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Journal articles on the topic 'Law, Turkic'
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1
Ismailova, M. "Characteristic of vowel harmony in the Oguz-Kipchak dialects and their integration into other Turkic dialects." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/40/68.
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The article includes vowel harmony, which is considered one of the most characteristic features of the Turkic languages. Vowel harmony has a very ancient history in Turkic. This law was formed during the period of the proto-turkic. In the ancient Turkic written monuments, vowel harmony was an “iron law”. This law has played a key role in the writing of ancient written monuments. However, although vowel harmony came from Orkhon, this ancient phonetic law should always be considered a continuation of the old norm. Although the word “vowel harmony” as a phonetic law in Turkic includes harmony of conconants, harmony of vowels with consonants, on the basis of this law stands harmony of vowel. However, as a result of the internal and external processes occurring in the Turkic languages in the course of historical development, the harmonicism had different features. One of the reasons for this is the lack of proper knowledge of the dialect and emphasis based on the literary language. Therefore, Turkic dialects should be studied as the main source. The article does not consider satisfactory the study of Turkic dialects based on the facts of a particular language. This is more clearly seen when studying the law of harmony. The study of the law of harmony on the basis of various Turkic dialects allows for an accurate scientific interpretation of this issue.
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Pochekaev, Roman Yu. "Törü: Ancient Turkic Law ‘Privatised’ by Chinggis Khan and His Descendants." Inner Asia 18, no. 2 (December 15, 2016): 182–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340064.
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This article is devoted totörü—law of the ancient Turks, which later became one of the sources of medieval Mongol law and, eventually, integral to the legal system of the Mongol Empire ruled by Chinggis Khan and his descendants. The post-imperial Chinggisids usedtörüas a means to reinforce their legitimacy among their Turkic subjects as a ‘privatised’ right to interpret and even createtörüregulations. At the same time their Mongolian neighbours usedtörümostly as a political (rather than legal) category and did not obtain a monopoly for it, astörüin Mongolia was interpreted as an attribute of supreme power, even when it spread beyond the descendants of Chinggis Khan.
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Carter, Matthew. "Syllable Contact and Emergent Lenition in Bashkir." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 4, no. 1 (October 7, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v4i1.4583.
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This study examines the syllable contact phonology of Bashkir (Kipchak, southern Urals, Russia), a language which exhibits a unique variation on general Turkic syllable contact phenomena, and proposes an Optimality Theoretic analysis, drawing on previous approaches to syllable contact in Turkic (Baertsch & Davis 2001, 2004, Gouskova 2001, 2004, Washington 2010). Bashkir desonorizes affix-initial coronal sonorants (/qullar/ --> [qul.dar]) to mandate compliance with the Syllable Contact Law (Davis, 1998). This occurs even at boundaries which would otherwise exhibit falling sonority, thereby maximizing sonority fall. Bashkir also exhibits a unique continuancy alternation pattern in desonorized affixes (taw-ðar, uram-dar, gaz-dar). This study adopts the Syllable Contact Hierarchy analysis proposed in Gouskova (2004), with ranking of relevant faithfulness constraints below all *DIST constraints mandating maximal sonority fall. It is proposed that continuancy alternations derived from a synchronically active lenition process, otherwise dominated by relevant faithfulness constraints, which emerges when unfaithfulness is forced to satisfy constraints on syllable contact.
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Zimonyi, István. "Changing Perceptions of Türk Identity Among the Medieval Nomads of Central Eurasia." Studia Orientalia Electronica 6 (December 22, 2018): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.69834.
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The Türk Khaganate and the ethnonym Türk have been used in modern nation-building processes among the Turkic-speaking peoples of Eurasia since the end of the nineteenth century. The historical importance of the name is exemplified by the country of Turkey today, the plan for a Turkic Republic in Central Asia in the 1920s, and the latest Kazak (Tatar) historiography after the fall of the Soviet Union. The study focuses on the meanings of Türk in the period of the Türk Khaganate (6th–8th centuries). Its first denotation is for an ethnic community or nationality, that is, a nomadic tribal confederation defined by use of the model of gens, including a common origin, language, and traditions with centuries of a stable political framework and the majority of society sharing common law. The second aspect of the usage of the term Türk, being political, referred to all peoples subject to the power of the Türk Khagan. After the fall of the Türk Khaganate, both meanings faded away due to the lack of political stability in the history of the Eurasian steppe, revealing an absence of ethnic continuity from the Middle Ages. However, fragments of Türk identity may have survived in the forms of language community, the Islamic legend of descent from an eponymos hero, and a nomadic way of life opposed to the territorial principles of settled civilisations.
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Yusuf, Hakeem. "S.A.S v France." International Human Rights Law Review 3, no. 2 (November 19, 2014): 277–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00302006.
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The Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights has upheld the French law which prohibits the concealment of one’s face in public places. The law is directed principally at prohibiting Muslim women covering their faces in public spaces in France. The decision of the Strasbourg Court is premised on the French notion of ‘le vivre ensemble’; ‘living together.’ This critical analysis of the judgment contends that the decision is flawed and retrogressive for women’s rights in particular and undermines the socio-cultural rights and freedoms of individuals who belong to minority groups in general. On wider implications of the decision, it is worrisome that the decision appears to pander to dangerous political leanings currently growing in many parts of Europe and beyond. The Court risks promoting forced assimilation policies against minorities in various parts of the world. To illustrate its implications, the article highlights the experience of the Uyghurs, a Turkic ethnic group in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China.
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Erk, Kutluay. "Ecclesiastical Terminology in TÖRE BITIGI: ARÏ." Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 13 (April 13, 2017): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2016.13.10635.
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In this article the semantic field of the Armeno-Kipchak word arï/ari “holy, sacred” is examined on the basis of Töre Bitigi (Wrocław version), which is an Armeno-Kipchak version of the Old Armenian law code Datastanagirk’. This magistrative-juridical text was based in a large part on ecclesiastical prescriptions. Accordingly it is possible to see a group of religious terms in the text and the word of arï/ari is one of them. This significant term shows parallelism with other historical Turkic texts, which have been translated from the Holy Book.Daγï da ne üčün emdi klädik yazmaga törälärni, ya ne säbäptän teprändi esimiz bu iškä [...] bu vaχtlarda erinčekliktän üvrämägä klämäslär Eski u Yäŋï Törälärni ne markarẹlardan, ne Awedarandan, ki bolgaylar edi ari bitiklerniŋ küčündän bilmägä könü töräni. Anïŋ üčün klädik bu Törä bitiki bilä oyatmaga alarnï, nečik kimsäni yuχudan.Töre Bitigi/Ekinči, ne üčün yazdïq ya kimniŋ pričinasïndan 5r/160r
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Kravets, Tatiana V., N. Ya Bulatova, Olga N. Morozova, and Svetlana V. Androsova. "VOWEL HARMONY IN THE EASTERN DIALECT GROUP OF THE EVENKI LANGUAGE." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 3 (2017): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2017_3_4_45_65.
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Structural feature uniting the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus languages is vowel harmony (assimilation of vowels within a single word). Phonetics of the Evenki language, which belongs to the Manchu-Tungus group, according to the current classification of the languages of the world, is characterized by the vowel harmony law, when all the vowels of the Evenki language are divided into two harmony groups, and a neutral one. Group 1 (hard): /е:/, /а/, /а:/, /о/, /о:/; Group 2 (soft): /з/, /з:/; Neutral Group: Л/, Л:/, /и/, /и:/. In accordance with vowel harmony law, within a single word, the distribution of hard and soft vowels in the word suffix is strictly determined by the vowel in the word root. We conclude that vowel harmony in Selemdzha local accent of the Evenki language is of mixed type: palatal harmony (that regulates not only vowel distribution but the distribution of hard and soft allophones of the previous consonant within the syllable) accompanied by labial harmony functioning for the short phoneme /о/. Vowel harmony violations characteristic for Standard Evenki can be eliminated by the phenomenon of Eastern а-type accent.
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Gizatulin, Shamil Takhirovich. "Horse stealing in the Samara province in 1923-1925." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201871210.
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This paper considers the problem of horse stealing in the Samara province in 1923-1925. The author conducted a study of causes and dynamics of horse thefts in the region, as well as of measures of the law enforcement agencies with a criminal activity. The paper shows the factors that contributed along with the generally unfavorable socio-economic conditions of the 1920s years to the growth of this type of crime in the region. On the basis of statistical indicators of militia and criminal investigation the author has studied methods of horse thefts in the province, the reasons for the growth of this type of crime in 1923 and the decline by the end of 1925. The paper considers problems of professional horse stealing and ethnic crime (criminal activity of representatives of the Turkic peoples). The author has revealed seasonal and spatial characteristics of the prevalence of cattle theft and established centers of horse theft in the province (Samara, Samara and Buguruslan Districts), as well as analyzed efficiency of militia activity and criminal investigation department of Samara province in the fight against this crime. The paper also contains the drawbacks in the organization of activities of local authorities, law enforcement and the court, as well as measures taken by the provincial authorities for the suppression of horse stealing in the period.
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Crate, Susan A. "From Living Water to the “Water of Death”: Implicating Social Resilience in Northeastern Siberia." Worldviews 17, no. 2 (2013): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685357-01702003.
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Rural inhabitants of the Arctic sustain their way of life via refined adaptations to the extreme climate of the North, and subsequent generations continue to adapt. Viliui Sakha, Turkic-speaking horse and cattle breeders of northeastern Siberia, Russia, have been successful through their ancestral adaptations to local water access, in both a solid and liquid state, at specific times and in specific amounts. Viliui Sakha’s activities to access and utilize water are grounded in a belief system where water is spirit-filled, gives life, and can interplay with death. In the context of contemporary global climate change, water’s solid-liquid balance is disrupted by changing seasonal patterns, altered precipitation regimes, and an overall “softening” of the extreme annual temperature range. Inhabitants are finding ways to adapt but at increasing labor and resource costs. In this paper, I analyze Viliui Sakha’s adaptations to altered water regimes on both the physical and cosmological levels to grasp how water is understood in Sakha’s belief system as the water of life, how it becomes “the water of death,” and the implications for social resilience.
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Sebba, Mark. "Ideology and alphabets in the former USSR." Language Problems and Language Planning 30, no. 2 (August 11, 2006): 99–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.30.2.02seb.
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In 2002 the Russian parliament passed a law requiring all official languages within the Russian Federation to use the Cyrillic alphabet. The legislation caused great controversy and anger in some quarters, especially in Tatarstan, the Russian republic whose attempt to romanise the script for the Tatar language provoked the new law. This paper examines the background to these recent events in the former Soviet Union, showing how they provide a contemporary illustration of the ways that linguistic (in this case, orthographic) issues can interact with ideologies and discourses at the political and social levels. The paper takes an approach which treats orthography and script selection as social practices which are amenable to sociolinguistic analysis, even though they are more commonly modelled as autonomous systems (or “neutral technologies”) which can be detached from their social context (cf. Street’s “ideological” and “autonomous” models of literacy). The article begins with a very brief overview of the early twentieth-century changes of script from Arabic to Roman and then to Cyrillic, which affected most of the Turkic languages, including Tatar, and an account of the trend to return to the Roman alphabet in the immediate post-Soviet period. It goes on to describe the circumstances of the decision by Tatarstan to introduce the script change, and the resulting backlash from the government of the Russian Federation, in the form of a new language law. It then goes on to analyse the discourses which underlie this story of rebellion and reaction. In particular, the following discourses are identified and discussed: unity and membership (the discourse of belonging), technology and globalisation, cultural heritage (change and permanence), Cyrillic as “defective”/Cyrillic as a conduit for Russian lexis, romanisation as a threat to the integrity of Russia and its language. It is noted that many of the discourses present in the Tatarstan case are also found in other debates over orthographies elsewhere.
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Butanayev, V. Y. "State system of the Yenisei Kyrgyz." Turkic Studies Journal 3, no. 2 (2021): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2021-2-63-74.
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This article attempts to systematize various source materials for comprehensive coverage of the issues of the functioning of the statehood of the ancient Kyrgyz and restoration of the canvas of historical events of the period covered. The author gives a description of the kagan dynasty and its representatives, examines the levels of the social hierarchy of the nomadic society, the system of interaction of vertical and horizontal structural formations, the canons of customary law in the Kyrgyz kaganate. The study provides links to ancient Türkic written monuments, Chinese chronicles, Tibetan documents, Mongol legends and Arab geographical works, which reflect various hypotheses about the origin of the Kyrgyz ruling dynasty «Azho» («Azhe»), and also analyzes the interpretation of the words «az «,» Az budun «by various scientists in the context of the ethnogenesis of the Kyrgyz people. It covers diplomatic activities, military campaigns and the death of the first Kyrgyz kagan Barsbeg, his family ties and political relations with the rulers of the Turkic kaganate. The highest officials of the Kyrgyz state – begi were subdivided into the following six groups: tsaysians (high administrative rank), tutuki (governors), buyruks (messengers), zhangshi (clerks), chory or churas (military title), tarhans (collectors of taxes and taxes) , each of which performed the corresponding functions in the management of society and solved the current tasks facing the kaganate. An important role in the life of the nomadic society of the ancient Kyrgyz was played by the patriarchal family – «arch kun» and the tribal community – «aal kun». In the Kyrgyz state, one of the manifestations of socio-ethnic exploitation was the institution of Kyshtym, whose origins date back to the HunnoScythian era. Kyrgyz society had the beginnings of judicial legislation, expressed in the functioning of a system of strictly established orders of customary (traditional) law – «töre»
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Vajda, Edward J. "Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages (review)." Language 79, no. 2 (2003): 440–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2003.0141.
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Kapranov, Y. V. "Diachronic Interpretation of Phonomorphological and Semantic Regularities of Nostratic (Based on *HuḲa “eye”)." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, no. 19 (January 12, 2020): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series9.2019.19.05.
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The diachronic interpretation of Indo-European *hṷekṷ- / *heuk- “eye, to see”, Altaic *uka- “to notice, to understand” and Afro-Asiatic *Hwq- “to know”, originating from Nostratic *HuḲa “eye, to see”, allowed to establish both divergent and convergent types of linguistic relationship among them, for which the close (Indo-European, Altaic, Afro-Asiatic) and remote / distant (Indo-European / Afro-Asiatic and Altaic) types of language relationship have been established, depending on the action of the main phonomorphological and semantic regularities.The degree of manifestation of phonomorphological laws indicates a close type of language relationship among Indo-European, Altaic and Afro-Asiatic language families. They are: 1) the law on the three-letter / three-phonemic root structure of an archetype (according to E. Benvenist), which corresponds to the law on the consonant root (according to A G. Belova): it helped to fix three phonemes in Indo-European *hṷekṷ- / *heuk-, Altaic *uka- and Afro-Asiatic *Hwq-, as well as to trace the reflexes of this structure in the genetic data material of these language families; 2) the law of the mora is fixed in the Indo-European *hṷekṷ- / *heuk-, Altaic *uka- and Afro-Asiatic *Hwq-, the forms of which correspond to a monosyllable structure, and mono- and multisyllable structures have been observed in the genetic data material; 3) the process of spirantisation consists in weakening the consonant phoneme /q/, i.e. the reflection /q/ into /k/ and /x/; 4) the process of “pharyngisation” can be traced at the end of monosyllabic words, where it could occur by analogy with those forms of the word where the consonant was intervocal; 5) the law on the pronunciation of short vowel phonemes /a/ and /u/, where such features are represented: 1) the degree of solution of the oral cavity; 2) hardness / softness (low tonality / high tonality); 3) absence or presence of labilisation; 6) the law of prosody, which consists in the realisation of stress in accordance with various languages; 7) the law of an open syllable.The degree of phonomorphological manifestations indicates a remote / distant form of language relationship between Indo-European / Afro-Asiatic and Altaic language families, where one of the provisions of the phonetic prohibitions of Jucquо, i.e. when the initial and final laryngals are not allowed, is traced in the Indo-European *hṷekṷ- / *heuk- and Afro-Asiatic *Hwq-.The degree of manifestation of semantic laws indicates a close type of language relationship among Indo-European, Altaic and Afro-Asiatic language families, where 2 lexico-semantic variants (LSV) were fixed: 1) somatism; 2) action. If in the Indo-European *hṷekṷ- / *heuk- “eye, to see” 2 LSVs are fixed: 1) somatism; 2) action, but in the Altaic *uka- “to notice, to understand”, including Turkic *uk(ā)- “to raise, to listen” and Mongolian *uk- “to notice”, as well as the Afro-Asiatic *Hwq- “to know” – only 1 LSV – 2) action.
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Vajda, Edward J. "The Turkic protolanguage: A computational reconstruction By Gyula Décsy." Language 76, no. 2 (2000): 473–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2000.0060.
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Nevskaya, I. A. "Prospective and proximative: results and perspectives of their research in Turkic languages." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 4 (2020): 158–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/73/11.
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This paper describes the category of proximative (also called prospective), which is supposed to express the prototypical semantics be going / about to do something and refer to a preliminary stage of action. Proximative means are extremely diverse and numerous in Turkic lan-guages. All Turkic languages use various intentional forms and constructions to render proximative semantics under certain conditions, mostly with inanimate subjects or involun-tary actions. Oghuz Turkic seems to be the only branch that does not use proximative forms based on the infinitive or purpose converb of the lexical verb in combination with existential and positional auxiliary verbs. Only Oghuz Turkic seems to have a proximative form with the postposition üzere ‘on’. Both Azeri varieties show convergence with Persian (and other Iranian languages spoken in the Caucasus, and also with Aramaic). Kipchak Turkic languages spoken in Central Asia have an array of isoglosses in common with South Eastern Turkic in their proximative morphology. We can probably speak of a Central Asian linguistic area representing a Turkic dialect contin-uum that had existed there long before the formation of modern national states. Within South Siberian Turkic, a very heterogeneous branch of Turkic, the North Altai varie-ties are closer to Shor and Khakas than to Southern Altai Turkic in many features, also includ-ing Proximative language encoding. Southern Altai Turkic, in its turn, shows a certain close-ness to Tuvan in some proximative isoglosses, but also Kipchak languages of Central Asia in others. Tuvan is characterized by numerous Mongolian loans, also in the proximative sphere. It appears that only the category of avertive employs materially identical language means (with minor variations) in all branches of Turkic. It is the specialized actional form “converb -A + verb yaz- / žas- / čas- / d’asta- / žazda-, etc.” with the lexical semantics “err, fail, miss the target, lose one’s way, sin, etc.”
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Bolotbek M., Akmatov. "The Heroic Epic of Manas and Mukhtar Auezov’s Role in Its Popularization." Humanitarian Vector 15, no. 5 (October 2020): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2020-15-5-70-78.
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heroic epic of Manas and the publication of its parts in the twentieth century. The purpose of the article is to determine the place of the famous monograph “The Kyrgyz heroic epic of Manas” by M. O. Auezov in a series of works on epic studies. Objectives of the article: to describe M. O. Auezov’s research dedicated to the Kyrgyz epic of Manas from the standpoint of defining the functions of manaschi (storyteller, poet, shaman) and the preserved pre-Islamic cult of ancestors among the Kyrgyz; to substantiate M. O. Auezov in the aspect of Kyrgyz studies and Manas studies. The relevance of the work consists in summarizing the contribution of M. O. Auezov to Kyrgyz and Manas Studies in connection with new trends in education in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, caused by the adoption of the Law “On the Manas Epic” in 2011. The scientific novelty of the work lies in a new approach to understanding the works by M. O. Auezov in the aspect of theory of mentality, that is practically not involved in literary practice. M. O. Auezov introduced into scientific circulation the terms associated with the performers of the epic, yrchi and zhomokchi. He was the first to describe the history of Kyrgyz manaschi ‒ storytellers: from a contemporary of Manas Keldibek to Sagymbay Orozbаkov, a contemporary of M. O. Auezov. Manas himself chooses those who will perform the epic dedicated to him. The text of the epic keeps the spirit of the people, i. e. the heroic epic of Manas contains the spiritual basis of Kyrgyz culture, its mentality. M. O. Auezov summarized the data on manaschi and outlined their main functions: a storyteller, a poet, a shaman. The scientist pointed to the pre-Islamic cult of ancestors that has come down to us among the Kyrgyz people. Keywords: the epic of Manas, manaschi, pre-Islamic Turkic spiritual culture, works by M. O. Auezov, mentality, myth, cult of ancestors, the Kyrgyz language picture of the world
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Umar Faruq Thohir. "Pembaharuan Hukum Waris Islam di Turki." Asy-Syari’ah : Jurnal Hukum Islam 5, no. 2 (June 15, 2019): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/assyariah.v5i2.121.
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It is inevitable that a legal enactment, or reform of Islamic family law in various Muslim countries or countries with a majority Muslim population in the world. This is because the existing law (valid) is still not revealed or has been revealed but is considered not in accordance with the era anymore, due to the different “context” between the past and the present. As Anderson said, Islamic law in Islamic countries was not static at all. The form of renewal that is carried out differs from country to country. First, there are some countries that carry out reforms in the form of laws. Second, there are some countries that carry out reforms based on the decree of the president or king. Third, there are some countries that carry out reforms in the form of judicial provisions. The country of Turkey is the first country to carry out renewal in family law. Updates are carried out in the form of laws. For Turkish Muslims, Hanafi is a school that underlies the religious life formally until 1926, before the existence of legislation legislation that was eclectically codified. The Islamic Civil Law or what is called ¬Majallat al-Ahkâm al-liAdliyah, which most of the material is based on Hanaf madîî actually has been prepared in Turkey since 1876, although it is not comprehensive, because it does not include family law and inheritance law.
Keywords: reform of Islamic, Waris, and Turkish Muslims
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Tohari, Chamim. "MAJALLAH AL-AHKÂM AL-ADLIYYAH (ANALISIS HISTORIS DAN KEDUDUKANNYA DALAM SISTEM TATA HUKUM TURKI MODERN)." Istinbath : Jurnal Hukum 14, no. 1 (May 3, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/istinbath.v14i1.736.
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This research disscuss about several matters which connecting with the book of Majalla al-Ahkâm al-Adliyya as following: (1) History, system, and methods of Majalla compiling; (2) This research disscuss about several matters which connecting with the book of Majalla al-Ahkâm al-Adliyya as following: (1) History, system, and methods of Majalla compiling; (2) Critics to the Majalla book; and (3) The position of the Majalla in the law system of the modern Turkey. This research using two methods, its library research and the field research. The results of this research were: (1) The main background of the Majalla codification movement is a difficult situation to make a same desicion about the law of something by the opinion of muslim judges of the Ottoman empire. The system of the Majalla compiling consist of the technical terms in Islamic law, principles of ijtihad in Islamic law, Islamic law about muamalah (economy and transaction), and the jurisdiction law. The methods which is used in codification of Majalla is takhrij and tarjih to the most important of the Hanafi’s fiqh books. (2) Some critics made by the scholars of Islamic law to the Majalla, which is regard that the Majalla has been not achieving the standart as the sourch of privat law if it seen by the modern legislation theory. Another weakness of Majalla is it was only taken from Hanafi fiqh thought. (3) the position of Majalla book in the law system of the modern Turkey is as a spirit for implementation the newest of civil lae in Turkey, beside as the source of the informal law in the field of economy and transaction for the muslim sicuety in Turkey.
Penelitian ini mengkaji beberapa hal berkaitan dengan kitab Majallah al-Ahkâm al-Adliyyah, yakni: (1) sejarah, sistem, metode penyusunan kitab majallah; (2) kritik terhadap kitab Majallah; dan (3) kedudukan kitab Majallah dalam sistem tata hukum Turki modern. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua metode, library research atau penelitian pustaka dan field research, atau penelitian lapangan. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: (1) Kodifikasi kitab Majallah al-Ahkâm al-Adliyyah oleh pemerintahan Usmaniyah di Turki. dilatarbelakangi adanya kesulitan yang dialami para hakim dalam menemukan rujukan hukum yang dapat mempersatukan pendapat mereka tentang masalah yang sama. Sistematika penyusunan kitab Majallah terdiri dari pengertian istilah-istilah dalam hukum Islam, kaidah-kaidah penetapan hukum Islam, materi hukum, serta hukum peradilan atau ushul al-hukm. Metode yang digunakan dalam penyusunan adalah metode takhrij dan tarjih terhadap kitab-kitab mu’tabarah mazhab Hanafi. (2) Beberapa kritikan muncul dari para ahli hukum Islam terhadap kitab Majallah, diantara kritikan tersebut adalah bahwa kitab Majallah tidak memenuhi standar sebagai Hukum Perdata jika dilihat berdasarkan teori perundang-undangan hukum modern. Kemelahan lainnya adalah sumber kitab Majallah yang hanya bersandar pada satu mazhab, yakni mazhab Hanafi. (3) Kedudukan kitab Majallah dalam sistem tata hukum Turki modern adalah sebagai spirit penerapan hukum perdata Turki, serta sebagai sumber hukum informal masyarakat muslim Turki dimana kitab Majallah berfungsi sebagai pedoman bermuamalah sehari-hari.
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Asa'ari, Asa'ari. "DAMPAK KAPITULASI TERHADAP PERADILAN TURKI UTSMANI." Islamika : Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 18, no. 02 (January 2, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32939/islamika.v18i02.310.
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Abstract: The Ottoman Empire stood above Sharia’s Islam, which at first was only a sultanate and then its power expanded to the gates of Vienna (Austria), the North African region, Arabia and its territory to Aceh Darussalam. The Legal Capitulation Treaty was favorable in the heyday, because traders were stimulated to carry out activities in the Ottoman ports, especially in Istanbul. Significant increase in the country's foreign exchange, so that large activities are carried out without any monetary shock. After a leadership crisis, this legal capitulation agreement has been fruitful. More and more foreign consuls, expanded treaties and sharia judgments began to lose function because many Christian citizens and Jews who had never known the French, British and other European countries had taken refuge behind the Capitulation agreement which had privileges in tax relief, immune from civil or criminal law. This led to the secularism of Ottoman law which contained European law material. There is an uncontrolled Tanzimat, it should only be in the field of military and economic technology and strategy but has penetrated the judicial system and legal material. Which ends with the loss of Ottoman sovereignty.
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Dybo, Anna V., Lidia F. Abubakirova, Mark M. Zimin, Evgeniya V. Korovina, Zarema K. Kochakaeva, and Aleksandr V. Sharov. "Еще раз о формах показателя множественного числа в тюркских языках." Oriental Studies 13, no. 5 (December 28, 2020): 1415–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-51-5-1415-1437.
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Introduction. The article continues the discussion of isogloss types and their relevance for the Proto-Turkic reconstruction and reconstruction of the intermediate nodes of the Turkic family tree. Goals. The paper makes another attempt to reconstruct the morphophonological appearance of some affixes for intermediate languages-ancestors of the standard Turkic group (Oguz, ‘Kyrgyz’, Altai, Karluk, Toba, Kypchak). The study draws into consideration not only the plural affix *-lar, but in general inflectional and derivational affixes starting with *-l. Materials and Methods. Methods of stepwise reconstruction are used simultaneously with morphophonological methods of identifying classes of positions and distribution of classes of allomorphs. Field records of dialects, dialectological publications, both modern ones and those of the 19th century, as well as written monuments were used as research material. Results. Both modern field data and classical sources, with the correct application of the methods of stepwise reconstruction, point that affixal *-l has no alternants in proto-Oghuz, proto-Karluk and proto-Qypchaq. All instances of alternation in modern idioms like dialectal Bashkir, dialectal Kazakh, ‘Qyrghyz’ languages, Yakut-Dolghan and Toba languages are to be classified as recent areal innovation. This is deduced due to the nature of morphophonological rules in these languages — neither is applyable for the proto-Common-Turkic stem auslaut, but instead is limited to forms that are specific to each separate group in question.
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Normanskaya, Yulia V., and Anar A. Gadzhieva. "Как изменилась форма показателя множественного числа в тюркских языках за последние 150 лет." Oriental Studies 13, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 1121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-50-4-1121-1134.
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Introduction. As recent research works show, scholars tend to disagree about the origin of the Kipchak plural form. K. M. Musaev hypothesizes that the Proto-Kipchak form of this affix was *-tar/*-ter whereas, according to O. A. Mudrak, the protolanguage form was *-lar/*-ler. Indeed, it seems impossible to reconstruct the form of the plural affix for the *-n, *-ŋ, *-m, *-C-stem words based on the modern data for the Kipchak languages. Furthermore, the Proto-Turkic reconstruction of the plural affix for these stems is also unclear. Purpose of research: It follows that a systematic analysis of the forms of the plural affix with different stems in the first books in the Kipchak languages (Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh, Teleut, Tubalar) will help to 1) reconstruct their Proto-Kipchak and Proto-Turkic forms, 2) date the changes in the suffixes, 3) determine if these changes were areal in nature. Materials and methods: The grammars of the modern Turkic languages as well as the first Cyrillic books in Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh, Altai, Teleut, Tubalar have been analyzed using a comparative historical method. Results: The analysis reveals that the late Proto-Turkic form of the plural affix remained unchanged in most of the Turkic languages. In some of the Kipchak languages (Kazakh, Kyrgyz, certain dialects of Bashkir and Altai) located at the junction of the “-lVr-form vs.- tVr-form of the plural affix” territories, the *-lVr-form (in voiceless *-C-stems) and the *-nVr-form (in *-n, *-ŋ, *-m-stems) changed into *-tVr. Conclusion: The material of the first Kazakh books in Cyrillic shows that the change in the Kipchak plural affix in voiceless *-C-stem and in *-n, *-ŋ, *-m-stem words was quite late, took place due to contacts with the Kyrgyzs, and was not yet complete at the end of the 19th century.
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Andaryuni, Lilik. "Pembaruan Hukum Kewarisan Islamdi Turki dan Somalia." Hikmah: Journal of Islamic Studies 14, no. 1 (May 20, 2018): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.47466/hikmah.v14i1.104.
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If we look at the concept of inheritance in Turkey and Somalia, it is different from the determination which is set by the Al-Qur’an, it can even be said to deviate from the al-Qur’an. Turkey is the country with a Hanafi thought, and Somalia is the country with a Syafii thought but in the determination of its inheritance it stipulates the same division, in the meaning that women and men get the same share in terms of the distribution of inheritance, namely 1: 1.
Whether the formula 1: 1 mean that it has deviated from the provisions of the Qur’an, whether the formula 2: 1 which the Qur’an has set is not worth justice, then what are the inheritance of women rights in Turkish and Somali family law? What is the purpose of the renewal and what methods are used by the two countries in renewing family law and its progress from traditional figh?
These are the questiona which the authors try to answer by tracing various data sources with a focus on the discussion of Turkey and Somalia.
This article is a descriptive-comparative study, and the approach used is a normative approach, namely looking at the object of study from the perspective, the opinions of interpreters both traditional and contemporary, so that it can be found what methods the two countries use to carry out family law reform and its progress from traditional concepts.
Keywords: Renewal, Inheritance Law, Turkey - Somalia
Bila dicermati konsep kewarisan di Turki dan Somalia berbeda dengan ketentuan sebagaimana ditetapkan al-Qur’ān, bahkan bisa dikatakan menyimpang dari al-Qur’ān. Turki, negara yang bermazhab Hanafi, dan Somalia, negara dengan mazhab Syafi'i, tapi dalam ketentuan warisnya menetapkan pembagian yang sama, dalam artian perempuan dan laki-laki mendapatkan bagian yang sama dalam hal pembagian warisan, yakni 1: 1.
Apakah dengan formula 1: 1 tersebut berarti telah menyimpang dari ketentuan al-Qur’ān, apakah formula 2: 1 yang telah ditetapkan al-Qur’ān tidak bernilai keadilan, lalu bagaimanakah hak waris perempuan dalam hukum keluarga Turki dan Somalia? Apa tujuan pembaharuan dan metode apa yang digunakan oleh kedua negara tersebut dalam melakukan pembaharuan terhadap hukum keluarga dan keberanjakkannya dari fiqh tradisional?
Pertanyaan-pertanyaan inilah yang penulis coba jawab dengan melakukan penelusuran terhadap berbagai sumber data dengan fokus bahasan Turki dan Somalia..
Artikel ini merupakan kajian deskriptif-komparatif, dan pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan normatif, yakni melihat objek kajian dari perspektif nas, pendapat para ahli tafsir baik tradisional maupun kontemporer, sehingga nantinya dapat ditemukan metode apa yang digunakan kedua negara tersebut dalam mengusung pembaharuan hukum keluarganya dan keberanjakkannya dari konsep tradisional.
Kata Kunci: Pembaharuan, Hukum Kewarisans, Turki-Somalia
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Balashov, Y. A., and S. E. Davtyan. "Relations between the Republic of Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora under the conditions of Armenian-Turkish rapprochement." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 130 (2010): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1030089b.
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The Armenian Diaspora (Spyurq) is one of the oldest and skilled diasporas in the world. Armenian communities are present in practically all the corners of the globe and are distinguished both by uncommon abilities of adaptation and the preservation of their cultural specificity. Due to these features, Armenian diasporic communities possess solid development potential, ensuring their high status through an active penetration of Armenians into the elite of the accepting society and a stable character of their communal institutes. Recent Armenian-Turkish rapprochement to some extent brings into question the traditional unity of the Armenian Diaspora and its close relationship with the Republic of Armenia. Representatives of the Spyurq with a negative attitude towards rapprochement between Armenia and Turkey on existing terms can be conditionally divided into three categories: Romanticists (represented mainly by the Union of Armenians of Russia) believe in a certain 'mission' of the Armenian nation and the 'superiority' of Armenians over the Turkic nations. The Armenian people are, thus, viewed as an integral whole which is not divided into citizens of Armenia and representatives of the Diaspora. Therefore, the government in Yerevan has only a symbolic meaning and has no right to make any crucial decision on all-Armenian issues, in particular in the domain of relations between the Armenian and the Turkish people. Nationalists (mainly supporters of the Dashnaktsutyun party, from the USA and Lebanon, as well as natives of Nagorno-Karabakh and descendants of natives of Western Armenia, which is now Turkish territory) consider the rapprochement of the RA with Turkey as an actual rejection of the struggle for Turkish recognition of the Armenian Genocide, as well as a 'betrayal' of Nagorno-Karabakh's independence. Pragmatists understand international law, political science and history but, in their opinion, the signed Zurich protocols contain weakly reasoned formulations which are not in accordance with the interests of the RA and are, therefore, inefficient. These formulations 1. do not contain any guarantees of the protocols' observance on the part of Turkey, 2. recognize the existing configuration of the Armenian-Turkish borders, i.e. symbolize the refusal to return Western Armenia to the Armenian state, and 3. recognize the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the existing states, which translates into a withholding of support for Nagorno-Karabakh, which was a part of AzSSR during the period of the USSR. Besides, Armenian-Turkish rapprochement is interpreted by members of this category as a result of external pressure on Armenia on the part of Russia and the USA. In signing the Zurich protocols, the leadership of the RA was guided, first of all, by the state interests of the RA. The Diaspora factor was in this case secondary, although it was taken into consideration. The split in the Armenian Diaspora, in the authors' opinion, will be short-lived, because, in the end, pragmatism will prevail. .
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ZA, Tabrani. "PERUBAHAN IDEOLOGI KEISLAMAN TURKI (Analisis Geo-Kultur Islam dan Politik Pada Kerajaan Turki Usmani)." JURNAL EDUKASI: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling 2, no. 2 (December 2, 2016): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/je.v2i2.812.
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The emergence of Islam in world history storing a number of unique and magic. And the contribution of Islam in the world also has long received the recognition. Since centuries, the spread of Islam in various parts of the world has an impact to human life in the political system, social, economic, and cultural. Turkey geographic position located him between two different continents, namely Asia and Europe, is a unique strategic position at the same time. The spirit of modern Turkish society to become a modern and democratic nation, always accompanied by a profound awareness of the character and ideals to Turkishness and to Islamization. The author notes that the idea of a synthesis of Islam, Turkey and the West ever raised by Ziya Gokalp (Mr. nationalist Turkey) began to be implemented with a reasonable and natural, while the state ideology of Kemalism made its presence very well guarded by the Turkish military forces. There are three areas that can be observed in the impulse secularists who is the most prominent element of the Kemalist reforms. First, is the secularization of the state, education, and law, in the form of attacks against traditional powerhouses scholars institutionalized. Secondly, it is an attack against the symbols of European civilization. Third, is the secularization of social life and an attack against Islam embraced people.
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Christiawan, Donny, Lie Jasa, and Yanu Prapto Sudarmojo. "Studi Analisis Pengaruh Model Sudu Turbin Pada Pembangkit Lisrik Tenaga Mikro Hidro (PLTMH)." Majalah Ilmiah Teknologi Elektro 16, no. 2 (August 31, 2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mite.2017.v16i02p18.
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Intisari— Pembangkit listrik mikro hidro biasanya dibangun pada daerah yang memiliki potensi pembangkit energi listrik dalam kapasitas kecil. Perbedaan jenis – jenis sudu pada PLTMH digunakan dalam penelitian ini sehingga didapatkan hasil yang lebih efektif dengan rpm yang lebih besar, keluarangan tegangan, bentuk atau penempatan posisi nozzle. Model sudu yang digunakan yaitu sudu setengah lingkaran, sudu segitiga, sudu sirip. Pengukuran kecepatan rpm dari ketiga jenis turbin, dihitung dari 00, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 dan 400. Setelah mendapatkan hasil kecepatan rpm dari ketiga jenis turbin maka didapatkan hasil perhitungan torsi untuk masing – masing jenis turbin. Data luasan yang paling baik untuk menampung luasan debit air digunakan persamaan LAM 1, LAM 2, LAM 3, dan volume LAM 3. Hasil pengukuran yang telah dilakukan, diperoleh hasil pengukuran kecepatan rpm tertinggi sebesar 151,6 dan torsi tertinggi sebesar 0,017 Nm pada sudut nozzle 300 yaitu pada sudu turbin segitiga. Sedangkan untuk luasan volume debit air terbaik adalah sudu setengah lingkaran sebesar 3,19 liter. Dari hasil penelitan didapat turbin yang paling baik adalah turbin segitiga karena turbin segitiga mendapatkan rpm dan torsi optimal pada sudut 300, sedangkan sudu setengah lingkaran adalah sudu terbaik untuk menampung debit air.
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Hladnik, Miran. "Turki v slovenski zgodovinski povesti." Slavia Meridionalis 11 (August 31, 2015): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2011.015.
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The Turks in the Slovene historical novelDue to the Ottoman incursions in the 15th and 16th Century Turks play a role of national enemy in the Slovene cultural memory. The Turkish story consists of about 40 narratives of substantial length and is a prominent genre type of the Slovene historical novel. Josip Jurčič’s Jurij Kozjak, slovenski janičar (1864) is an archetype. Among three possible models of confronting the Other it chooses the most popular strategy for national survival, i. e. ignoring the Other: sooner or later dangerous Turks prove themselve as disguised Slovenes, hence abolishing the need to face the Other. The authors of the Slovene Turkish story include Jakob Sket (Miklova Zala, 1884), Franc Valentin Slemenik, Miroslav Malovrh, Lea Fatur, France Bevk, Ivan Lah, Ivan Sivec, etc. Turcy w słoweńskiej prozie historycznej W kulturowej pamięci Słoweńców Turcy jako najeźdźcy ziem słoweńskich w XV i XVI wieku zajmują miejsce wrogów narodu. Opowiadanie o tematyce tureckiej (ich liczba wynosi niemal 40) jest ważnym gatunkiem w słoweńskiej prozie historycznej. Jego pierwowzór, Jurij Kozjak, slovenski janičar (1864) Josipa Jurčiča, stworzył taki model zbiorowego doświadczenia, który podtrzymuje iluzję, że wrogi Inny właściwie nie istnieje: wcześniej czy później okazuje się bowiem, że niebezpieczni Turcy są jedynie przebranymi miejscowymi wieśniakami. Opowiadania o tematyce tureckiej pisali m.in. Jakob Sket (Miklova Zala, 1884), Franc Valentin Slemenik, Miroslav Malovrh, Lea Fatur, France Bevk, Ivan Lah, Ivan Sivec.
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ERGENE, Boğaç. "Document Use in Ottoman Courts of Law." Turcica 37 (January 1, 2005): 83–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/turc.37.0.2011701.
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Combes, Didier, Michaël Chelle, Hervé Sinoquet, and Claude Varlet-Grancher. "Evaluation of a turbid medium model to simulate light interception by walnut trees (hybrid NG38×RA and Juglans regia) and sorghum canopies (Sorghum bicolor) at three spatial scales." Functional Plant Biology 35, no. 10 (2008): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08059.
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Light is one of the most important components to be included in functional–structural plant models that simulate the biophysical processes, such as photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and photomorphogenesis, involved in plant growth and development. In general, in these models, light is treated using a turbid medium approach in which radiation attenuation is described by the Beer–Lambert law. In the present study, we assessed the hypothesis of leaf random dispersion in the Beer–Lambert law at the whole-canopy, horizontal-layer and local scales. We compared two calculation methods of radiation attenuation: a 3D turbid medium model using the Beer–Lambert law and the other based on a projective method. The two models were compared by applying the calculations to two walnut trees and two sorghum canopies, which have contrasting structural characteristics. The structures of these canopies were measured in 3D to take into account the arrangement and orientation features of the plant elements. The assumptions made by the Beer–Lambert law allowed adequate simulation of light interception in a structure with little overlapping at the horizontal-layer and whole-canopy scales. At the local scale, discrepancies between the turbid medium model and the model based on a virtual plant were reduced with an adequate choice of structural parameters, such as the leaf inclination distribution function.
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Matahati Muhammadin, Fajri. "Book Review: Islamic International Law: Historical Foundations and Al-Shaybani’s Siyar." AL IMARAH : JURNAL PEMERINTAHAN DAN POLITIK ISLAM 5, no. 2 (August 11, 2020): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/imr.v5i2.3494.
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Buku yang merupakan pengembangan dari Thesis Doktoral di Universitas Aberdeen (United Kingdom) ini menyoroti karya seorang ulama fiqih besar bermazhab Hanafi yaitu Muhammad bin Hasan al-Shaybani yaitu Kitab Siyar al-Kabir. Dalam khazanah fiqih Islam, karya Imam al-Shaybani adalah karya yang sangat monumental dalam fiqih siyar yang mengatur tentang hukum interaksi negara Islam dengan bangsa lain. Fiqih siyar ini sering juga disebut hukum internasional Islam (Islamic international law).Kitab Siyar al-Kabir adalah karya yang sangat penting dalam khazanah Islam karena kemudian diadopsi oleh kekuatan-kekuatan besar Islam yaitu Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah dan juga Turki Utsmani. Mereka ini merupakan tonggak utama kekuatan Islam di hadapan dunia, dan kitab inilah yang memandu bagaimana kedua negara Islam ini berinteraksi dengan negara lain. Perlu diingat bahwa di bawah panji-panji merekalah umat Islam menjadi kekuatan besar yang disegani dunia bahkan melawan bangsa Eropa.
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Sudrajat, Ajat, Fitria Hidayanti, Viktor Vekky Ronald Repi, and Derrian Widjayahakim. "Perancangan Sistem Kontrol Otomatis Turbin Angin Yaw Direction." Jurnal Ilmiah Giga 23, no. 2 (November 26, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/jig.v23i2.936.
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Desain turbin angin adalah proses menentukan bentuk dan spesifikasi turbin angin untuk mengekstraksi energi dari angin. Instalasi turbin angin terdiri dari sistem yang diperlukan untuk menangkap energi angin, mengarahkan turbin ke arah angin, mengubah putaran mekanis menjadi tenaga listrik, dan sistem lain untuk memulai, menghentikan, dan mengontrol turbin. Perancangan turbin angin pada penelitian ini, adalah turbin angin yang akan menerima energi angin dari arah yaw (<em>yaw direction</em>). Gerakan menentukan arah dari terbin angin ini dibantu oleh perangkat lunak Lab-View dengan menggunakn kontroler arduino sebagai pengendali arah gerakannya. Perancangan sistem kontrol pergerakan sumbu <em>yaw</em> dari turbin angin dengan bantuan perangkat lunak LabView dan arduino untuk mengendalikan motor yang akan memutar roda gigi yang dihubungkan dengan plat. Pergerakan ini diharapkan dapat menjadi peningkat efisiensi dari turbin angin dalam menerima angin yang datang. Hasil kalibrasi sistem turbin angin dilakukan pada gerakan motor pada arah yaw, dan data putaran potensiometer terhadap tegangan listrik yang diberikan sebagai inputnya.
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Suriadinata, Vincent. "PENYUSUNAN UNDANG-UNDANG DI BIDANG INVESTASI: KAJIAN PEMBENTUKAN OMNIBUS LAW DI INDONESIA." Refleksi Hukum: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/jrh.2019.v4.i1.p115-132.
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Indonesia adalah negara dengan potensi ekonomi yang sangat besar namun masih minim investasi. Banyak faktor yang menghambat kemudahan berusaha sehingga mengurangi minat investor untuk berinvestasi di Indonesia. Indonesia perlu menerapkan omnibus law sebagai jawaban atas permasalahan-permasalahan yang menghambat investasi di Indonesia. Omnibus Law secara sederhana dapat dimaknai sebagai satu undang-undang yang bisa mengubah beberapa undang-undang sekaligus. Terdapat tiga keadaan untuk mempraktekkan omnibus law, yakni undang-undang yang akan diubah berkaitan secara langsung, undang-undang yang akan diubah tidak berkaitan secara langsung, dan undang-undang yang akan diubah tidak berkaitan tetapi dalam praktek bersinggungan. Penerapan omnibus law di Filipina, Amerika Serikat dan Turki dapat menjadi perbandingan untuk diterapkan omnibus law yang berbudaya hukum Indonesia. Omnibus law sejatinya adalah teknik dalam penyusunan undang-undang yang bertujuan untuk mewujudkan efisiensi dan efektivitas sehingga sangat mungkin diterapkan di Indonesia. Untuk mewujudkannya diperlukan pemahaman tentang omnibus law dan komitmen politik yang kuat dari DPR maupun Pemerintah Indonesia.
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Buana, Chandra, Muh Yusuf Yunus, Muh Rinaldi Pratama, and Muh Saqib Nurfaizi. "UJI EXPERIMENTAL MODEL TURBIN HYBRID SAVONIUS BERTINGKAT DAN DARRIEUS TIPE H ROTOR." Jurnal Sinergi Jurusan Teknik Mesin 15, no. 2 (May 26, 2019): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/sinergi.v15i2.1193.
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Angin merupakan salah satu energi yang sedang dikembangkan saat ini. Perkembangan energi angin di Indonesia untuk saat ini masih tergolong rendah. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah karena kecepatan angin rata-rata di wilayah Indonesia tergolong kecepatan angin rendah, yaitu berkisar antara 3 m/s hingga 5 m/s. Turbin yang cocok digunakan dengan kisaran kecepatan angin tersebut adalah turbin hybrid. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, telah didapatkan bahwa turbin 2S4D dan 3S3D memiliki kinerja terbaik. Tetapi pada kedua turbin tersebutmasih terdapat beberapa kekurangan. Oleh karena itu, untuk memperbaiki kekurangan sebelumnya maka dilakukan penelitian mengenai turbin 2S4D dan 3S3D. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode experimen dan pengembangan, dimana penelitian ini mengembangkan turbin angin hybrid yang telah dikembangkan sebelumnya dengan merancang bangun turbin savonius bertingkat dengan perbedaan sudu serang setiap tingkat sebesar 900, sedangkan untuk turbin darrieus menggunakan Airfoil NACA 2412. Pengujian turbin dilakukan skala lab, dimana sumber angin berasal dari wind tunnel. Adapun data yang dihasilkan dalam pengujian yaitu data mekanik dan data elektrik. Setelah melakukan penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kedua turbin hybrid yang dibuat memiliki kinerja terbaik dibandingkan dengan turbin hybrid yang dibuat sebelumnya, di mana untuk turbin 2S4D memiliki efisiensi rata-rata 37,6% dan turbin 3S3D memiliki efisiensi rata-rata 29,6%. (Keterangan: S = Savonius & D = Darrieus)Kata Kunci : Turbin angin hybrid, Savonius, Darrieus, Airfoil NACA 2412.
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IMBER, Colin. "'Involuntary' Annulment of Marriage and its Solutions in Ottoman Law." Turcica 25 (January 1, 1993): 39–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/turc.25.0.2014131.
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Olson, Greta. "Law is not Turgid and Literature not soft and Fleshy: Gendering and Heteronormativity in Law and Literature Scholarship." Australian Feminist Law Journal 36, no. 1 (June 2012): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13200968.2012.10854468.
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SADULLAH, Ömer, Fulya AYDINLI KULAK, and Meltem SERMET. "LABOUR LAW AWARENESS OF EMPLOYEES: A COMPARISON FROM GERMANY AND TURKEY." ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 17, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4026/1303-2860.2015.0287.x.
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Lonin, Serguei, Carlos Parra, Carlos Andrade, and Yves-François Thomas. "Patrones de la pluma turbia del canal del Dique en la bahía de Cartagena." Boletín Científico CIOH, no. 22 (December 1, 2004): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26640/22159045.130.
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Se describen los patrones de dispersión de la pluma turbia del canal del Dique en la bahía de Cartagena mediante el análisis de 69 imágenes SPOT y los resultados de una simulación numérica para determinar los principales mecanismos de formación de los patrones de la pluma turbia en la bahía. Se detectaron seis patrones principales de la dispersión de la pluma, mediante la selección de casos homólogos. El modelo hidrodinámico aplicado permitió imitar la pluma turbia e identificar las condiciones hidro-meteorológicas para cada uno de los patrones.
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MUTAF, Abdülmecid. "Amicable Settlement in Ottoman Law -Un règlement à lamiable dans le droit ottoman." Turcica 36 (December 1, 2004): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/turc.36.0.578726.
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Zein, Fitriyani. "Kekerasan Dalam Perkawinan dan Nusyuz Dalam Hukum Keluarga di Turki, Malaysia, Sudan, Yordan dan Indonesia." SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i 4, no. 1 (January 6, 2017): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v4i3.10290.
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Abstract:The problem of marital violence and nusyuz is a phenomenon that is always present in people's lives. In fact, this is a major problem that has been highlighted in the discourse of family law thinking in Islamic countries. In this study the authors conducted analyzes and studies in several countries including Turkey, Malaysia, Sudan, Jordan, and Indonesia. From several countries, it was found that the regulation of this problem was not fully able to provide solutions and resolve cases.Keywords: Violence, Nusyuz, Family Law Abstrak:Permasalahan tentang kekerasan dalam perkawinan dan nusyuz merupakan fenomena yang selalu ada dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Bahkan hal ini menjadi problem utama yang menjadi sorotan dalam diskursus pemikiran hukum keluarga di negara-negara Islam. Dalam penelitian ini penulis melakukan analisis dan kajian pada beberapa negara diantaranya Turki, Malaysia, Sudan, Yordan, dan Indonesia. Dari beberapa negara tersebut didapatkan bahwa pengaturan tentang permasalahan ini belum sepenuhnya mampu memberikan solusi dan penyelesaian kasus. Kata Kunci: Kekerasan, Nusyuz, Hukum Keluarga
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Schulze, Wolfgang. "Historische und areale Aspekte der Bodenschatz-Terminologie in den ostkaukasischen Sprachen." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 17, no. 3 (2013): 295–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20130305.
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The present paper discusses the historical background of selected terms in the world of East Caucasian languages that are related to the domain of metallurgy (copper, iron, tin, plumb, gold, and silver) augmented by terms for ‘coal’ and ‘salt’. A closer inspection of these terms shows that none of them can be reconstructed for Proto-East Caucasian. Rather, we have to deal either with terms that have been coined in the intermediate protolanguages (Nakh, Avar-Andian, Tsezian, Lezgian, Lak, Dargwa, and Khinalug) or with more or less recent loans stemming mainly from the Iranian and Turkic languages. The absence of reconstructable terms for the items under review suggests that the speakers of the East Caucasian proto-language had not been involved expressively in metallurgic traditions (as opposed to farming traditions). Tentatively, these speakers can thus be associated with the early farming culture within the complex of the Kuro-Araxes Culture. Only after the protolanguage disintegrated due to the migration of most of its speakers in the Dagestan and the regions of Chechnya, some societies related to these intermediate proto-languages must have been involved more expressively in metallurgic traditions. The more recent loans, e.g. for copper, gold, and silver, stemming from Iranian (Persian) and Turkic (Kumyk and Azeri) illustrate a shift in conceptualising these objects: They were now interpreted as artifacts (rather than as natural resources) that were associated with the cultures of the dominant ‘Oriental’ societies. The paper can be seen as a preliminary study concerning the areal distribution of lexical patterns in the Eastern Caucasus from a historical perspective.
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Darydzhy, A. K. "Secondary vowel longitude in the sub-dialects of Telengit dialect of the Altai language." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 4 (2020): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/73/10.
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Telengit dialect is one of the southern dialects of the Altai language, with the native speakers living in the South-Eastern part of the Altai Mountains, mostly in the Kosh-Agach and Ulagan districts of the Altai Republic. There are two sub-dialects in the Telengit dialect: Kosh-Agach and Ulagan, named after the administrative districts. The research materials are the linguistic data collected by the author in the areas of compact residence of Telengits. The paper aims at describing secondary vowel longitude in the sub-dialects of the Telengit dialect of the Altai language in a comparative aspect. Research objectives were identifying the secondary long vowels, describing the phonetic processes that produce this type of longitude, and comparing this phonetic phenomenon with similar processes in the Northern dialects of the Altai lan-guage and other Turkic languages of southern Siberia. Long vowels in the Telengit sub-dialects have a secondary origin, i.e., they are the result of phonetic development. The main ways of longitude formation in the Telengit sub-dialects are compensation of the fallen final consonant of the word form, the contraction of two vowels in one syllable due to the loss of the intervocalic consonant, and the fusion of vowels at the junction of morphemes. The sec-ondary longitude formed due to the dropped auslaut consonant replacement is characteristic of the Altai southern dialects, including the Telengit sub-dialects. The longitude formed by the intervocalic consonant loss and the morpheme junction is characteristic of the entire South Siberian area of the Turkic languages.
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Jiahua, Fan. "Turbid Density Currents in Reservoirs." Water International 11, no. 3 (January 1986): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508068608686404.
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Li, Xuesong, and Lin Ma. "Scaling Law for Photon Transmission through Optically Turbid Slabs Based on Random Walk Theory." Applied Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app2010160.
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Nomura, Yasutomo, Osamu Hazeki, and Mamoru Tamura. "Relationship between time-resolved and non-time-resolved Beer - Lambert law in turbid media." Physics in Medicine and Biology 42, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 1009–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/42/6/002.
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Abiuso, Norberto Luís, and Víctor Hugo Morales. "Gestión de residuos en un emprendimiento minero carbonífero caso de estudio: Yacimientos Carboníferos Río Turbio (YCRT) Río Turbio, provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina." Informes Científicos Técnicos - UNPA 1, no. 2 (June 9, 2014): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22305/ict-unpa.v1i2.17.
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A partir de un diagnostico ambiental basado en la información disponible, se propone un Procedimiento de Gestión de Residuos Sólidos Domésticos y Especiales (RSD, RSE) y medidas de manejo ambiental, con el fin de mejorar en breve plazo la situación actual de YCRT (Yacimientos Carboníferos Río Turbio) Río Turbio, Santa Cruz, producto de años de un manejo ambiental deficiente. Dada la perspectiva a partir del año 2005, de un progresivo mejoramiento de las condiciones generales del yacimiento, a raíz de una decisión del gobierno nacional y la incorporación definitiva del carbón de Río Turbio a la matriz energética nacional, con la inminente construcción de una Central Térmica de 240 Mw. en Río Turbio que se conectara al Sistema Interconectado Nacional, cobra vital importancia el tratamiento del pasivo ambiental de YCRT, así como la planificación de los aspectos ambientales vinculados a su desarrollo actual y futuro.
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Khamami, Akhmad Rizqon. "Kontribusi Gerakan Nurcu dalam Kebangkitan Islam di Turki." ISLAMICA: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 10, no. 1 (August 29, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2015.10.1.1-26.
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This paper discusses the contributions of Nurcu movement in strengthening Islam in contemporary Turkey. In consonance with the rising of Turkey as a strong country in political and economical sphere on global level, this country is said to be a symbol of Islamic renaisance of the Muslim world. The four consecutive victories of Erdoğan’s party in Turkey general election is seen as a solely factor for the Islamic renaisance of Turkey. But this writer argues that there is yet another Islamic movement which worked on Islamic <em>da’wah</em> far before AKP grabbed the power. Nurcu is that of this very Islamic movement. It has a large number of members ranged from businessmen, intellectuals, students, and housewives. The businessmen of Nurcu are known as “Anatolian Tigers” who contribute in developing economy of Turkey since Turgut Özal opening up liberal economy and integrating its economy into greater lap of the world economy in 1980s. This development of the Turkey economy walks hand in hand with spirit of Islamic way of life within Turkish people. This writer assumes that the movement has paved the way for AKP’s victories; and is currently for Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to receive the tittle of newly-found Islamic hero of the contemporary Islam in the Indonesian political Islamists’ view.
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Wind, L., and W. W. Szymanski. "Quantification of scattering corrections to the Beer-Lambert law for transmittance measurements in turbid media." Measurement Science and Technology 13, no. 3 (February 8, 2002): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/13/3/306.
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Szymanski, L. Wind and W. W. "Quantification of scattering corrections to the Beer-Lambert law for transmittance measurements in turbid media." Measurement Science and Technology 13, no. 6 (May 22, 2002): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/13/6/501.
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Rezanova, Zoya I. "Markup Fragment in the RuTuBiC Linguistic Corpus. Code-Switching or Lexical Borrowing?" Voprosy leksikografii, no. 20 (2021): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/20/5.
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The article presents a solution to one of the problems of special linguistic markup in the RuTuBiC corpus – the Russian Speech Corpus of Russian-Turkic Bilinguals, asso-ciated with error annotation at the lexical level. The corpus includes three subcorpuses representing materials of the Russian speech of Shor-Russian, Tatar-Russian and Khakass-Russian bilinguals. The article presents solutions developed on the basis of all subcorpuses; the illustrative contexts are drawn from the Shor-Russian subcorpus, recordings of interviews with 14 respondents, about 20 hours of sound. The recordings were made during expeditions to Shoria in 2017–2019. Bilingualism of the respondents is defined as early natural bilingualism with the dominance of the second Russian lan-guage, mother tongues are languages of the family heritage. The theoretical basis of the research was works on linguistic contact at the lexical level. Solutions based on the differentiation of lexemes fully mastered by the system of standard Russian and units with the status of borrowings from other subsystems of the national language and other languages are proposed. In the latter case, linguistic and contextual features are distin-guished that oppose lexical borrowing and code-switching. The typical errors singled out at the lexical level are: [LexId] – idiomatic expressions that are not fixed in the standard language (dialectal and vernacular, slang, etc.), they can also be Turkic calques; [LexSem] – general Russian words used in meanings different from those fixed in the normative sources; [LexSemAgr] – violations of the lexical and semantic agreement norms. The units borrowed from the mother tongue of the respondents are located on the scale of transitions from nuclear to borderline. The nuclear units marked with the [Lex] tag are dialectal units, common words, other word usage cases that are outside the standard, as well as borrowings from the Turkic languages that are not included in the dictionaries of standard Russian. On the border “to the left” are borrowings assimilated to different degrees. On the border “to the right” are non-assimilated borrowings and code-switches. The [CodeSw] marks code-switching, insertion of mother tongue elements into Russian speech. The author considers the inclusion of statements as nuclear cases of code-switching, and single lexical inclusions as transitional cases. Code-switching is evidenced by metatext and linguistic proper, primarily phonetic, indicators. There is an insignificant number of both lexical borrowings and cases of code-switching in the speech of the respondents of the RuTuBiC corpus, which depends on the type of bilingualism. The typicality of metatext marking of borrowings and code-switches is determined by the discursive, genre and thematic limitations of the corpus.
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Kortunay, Nevin. "PAZARLAMA VE RAKEBET HUKUKU: TÜRK REKABET KURULU KARARLARI PERSPEKTİFİNDEN." e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12739/nwsa.2016.11.1.3c0135.
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Rachmanu, Fatkur. "ANALISIS KEKUATAN PADA TURBIN ANGIN SUMBU VERTIKAL (VAWT) SUDU DATAR DENGAN SOFTWARE." KURVATEK 1, no. 1 (April 29, 2016): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33579/krvtk.v1i1.206.
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Prinsip kerja turbin angin adalah energi kinetik angin yang diterima oleh sudu turbin diteruskan menjadi energi putar yang memutar alternator sehingga menghasilkan energi listrik. Metode elemen hingga merupakan suatu metode perhitungan atau komputasi matemetika diskrit untuk menemukan penyelesaian. Dewasa ini Metode Elemen Hingga (MEH) menggunakan bantuan software komputer untuk mempercepat proses perhitungan dalam jumlah banyak dan perhitungan yang melibatkan elemen berupa matriks yang banyak. Pemodelan turbin angin sumbu vertikal sudu bidang datar bertingkat dua dengan jumlah sudu 10 buah dengan data kecepatan angin 6,1 m/detik yang menghasilkan. Torsi putar sebesar 0,44 Nm, tegangan maksimum yang terjadi sebesar 3,8 kPa, defleksi sebesar 3,88 x 10-3 mm serta angka kemanan 26, Material sudu menggunakan Aluminium 1060. Menjadi aman karena nilai maksimum yang terjadi masih dibawah yield strength dan safety faktor lebih dari 2. Perhitungan tidak melibatkan berat sudu, getaran, sambungan las.