Journal articles: 'Lawn Rangers'

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Le Khac, Dong, Ao Xuan Hoa, Luyen Nguyen Tai, Nha Thi Huynh Nguyen, and Kuaanan Techato. "Monitoring of Field Patrolling Efforts, Vietnam: Insights from a Forest Station in Pu Hu Nature Reserve." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 8407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158407.

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In the various protected areas such as nature reserves and national parks in Vietnam, ranger patrols are crucial for protecting forest resources against the increasing threats from fringe communities. Previous studies have investigated ranger patrol efforts (RPEs) in conservation areas using conventional measures in terms of illegal activities encountered, but there has been little research into indices related to RPEs in the field, both worldwide and particularly in Vietnam. This paper explores various indices of RPEs and other aspects of forest patrolling at a local level. The number of rangers and patrol-days strongly influences the distance walked and the number of patrol-hours. However, neither the rainy season nor the Lunar New Year festival had any significant effect on patrol efforts, nor was there any effect on the relative altitude covered or the speed of patrolling during the long Lunar New Year vacation. Management responsible for protecting forest areas needs to consider the full scope of rangers’ efforts and identify the qualities of motivated staff. Our findings suggested ways in which rangers’ capacity to promote conservation may be assessed in the future.

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Zhou, Lili, Dandan Wang, Zhonglin Mu, Xiaoli Xi, and Lifeng He. "LF Radio Wave Prediction at Short Ranges With High Propagation Angles Over Irregular Terrain." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 16 (2017): 732–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2016.2601138.

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Arumugam, Darmindra D. "Single-Anchor 2-D Magnetoquasistatic Position Sensing for Short to Long Ranges Above Ground." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 15 (2016): 1325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2015.2507603.

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Mattioni, L., and G. Marrocco. "Design of a Broadband HF Antenna for Multimode Naval Communications---Part II: Extension to VHF/UHF Ranges." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 6 (2007): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2007.893094.

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Zhou, Lili, Jingjing Yan, Zhonglin Mu, Yurong Pu, Qiaoqiao Wang, and Lifeng He. "Field-Strength Variations of LF One-Hop Sky Waves Propagation in the Earth–Ionosphere Waveguide at Short Ranges." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 18, no. 9 (September 2019): 1780–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2019.2929780.

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Anishchenko, I. E., Ya M. Golovanov, O. Yu Zhigunov, and L. M. Abramova. "Vegetation of the lawns of the Ufa city (Republic of Bashkortostan)." Vegetation of Russia, no. 36 (December 12, 2019): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2019.36.25.

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The article presents the results of the classification of lawn vegetation of the Ufa city. Lawns are the most common element of urban landscapes which, as a rule, occupy 60–80 % of the total green area of cities. A lawn is a community of herbs growing on a uniform area and forming a turf cover for which mixture of seeds of perennial cereals is selected on the basis of local climatic conditions and soil, as well as having in mind the purpose of the lawn. The research was conducted in 2018 in the capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan — the Ufa city with a population of 1100 thousand people. The Ufa city (54°44′00″ N and 55°58′00″ E) is situated on the banks of the Belaya River, at the Ufa and Dema rivers confluence, on the Pribelskaya hilly plain, 100 km west of the Southern Ural ranges within the northern part of forest-steppe zone. The city area is 707.93 km², the length from north to south is 53.5 km, that from west to east is 29.8 km in the widest part. The climate is temperate continental. The mean annual air temperature is 3.8 °С; the amount of precipitation is 589 mm. Negative mean monthly temperatures are typical for five months a year; some frosts are possible all over the year except July and August. The mean January temperature is –14.6 °С, with absolute minimum –54 °С; this of July is 19 °С, with absolute maximum 40 °С. The frost-free period averages 137 days. 100 relevés (authors Anishchenko I. E. and Zhigunov O. Yu.) of various types of lawns were included in the base of synanthropic vegetation of settlements of the Republic of Bashkortostan by using the TURBOVEG program (Hennekens, 1995). The size of the sample plot is 4 m2. The species abundance was evaluated on the Braun-Blanquetscale (Mirkin, Naumova, 1998). Names of species are given according to S. K. Cherepanov (1995), and P. F. Mayevskiy (2014). The classification was carried out using the Braun-Blanquetmethod (Braun-Blanquet, 1964; Westhoff, Maarel, 1978) by using the JUICE program (Tichý, 2002); the names of the new units are in accordance with the “Code of phytosociological nomenclature” (Weber et al., 2005). All syntaxa were compared with the units previously described in the Republic of Bashkortostan and other regions (Ishbirdin et al., 1989; Vegetace..., 2007; and others). Synoptic tables are given in reduced form with species of constancy III and higher in one or several syntaxa. The names of the higher syntaxa are given after “Vegetation of Europe...” (Mucina et al., 2016). The Prodromus includes four associations related to class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and alliance Cynosurion cristati: Leontodonto–Poetum pratensis Anishchenko et Ishbirdina in Ishbirdina et al. 1989 ex Anishchenko et al. ass. nov. hoc loco (with two subassociations and four facies, see below); Poo pratensis–Plantaginetum majoris Ishbirdin et al. 1988, Inulo britannicae–Trifolietum repentis Solomeshch in Ishbirdin et al. 1988, Lolietum perennis Gams 1927. Associations and subassociations reflect disturbance of lawns due to trampling expressed in the larger number of synanthropic species and partly in dominance of the cereals that enter into the lawn grass mixtures. Over the past 30 years, the vegetation of lawns in the Ufa city has drastically changed due to variations in the composition of sown grass mixtures. The ass. Leontodonto–Poetum pratensis is the main lawn association of the Ufa city. It combines coenoses of various types of lawns — from seed to roll ones. Dominants are species of the alliance Cynosurion cristati (Amoria repens, Leontodon autumnalis, Medicago lupulina, Taraxacum officinale, etc.) and the class Polygono–Poetea annuae (Lepidotheca suaveolens, Plantago major, Poa annua, etc.), resistant to the mowing and trampling. The main factor in community differentiation is anthropogenic disturbance, according to which 2 subassociations are distinguished: L.–P. p. typicum subass. nov. hoc loco (Tables 4, 5; nomenclature type: (holotypus hoc loco) — Table 4, relevé 15: Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, Monument Druzhby, 16.07.2018, 54.71176 N, 55.96351 E. Authors — I. E. Anishchenko, O. Yu. Zhigunov) — less disturbed lawns and L.–P. p. cichorietosum intybi subass. nov. hoc loco (Tables 6, 7; nomenclature type: (holotypus hoc loco) — Table 6, relevé 14: Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, Komsomolskaya str., 108 а, 17.07.2018, 54.75213 N, 56.00659 E. Authors — I. E. Anishchenko, O. Yu. Zhigunov) — more disturbed ones with high amount of the synanthropic species. The type of grass mixture sown also influences on the coenoflora composition. Four facies are distinguished within both subassociations according to variations in abundance of cereals: typica (prevalence of Poa pratensis) (Fig. 1) in subass. typicum; Festuca rubra (Fig. 2) in both ones (disturbed and non disturbed lawns); Festuca pratensis in subass. cichorietosum intybi. The comparative analysis given in Table 1 showed the stability of the floristic composition of communities, lawns formed by grass mixes of various types: both seed and roll. The differences are either in the degree of weediness of the lawns, or in the nature of the dominance of individual cereals. A comparison of the associations of the union Cynosurion cristati described on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Table 2) showed that in urban conditions the constancy and abundance of meadow species (Lathyrus pratensis, Phleum pratense, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus polyanthemos, Stellaria graminea, etc.) are significantly reduced. while these values for synanthropic species (Capsella bursa-pastoris, Convolvulus arvensis, Tripleurospermum perforatum, etc.) are naturally increasing. This fact suggests specificity of communities of ass. Leontodonto–Poetum pratensis in the system of the union Cynosurion cristati. The associations Inulo britannicae–Trifolietum repentis (Table 10) and Poo pratensis–Plantaginetum majoris (Table 9, Fig. 3) unites old degraded lawns under trampling and are close to similar communities of ruderal vegetation. The ass. Lolietum perennis (Table 11, Fig. 4) is an example of the “introduction” of West European lawns, due to the use of grass mixtures with Lolium perenne. The vegetation of rolled and seeded lawns is not significantly different. In comparison with the syntaxa from different regions of Russia and Europe the lawn communities of the Southern Urals are more clogged and have more thermophilic species such as Carduus acanthoides, Cichorium intybus, Tripleurospermum perforatum, etc. Changes in their composition since 1980s are associated with the use of modern grass mixtures with other grasses.

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Moreto, William D., and A. M. Lemieux. "Poaching in Uganda: Perspectives of Law Enforcement Rangers." Deviant Behavior 36, no. 11 (July 11, 2015): 853–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2014.977184.

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Половникова, Марина Григорьевна, and Ольга Леонидовна Воскресенская. "Total nitrogen content in vegetative organs of lawn plants in urban environment." Herald of Tver State University. Series: Biology and Ecology, no. 1(57) (November 2, 2020): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtbio139.

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В условиях городской среды в вегетативных органах газонных растений (клевер луговой, мятлик луговой) определяли содержание общего азота. В работе использовались растения трех возрастных состояний: виргинильные (v), средневозрастные генеративные (g2) и субсенильные (ss). По мере усиления загрязнения среды и в ходе онтогенеза уменьшалось содержание общего азота в листьях и корнях газонных растений. При этом повышенное содержание общего азота в вегетативных органах было характерно для особей Trifolium pratense L. по сравнению с особями Poa pratensis L Total nitrogen content was determined in the vegetative organs of lawn plants (Trifolium pratense L., Poa pratensis L.) in the urban environment. We used plants of three age ranges: virginile (v), middle-aged generative (g2), and subsenile (ss). As pollution increased as well as during ontogenesis, the total nitrogen content in the leaves and roots of lawn plants decreased. The increased content of total nitrogen in vegetative organs was typical for individuals Trifolium pratense L. compared with individuals Poa pratensis L.

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Lockhart, Thomas. "The Status of Value-ranges in the Argument of Basic Laws of Arithmetic I §10." History and Philosophy of Logic 38, no. 4 (June 20, 2017): 345–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01445340.2017.1330642.

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ETEMESI, NDUKU ISSA, PETER K. SIRMAH, and JOSIAH CHEPKWONY. "Work environment and the performance of forest rangers in South West Mau Forest, Kenya." Asian Journal of Forestry 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjfor/r020202.

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Etemesi NI, Sirmah PK, Chepkwony J. 2018. Work environment and the performance of forest rangers in South West Mau Forest, Kenya. Asian J For 2: 46-53. The objective of this research was to evaluate and understand how the working environment of Kenya Forest Service (KFS) forest rangers affects their performance. The Rangers, under the Enforcement and Compliance Division (ENCOM) of KFS are mandated to implement the enforcement of laws and policies pertaining to forests and its allied resources as prescribed in the Kenya Forest Act of 2005. Qualitative research approach was employed in the data collection by the use of structured questionnaires in four forest stations. From a population of 46 rangers, 32 rangers, 8 serving in each of the three forest stations {Londiani, Masaita, and Sorget} of Kericho Zone, Mau complex and the Kericho Ecosystem Conservator's Office were sampled randomly. A pre-tested questionnaire on demographic trends, duration of service, work environment variables constituting of remuneration, living conditions, motivation, appraisals, rewards, empowerment, communication, work tools, mobility, uniforms, challenges, and personal life were administered in January 2016. The performance indicators gave dissatisfaction rates of 59% and 63% in most of the parameters tested. Comparison of the finding of this study with the findings of the surveys of 2010 and 2013 in different conservancies in Kenya gave an index of 51.4% and 56.74% satisfaction respectively. The results, therefore, denote a progressive correlation between the working conditions drivers and the performance of forest rangers. Kenya Forest Service under ENCOM Division has a responsibility and large task to improve the working conditions and environment of the rangers. No matter how efficient conservation and regeneration programs may be undertaken while enforcement lags behind the cumulative performance of the entire process shall ever record dismal performance. More radical measures must be undertaken to enhance the performance and productivity of rangers through motivation, improving both their intrinsic and extrinsic working environment. KFS must as well acknowledge that low employee satisfaction rates shall ever incapacitate the forest rangers performance.

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Prokopchina, Svetlana V., and Svetlana N. Mishchenko. "APPLICATION OF THE REGULARIZING BAYESIAN APPROACH TO DETERMINING THE LAWS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF BANK'S RATING VALUES." SOFT MEASUREMENTS AND COMPUTING 1, no. 11 (2020): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/2618-9976.2020.11.004.

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Determining the rating ratings of banks is important both for the banks themselves and for assessing the state of the entire financial sector of the state. Their compliance with real situations depends on the calculation models used by rating agencies. One of the main stages of calculation in the development of the model is the stage of determining the ranges of estimates. In many methods of rating banks, the ranges are determined by experts and are subjective in nature. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for determining the ranges of rating ratings using the approximation of the distribution laws of the estimated indicators of the model by the Pearson system curves. This approach can significantly improve the accuracy and objectivity of rating assessments

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Soden, Dennis L., and Worth H. Hester. "Law Enforcement in the National Park Service: The Ranger's Perspective." Criminal Justice Review 14, no. 1 (May 1989): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073401688901400107.

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Russo, Enrico, Gabriele Costa, and Alessandro Armando. "Building next generation Cyber Ranges with CRACK." Computers & Security 95 (August 2020): 101837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2020.101837.

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Stickels, John W. "What happens after the lone ranger rides away?" Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 14, no. 2 (June 1999): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02830068.

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Lisovets, O. I., and A. A. Polischuk. "Seasonal dynamics of lawn coverages of Nikopol city (Dnepropetrovsk area)." Питання степового лісознавства та лісової рекультивації земель 48 (November 15, 2019): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/441902.

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The features of the seasonal dynamics of the species composition, the total projective cover, the ecomorphic structure and the decorative score of the lawn coverings of the city of Nikopol are studied. It was revealed that during the growing season, representatives of the Poaceae family dominate in the projective cover and species composition of grass communities in urban areas. In spring, the participation of Brassicaceae and Lamiaceae is increased, in summer and autumn – Fabaceae and Asteraceae. A study of the dynamics of the species composition showed that Poa angustifolia L. and Polygonum aviculare L. dominate in the majority of Nikopol's lawns in spring. In summer, Lolium perenne L. and Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. are added to them. In autumn, the most active are Lolium perenne and Poa pratensis L. Analysis of the seasonal dynamics of the total projective coverage of test areas showed that the average values of this indicator are observed at the beginning of the growing season. In summer, the total area of the green parts of the plants is reduced. At the end of the growing season, due to the increase in productive soil moisture, the photosynthetically active plant area increases significantly in areas with low anthropogenic impact, remains at summer levels in places of medium anthropogenic loading and significantly decreases in areas with high anthropogenic load. In the species composition, throughout the entire growing season in the biomorph spectrum, hemicryptophytes are the most active, among ecomorphs are xeromesophytes, mesotrophs, ruderants and stepants. Decorativeness is quite low, on a five-point scale, ranges from 2.23 to 3.49, due to the presence of weeds and high anthropogenic stress. In order to improve the decorative, phytomeliorative and hygienic properties of the grass cover, it is advisable to recommend systematic grass cutting (to reduce the activity of annual weeds), as well as the spread of perennial forest and meadow species.

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Mazarbhuiya, FokrulAlom. "FINDING STANDARD DEVIATIONOFA FUZZY NUMBER." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2016): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i1.2016.2844.

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Two probability laws can be root of a possibility law. Considering two probability densities over two disjoint ranges, we can define the fuzzy standard deviation of a fuzzy variable with the help of the standard deviation two random variables in two disjoint spaces.

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GACEK, Józef, Bronisław MARCINIAK, and Ryszard WOŹNIAK. "Major Conditions of Shooting Range Operation in Poland." Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2741.

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Under the "Authorisations of the Minister of National Defence" (latest - No. 57/MON dated 22 December 2014), a Permanent Expert Team operates at the Institute of Armament Technology of the Faculty of Mechatronics and Aerospace of the Military University of Technology (Warsaw, Poland), performing test shootings for the purpose of verifying the fulfilment of technical requirements to be met by garrison shooting ranges and their locations. During almost 20 years of its activity, the Team has conducted research studies under more than 325 civil law contracts concluded with operators of shooting ranges, numerous expert analyses and prepared specialist opinions for courts and prosecutor's offices, and participated in the creation of normative acts and documents, concerning - among others - provision of safety of the operated field training facilities, mainly garrison and training ground shooting ranges. The results of the Team's work have been used, among others, by the Ministry of National Defence (with the active participation of the Team) to prepare regulations of the Minister of National Defence concerning the technical conditions to be met by garrison shooting ranges and their locations. The first of these regulations was issued on 4 October 2001 (Polish Journal of Laws of 2001, no. 132, item 1479), and its latest revision on 15 December 2017 (Polish Journal of Laws of 2018, item 113). The paper presents selected results of studies of the Permanent Expert Team related to, among others, ensuring the safety of users of garrison and training ground shooting ranges, which form a part of the field training facilities of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland, the Police, the Border Guard, the Customs Service, security companies, hunting and sports organisations. Of particular value are the conclusions and propositions of the Expert Team related to, for example: improvement of quality of the law created in Poland, concerning in particular training facilities; ensuring safety at shooting ranges during training with firearms of various types and calibres, utilising various types of ammunition; expert supervision over construction, acceptance and operation of shooting ranges; principles of safe operation of shooting ranges, ensuring longevity of the facilities, etc.

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Sukarman, Sukarman. "Optimization Strategy of Implementation Fundamental Duty, Function and Authority Forest Ranger." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 6, no. 3 (October 2, 2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl36103-111.

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Increasing disturbances in forest sustainability lead to the notion that the implementation of the main duties, functions, and authorities of the forestry police (polhut) is not optimal. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation and identify and find alternative strategies for optimizing the implementation of the main duties, functions, and authorities of the forest police in Way Kambas National Park (TNWK). Data retrieval is done by interview, observation, and documentation. The results of the study show that the internal elements of the polhut have the strength is the protection of laws and regulations that are strong enough by the legislation that applies so that the element of weakness is lack of financial support, facilities, and infrastructure. The external element of opportunity is the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 45 of 2004 concerning Forest Protection and Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning forestry, while the threat factors are poverty and unemployment. The choice of strategies found is maximizing and increasing the ability of the forest police, maximizing the infrastructure facilities and utilizing the opportunity to receive cooperation from partners. Optimization program strategy by maintaining and developing existing programs, developing the participation of local communities and indigenous peoples, and integrating all Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 45 of 2004 concerning Forest protection and Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry.polhutKeyword: strategy of optimalization, polhut, national park

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Drewniak, Józef, and Jacek Rysiński. "Model of Fatigue Damage Accumulation." Key Engineering Materials 598 (January 2014): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.598.51.

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In this paper, the analytical method of fatigue life estimation of gear teeth is proposed. The computational model of fatigue damage accumulation was built using the adequate NASGRO 2/3 formula, moreover Formans and Paris-Erdogans laws were utilized for comparison. The ranges of stress intensity factor were determined using the boundary element method.

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Blagojevic, Slobodan, and Ivo Marinic. "Genesis and development of the theory of sustainable development." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 128 (2009): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0928123b.

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The paper discusses the issues of origin and development of the theory of sustainable development in the historical context. It is pointed out that the foundations of the theory of sustainable development are to be found already in the work of the Greek thinker Aristotle in the 4th century B.C., and later in the works of many theoreticians of development relying on general insights. It is underlined that the explanation of phenomena and processes in nature ranges from the understanding of nature as an automatism in which everything develops according to the natural laws, from relying on the physical laws of mechanics and thermodynamics to the present explanation with the dominance of the influence of biological laws and principles on the natural phenomena and processes and with the systematic approach to the management of environment.

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Yamin, Muhammad Mudassar, Basel Katt, and Vasileios Gkioulos. "Cyber ranges and security testbeds: Scenarios, functions, tools and architecture." Computers & Security 88 (January 2020): 101636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2019.101636.

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Jawad, Abdul, and Sadaf Maqsood. "Gravitationally induced particle creation in cubic gravity." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 18, no. 07 (April 8, 2021): 2150106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887821501061.

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In this work, we consider gravitationally induced particle creation scenario to discuss the validity of thermodynamic laws in the context of cubic gravity which is based on an invariant term and constructed from cubic contraction of the Riemann tensor. We consider spatially flat FRW universe filled with a perfect fluid assuming an equation of state [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text]. By taking the Hubble horizon as the boundary of the universe, we investigate the first and generalized second law of thermodynamics along with thermodynamic equilibrium in the presence of Bekenstein entropy. In order to view the clear picture of these laws, we take into account two models of particle creation rate [Formula: see text] which are constrained with recent observational data. It is found that the validity of these laws holds for the suitable values of model parameters in the specific ranges of redshift parameter for both models.

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Cowan, Devin, Christina Burton, and William Moreto. "Conservation-based intelligence-led policing." Policing: An International Journal 42, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-07-2018-0091.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of interpersonal relations on the implementation of an intelligence-led initiative within a rural, conservation setting. Design/methodology/approach The data for this study are gathered from semi-structured interviews (n = 79) and field observations within five study sites that are managed by the Uganda Wildlife Authority. Findings The findings suggest that while law enforcement and community conservation rangers viewed intelligence operations to be necessary, there was general discontent and distrust toward intelligence rangers. This was largely due to the actuarial and perceived activities, roles and responsibilities of intelligence rangers and the belief that intelligence rangers reflected more of an internal affairs unit rather than one focused on intelligence gathering. Research limitations/implications The credibility of the data provided by respondents can be called into question; however, extensive efforts were made to establish rapport to help alleviate these hazards. Practical implications Findings from the current study highlight the importance of considering and managing interpersonal relations when implementing intelligence-led initiatives. Originality/value The current study is unique in that it examines crime in a non-traditional setting (a developing country, Uganda), with a non-traditional crime type (wildlife crime). Additionally, literature examining the impact of interpersonal relations on intelligence-led policing is limited.

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Neumark, David, and William Wascher. "Employment Effects of Minimum and Subminimum Wages: Panel Data on State Minimum Wage Laws." ILR Review 46, no. 1 (October 1992): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204600105.

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Using panel data on state minimum wage laws and economic conditions for the years 1973–89, the authors reevaluate existing evidence on the effects of a minimum wage on employment. Their estimates indicate that a 10% increase in the minimum wage causes a decline of 1–2% in employment among teenagers and a decline of 1.5–2% in employment for young adults, similar to the ranges suggested by earlier time-series studies. The authors also find evidence that youth subminimum wage provisions enacted by state legislatures moderate the disemployment effects of minimum wages on teenagers.

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COLE, DANIEL H. "Laws, norms, and the Institutional Analysis and Development framework." Journal of Institutional Economics 13, no. 4 (February 28, 2017): 829–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137417000030.

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AbstractElinor Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework has been described as ‘one of the most developed and sophisticated attempts to use institutional and stakeholder assessment in order to link theory and practice, analysis and policy’. But not all elements in the framework are sufficiently well developed. This paper focuses on one such element: the ‘rules-in-use’ (a.k.a. ‘rules’ or ‘working rules’). Specifically, it begins a long-overdue conversation about relations between formal legal rules and ‘working rules’ by offering a tentative and very simple typology of relations. Type 1: Some formal legal rules equal or approximate the working rules; Type 2: Some legal rules plus (or emended by) widely held social norms equal or approximate the working rules; and Type 3: Some legal rules bear no evident relation to the working rules. Several examples, including some previously used by Ostrom, are provided to illustrate each of the three types, which can be conceived of as nodes or ranges along a continuum. The paper concludes with a call for empirical research, especially case studies and meta-analyses, to determine the relevant scope of each of these types of relations, and to provide data for furthering our understanding of how different types of rules, from various sources, function (or not) as institutions.

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POULIN, R. "Are there general laws in parasite ecology?" Parasitology 134, no. 6 (January 19, 2007): 763–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006002150.

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SUMMARYAs a scientific discipline matures, its theoretical underpinnings tend to consolidate around a few general laws that explain a wide range of phenomena, and from which can be derived further testable predictions. It is one of the goals of science to uncover the general principles that produce recurring patterns in nature. Although this has happened in many areas of physics and chemistry, ecology is yet to take this important step. Ecological systems are intrinsically complex, but this does not necessarily mean that everything about them is unpredictable or chaotic. Ecologists, whose grand aim is to understand the interactions that govern the distribution, abundance and diversity of living organisms at different scales, have uncovered several regular patterns, i.e. widely observable statistical tendencies, in the abundance or diversity of organisms in natural ecosystems. Some of these patterns, however, are contingent, i.e. they are only true under particular circumstances; nevertheless, the broad generality of many patterns hints at the existence of universal principles. What about parasite ecology: is it also characterized by recurring patterns and general principles? Evidence for repeatable empirical patterns in parasite ecology is reviewed here, in search of patterns that are consistently detectable across taxa or geographical areas. The coverage ranges from the population level all the way to large-scale patterns of parasite diversity and abundance (or biomass) and patterns in the structure of host-parasite interaction networks. Although general laws seem to apply to these extreme scales of studies, most patterns observed at the intermediate scale, i.e. the parasite community level, appear highly contingent and far from universal. The general laws uncovered to date are proving valuable, as they offer glimpses of the underlying processes shaping parasite ecology and diversity.

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Filanova, Yevgeniya, Johannes Hauptmann, Frank Längler, and Konstantin Naumenko. "Inelastic Behavior of Polyoxymethylene for Wide Strain Rate and Temperature Ranges: Constitutive Modeling and Identification." Materials 14, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 3667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133667.

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The aim of this paper is to present experimental data and the constitutive model for the inelastic behavior of polyoxymethylene in wide strain rate and temperature ranges. To capture the non-linearity of the stress responses for both loading and unloading regimes, the composite model of inelastic deformation is utilized and further developed. The equivalent inelastic strain rate is described by the Prandtl–Eyring law, while the temperature dependence is characterized by the modified Arrhenius-type law. Generalized equivalent stress and the flow rule are formulated to capture pressure sensitivity, transverse strain and volumetric strain responses. The results obtained by the constitutive law are compared with experimental data for stress vs. axial strain from standard tension tests as well as with axial and transverse strains measured by digital image correlation. The developed composite model is able to capture the non-linearity of stress–strain curves for complex loading paths within the small strain regime. For higher strains, apart from geometrically non-linear theory, evolution laws for the volume fraction of the constituents should be modified and calibrated. For the small strain regime, the inelastic dilatation is negligible. For higher axial strain values, a decrease in Poisson’s ratio under tension and increase in it under compression are observed. The Drucker–Prager-type equivalent stress and the developed flow rule provide a better description of both the transverse and volumetric strains than that of the classical von Mises–Odqvist flow rules.

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McLachlan, Jason S., and James S. Clark. "Reconstructing historical ranges with fossil data at continental scales." Forest Ecology and Management 197, no. 1-3 (August 2004): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.026.

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Myckowiak, Vicki. "Compliance in Interventional Pain Practices." Pain Physician 3;12, no. 3;5 (May 14, 2009): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2009/12/671.

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Background: Compliance is a fact of life for interventional pain physicians (IPPs). The health care industry is highly regulated by federal and state governments. IPPs must understand and comply with a broad regulatory landscape that ranges from health care fraud to the prescribing of oral narcotics. Complying with all of these laws requires a proactive approach by an IPP in both the practice and business of medicine. Objectives: This article provides: 1) a brief discussion of the health care laws that IPPs must navigate in their practices; and, 2) practical steps that IPPs can take to ensure that they comply with the relevant laws. Discussion: IPPs should familiarize themselves with the major federal and state fraud and abuse laws that apply to all interventional pain practices. IPPs should also implement effective compliance programs that include tools such as auditing, education, and employee reporting designed to uncover and correct fraud and abuse. Conclusion: Once in place, a compliance program can easily become part of a practice’s culture and pay for itself many times over in problems avoided. IPPs that implement appropriate compliance programs can focus on the most important part of their practice: taking care of patients. Key words: Interventional pain practices, compliance, health care laws, federal, state, fraud, abuse, auditing, education, compliance program, health care industry, False Claims Act, Anti-Kickback Statute, Physician Self-Referral Proscription, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

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Moreto, William D., and Matthew C. Matusiak. "“We Fight against Wrong Doers”: Law Enforcement Rangers’ Roles, Responsibilities, and Patrol Operations in Uganda." Deviant Behavior 38, no. 4 (August 11, 2016): 426–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1197015.

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Biswas, S. K., G. Sau, P. Guptaroy, B. De, A. Bhattacharya, and S. Bhattacharyya. "Power laws and production of direct photons in high-energy physics." Canadian Journal of Physics 86, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 1219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p08-049.

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The measured data on transverse momentum spectra for production of direct photons in hadron–hadron, hadron–nucleus, and nucleus–nucleus interactions at high energies are compiled. Besides, data on some other aspects related to these pT-spectra are also assorted in the present work. The pT-spectra for production of direct photons at pT > 1 GeV/c are, then, fitted here by using two parameterizations, which essentially approach the power-law dependence at high transverse momenta. The power indices range between 16 to 7 depending on the interacting particles and the centre-of-mass energy of the system. The power index decreases gradually with increasing energy, with a variation of the rate of fall for various energy ranges. The formulae applied here phenomenologically bring out the main features of the data characteristics in a modestly satisfactory manner. This provokes us to raise some serious questions about the existing “theoretical” approaches, all, or most of which, lack in the first-principle derivations of the actual working expressions used to finally describe the nature of the measured data on direct photons, or for that matter, on any other secondary particle.PACS Nos.: 25.75.–q, 12.38.Mh, 13.85.Ni

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López, Pilar, and José L. Cano. "Study of the overturning length scales at the Spanish planetary boundary layer." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 23, no. 2 (March 21, 2016): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-23-75-2016.

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Abstract. The focus of this paper is to analyse the behaviour of the maximum Thorpe displacement (dT)max and the Thorpe scale LT at the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), extending previous research with new data and improving our studies related to the novel use of the Thorpe method applied to ABL. The maximum Thorpe displacements vary between −900 and 950 m for the different field campaigns. The Thorpe scale LT ranges between 0.2 and 680 m for the different data sets which cover different stratified mixing conditions (turbulence shear-driven and convective regions). We analyse the relationship between (dT)max and the Thorpe scale LT and we deduce that they verify a power law. We also deduce that there is a difference in exponents of the power laws for convective conditions and shear-driven conditions. These different power laws could identify overturns created under different mechanisms.

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López, P., and J. L. Cano. "Study of the overturning length scales at the Spanish planetary boundary layer." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics Discussions 2, no. 6 (November 20, 2015): 1531–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npgd-2-1531-2015.

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Abstract. The focus of this paper is to analyze the behaviour of the maximum Thorpe displacement (dT)max and the Thorpe scale LT at the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), extending previous research with new data and improving our studies related to the novel use of the Thorpe method applied to ABL. The maximum Thorpe displacements varies between −900 and 950 m for the different field campaigns. The Thorpe scale LT ranges between 0.2 and 680 m for the different data sets which cover different stratified mixing conditions (turbulence sher-driven and convective regions). We analyze the relation between dT)max and the Thorpe scale LT and we deduce that they verify a power law. We also deduce that there is a difference in exponents of the power laws for convective conditions and shear-driven conditions. This different power laws could identify overturns created under different mechanisms.

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Munir, Asad, and Ghulam Shabir. "Social Media and Cyber Crimes in Pakistan: Facts, Propaganda, Awareness, and Legislation." Global Political Review 3, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2018(iii-ii).09.

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Cybercrime is a criminal act committed using computing devices and the Internet. It ranges from downloading pirated movies to destabilizing national economies. Nonfinancial crimes range from phishing to top-notch crimes such as cyber terrorism. Comprehensive detail of such crimes has been revealed through this empirical study. It investigates the level of awareness, crime sophistication, the extent of the vulnerability, and legislation in Pakistan. Important aspects of cyber laws in Pakistan have been put forth. The survey-based study was carried out on university students. Data reveals that the graduate and postgraduate students being the huge consumers of SNS are at a higher risk of being prey to cybercriminals. Students although they have some information on cybercrimes they have very little knowledge on how to stay safe on the internet. Knowledge of cyber laws such as PECO is desirable to be made a part of the syllabi.

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Frolov, Anatoly D., and Igor V. Fedyukin. "Elastic properties of snow-ice formations in their whole density range." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500014555.

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The available experimental data on acoustic parameters and dynamic elastic moduli of dry coherent snow-ice formations in their whole density range are analysed and generalized in this paper. A set of critical densities at which there are sufficiently sharp changes in the laws of these property variations have been discovered and are discussed. The empirical equations describing the elastic-wave propagation velocities (VpandVs), acoustic resistivities and elastic moduli as functions of the porosity factor of the medium are obtained for five sub-ranges in the density range from light snow to massive ice.

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Castellanos, Armando. "Andean bear home ranges in the Intag region, Ecuador." Ursus 22, no. 1 (April 2011): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2192/ursus-d-10-00006.1.

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Wagner, Vincent, Maher Baili, Gilles Dessein, and Daniel Lallement. "Experimental Characterization of Behavior Laws for Titanium Alloys: Application to Ti5553." Key Engineering Materials 446 (July 2010): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.446.147.

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The aim of this paper is to study the machinability of a new titanium alloy: Ti-5AL-5Mo-5V-3CR used for the production of new landing gear. First, the physical and mechanical properties of this material will be presented. Second, we show the relationship between material properties and machinability. Third, the Ti5553 will be compared to Ti64. Unless Ti64 is α+β alloy group and Ti5553 is a metastable, we have chosen to compare these two materials. Ti64 is the most popular of titanium alloys and many works were been made on its machining. After, we have cited the Ti5553 properties and detailed the behavior laws. They are used in different ways: with or without thermal softening effect or without dynamic terms. The goal of the paper is to define the best cutting force model. So, different models are compared for two materials (steel and titanium alloy). To define the model, two methods exist that we have compared. The first is based on machining test; however the second is based on Hopkinson bar test. These methods allow us to obtain different ranges of strain rate, strain and temperature. This comparison will show the importance of a good range of strain rate, strain and temperature for behavior law, especially in titanium machining.

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Żółciński, Zbigniew J. "Zróżnicowane ramy prawne ojcowskiej władzy rodzicielskiej obowiązujące na ziemiach polskich w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 30 (February 8, 2019): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2013.30.3.

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Different ranges of paternal power according to binding regulations existing in Polish territories in the first half of the 19th centuryThe law itself has a proven impact on people’s everyday lives. It is usually the product of compromise, which also reflects the culture of its times. Private law of 19th century was no exception. This study shows that political partitions of Poland has divided also polish perception of family and fatherhood. This work examines the problem of parallel visions of polish fatherhood through the lens of the early civil law codifications. New private laws were starting point for a change in paternal power. These modernization has had their own speed and energy separate in each partition area. Focusing on paternity as a category of family history, this article shows the changing borders of paternal power and responsibility which brings new approach to understanding of how private acts were governed by laws of the state.

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Miliaresis, George, and Polixeni Iliopoulou. "Clustering of Zagros Ranges from the Globe DEM representation." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 5, no. 1 (February 2004): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2003.08.001.

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Frolov, Anatoly D., and Igor V. Fedyukin. "Elastic properties of snow-ice formations in their whole density range." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog26-1-55-58.

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The available experimental data on acoustic parameters and dynamic elastic moduli of dry coherent snow-ice formations in their whole density range are analysed and generalized in this paper. A set of critical densities at which there are sufficiently sharp changes in the laws of these property variations have been discovered and are discussed. The empirical equations describing the elastic-wave propagation velocities (Vp and Vs), acoustic resistivities and elastic moduli as functions of the porosity factor of the medium are obtained for five sub-ranges in the density range from light snow to massive ice.

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Stanciu, Camelia, Michel Feidt, Monica Costea, and Dorin Stanciu. "Optimization and Entropy Production: Application to Carnot-Like Refrigeration Machines." Entropy 20, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20120953.

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Several optimization models of irreversible reverse cycle machines have been developed based on different optimization criteria in the literature, most of them using linear heat transfer laws at the source and sink. This raises the issue how close to actual operation conditions they are, since the heat transfer law on the phase-change processes is dependent on ΔT3. This paper addresses this issue by proposing a general model for study and optimization of thermal machines with two heat reservoirs applied to a Carnot-like refrigerator, with non-linear heat transfer laws and internal and external irreversibility. The optimization was performed using First and Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Lagrange multipliers method. Thus, several constraints were imposed to the system, also different objective functions were considered, allowing finding the optimum operating conditions, as well as the limited variation ranges of the system parameters. Results show that the nature of the heat transfer laws affects the optimum values of system parameters for obtaining maximum performances and also their magnitude. Sensitivity studies with respect to system several parameters are presented. The results contribute to the understanding of the system limits in operation under different constraints and allow choosing the most convenient variables in given circumstances.

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McKemey, Michelle, Emilie Ens, Yugul Mangi Rangers, Oliver Costello, and Nick Reid. "Indigenous Knowledge and Seasonal Calendar Inform Adaptive Savanna Burning in Northern Australia." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 30, 2020): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030995.

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Indigenous fire management is experiencing a resurgence worldwide. Northern Australia is the world leader in Indigenous savanna burning, delivering social, cultural, environmental and economic benefits. In 2016, a greenhouse gas abatement fire program commenced in the savannas of south-eastern Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory, managed by the Indigenous Yugul Mangi rangers. We undertook participatory action research and semi-structured interviews with rangers and Elders during 2016 and 2019 to investigate Indigenous knowledge and obtain local feedback about fire management. Results indicated that Indigenous rangers effectively use cross-cultural science (including local and Traditional Ecological Knowledge alongside western science) to manage fire. Fire management is a key driver in the production of bush tucker (wild food) resources and impacts other cultural and ecological values. A need for increased education and awareness about Indigenous burning was consistently emphasized. To address this, the project participants developed the Yugul Mangi Faiya En Sisen Kelenda (Yugul Mangi Fire and Seasons Calendar) that drew on Indigenous knowledge of seasonal biocultural indicators to guide the rangers’ fire management planning. The calendar has potential for application in fire management planning, intergenerational transfer of Indigenous knowledge and locally driven adaptive fire management.

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Arnold, GW, DE Steven, A. Grassia, and J. Weeldenburg. "Home-Range Size and Fidelity of Western Grey Kangaroos (Macropus Fuliginosus) Living in Remnants of Wandoo Woodland and Adjacent Farmland." Wildlife Research 19, no. 2 (1992): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920137.

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The home ranges were studied from 1977 to 1981 of western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) living in a 300-ha remnant of wandoo [Eucalyptus wandoo] surrounded by farmland at Baker's Hill, Western Australia. The M. fuliginosus population varied from 140 to 200 animals during the study. In 1979, four females (>30 kg) and 2 adult males (31 kg and 47 kg) were fitted with radio-transmitters and their movements recorded. The home ranges of these animals varied from 39 to 70 ha; the average overlap in the area used during the day and that used at night was 16.4%. Many of the kangaroos fed on farmland at night. The night ranges of 51 marked kangaroos were recorded using a spotlight. The animals showed a strong fidelity to their home ranges. Only 3 males (about 5-yr-old) shifted their night ranges; the centres of the ranges moved only 600-800 m. Older males had significantly larger night ranges than younger males and females. Individual females and the younger males showed preferences for using particular access points to get onto farmland; the older males showed no preferences. The core areas of the night ranges of many adult females overlapped closely in 'groups', but there was no evidence of 'mob' home ranges that were socially separated.

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SARTI, S., M. ESPOSITO, R. FASTAMPA, M. GIURA, and E. SILVA. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE RESISTIVITY TENSOR IN Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x CRYSTALS BY MEANS OF MULTI-TERMINAL MEASUREMENTS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 14, no. 25n27 (October 30, 2000): 2884–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979200003046.

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We present measurements of the in-plane (ρab) and out-of-plane (ρc) resistivity in BSCCO single crystals. The resistivities are measured simultaneously on the same sample by means of a multi-terminal technique. Results are presented in the normal state and in the superconducting state, both in presence and in absence of an applied magnetic field. We underline the main differences with standard four probe measurements, showing in which cases the new method is strictly needed to avoid erroneous results. The technique is also able to test the locality of the dynamic: we present an accurate experimental analysis of the temperature and magnetic field ranges where the dynamic is local or non local. We finally show that above Tc this method gives results reliable enough to allow for a detailed study of the excess conductivity. We find that the data do not follow simple Aslamazov-Larkin laws in temperature ranges wider 1K, and that an accurate description of the data over a wide temperature range must include the effects of a short-wavelength cutoff in the fluctuational spectrum.

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Johnson, C. N. "Macropod studies at Wallaby Creek. 4. Home range and movements of the red-necked wallaby." Wildlife Research 14, no. 2 (1987): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9870125.

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Red-necked wallabies were observed to live in small home ranges, the locations of which changed little from season to season and from year to year. Home ranges were situated in places where open areas, used for feeding, lay close to the cover offered by dense vegetation and gullies. The home ranges of medium-sized males tended to be peripheral to areas preferred by females, and by larger and smaller males. Females tended to shift their home ranges towards the edges of large beds of cover as their infants left the pouch. The home ranges of males were larger than those of females, and body size and homerange size were positively correlated among males. Females used larger home ranges in winter than in summer.

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Wiggins, Natasha L., Grant J. Williamson, Hamish I. McCallum, Clive R. McMahon, and David M. J. S. Bowman. "Shifts in macropod home ranges in response to wildlife management interventions." Wildlife Research 37, no. 5 (2010): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr09144.

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Context. Understanding how the individual movement patterns and dispersion of a population change following wildlife management interventions is crucial for effective population management. Aims. We quantified the impacts of two wildlife management strategies, a lethal intervention and a subsequent barrier intervention, on localised populations of the two most common macropod species in Tasmania, the Tasmanian pademelon (Thylogale billardierii) and the red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus). This manipulation allowed us to examine two competing hypotheses concerning the distribution of individuals in animal populations – the Ideal Free Distribution (IFD) hypothesis and the Rose Petal (RP) hypothesis. We predicted that the RP would be supported if individuals maintained their previous home ranges following intervention, whereas the IFD would be supported if individuals redistributed following the management interventions. Methods. The movement patterns of T. billardierii and M. r. rufogriseus were tracked using GPS technology before and after the two management interventions. Key results. Following lethal intervention, pademelons and wallabies (1) maintained their home-range area, (2) increased their utilisation of agricultural habitat and (3) shifted their mean centroid locations compared with the pre-intervention period. Following barrier intervention, pademelons and wallabies (1) maintained their home-range area, (2) decreased their utilisation of agricultural habitat and (3) shifted their mean centroid locations compared with the pre-intervention period. Conclusions. On the basis of the individual responses of macropods to the management strategies (1) lethal intervention appeared to induce small shifts in home-range distributions of those remaining individuals in the population with home ranges overlapping the areas of lethal intervention and (2) barrier intervention is likely to induce whole-scale population movements of the animals that survive the lethal intervention in their search of an alternative food source. Both species displayed spatial and temporal shifts in their home-range distributions in response to lethal and barrier interventions that appear to conform broadly to predictions of IFD, at least in the timeframe of the present experiment. Implications. Wildlife management strategies, which are increasingly constrained by ethical, socio-political and financial considerations, should be based on ecological and behavioural data regarding the likely responses of the target population.

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King, D. "Home Ranges of Feral Goats in a Pastoral Area in Western Australia." Wildlife Research 19, no. 6 (1992): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920643.

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Home ranges of feral goats studied by radio-telemetry in a pastoral area in Western Australia were much larger than those found in most other studies. Home ranges of males were larger (ranging from 139.2 to 587.7km*2) than those of females, which ranged from 15.0 to 190.2km*2. Excursions outside the normal (90 percentile) home ranges were common. The home ranges of females were smaller during summer than during winter. Male home ranges were of similar size in both seasons. Group structure and composition was highly variable. Implications of goat movements on management and control programmes are discussed.

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Tomosy, Monica, Scott H. Stoleson, and David I. King. "A century of avian research on USFS experimental forests and ranges: Introduction to the special section on long-term avian research on experimental forests and ranges." Forest Ecology and Management 262, no. 1 (July 2011): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.04.033.

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Wearmouth, Victoria J., Matthew J. McHugh, Nicolas E. Humphries, Aurore Naegelen, Mohammed Z. Ahmed, Emily J. Southall, Andrew M. Reynolds, and David W. Sims. "Scaling laws of ambush predator ‘waiting’ behaviour are tuned to a common ecology." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1782 (May 7, 2014): 20132997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2997.

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The decisions animals make about how long to wait between activities can determine the success of diverse behaviours such as foraging, group formation or risk avoidance. Remarkably, for diverse animal species, including humans, spontaneous patterns of waiting times show random ‘burstiness’ that appears scale-invariant across a broad set of scales. However, a general theory linking this phenomenon across the animal kingdom currently lacks an ecological basis. Here, we demonstrate from tracking the activities of 15 sympatric predator species (cephalopods, sharks, skates and teleosts) under natural and controlled conditions that bursty waiting times are an intrinsic spontaneous behaviour well approximated by heavy-tailed (power-law) models over data ranges up to four orders of magnitude. Scaling exponents quantifying ratios of frequent short to rare very long waits are species-specific, being determined by traits such as foraging mode (active versus ambush predation), body size and prey preference. A stochastic–deterministic decision model reproduced the empirical waiting time scaling and species-specific exponents, indicating that apparently complex scaling can emerge from simple decisions. Results indicate temporal power-law scaling is a behavioural ‘rule of thumb’ that is tuned to species’ ecological traits, implying a common pattern may have naturally evolved that optimizes move–wait decisions in less predictable natural environments.

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Bordeleau, Geneviève, Richard Martel, Mathieu Drouin, Guy Ampleman, and Sonia Thiboutot. "Biodegradation of Nitroglycerin from Propellant Residues on Military Training Ranges." Journal of Environmental Quality 43, no. 2 (March 2014): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2013.06.0241.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lawn Rangers'

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