Academic literature on the topic 'Law - U.S. - General'
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Journal articles on the topic "Law - U.S. - General"
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Larsen, Daniel P. "Ownership of Historic Shipwreck in U S Law." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 9, no. 1 (1994): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180894x00304.
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Bersin, Alan D. "El Tercer Pais: Reinventing the U. S./Mexico Border." Stanford Law Review 48, no. 5 (May 1996): 1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1229392.
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Zimmerman, Larry J., and H. Marcus Price. "Disputing the Dead: U. S. Law on Aboriginal Remains and Grave Goods." American Indian Quarterly 16, no. 4 (1992): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1185304.
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Arnold, Theresa J. "What Canadian Oil and Gas Companies Need to Know about U. S. Antitrust Laws." Alberta Law Review 34, no. 3 (May 1, 1996): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr656.
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The author presents an introduction to and a cautionary warning about the idiosyncrasies, complexities and dangers of U.S. antitrust law for the Canadian oil and gas industry in a post-NAFTA economic and legal reality. Pre-NAFTA transborder Canadian rules, customs and business practices in the oil and gas industry may have to be reconsidered in light of the serious implications of U.S. antitrust jurisprudence to date. The reach and the scope of U.S. Title 15 Trade and Commerce legislation, such as the Sherman Act, the Clayton Act, the Robinson-Patman Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act, and the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act, are outlined and presented. The author also describes the powers and authority of the United States Department of Justice, the United States Federal Trade Commission, the state attorneys general, and the "private" attorneys general to launch civil actions, class actions and criminal prosecutions serially, concurrently or in combination should an unwary foreign or domestic person run afoul of US. antitrust law. In addition, the author discusses the relevant leading case law, legal tests and legal principles, remedies, penalties, consequences and pitfalls of U.S. antitrust law.
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Čizmić, Jozo, and Marija Boban. "Učinak nove EU Uredbe 2016/679 (gdpr) na zaštitu osobnih podataka u Republici Hrvatskoj." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci 39, no. 1 (2018): 377–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.30925/zpfsr.39.1.13.
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Nakon više od sedam godina od početne inicijative i četiri godine pregovora, novi europski okvir za zaštitu osobnih podataka konačno je usvojen u travnju 2016. godine. Opća EU uredba o zaštiti osobnih podataka 2016/679 ili GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) zamjenjuje trenutnu EU direktivu i izravno se primjenjuje u svim državama članicama Europske unije. Mogućnost prilagodbe određenih dijelova ipak je ostavljena u nacionalnom zakonodavstvu zaključno s 25. svibnja 2018. kada se GDPR počinje primjenjivati! Ključna pretpostavka razvoja suvremene digitalne ekonomije temelji se na ubrzanom razvoju informacijskih i komunikacijskih tehnologija, istodobno stvarajući nove izazove i ugroze privatnosti i zaštite osobnih podataka. Obrada podataka, osobito obrada osobnih podataka, novi IT alati i digitalno tržište, razvilo je potrebu za povećanjem zaštite privatnosti novih digitalnih proizvoda i usluga. Rješenje je navedeno u novoj reformi EU okviru zaštite osobnih podataka koja unosi velike promjene u načine upravljanja osobnim podacima i izravno se primjenjuje na sve organizacije koje raspolažu osobnim podacima građana Europske unije. Također, GDPR sa sobom donosi bitne promjene u pravilima koja definiraju osobne podatke te uvoodi nove pojmove kao i usklađenost, planiranje, implementaciju, održavanje usklađenosti te procjenu učinka. U nekim slučajevima organizacije će trebati imenovati i kvalificiranog službenika za zaštitu osobnih podataka (DPO – Data Protection Officer) koji će odgovarati izravno Upravi. Ustanove i tvrtke dužne su usklađivanje završiti do 25. svibnja 2018., kada se GDPR počinje primjenjivati u cijeloj Europskoj uniji. U ovom radu autori će predstaviti odredbe i primjenu nove EU Uredbe o zaštiti podataka i odredbama javnog i privatnog sektora u provedbi GDPR-a, s posebnim naglaskom na procjenu učinka koja će osigurati modernizirani okvir za zaštitu podataka u Europi. Nova će pravila uspostaviti europski zakon o zaštiti podataka, uvodeći novu definiciju osobnih podataka i zamjenjujući trenutne nedosljedne nacionalne zakone u svrhu u povećanja razine zašite podataka kao i povećanja pravne sigurnosti u rastućoj digitalnoj ekonomiji.
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Dunworth, Terence, and Joel Rogers. "Corporations in Court: Big Business Litigation in U. S. Federal Courts, 1971–1991." Law & Social Inquiry 21, no. 03 (1996): 497–592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1996.tb00090.x.
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This article provides an overview of federal litigation involving the largest 2,000 U. S. corporations over the period 1971–91. Reporting from a unique data set of the authors' construction, it finds that althugh the aggregate volume of business litigation grew during the 1970s and early 1980s, it has actually been declining in recent years in all major categories of cases; business-related litigation is heavily concentrated, with an extremely limited number of business “mega-litigants” accounting for most of the activity; this concentration is particularly evident in tort, with the result that the tort trend line outside the concentration is actually flat or declining; a good deal of the growth in litigation outside the tort area can be attributed to business itself; and big business wins overwhelmingly, as plaintiff and defendant, in cases that involve it. The general applicability of these findings is limited by the data's restriction to federal court litigation and the structure of the Integrated Federal Court Data Base from which the authors' data set was constructed. This granted, the report is by far the most comprehensive treatment of U. S. big business litigation to date, and its findings are strikingly at odds with the premises of much current policy discussion.
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McIntosh, Wayne V. "Rationalizing the Quest for Justice in the U. S. District Courts." Law & Social Inquiry 18, no. 4 (1993): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/492442.
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Shaffer, Gregory C. "An Alternative to Unilateral Immigration Controls: Toward a Coordinated U. S.-Mexico Binational Approach." Stanford Law Review 41, no. 1 (November 1988): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1228840.
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Dunworth, Terence, and Joel Rogers. "Corporations in Court: Big Business Litigation in U. S. Federal Courts, 1971-1991." Law & Social Inquiry 21, no. 3 (1996): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/492556.
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Halilović, Safvet. "RASPRAVA S HARIDŽIJAMA I ŠIIJAMA U HANEFIJSKOM TEFSIRU AHKĀM AL-QUR’ĀN OD AL-DŽASSASA." Zbornik radova 13, no. 13 (December 15, 2015): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51728/issn.2637-1480.2015.13.25.
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Abu Bakr al-Razi al-Jassas holds a prominent position among the Islamic scholars in general and the scholars of the Hanafi school of Islamic law in particular. He wrote many works and is especially known by his tafsir Ahkām alQur’ān (Rules from the Qur’ān), an interpretation of the Noble Qur’ān with a particular emphasis on the verses related to rules (ayāt al-ahkām), in which he applied the methodology of the Hanafi school of law (al-madhhab al-hanafi). This work is considered to be the only complete tafsir of that kind that has remained preserved in the Hanafi madhhab. With his scholarly excellence imam al-Jassas was ahead of his own era, the best proof of which is the fact that even nowadays, more than a thousand years after his death, his works are regarded as an extraordinarily important literature in several Islamic disciplines, especially in the exegesis of the Qur’ān (‘ilm at-tafsīr), Sharia law (al-fiqh) and its methodology (usūl al-fiqh). He is, therefore, greatly responsible for the recognition and preservation of the Hanafi madhhab, the law school with the greatest number of followers among Muslims today. Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the other Balkan regions are also followers of the Hanafi madhhab, so it is very important to familiarize oneself with this great man and his tafsir, the exegesis of the Qur’ān. This paper treats al-Jassas’ debate with two sects from the early period of Islam, the Kharijites and the Shi’ites. In his capital work on the exegesis of the Qur’ān, Ahkām al Qur’ān, this scholar provided extensive answers and proved, having applied a thorough scholarly analysis, that sectarian approaches to the Qur’ān are absolutely wrong, as they, actually, constitute fallacies and deviations spread by the enemies of Islam. In addition, imam al-Jassas also emphasized that Muslim scholars must not stay silent to the fallacies spread by advocates of sectarian teachings, since the scholars’ silence helps the spreading and strengthening of those fallacies, which can inflict a huge damage to Islam and Muslims. The referenced two sects that al-Jassas debated with in his tafsir are still present and active, and it is obvious that they have been disseminating their propaganda in our region as well. The paper stresses that every kind of sectarian activity in this region, in which Islam has existed on the principles of ahl al-sunna wa’l-jama‘a (the people of the sunna and congregation) for half a millennium, may cause confusion and sow disorder among its Muslims and is, therefore, unacceptable. The answers that this famous Islamic scholar offered set a good example to Muslim intellectuals and scholars for opposing the sectarian approaches in the interpretation of the Qur’ān.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Law - U.S. - General"
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East, Harry. "Permission to die : an examination of the law and morality of battlefield mercy killing." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/354406/.
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Requests for battlefield euthanasia have, no doubt, occurred on battlefields as long as there have been battlefields. When men have taken up arms against one another, for whatever reason, there have always been those wounded who do not die immediately, but clearly cannot live for long, either because of their wounds or their circumstances. This can generate the desire to hasten their inevitable death, by both the wounded soldier as well as their comrades. These situations have probably occurred throughout history.’ Mercy killings, those lethal actions carried out to relieve suffering, enacted by soldiers upon wounded enemy combatants during and after combat have been evidenced since the earliest recordings of armed conflict. An action which was taken from necessity due to inadequate medical knowledge and resources and also because of the existence of a less humane, but perhaps more practical society, are now considered as a criminal act. However, the act is often carried out from compassion and a feeling of sympathy towards the victim. Meanwhile, public values, the common law and legislation dealing with euthanasia have all developed in the domestic civilian setting. Mercy killings have traditionally been dealt with in a confusing manner by the courts, using ill-fitting doctrines such as diminished responsibility to alleviate the criminal stigma placed upon the defendant. In other situations the application of the law has created uncertainty concerning the demarcation between whether an act constitutes murder or manslaughter. This uncertainty is compounded when the law developed to deal with civilian situations is juxtaposed on a mercy killing carried out by a soldier on another combatant in a battlefield setting. These situations present circumstances beyond the comprehension of civil domestic law. To implement it correctly requires a strained alignment between the pressures facing the soldier in combat and the pressures facing the defendant in peacetime, and there is a high likelihood that by doing so an injustice shall be served to the soldier and the victim. The potential trial processes faced by the soldier who has carried out a battlefield coup de grace are also questionable. To try the soldier in a civilian court is to place the deliberation of his actions into the hands of those who are not his military or cultural peers and who will judge his actions in accordance with a belief system contrary to those the defendant is indoctrinated with through his military training. However, implementing civil criminal law in a court martial alongside military discipline offences for crimes which represent serious operational misconduct, creates conflict between which values should be prioritised. The values of military discipline are in competition with the values of the criminal law. The court martial also carries with it the aura of unfairness due to its inherent bias, and there are concerns over its partiality. However, it also offers potentially the best place for the soldier to face trial because the case is deliberated upon by a Board of military personnel, his peers, who understand the unique culture of the soldier. By comparing the professional soldier with medical professionals, who are also involved with end of life decision making a better sense of the ‘wrongness’ of the action can be found. In the medical context consent can be used to legitimise many actions which may lead to death, and even without it the doctor may act in the patient’s best interests in a manner which avoids liability but results in death. The practice of double effect allows a physician to deliver pain relief even though there is a foreseeable consequence of death. The soldier’s actions exhibit many of the same motives but are never legally justified. The comparison serves to change the perception of the action, from merely legally wrong to morally legitimate. Although difficulties exist in arguing that mercy killing actions should be made legal, the wider consideration of the influences and behaviours can show that such actions can be morally legitimate and that it is not just to punish the soldier too harshly, nor is it just to hold him to account to laws which ill-fit the circumstances, be they domestic criminal laws, international criminal laws or military offence.
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Smith, Justin Samuel Ewald. ""The Sword and the Law" : Elizabethan soldiers' perception and practice of the laws of armed conflict, 1569-1587." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8552/.
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This thesis argues that contemporary views of the laws of arms among soldiers, and of the laws of war by legal theorists, influenced particular military campaigns and individual actions in a variety of armed conflicts. Elizabeth I’s officer corps were careful to act in wars so that their actions would be seen as honourable by outside observers in the belief that such actions would add to their personal glory. Their individual and corporate perception of the laws of war directly affected military practices. However, the Elizabethan military establishment was engaged in conflicts that did not conform to contemporary views of just war. Catholic popes funded military expeditions against England and its dominion of Ireland, where the leaders were granted commissions to wage holy war not just war. The suppression of armed rebellions in Ireland employed numerous soldiers, and much of the machinery of state was supported by the English military. Holy war and counterinsurgency operations had no parallels in just war theory. The laws of war provided an important new context for re-evaluating military practices. Although legal discourse was predominantly ordered towards fighting regular wars, with careful reading of contemporary sources, there are important indicators that illuminate contemporary justifications for some of the more brutal military actions associated with the English military establishment, particularly in Ireland. By re-examining the discourse on the laws of war, the thesis finds that soldiers took seriously the customs of war and through them, it reassesses the motivations and mentalities of commissioned officers. This discourse was then used as a basis by which the conduct of soldiers can be understood and contextualised within English political and ethical structures.
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Jolley, Jason. "Attribution, state responsibility, and the duty to prevent malicious cyber-attacks in international law." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8452/.
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Malicious cyber-attacks, those cyber-attacks which do not rise to the level of force in international law, pose a significant problem to the international community. Attributing responsibility for malicious cyber-attacks is imperative if states are to respond and prevent the attacks from continuing. Unfortunately, due to both technical and legal issues attributing malicious cyber-attacks to the responsible state or non-state actor is difficult if not impossible in the vast majority of attacks. Even if an injured state may recursively trace the malicious cyber-attack to the responsible IP address, this is not enough under the current international customary law to hold a state or non-state actor responsible for the cyber-attack as it is virtually impossible to bridge the air gap between the computer system and end user to demonstrate affirmatively who initiated the attack. Even if a state could demonstrate the identity of the end user that initiated the attack, this is not enough to link the end user to the state for responsibility to lie under existing customary international law. As such this study was conducted to analyze the issue of malicious cyber-attacks as a matter of customary international law to ascertain mechanism to hold states responsible for malicious cyber-attacks which originate from a state’s sovereign territory. Specifically, this study addresses the issue of legal and technical attribution of malicious cyber-attacks for the purposes of holding states responsible for those attacks. This study argues that under existing customary international law attributing malicious cyber-attacks for the purpose of ascertaining state responsibility is difficult if not impossible. As such, this study proposes alternative theories, which already exist within customary international law, for holding states responsible for malicious cyber-attacks which originate from their sovereign territory. This study addresses alternative theories of state responsibility existing in customary international law such as those put forth in Trail Smelter and Corfu Channel and the theory of strict liability for ultra-hazardous activities. In addition, this study addresses the theory of indirect responsibility, the duty to prevent harm, and due diligence in cyber-space. Lastly this study analysis the impact of the post-9/11 invasion of Afghanistan by the United States and NATO forces and determines that a burgeoning rule of attribution may be present which would impact the attribution of malicious cyber-attacks to states. This study makes an original and important addition to the corpus of international law by addressing the issues of technical and legal attribution, state responsibility, and the duty to prevent malicious cyber-attacks as a matter of customary international law. This study is needed; malicious cyber-attacks implicate international law, as the majority are interstate in nature. However, international law currently has no paradigm, per se, in place to effectively deal with the issue of malicious cyber-attacks.
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Moore, Caitlin M. "Third party intervention in humanitarian conflict : why the U. S. intervened in the Bosnian War /." Connect to online version, 2007. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2007/237.pdf.
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Mumford, Andrew. "From Belfast to Basra : Britain and the 'tri-partite counter-insurgency model'." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2779/.
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Counter-insurgency assumed a status during the twentieth century as one of the British military‟s fortes. A wealth of asymmetric warfare experience was accumulated after World War Two, as the small wars of decolonisation offered the army of a fading imperial power the opportunity to regularly deploy against an irregular enemy. Yet this quantity of experience has been misguidedly conflated with quality. This thesis holds that the British, far from being the counter-insurgent exemplars that history has benevolently cast them, have in fact consistently proven to be slow learners and slow strategic burners in the realm of counter-insurgency warfare. The case study-based nature of this thesis, utilising the chronologically and geographically dispersed examples of Malaya (1948-60), Kenya (1952-60), South Yemen (1962-67), the first decade of the Northern Irish „Troubles‟ (1969-79), culminates with an analysis of the recent British counter-insurgency campaign in southern Iraq (2003-09). This thesis will blend historical narrative with critical analysis in order to establish a new paradigm through which to interpret and analyse British inertia in counter-insurgency and help unpack the mythology of inherent British competence in the realm of irregular warfare. Three major dimensions emerge. These elements constitute a „Tri-Partite Counter-Insurgency Model‟, and were carefully selected as comprising the major causal and impacting factors contributing to success or failure in counter-insurgency, and were settled upon after an exhaustive review of primary and secondary literature relating to counter-insurgency, both historical and doctrinal. The Tri-Partite Model is constructed by three interactive and interdependent factors: the counter-insurgent, the insurgent, and the international political context.
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Graham, Yao. "Law, state and the internationalisation of agricultural capital in Ghana : a comparison of colonial export production and post-colonial production for the home market." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1993. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2310/.
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Law and State, especially forms of landed property and contract, have played an important mediatory role in the internationalisation of agricultural capital in Ghana. The establishment of cocoa production in Ghana in the late nineteenth and the early part of the twentieth century established the predominance of small holder peasant production in Ghanaian agriculture. The production and export of cocoa also established a specific form of internationalisation of agricultural capital in Ghana. This involved the subsumption of peasant commodity producers within the circuit of international capital. Because capital did not directly control production its relations with the peasantry centred around struggles over both the conditions of labour. in the sphere of production and over the realisation of the value of the peasants' product, in the sphere of circulation. These struggles were moulded by legal forms of landed property controlled by the direct producer and the character of the contractual relationship between peasant and the representatives of capital. The transformation induced by cocoa production included changes in forms of landed property, a process in which the colonial state played an important role. These changes have been a significant influence on the subsequent forms of internationalisation of agricultural capital in the post colonial period. The thesis shows through an analysis of the post colonial sugar and oil palm industries the nature of this influence. It also shows ho«- the shift in the proclaimed objectives of the state from the colonial concern with export agriculture to the "nationalist" post colonial goal of seif reliance came to be co-opted by new forms of international capital and the mediatory role of legal forms, especially contract, in this process of co-optation. This work is based mainly on written primary and secondary sources, complemented by intcrviews with some officials of the some of the institutions covered in the thesis. My secondary sources include unpublished essays and thesis, books, articles, reports, studies by companies, government bodies and similar such published material. Most of the primary material used in the parts of the work that deal with the colonial period conic from the British Public Records Office and the Ghana National Archives in Accra. For the post colonial period a substantial part of the primary information was gathered using personal contacts in various state institutions, particularly the Ministry of finance and Economic Planning, the Attorney General Department and the Ghana Investment Centre.
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Ogundele, Ayodeji O. "The United States Supreme Court's Volitional Agendas, 1801-1993: Historical Claims versus Empirical Findings." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2458/.
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In this study, I examined the Supreme Court's agenda from 1801 to 1993 to determine the composition and dynamics of the issues that have dominated the business of the Court. Specifically, I set out to test empirically Robert G. McCloskey's (now standard) characterization of the Supreme Court's history, which sees it as dominated by nationalism/federalism issues before the Civil War, by economic issues just after the War through the 1930s, and by civil rights and liberties since the 1930s. The question that drove my investigation was "Is McCloskey's interpretation, which appears to be based on the great cases of Supreme Court history, an accurate description of the agenda represented in the Supreme Court's total body of reported decisions?"
To test McCloskey's historical theses I employed concepts adapted from Richard Pacelle's (1991) important work on the agenda of post-Roosevelt Court and used the methods of classical historical analysis and of interrupted time-series analysis. Data for my research came from existing datasets and from my own collection (I coded the manifest content of thousands of Supreme Court's decisions from 1887 back to 1801). The most important finding from my analyses is that McCloskey not withstanding, the pre-Civil War Supreme Court's agenda was clearly dominated by economic issues of various sorts, not by nationalism/federalism as previously believed. Another key finding is that partisanship had a pronounced impact on the Court's attention to this category of issueseven in the periods when the Supreme Court had very little control of its docket. These results suggest that Supreme Court scholars should reassess or rethink their previous notion of the Court's pre-Civil War agendathe now well-established view that nation-state issues dominated the business of the Court in its formative yearsand the idea (often expressed implicitly) that the Court's mandatory jurisdiction suppressed attitudinal factors on the Court in the earlier eras.
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Fernandez, J. Todd. "Corruption - no rule of law - no democracy: could separately elected Attorneys General in a divided executive give Africa new hope? Experiences from the U. States of A." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8008.
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History has proven that, if freed from the grasp of the unitary executive, the
elected Attorney General flourishes as a lawyer for the law dedicated above all else to the "public interest." In light of these proven benefits, the pressing question becomes whether this tested design can help the people of Africa as they fight to reclaim their wayward governments. Might a popularly elected Attorney General steady the bridge so Africa can pass through to freedom and prosperity? More immediately,
does the divided executive with its elected attorney general represent a new hope for
Africa in combating corruption? The author takes a critical look at the evolution of the elected Attorney General and uses the role of the Attorney General in the United States of America as an example.
The author concludes that perhaps now is the time to start creating the history of Africa’s ultimate escape from the endless vestiges of colonialism still embedded in the unitary executive. Maybe now is the time for the peoples of Africa to borrow an idea from their American cousins and get their own lawyer!Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr. Tilahun Teshome in association with the Addis Ababa University
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Meng, Gaofeng. "Rural land ownership and institutional change in China." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30768/.
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The focus of this study is the property rights theories tested in the context of Modern China’s rural areas. It is divided into three parts: Part I presents the theoretical framework, concepts. These form the analytical tools. Part II briefly describes the three big transformation of rural arable land ownership in modern China. This is a particular case in which the theoretical framework can be tested. In Part III of this study I apply the analytical framework developed in part I to understand the puzzles and problems described in part II. This is the application of theory to the history and reality. In this research, I show that the change of property rights is central to political, economic and social change in that particular society. As a formal institution, property rights provide an incentive or disincentive structure for a particular economy. The contrasting economic performance in modern China’s agriculture can be well explained by the underlying force— the property rights institutional arrangement. The stagnation and decline of Chinese economy and universal poverty is conditioned by the disincentive structure of the Commune System. While the specular economic growth and its relief of poverty is driven by the incentive structure of the Household Responsibility System (HRS). The success of the HRS is in that it is not only a government institutional arrangement but also a communal institutional arrangement in its origin. The rules created by the peasants themselves are legitimized by the central government as property rights. It really matter who creates the property rights and for whom. This research attempts to enrich our knowledge in social science. It challenges the conventional and standard political and economic theory used to explain Chinese puzzles in its economic growth and social development. In the theoretical sphere, it contributes mainly to the literature of Marx’s theory of property, Honoré’s concept of ownership and Ostrom’s theory of common-pool resources and institutional change. In the practical sphere, it contributes to our understanding of the radical and complex change in Modern China’s rural areas.
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Fowler, Joshua Emmanuel. "The Trouble with Tax Avoidance: Two General Anti-Avoidance Rules, a Judicial Doctrine, and their Respective Implications for the value of Certainty in Tax Law." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Law, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8358.
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Tax avoidance is an exceedingly complex area of law. It is also a matter generally found not far from the headlines, or from the concerns of state and policy forums such as the G8 and the OECD. In an increasingly capital mobile world, the concern on the part of Governments for the protection of their sources of revenue has increased.
Adam Smith’s four canons of taxation are well known. In his work, The Wealth of Nations, Smith regarded the values of certainty, equity, efficiency and convenience as integral to the functioning of a tax system. Among these, however, Smith would seem to have regarded certainty as of particular significance. The prominence afforded to the value of certainty, in conjunction with the smaller role afforded the state likely contributed to the formalistic approach taken by the courts of the British Commonwealth to the interpretation of taxing statutes. In recent times, however, the importance of certainty among policy makers and jurists has declined. Although this is not to contend that the value of certainty has ceased to be a consideration, it would seem to have come to be regarded as a lesser value among many rather than an end in itself.
Although the optimal level of certainty within a jurisdiction is undoubtedly a matter for debate, the presence of uncertainty may carry with it a number of risks and unintended consequences which may hinder the achievement of the ends sought after by policy makers. These may include an increase in the rate of capital flight and in the use of asset sheltering devices, a decrease in the incidence of economic activity, and decreased rates of compliance among taxpayers. The value of certainty, in other words, may be of greater significance to the efficient functioning of a tax system than it has in recent times been thought to be.
In contending with tax avoidance, the countries of the British Commonwealth tend to employ either one of two instruments; a statutory General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR) or a judicial doctrine; an innovation of the common law. In this thesis, the writer sets out to examine the judicial doctrine applied in the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom (UK), and the statutory GAARs deployed in Canada and New Zealand, and the respective implications of each instrument for the value of certainty.
While the difference in the implications presented by the application of a broad judicial doctrine and a narrow GAAR may be slight, it is the writer’s contention that, all things held equal, the use of a judicial doctrine is likely to have a less deleterious effect on the value of certainty than a GAAR. Accordingly, it is the writer’s contention that the use of a judicial doctrine is for this reason be preferred.
Books on the topic "Law - U.S. - General"
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Julian, Ku, ed. Taming globalization: International law, the U. S. Constitution, and the new world order. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 2012.
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1951-, Campbell Christopher, ed. Jetliners U. S. A. London: Osprey Aerospace, 1992.
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Jewell, Malcolm E. Kentucky Votes: U. S. House Primary and General Elections, 1920--1960. University Press of Kentucky, 2014.
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Black, Ryan C., Justin Wedeking, Ryan J. Owens, and Patrick C. Wohlfarth. U. S. Supreme Court Opinions and Their Audiences. Cambridge University Press, 2016.
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Maly, Stephen, Mont Montana State University (Bozeman, and Montana Montana. General Principles of International Law Affecting Western Canada-U. S. Border Relations : A Background Paper: 1983. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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Yoo, John, and Julian Ku. Taming Globalization: International Law, the U. S. Constitution, and the New World Order. Oxford University Press, 2012.
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Jewell, Malcolm E. Kentucky Votes: Presidential Elections, 1952--1960; U. S. Senate Primary and General Elections, 1920--1960. University Press of Kentucky, 2014.
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DeStefano, Anthony M. War on Human Trafficking: U. S. Policy Assessed. Rutgers University Press, 2007.
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DeStefano, Anthony M., and Anthony DeStefano. War on Human Trafficking: U. S. Policy Assessed. Rutgers University Press, 2007.
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Naimou, Angela. Salvage Work: U. S. and Caribbean Literatures amid the Debris of Legal Personhood. Fordham University Press, 2017.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Law - U.S. - General"
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Troć, R. "(U, Th)S: Lattice Parameter and Vegard's Law." In Actinide Monochalcogenides, 507. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-47043-4_75.
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Van Den Haag, Ernest. "International Law and Other Delusions." In U. S. Ends and Means in Central America, 35–46. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5966-9_2.
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Dědič, Jan, Daniel Lála, and Jan Lasák. "Souhlas valné hromady s rozdělením podílu ve společnosti s ručením omezeným." In Pocta prof. Josefu Bejčkovi k 70. narozeninám, 221–37. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0094-2022-10.
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The article deals with a necessity of granting the general meeting’s consent with a division of business share in limited liability company in various situations. First, it discusses a need of granting the general meeting’s consent with a division of business share in connection with transfer or passing of business share. Although the Business Corporations Act requires the granting of the general meeting’s consent with a division of business share in connection with transfer or passing of business share, the authors conclude that such a consent is required by law only in cases when the business share is being divided in connection with transfer or passing of business share at the shareholder’s will. Additionally, they are of opinion that Section 43(3) of the Business Corporations Act, which requires granting the general meeting’s consent with a division of business share, is non-mandatory and thus shareholders may in the articles of association conclude that the general meeting’s consent with a division of business share is not necessary or that the consent shall be granted by another corporate body. Furthermore, the article discusses whether the general meeting’s consent is required when a business share is being divided in connection with cancellation of co-ownership or during the inheritance proceeding when the testator did not dispose with a business share mortis causa. In this regard, the authors conclude that the application of Section 43(3) of the Business Corporations Act, which requires granting the general meeting’s consent with a division of business share, is excluded by special regulation of co-ownership’s cancellation or division of the estate in the Civil Code, and thus the general meeting’s consent with a division of business share is not required in these cases.
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Seifert, Christian, Sascha Trostorff, and Marcus Waurick. "Maximal Regularity." In Evolutionary Equations, 243–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89397-2_15.
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AbstractIn this chapter, we address the issue of maximal regularity. More precisely, we provide a criterion on the ‘structure’ of the evolutionary equation $$\displaystyle \left (\overline {\partial _{t,\nu }M(\partial _{t,\nu })+A}\right )U=F $$ ∂ t , ν M ( ∂ t , ν ) + A ¯ U = F in question and the right-hand side F in order to obtain $$U\in \operatorname {dom}(\partial _{t,\nu }M(\partial _{t,\nu }))\cap \operatorname {dom}(A)$$ U ∈ dom ( ∂ t , ν M ( ∂ t , ν ) ) ∩ dom ( A ) . If $$F\in L_{2,\nu }(\mathbb {R};H)$$ F ∈ L 2 , ν ( ℝ ; H ) , $$U\in \operatorname {dom}(\partial _{t,\nu }M(\partial _{t,\nu }))\cap \operatorname {dom}(A)$$ U ∈ dom ( ∂ t , ν M ( ∂ t , ν ) ) ∩ dom ( A ) is the optimal regularity one could hope for. However, one cannot expect U to be as regular since $$\left (\partial _{t,\nu }M(\partial _{t,\nu })+A\right )$$ ∂ t , ν M ( ∂ t , ν ) + A is simply not closed in general. Hence, in all the cases where $$\left (\partial _{t,\nu }M(\partial _{t,\nu })+A\right )$$ ∂ t , ν M ( ∂ t , ν ) + A is not closed, the desired regularity property does not hold for $$F\in L_{2,\nu }(\mathbb {R};H)$$ F ∈ L 2 , ν ( ℝ ; H ) . However, note that by Picard’s theorem, $$F\in \operatorname {dom}(\partial _{t,\nu })$$ F ∈ dom ( ∂ t , ν ) implies the desired regularity property for U given the positive definiteness condition for the material law is satisfied and A is skew-selfadjoint. In this case, one even has $$U\in \operatorname {dom}(\partial _{t,\nu })\cap \operatorname {dom}(A)$$ U ∈ dom ( ∂ t , ν ) ∩ dom ( A ) , which is more regular than expected. Thus, in the general case of an unbounded, skew-selfadjoint operator A neither the condition $$F\in \operatorname {dom}(\partial _{t,\nu })$$ F ∈ dom ( ∂ t , ν ) nor $$F\in L_{2,\nu }(\mathbb {R};H)$$ F ∈ L 2 , ν ( ℝ ; H ) yields precisely the regularity $$U\in \operatorname {dom}(\partial _{t,\nu }M(\partial _{t,\nu }))\cap \operatorname {dom}(A)$$ U ∈ dom ( ∂ t , ν M ( ∂ t , ν ) ) ∩ dom ( A ) since $$\displaystyle \operatorname {dom}(\partial _{t,\nu })\cap \operatorname {dom}(A)\subseteq \operatorname {dom}(\partial _{t,\nu }M(\partial _{t,\nu }))\cap \operatorname {dom}(A)\subseteq \operatorname {dom}(\overline {\partial _{t,\nu }M(\partial _{t,\nu })+A}), $$ dom ( ∂ t , ν ) ∩ dom ( A ) ⊆ dom ( ∂ t , ν M ( ∂ t , ν ) ) ∩ dom ( A ) ⊆ dom ( ∂ t , ν M ( ∂ t , ν ) + A ¯ ) , where the inclusions are proper in general. It is the aim of this chapter to provide an example case, where less regularity of F actually yields more regularity for U. If one focusses on time-regularity only, this improvement of regularity is in stark contrast to the general theory developed in the previous chapters. Indeed, in this regard, one can coin the (time) regularity asserted in Picard’s theorem as “U is as regular as F”. For a more detailed account on the usual perspective of maximal regularity (predominantly) for parabolic equations, we refer to the Comments section of this chapter.
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Friend, Alice Hunt. "Light Footprint, Low Profile, Low Information." In Reconsidering American Civil-Military Relations, 209–20. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197535493.003.0012.
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This chapter examines the following questions: How do operations conducted “below the threshold” of major war affect U S civil-military relations? Conversely, how does the state of civil-military relations inform the public’s perceptions of these kinds of military engagements? In recent years the U S armed forces, especially ground forces and special operators, have spent the balance of their deployments conducting so-called low-intensity conflict or irregular warfare. This chapter examines the existing scholarship on the relationships between U S civil-military relations and Americans’ perceptions of modern military operations. It then refers to responses to the October 2017 ambush in Niger to generate insights and hypotheses about the interactions between the state of civil-military relations and public perceptions of light- footprint and (previously) low- profile operations.
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Wechsler, William. "Law in Order: Reconstructing U. S. National Security." In The National Interest on International Law & Order, 147–60. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351323642-16.
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"Insolvency and ‘voting power in any general meeting’ – s 435(10)(b)." In Connected and Associated: Insolvency and Pensions Law. Bloomsbury Professional, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781526519627.ch-051.
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"Part B Commentary, 1 General Provisions, Art.2: Scope." In Market Abuse Regulation, edited by Ventoruzzo Marco. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198871095.003.0010.
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This chapter turns to Article 2 of the Market Abuse Regulation, which defines the scope of the Regulation in its entirety. Article 2 distinguishes between the primary scope of application governed by Article 2(1) and the extended scope of application solely for the prohibition of market abuse governed by Article 2(2). However, Article 2(3) sets almost no limitation for the scope of application for certain transactions, orders, or behaviour on trading venues. Finally, Article 2(4) defines the territorial scope of application. This chapter discusses the historical development of Article 2’s scope of application before turning to more detailed commentary on each section of the Article.
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Hannigan, Brenda. "8. A statutory statement of directors’ duties." In Company Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787709.003.0008.
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One of the most important changes implemented by the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006) is the inclusion for the first time of a statutory statement of directors' general duties in Pt 10, Ch 2. This chapter discusses the duties set out by this statutory statement, which are the duty to act within their powers (s. 171); duty to promote the success of the company (s. 172); duty to exercise independent judgement (s. 173); duty to exercise reasonable care, skill, and diligence (s. 174); duty to avoid conflicts of interest (s. 175); duty not to accept benefits from third parties (s. 176); and duty to declare interest in proposed transactions with the company (s. 177).
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Vuković, Zoran. "PRESTANAK UGOVORA O POSREDOVANjU U SPORTU." In USKLAĐIVANjE pravnog sistema Srbije sa standardima Evropske unije: Knj.9, 469–80. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upssix.469v.
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The general rules of contract law apply to the termination of the contract on mediation in sport. In addition to the general methods of termination of the contract, from the specifics of the legal relationship established by the contract on mediation in sport derive certain specifics related to its termination. Disctiveness that characterize the termination of the contract on mediation in sports are the subject of research in this paper.
Conference papers on the topic "Law - U.S. - General"
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Gavrilović, Biljana. "PRAVNOISTORIJSKI POGLED NA ZANATSKO PITANjE U MODERNOM SRPSKOM PRAVU 2022ZBORNICISADAŠNjOST I BUDUĆNOST USLUŽNOG PRAVA." In XVIII Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xviiimajsko.1039g.
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The paper analyzes the situation in the craft and craft ́s legal regulations, in the period from the beginning of the XIX century to the 30s of the XX century, i.e. until the adoption of the Yugoslav Law on Actions. At the beginning of the 19th century, the patriarchal spirit ruled in the craft; a quasi-family relationship was established between the masters and the students. Craftsmen provided themselves protection from competition through associations in guilds and its tradition rules. In the middle of the 19th century, the Decree on Guilds was passed, which regulated labor relations in crafts and trade. At the end of the 19th century, due to the increased import of goods, the situation in the craft has changed, patriarchal relations were disturbed, and there was general dissatisfaction among the workers. Therefore, a huge action was taken for the modern regulation of labor relations, which came in 1910, with the adoption of the Law on Actions. But, despite the modern legal regulation of labor relations, the factual situation in the craft has not changed. Therefore, the paper will point out the basic reasons for the decline of the craft, as well as the normative attempts to save it.
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Skriver, L., L. C. Petersen, L. R. Lund, L. S. Nielsen, and K. Danø. "SINGLE-CHAIN UROKINASE TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR (SCU-PA) FROM HT-1080 HUMAN FIBROSARCOMA CELLS IS A GENUINE PROENZYME." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644394.
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U-PA is released from many cells as a single polypeptide chain (scu-PA) that is converted into its active two-chain form (tcu-PA) by limited proteolysis with plasmin. There is general agreement that scu-PA has an extremely low amidolytic activity, but different oppinions exist, as to whether scu-PA itself can activate plasminogen. We have reinvestigated the plasminogen activating activity of our scu-PA preparations by means of a direct [125]I-plasminogen conversion assay and two amidolytic assays for plasmin and u-PA activity. In the [125]I-plasminogen conversion assay in the presence of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) the subsequent plasmin catalyzed conversion of scu-PA is blocked while the plasminogen activation is unaffected. In this assay with 3oo nM Glu-plasminogen and 15 pM BPTI, 4o nM scu-PA caused a low but significant plasminogen conversion, which could be fully inhibited by pretreatment of scu-PA with diisopropylfluorophos-phate (DFP). DFP-treated scu-PA was convertible to fully active tcu-PA. Rates of plasminogen activation in this type of assay for scu-PA activity was at least 4oo fold slower than that measured for tcu-PA. A coupled amidolytic assay with Lys-plasminogen, scuPA or tcu-PA, BPTI, and the high affinity plasmin substrate H-D-Val-Phe-LyspNA (S2390) was performed under conditions that ensures a low steady state concentration of free plasmin. In this assay the initial rate of Lys-plasminogen activation by DFP-treated scu-PA was at least 25o fold slower than that measured for tcu-PA. Finally, u-PA activity was measured in an assay with the chromogenic substrate <Glu-Gly-ArgpNA (S2444) (o.8mM) in the presence of highly purified Glu-plasminogen (3oonM) and DFP-treated scu-PA (2nM) in the absence of BPTI. Within the initial 15 min of incubation no detectable hydrolysis of S2444 occurred. Addition of tcu-PA (2pM) or plasmin (o.lnM) to the scu-PA/Glu-plasminogen mixture caused a significant reduction of the lag period before onset of the cascade reaction leading to scu-PA conversion and subsequent hydrolysis of S2444. We conclude that the low rates of plasminogen activation measured in these assays by scu-PA might be accounted for by the presence of trace amounts of tcu-PA in the scu-PA preparations, and that scu-PA meets the requirements for a genuine proenzyme
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van der Meer, F. J. M., N. H. van Tilburg, S. R. Poort, E. Briët, and R. M. Bertina. "IMMUNOLOGICAL ASSAYS FOR THE Ca(II)-DEPENDENT AND NONCa(II)-DEPENDENT CONFORMATIONS OFJtLUMAN PROTELN Z (PZ)." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643818.
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Human PZ was purified using bariumcitrate absorption and elution, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and gelfiltration on Sephadex G-200. The purified protein was used for the development of a specific rabbit antiserum, which could be used in a electroimmunoassay (EIA). Using immunoaffinity procedures, two populations of antibodies were isolated from the antiserum: one against the Ca(II)-dependent conformation of PZ(Ca(II)PZAg) and one against the nonCa(II)-dependent conformation (nonCa(II)PZAg). These antibody populations were used for the development of specific and highly sensitive immunoradiometric assays for Ca(II)PZAg and nonCa(II)PZAg. In healthy volunteers PZ levels varied from 0.28 to 1.96 U/ml (mean value 0.99 ± 0.34 U/ml). The observed variation was much more extensive than for other vitamin K-dependent proteins. Repeatedly testing of individuals with low PZAg levels gave comparable results, excluding acute phase reactivity of PZ. The mean value for the Ca(II)PZAg/nonCa(II)PZAg ratio was 1.04 ± 0.27 (range 0.51 - 1.58).Interestingly, PZ antigen levels were found to be severely reduced in 60 plasmas of patients stably treated with oral anticoagulants. At increasing intensity of treatment nonCa(II)PZAg decreased: 0.14 ± 0.04 (INR 2.6), 0.12 ± 0.04 (INR 3.0), 0.09 ± 0.03 (INR 3.4), 0.08 yp 0.03 (INR 3.8), 0.06 ± 0.01 (INR 4.2) and 0.06 ± 0.02 U/ml (INR >4.4).The decrease in nonCa(II)PzAg was much more extensive than observed for the nonCa(II)Ag of other vitamin K dependent factors (factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C and protein S).In general concentrations of Ca(11)PZAg were more reduced than those of nonCa(II)PZAg (ratio: ∼ 0.7). This ratio was virtually independent of the intensity of oral anticoagulant treatment.
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Wester, J., F. W. J. Van Mensvoort, D. G. Meuleman, H. ten Cate, C. P. Henny, and J. W. ten Cate. "EFFECTS OF ORG 10172, A NOVEL LMW HEPARINOID ON PRIMARY HAEMOSTASIS IN RATS AND HUMANS. A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643238.
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Org 10172 is a novel low molecular weight heparinoid isolated from animal mucosa with a higher anti-thrombotic/bleeding risk ratio than standard heparin. The effects of Org 10172 and heparin on primary haemostasis in rats and humans have been studied by light and electron microscopy (LM&EM).In rat ears bleeding wounds were inflicted. The wound areas were excised 5, 15 or 30 min. after bleeding induction, and processed for LM and EM. Org 10172 and heparin have been administered in doses of 300 or 600 anti-Xa U/kg i.v., 5 or 1 min. prior to bleeding induction. Bleeding wounds of drug treated animals have been compared with those of placebo animals. Heparin inhibited degranulation as well as fibrin deposition and groups of not aggregated, sometimes even discoidal platelets could be found after heparin treatment. Org 10172 inhibited degranulation to some extent but less than heparin and Org 10172 hardly inhibited fibrin deposition.In six human volunteers SimplateR bleeding time wounds were excised by punch biopsy, 20 min. after bleeding induction and processed for LM and EM. Org 10172 was administered as single bolus injection of either 3200 or 6400 anti-Xa U i.v., 10 min. prior to bleeding induction. Heparin was given in a dosis of 10.000 anti-Xa U i.v. All biopsies from post-drug bleeding time wounds were compared with biopsies taken from pre-drug bleeding time wounds in the same volunteer. As in the rat studies, heparin inhibited degranulation and fibrin deposition whereas after Org 10172 treatment these effects were hardly detectable. In general the effects of both drugs on haemostasis in the human volunteer study were less distinct than in the rat study. This may be attributed to the lower dose levels used.In conclusion, primary haemostasis after Org 10172 treatment is somewhat retarded, but essentially normal, whereas haemostasis after heparin treatment is more severely disturbed.
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Faulkner, Henry B., Melvin Platt, Anthony F. Klarman, and Mark D. Smith. "An Emissions Database for U.S. Navy and Air Force Aircraft Engines." In ASME 1988 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/88-gt-129.
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Within the U. S., the pollutant emissions at Navy and Air Force airbases are not regulated by civil law. However, there is a desire to be a good neighbor to the local population. On the other hand, military engine test facilities are designated as ground emission sources which are subject to civil air quality regulations. Both situations contribute to a Navy and Air Force requirement for the generation of air quality scenarios, which in turn requires ready access to engine emissions data. A considerable body of emissions data has been collected for U. S. military aircraft engines over the last twenty years. However, this data is not readily accessible, because it is distributed in a variety of technical publications, and is not presented in a consistent format. Therefore the Navy, with Air Force cooperation, has sponsored a program to develop an engine emissions database system tailored to their requirements, for use on a microcomputer. The program was conducted by Northern Research and Engineering Corporation. The resulting database contains all of the available emissions data, as well as background information on each engine model and the conditions for each test. All of the unclassified operational engine models of the Navy and Air Force are listed, whether or not emissions data are available. When emissions data is not available for a particular model, but there is a similar engine model whose data can reasonably be substituted, this is identified. The system provides an easy and versatile means of accessing the available emissions data. In general, the computerized database approach can increase the value of many types of experimental data.
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Briel, R. C., P. C. Hermann, and P. Doller. "LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN (FRAGMIN) PROPHYLAXIS IN GYNECOLOGIC SURGERY." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643223.
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In a prospective, randomized study patients undergoing hysterectomy were treated either by the low molecular weight heparin Fragmin or by the combination of unfractionated sodium heparin + dihydroergotamin (HDHE). The dosage in the Fragmin group was 2× 2500 anti Xa-U on day 1 = day of surgery, from day 2-8: 1× 5000 anti Xa-U, in the HDHE-group from day 1-8: 2× 5000 IU heparin + 0.5 mg DHE. 99 patients were randomly allocated to prophylaxis with Fragmin, 101 to HDHE prophylaxis. 95 and 96 respectively were evaluated, the others excluded for different reasons. The 2 groups were comparable for general data and risk factors. Duration of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, transfusion rates and postoperative hemoglobin levels were identical. Blood volumes in subcutaneous and subfascial drainages were slightly but not significantly higher in the Fragmin group. In patients with an additional Marshall-Marchetti-operation, blood volumes in the drainages of the spatium retzii were significantly higher in patients on Fragmin. No differences were observed in the incidence of minor and major wound hematoma. Painful injections and sugillations at the injection sites were more frequently observed in the HDHE-group. The thermographic DeVeTherm test, which was carried out daily for diagnosis of DVT, gave positiv results (= temperature difference 1°C) on one day only in 14 patients of each group. The test was positive on 2 or more consecutive days in 4 patients on Fragmin and 2 patients on HDHE. Phlebography, which was carried out in the latter patients, gave a positive result in 1 patient of each group. Localization of DVT was mainly the lower limb. Plasma anti-Xa activity (S-2222) 4 hrs. after injection of 5000 anti-Xa IU Fragmin was 0.45 IU/ml being 10 fold higher than after HDHE. aPTT was slightly prolonged in both groups, thrombin time and thrombelastogramm gave even more pronounced changes in the Fragmin group. The present data indicate that Fragmin dosage should be further decreased to avoid bleeding complications.
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Stambolija, Nebojša. "General Pavle Jakšić – naučnik u uniformi." In Intelektualci i rat 1939. – 1947.: zbornik radova s međunarodnog skupa Desničini susreti 2012. Dio 1. Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu, FF-Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.17234/desnicini_susreti2012_1.dio.15.
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Tamaoki, Jonas N., José Paulo Bonatti, Jairo Panetta, and Simone Tomita. "Parallelizing CPTEC' s General Circulation Model." In International Symposium on Computer Architecture and High Performance Computing. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbac-pad.1999.19776.
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We describe the first parallel version or CPTEC's General Circulation Model, targeting a 4 processor, shared memory NEC SX4. This paper emphasizes techniques to parallelize vintage production code, keeping results reproducible. Measured speed-ups compare favorably with Amdahl's Law predicted values.
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Rugescu, Dragos-Radu-Dan, and Constantin Morosanu. "General and Debris Hazards Evaluation for Future S..." In 56th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-05-d4.p.04.
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Popovski, Aleksandra. "ULOGA NAČELA RAZMJERNOSTI U OGRANIČAVANjU TEMELjNIH GOSPODARSKIH SLOBODA UNUTARNjEG TRŽIŠTA EUROPSKE UNIJE." In 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.065p.
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General principles of the European Union law are a source of law whose importance increased progressively throughout the entire period of existence of this European integration, largely due to case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. General uncodified legal rules are often used by the Court, in order to conceal obviousness of judicial creation of law, thereby achieving the impression of neutrality and objectivity of its decisions. One of the general principles of European Union law, because of which creative application the Court was sometimes called out, particularly in the context of limiting freedoms of the single market, is the principle of proportionality. General influence of European Union law on national legal systems is analysed in the first part of the paper. Meaning and content of the proportionality, as well as application of the said principle in the area of the European administrative law, is analysed in the second part of the paper. Finally, the trends in the application of the principle of proportionality in the interpretation of the scope of application of freedoms of the single market, with emphasis on the influence of the relevant part of the acquis communautaire on the formation of national legal systems are identified and critically assessed in the third part of the paper.
Reports on the topic "Law - U.S. - General"
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Lewis, Dustin, Naz Modirzadeh, and Jessics Burniske. The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate and International Humanitarian Law: Preliminary Considerations for States. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qiaf4598.
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In developing international humanitarian law (IHL), States have aimed in part to lay down the primary normative and operational framework pertaining to principled humanitarian action in situations of armed conflict. The possibility that certain counterterrorism measures may be instituted in a manner that intentionally or unintentionally impedes such action has been recognized by an increasingly wide array of States and entities, including the United Nations Security Council and the U.N. Secretary-General. At least two aspects of the contemporary international discourse on intersections between principled humanitarian action and counterterrorism measures warrant more sustained attention. The first concerns who is, and who ought to be, in a position to authentically and authoritatively interpret and apply IHL in this area. The second concerns the relationships between IHL and other possibly relevant regulatory frameworks, including counterterrorism mandates flowing from decisions of the U.N. Security Council. Partly in relation to those two axes of the broader international discourse, a debate has emerged regarding whether the U.N. Security Council may authorize one particular counterterrorism entity — namely, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED) — to interpret and assess compliance with IHL pertaining to humanitarian action in relation to certain counterterrorism contexts. In a new legal briefing for the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC), Dustin A. Lewis, Naz K. Modirzadeh, and Jessica S. Burniske seek to help inform that debate by raising some preliminary considerations regarding that possibility. The authors focus on the possible implications of States and other relevant actors pursuing various responses or not responding to this debate. One of the authors’ goals is to help raise awareness of this area with a focus on perspectives drawn from international law. Another is to invite a broader engagement with the question of the preservation of the humanitarian commitments laid down in IHL in a period marked by a growing number — and a deepening — of the intersections between situations of armed conflict and measures to suppress terrorism.