strategies for governing fair low-carbon transport transitions in Sweden and beyond. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2024.027.

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Wollentz, Gustav. Increasing future awareness in the cultural heritage sector using the SoPHIA model. Department of Cultural Sciences, Linnaeus University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/fkh.kv.2023.01.

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This report presents results from a project that aims at increasing future awareness in the cultural heritage sector, using the SoPHIA model. The project was run by the Centre for Applied Heritage at Linnaeus University, with funding from the university. Work on the report was carried out in2021 and 2022 by NCK (The Nordic Centre of Heritage Learning and Creativity AB) under the direction of Gustav Wollentz, in co-operation with Kalmar County Museum, Jamtli Museum, andDaniel Laven from the Department of Economics, Geography, Law and Tourism at Mid Sweden University. Results from the project show that the model succeeded in exploring possible future effects of a heritage intervention, defined as any action that results in a physical change to an element of a historic place, and related these effects to prioritized issues for societal development, such as participation, inclusion, and wellbeing. It managed to expand the range of potential action in the present. Furthermore, it also provided a useful tool for identifying significant areas where there is the potential to think more innovatively and creatively regarding future change and effects. The model helped in identifying the necessary steps and actions needed for realizing the interventionin accordance with a desirable scenario. The model failed in anticipating long-term futures or futures radically different from the present. It mostly provided insights into how the intervention could have an impact upon future change, but not on how future change would have an impact upon the intervention. Ways of adapting the model for increased future awareness are suggested.These include ways to make the model more suitable for anticipating long-term futures as well as futures of radical change.
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Xylia, Maria, and Timothy Suljada. Short- and long-term impacts of the energy crisis in Sweden. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2023.026.

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In this brief, the authors explore the distributional impacts of policy responses to the energy price crisis in the EU, with a particular focus on low-income households and other vulnerable sociodemographic groups in Sweden.
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Demuynck, Méryl, Anna-Maria Andreeva, and George Kefford. A Practitioner’s Guide to Working with Children in VE-Affiliated Families: Protecting the Rights of the Child. ICCT, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19165/2022.3.03.

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The PREPARE (Promoting collaborative policies of inclusion relating to children of far right and Islamist parents in Western Europe) project aims to identify vulnerabilities and stigmas that children may face when their parents are involved in violent extremist (VE) networks, and how frontline practitioners can best address them through a collaborative approach centred on the needs of the child. It aims to support these children by supporting frontline practitioners working with these children and their families in six European countries (the Netherlands, Spain, France, Sweden, Germany and Kosovo) to develop a state-of-the-art Child Vulnerability and Intervention Tool and training modules for practitioners. Central to the PREPARE project is ensuring that human rights, the rule of law, and children’s rights remain at the forefront throughout the development and implementation of interventions and programmes aimed at supporting children of families with links to VE. This report thus aims to provide guidance for practitioners on how to support these children through a human rights- and rule of law-compliant approach, that centres on children’s needs, well-being, and long-term prospects, and helps mitigate the risks of stigmatisation, polarisation, and discrimination. This report starts by providing an overview of the rights of the child, as defined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), including the four general principles that should inform the implementation of all other rights, as well as any decisions and interventions affecting children, namely the non-discrimination principle, the best interests of the child, the child’s inherent right to life, survival and development, and the child’s right to express their views freely. It notably aims to inform practitioners on what these rights are, to what extent children raised in families with links with VE might see some of these rights infringed upon, as well as how they should inform their work. Finally, this report focuses on providing guidance on identified good practices to support children growing in families with links to VE, which include adopting victim-centred, individually-tailored, gender- and age- conscious approach, developing multidisciplinary and multi-actor programmes, and providing adequate training for practitioners. In addition, the report will further address some of the key challenges and practises to avoid in regards to the safeguarding the rights of children in families with links to VE. Practices to avoid notably include security-centred approaches, one-size-fits-all responses, practices causing re-traumatisation, lack of trust between children and implementers, lack of and/or inadequate training, and lack of long-term funding to ensure sustainable support for children having been exposed to VE environments.
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Dahlstedt, Inge, and Henrik Emilsson. Growing apart : Increasing labour market segmentation of EU-13 workers in Sweden. Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM), Malmö University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/isbn.9789178774395.

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This article investigates labour market segmentation of EU-13 workers in Sweden. Labour market segmentation is a driver of income differences between natives, EU-15 migrants and EU-13 migrants in many EU member states. There are, however, indications that labour market inequalities as a result of segmentation among EU-13 migrants is less pronounced in Sweden. Previous research, both quantitative and qualitative, has shown surprisingly low levels of labour market segmentation among the employed. The structural differences on the labour market has, instead, been between the employed and unemployed, with a large employment gap between natives and all migrant groups including EU-13 migrants. We address the functional integration in the labour market from a longitudinal perspective, using several quantitative indicators to measure the degree of labour market segmentation. Natives and other migrant groups (EU-15 and refugees) are used as reference groups. Our results shows a low but increasing labour market segmentation among the employed born in EU-13 countries. The dissimilarity between employed natives and EU-13 workers is increasing, especially among men. Men from EU-13 countries is the only category where the occupational position has deteriorated. From having a similar occupational position as EU-15 migrants in 2007, their position in the labour market in 2015 is more similar to the refugee group. This development is driven by a large increase of Polish construction workers on the Swedishlabour market.
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Xylia, Maria, Faisal Bin Ashraf, Peter Rudberg, Karina Barquet, and Guoyi Han. Keeping the flow: hydropower, river ecosystems and governance in northern Sweden. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2024sei2024.014.

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The focus of this report is hydropower generated in the Norrbotten region of Sweden, in the larger context of the Nordic and EU regions. Recognizing hydropower’s changing role in meeting growing energy demand is crucial. Hydropower provides energy security and grid stability for Sweden, which has long relied on the low-carbon energy source for much of its electricity. Industrial expansion, particularly in northern Sweden, is expected to drive a substantial increase in energy demand, leading to more demand for hydropower. At the same time, more renewable energy will be added to the Swedish electricity grid and beyond, and hydropower will play a key role in stabilizing the grid to make space for wind and solar power. With this increase will come more impact on river ecosystems, particularly through hydropeaking, i.e. where hydropower operation is optimized creating frequent and large changes of river flow, which is of significant concern for environmental impacts. Balancing hydropower production with the preservation of biodiversity and ecosystem health is essential and part of the policy priorities of the EU and Sweden. To ensure the long-term success of the hydropower industry, efforts need to be emphasized to improve efficiency, promote biodiversity and incorporate community perspectives. Additionally, strategies for adapting to a changing energy landscape, such as accommodating fluctuating renewable energy sources, are vital.
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Karacic, Almir, and Anneli Adler. Fertilization of poplar plantations with dried sludge : a demonstration trial in Hillebola - central Sweden. Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.2q9iahfphk.

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Wastewater sludge contains essential nutrients for plant growth and is frequently used as fertilizer in European agriculture. Sludge contains elevated concentrations of heavy metals, microplastics, and other substances that may pose potential risks to human health and the environment. Nevertheless, dried pelletized sludge emerges as a viable product for fertilizing short-rotation poplar plantations within a circular model, enabling nutrient recycling and converting waste into a valuable resource to enhance biomass production for different markets. In Hillebola, central Sweden, we demonstrated the application of dried pelletized sludge to pilot plantations with climate-adapted Populus trichocarpa clones. The trial was established in four blocks with four treatments three years after the poplar trees were planted. The treatments were: mineral NPK fertilizer + soil cultivation between poplar rows, dried pelletized sludge + soil cultivation, no fertilization + soil cultivation only, and control (no treatments). The effect of fertilization on poplar growth was evaluated two years later, after the fifth growing season. The results showed a significantly improved basal area increment in NPK and sludge treatments compared to the control. The ground vegetation inventory revealed substantial differences in weed biomass between control and cultivated plots. Control plots contained double the amount of aboveground grass and herbaceous biomass (8.6 ton ha-1 ) compared to cultivated and cultivated + fertilized plots. The low-intensity Nordic-Baltic poplar establishment practices allow for a substantial amount of ground vegetation to develop until the canopy closure, potentially contributing to the soil carbon pool more than it is usually recognized when modeling carbon balances in short-rotation poplar plantations, which is the theme of our next report.
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Rosero, Amparo, Iván Pastrana, Carlos Sierra, et al. Influence of genotype and environment on quality attributes of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas Lam.). Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.poster.2018.7.

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Sweetpotato is the fifteenth most important food crop, and third between roots and tubers crops worldwide. Sweet potato crop has the capacity to adapt to different environmental conditions, and expression of quality traits is highly influenced by variety and growth conditions. We evaluate the effect of these factors on quality attributes such as dry matter content (DMC), ash content (AC), crude fiber (CF), total protein content (TPC) and brix grades (°Brix) in order to determine adequate conditions to ensure better quality in sweet potato roots.
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van Gemert, Rob, Per Holliland, Konrad Karlsson, Niklas Sjöberg, and Torbjörn Säterberg. Assessment of the eel stock in Sweden, spring 2024 : fifth post-evaluation of the Swedish eel management. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.4iseib7eup.

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For decades, the population of the European eel has been in severe decline. In 2007, the European Union decided on a Regulation establishing measures for the recovery of the stock, which obliged Member States to implement a national Eel Management Plan by 2009. Sweden submitted its plan in 2008. According to the Regulation, Member States shall report regularly to the EU-Commission, on the implementation of their Eel Management Plans and the progress achieved in protection and restoration. The current report provides an assessment of the eel stock in Sweden as of spring 2024, intending to feed into the national reporting to the EU in August this year. This report updates and extends previous evaluation reports by Dekker (2012, 2015) and Dekker et al. (2018, 2021). In this report, the impacts on the stock - of fishing, restocking and mortality related to hydropower generation - are assessed. Other anthropogenic impacts (climate change, pollution, increased impacts of predators, spread of parasites, disruption of migration due to disorientation after transport, and so forth) probably have an impact on the stock too, but these factors are hardly quantifiable, and no management targets have been set. For that reason, and because most factors were not included in the EU Eel Regulation, these other factors are not included in this report. Our focus is on the quantification of silver eel biomass escaping from continental waters towards the ocean (current, current potential and pristine) and mortality risks endured by those eels during their whole lifetime. The assessment is broken down on a geographical basis, with different impacts dominating in different areas (west coast, inland waters, Baltic coast). In the last decade, a break in the downward trend in glass eel recruitment has been observed, with recruitment no longer declining consistently. Whether that relates to recent protective actions, or is due to other factors, is yet unclear. Nevertheless, recruitment levels remain at historically low levels. This report contributes to the required international assessment, but does not discuss the causing factors behind the recent recruitment trend and the overall status of the stock across Europe. For the different assessment areas, results summarise as follows: On the west coast, a commercial fyke net fishery on yellow eel was exploiting the stock, until this fishery was completely closed in spring 2012. A fishery-based assessment no longer being achievable, we present trends from research surveys (fyke nets). Insufficient information is currently available to assess the recovery of the stock in absolute terms. Obviously, current fishing mortality is zero (disregarding the currently unquantifiable effect of illegal fishing), but none of the other requested stock indicators (current, current potential and pristine biomass) can be presented. The formerly exploited size-classes of the stock show a recovery in abundance after the closure of the commercial fishery, and the smaller size classes show a break in their decline in line with the recent global trend of glass eel recruitment. In order to support the recovery of the stock, or to compensate for anthropogenic mortality in inland waters, young eel has been restocked on the Swedish west coast since 2010. Noting the quantity of restocking involved, the expected effect (ca. 50 t silver eel) is relatively small, and hard to verify – in comparison to the potential natural stock on the west coast (an order of 1000 t). However, for the currently depleted stock, the contribution will likely constitute a larger share of silver eel escapement. For inland waters, this report updates the 2021 assessment, with substantial changes in methodology being the use of a new natural recruitment model, and the full separation of Trap & Transport catches from the fisheries statistics. The assessment for the inland waters relies on a reconstruction of the stock from information on the youngest eels in our waters (natural recruits, assisted migration, restocking). Based on 78 years of data on natural recruitment into 22 rivers, a statistical model is applied which relates the number of immigrating young eel caught in traps to the location and size of each river, the distance from the trap to the river mouth, and the year in which those eels recruited to continental waters as a glass eel (year class). The further into the Baltic, the larger and less numerous recruits generally are. Distance upstream comes with less numerous recruits. Using the results from the above recruitment analysis, in combination with historical data on assisted migration (young eels transported upstream within a drainage area, across barriers) and restocking (young eels imported into a river system), we have a complete overview of how many young eels recruited to Swedish inland waters. From this, the production of fully grown silver eel is estimated for every lake and year separately, based on best estimates of growth and natural mortality rates. Subtracting the catch made by the fishery (as recorded) and down-sizing for the mortality incurred when passing hydropower stations (percentwise, as recorded or using a default percentage), an estimate of the biomass of silver eel escaping from each river towards the sea is derived. Results indicate, that since 1960, the production of silver eel in inland waters has declined from over 700 to below 300 tonnes per year (t/yr). The production of naturally recruited eels is still falling; following the increase in restocking since 2010, an increase in restocking-based production is expected to be starting right around now. Gradually, restocking has replaced natural recruitment (assisted and fully natural), now making up over 90 % of the inland stock. Fisheries have taken 20-30 % of the silver eel (since the mid-1980s), while the impact of hydropower has ranged from 25 % to 60 %, depending on the year. Escapement is estimated to have varied from 72 t in the late 1990s, to 175 t in the early 2000s. The biomass of current escapement (including eels of restocked origin) is approximately 15 % of the pristine level (incl. restocked), or almost 30 % of the current potential biomass (incl. restocked). This is below the 40 % biomass limit of the Eel Regulation, and anthropogenic mortality (70 % over the entire life span in continental waters) exceeds the limit implied in the Eel Regulation (60 % mortality, the complement of 40 % survival). Mortality being that high, Swedish inland waters currently do not contribute to the recovery of the stock. The temporal variation (in production, impacts and escapement) is partly the consequence of a differential spatial distribution of the restocking of eel over the years. The original natural (not assisted) recruits were far less impacted by hydropower, since they could not climb the hydropower dams when immigrating. Since 2010, inland restocking is increasingly concentrated to drainage areas falling to the Kattegat-Skagerrak, also including obstructed lakes (primarily Lake Vänern, and many smaller ones). Even though Trap & Transport of silver eel - from above barriers towards the sea - has contributed to reducing the hydropower impact, hydropower mortality remains the largest estimated contributor to silver eel mortality in inland waters. Without restocking, the biomass affected by fishery and/or hydropower would be only 5-10 % of the currently impacted biomass, but the stock abundance would reduce from 15 % to less than 3 % of the pristine biomass. In summary: the inland eel stock biomass is below the minimum target, anthropogenic impacts exceed the minimum limit that would allow recovery, and those impacts have been increasing. It is therefore recommended to reconsider the current action plans on inland waters, taking into account the results of the current, comprehensive assessment. For the Baltic coast, the 2021 assessment has been updated without major changes in methodology. Results indicate that the impact of the fishery continues to decline over the decades. The current impact of the Swedish silver eel fishery on the escapement of silver eel along the Baltic Sea coast is estimated at 0.3 %. However, this fishery is just one of the anthropogenic impacts (in other areas/countries) affecting the eel stock in the Baltic, including all types of impacts, on all life stages and all habitats anywhere in the Baltic. Integration with the assessments in other countries has not been achieved. Current estimates of the abundance of silver eel (biomass) indicates an order of several thousand tonnes, but those estimates are extremely uncertain, due to the low impact of the fishery (near-zero statistics). Moreover, these do not take into account the origin of those silver eels, from other countries. An integrated assessment for the whole Baltic will be required to ground-truth these estimates. This would also bring the eel assessments in line with the policy to regionalise stock assessments for other (commercial) fish species (see https://ec.europa.eu/oceans-and-fisheries/fisheries/rules/multiannual-plans_en). It is recommended to develop an integrated assessment for the entire Baltic Sea eel stock, and to coordinate protective measures with other range states.
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Rezaie, Shogofa, Fedra Vanhuyse, Karin André, and Maryna Henrysson. Governing the circular economy: how urban policymakers can accelerate the agenda. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.027.

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We believe the climate crisis will be resolved in cities. Today, while cities occupy only 2% of the Earth's surface, 57% of the world's population lives in cities, and by 2050, it will jump to 68% (UN, 2018). Currently, cities consume over 75% of natural resources, accumulate 50% of the global waste and emit up to 80% of greenhouse gases (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). Cities generate 70% of the global gross domestic product and are significant drivers of economic growth (UN-Habitat III, 2016). At the same time, cities sit on the frontline of natural disasters such as floods, storms and droughts (De Sherbinin et al., 2007; Major et al., 2011; Rockström et al., 2021). One of the sustainability pathways to reduce the environmental consequences of the current extract-make-dispose model (or the "linear economy") is a circular economy (CE) model. A CE is defined as "an economic system that is based on business models which replace the 'end-of-life' concept with reducing, alternatively reusing, recycling and recovering materials in production/distribution and consumption processes" (Kirchherr et al., 2017, p. 224). By redesigning production processes and thereby extending the lifespan of goods and materials, researchers suggest that CE approaches reduce waste and increase employment and resource security while sustaining business competitiveness (Korhonen et al., 2018; Niskanen et al., 2020; Stahel, 2012; Winans et al., 2017). Organizations such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and Circle Economy help steer businesses toward CE strategies. The CE is also a political priority in countries and municipalities globally. For instance, the CE Action Plan, launched by the European Commission in 2015 and reconfirmed in 2020, is a central pillar of the European Green Deal (European Commission, 2015, 2020). Additionally, more governments are implementing national CE strategies in China (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2018), Colombia (Government of the Republic of Colombia, 2019), Finland (Sitra, 2016), Sweden (Government Offices of Sweden, 2020) and the US (Metabolic, 2018, 2019), to name a few. Meanwhile, more cities worldwide are adopting CE models to achieve more resource-efficient urban management systems, thereby advancing their environmental ambitions (Petit-Boix & Leipold, 2018; Turcu & Gillie, 2020; Vanhuyse, Haddaway, et al., 2021). Cities with CE ambitions include, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Paris, Toronto, Peterborough (England) and Umeå (Sweden) (OECD, 2020a). In Europe, over 60 cities signed the European Circular Cities Declaration (2020) to harmonize the transition towards a CE in the region. In this policy brief, we provide insights into common challenges local governments face in implementing their CE plans and suggest recommendations for overcoming these. It aims to answer the question: How can the CE agenda be governed in cities? It is based on the results of the Urban Circularity Assessment Framework (UCAF) project, building on findings from 25 interviews, focus group discussions and workshops held with different stakeholder groups in Umeå, as well as research on Stockholm's urban circularity potential, including findings from 11 expert interviews (Rezaie, 2021). Our findings were complemented by the Circular Economy Lab project (Rezaie et al., 2022) and experiences from working with municipal governments in Sweden, Belgium, France and the UK, on CE and environmental and social sustainability.
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